) his grandfather, and caused him to confide the
The historical work of Hieronymus is cited guardianship of Hieronymus to a council of fifteen
under various titles (ó tds Twv Sladó xwv Lotoplas persons, among whom were his two sons-in-law,
greypapus, Diod.
The historical work of Hieronymus is cited guardianship of Hieronymus to a council of fifteen
under various titles (ó tds Twv Sladó xwv Lotoplas persons, among whom were his two sons-in-law,
greypapus, Diod.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
) The beginning of the second Punic with many public works of great magnificence
war now came, to put his fidelity to the highest test; as well as of real utility, among which are men-
but he was not found wanting to his allies in the tioned temples, gymnasia, porticoes, and public
hour of their danger. He not only fitted out a altars (Athenae. v. 40; Diod. xvi. 83); that his
fleet to co-operate with that of the consul Sem- care in this respect was not confined to Syracuse
pronius (of which, notwithstanding his advanced alone is proved by the occurrence of his name on
age, he appears to have taken the command in the remarkable edifices which have been brought to
person), but offered to supply the Roman legions light of late years at Acrae, now Palazzolo. (See
and naval forces in Sicily with provisions and the Duca di Serra di Falco, Antichità della Sicilia,
clothing at his own expense. The next year (217), vol. iv. p. 158. ) Among other modes in which be
on receiving the tidings of the fatal battle of Thra- displayed his magnificence was the construction of a
## p. 457 (#473) ############################################
HIERON.
457
HIERONYMUS.
ship of enormous size, far exceeding all previously city with many splendid buildings, and left a pro
constructed, which, when completed, he sent laden perty of 2000 talents at his death to be applied to
with corn as a present to Ptolemy king of Egypt. A public purposes. (Strab. xii. p. 578. )
detailed account of this wonderful vessel has been 3. One of the thirty tyrants established at
preserved to us by Athenaeus (v. 40—44). But Athens, B. c. 404. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. § 2. )
while he secured to his subjects the blessings of 4. One of the chief satraps or governors among
peace, Hieron did not neglect to prepare for war, the Parthians, though, from his naine, evidently
and not only kept up a large and well-appointed of Greek origin, at the time when Tiridates, sup-
fleet, but employed his friend and kinsman Archi-ported by Tiberius and the Roman influence, in-
medes in the construction of powerful engines both vaded Parthia, A. D. 36. After wavering for some
for attack and defence, which afterwards played so time between the two rivals, Hieron declared in
important a part in the siege of Syracuse by Mar- favour of Artabanus, and was mainly instrumental
cellus. (Liv. xxiv. 34 ; Plut. Murc. 14. ) The in re-establishing him upon the throne. (Tac. Ann.
power and magnificence of Hieron were celebrated vi. 42, 43. )
[E. H. B. ]
by Theocritus in his sixteenth Idyll, but the poet's HIERON ('lépwv), a Greek writer on veterinary
panegyric adds hardly any thing to our historical surgery, whose date is unknown, but who may
knowledge.
have lived in the fourth or fifth century after
Hieron had only one son, Gelon, who died shortly Christ. Some fragments, which are all that re-
before his father, but he left two daughters, De-mains of his works, are to be found in the collection
marata and Heraclea, who were married respec- of writers on veterinary surgery, first published in
tively to Andranodorus and Zoïppus, two of the Latin by Joannes Ruellius, Paris, 1530, fol. , and
principal citizens of Syracuse. He was succeeded in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, Basel, 1537, 4to.
by his grandson, Hieronymus.
[W. A. G. )
Numerous coins are extant, which bear the name HIERON, modeller. [TLEPOLEMUS. )
of Hieron, and some of these have been referred by HIERO'NYMUS('lepárvuos), historical. 1. Of
the earlier numismatists to the elder Hieron ; but Elis, a lochagus in the army of the Ten Thousand
it is quite certain, from the style of work of the Greeks, who is mentioned by Xenophon as taking a
coins themselves, and the characters of the inscrip- prominent part in the discussion that ensued after the
tion, that they must all have been struck in the death of Clearchus and the other generals, as well
reign of Hieron II. Eckhel (vol. i. pp. 251–257), as on other occasions during the retreat and subse-
and Visconti (Iconographie Grecque, vol. ii. p. 16) quent operations. (Xen. Anab. iii. 1. & 34, vi. 2.
are, however, of opinion that the head upon them, $ 10, vii. 1. § 32, 4. & 18. )
which bears the diadem, is that of the elder Hieron, 2. An Arcadian, who is reproached by Demo-
and that we cannot suppose Hieron II. to have sthenes with having betrayed the interests of bis
adopted the diadem on his coins when he never country to Philip, by whom he had allowed himself
wore it in public. There does not seem much to be corrupted. (Dem. de Cor. p. 324, de Fuls.
weight in this objection, and it is probable, on the Leg. p. 344, ed. Reiske. ) An elaborate argument
whole, that the portrait which we find on these in defence of the policy adopted by him, and those
coins is that of Hieron II. himself. (E. H. B. ] who acted with him on this occasion, will be
found in Polybius (xvii. 14). (E. H. B. ]
HIEROʻNYMUS (ʻlepuvuuos), of Cardia, an
historian who is frequently cited as one of the
chief authorities for the history of the times imme-
diately following the death of Alexander. He
had himself taken an active part in the events of
that period. Whether he had accompanied his
fellow-citizen Eumenes during the campaigns of
Alexander we have no distinct testimony, but
SAEMEOS
after the death of that prince, we find him not only
attached to the service of his countryman, but
already enjoying a high place in his confidence. It
seems probable also from the terms in which he is
alluded to as describing the magnificent bier or fu-
neral car of Alexander, that his admiration was that
of an eye-witness, and that he was present at
Babylon at the time of its construction. (Athen.
NEPANOS v. p. 206 ; comp. Diod. xviii. 26. ) The first
express mention of him occurs in B. C. 320, when
he was sent by Eumenes, at that time shut up in
the castle of Nora, at the head of the deputation
HIERON ('lépwr). 1. A pilot or navigator of which he despatched to Antipater. But before he
Soli in Cilicia, was sent out by Alexander with a could return to Eumenes, the death of the regent
triaconter to explore the southern shores of the produced a complete change in the relative position
Erythraean sea, and circumnavigate Arabia. He of parties, and Antigonus, now desirous to con-
advanced much further than any previous navigator ciliate Eumenes, charged Hieronymus to be the
had done, but at length returned, apparently dis- bearer of friendly offers and protestations to his
couraged by the unexpected extent of the Arabian friend and countryman. (Diod. xviii. 42, 50;
coast, and reported on his return that Arabia was Plut. Eum. 12. ) But though Hieronymus was so
nearly as large as India. (Arr. Anab. vii. 20. ) , far gained over by Antigonus as to undertake this
2. A citizen of Laodiceia in Phrygia, distin- embassy, yet in the struggle that ensued he ad-
guished for his wealth. He adorned his native hered steadily to the cause of Eumenes, and accom-
COINS OP HIERON II.
## p. 458 (#474) ############################################
458
HIERONYMUS.
HIERONYMUS.
panied that leader until his final captivity. In the justice he displayed in consequence in regard to
last battle in Gabiene (B. C. 316) Hieronymus him- Pyrrhus and Lysimachus. · Towards the latter,
self was wounded, and fell a prisoner into the hands monarch, indeed, he had an additional cause of
of Antigonus, who treated him with the utmost enmity, on account of Lysimachus having destroyed
kindness, and to whose service he henceforth his native city of Cardia to make way for the
attached himself. (Diod. xix. 44. ) In B. c. 312, foundation of Lysimacheia. - (Paus. i. 9. & 8, 13.
we find him entrusted by that monarch with the $ 9. ) There can be little doubt that the history of
charge of collecting bitumen from the Dead Sea, a Alexander's inmediate successors (the Bládoxou
project which was frustrated by the hostility of the and driyovor), which has descended to us, is de
neighbouring Arabs. (Id. xix. 100. ) The state rived in great part from Hieronymus, but it is im-
ment of Josephus (c. A pion. i. 23) that he was at possible to determine to what extent his authority
one time appointed by Antigonus to the govern- was followed by Diodorus and Plutarch. (See on
ment of Syria, is in all probability erroneous. After this point Heyne, De Font. Diodori, p. cxiv, in
the death of Antigonus, Hieronymus continued to Dindorf's edition of Diodorus ; and concerning
follow the fortunes of his son Demetrius, and he is Hieronymus in general, Vossius, de Historicis
again mentioned in B. c. 292 as being appointed by Graecis, p. 99, ed. Westermann ; Sévin, Recherches
the latter governor or harmost of Bocotia, after his sur la vie et les Ouvrages de Jerome de Cardie, in
first conquest of Thebes. (Plut. Demetr. 39. ) the Mém. de l'Acad. d'Insor, vol. xiii. p. 20, &c. ;
Whether he was reinstated in this office when and Droysen, Hellenisin. vol. i. pp. 670, 683. )
Thebes, after shaking off the yoke for a while, fell
(E. H. B. ]
again under the power of Demetrius, we are not HIEROʻNYMUS ('lepárvuos), king of SYRA-
told, nor have we any information concerning the cuse, succeeded his grandfather, Hieron II. , in
remaining events of his long life ; but it may be B. c. 216. He was at this time only fifteen years
inferred, from the hostility towards Lysimachus old, and he ascended the throne at a crisis full of
and Pyrrhus evinced by his writings at a period peril, for the battle of Cannae had given a shock
long subsequent, that he continued unshaken in his to the Roman power, the influence of which had
attachment to Demetrius and to his son, Antigonus been felt in Sicily; and though it had not shaken
Gonatas, after him. It appears that he survived the fidelity of the aged Hieron, yet a large party at
Pyrrhus, whose death, in B. C. 272, was mentioned Syracuse was already disposed to abandon the alli-
in his history (Paus. i. 13. § 9), and died at the ance of Rome for that of Carthage. The young
advanced age of 104, having had the unusual ad- prince had already given indications of weakness,
vantage of retaining his strength and faculties un- if not deprarity of disposition, which had alarmed
impaired to the last. (Lucian. Macrob. 22.
) his grandfather, and caused him to confide the
The historical work of Hieronymus is cited guardianship of Hieronymus to a council of fifteen
under various titles (ó tds Twv Sladó xwv Lotoplas persons, among whom were his two sons-in-law,
greypapus, Diod. xviii. 42 ; év Tŷ Tepl TW 176- | Andranodorus and Zoïppus. But the objects of
VWw apayuarela, Dionys. i. 6), and these have this arrangement were quickly frustrated by the
sometimes been regarded as constituting sepa- ambition of Andranodorus, who, in order to get rid
rate works ; but it seems probable, on the whole, of the interference of his colleagues, persuaded the
that he wrote but one general work, comprising young king to assume the reins of government, and
the history from the death of Alexander to that of himself set the example of resigning his office,
Pyrrhus, if not later. Whether he gave any de- which was followed by the other guardians. Hie
tailed account of the wars of Alexander himself is ronymus now became a mere tool in the bands of
at least doubtful, for the few facts cited from him his two uncles, both of whom were favourable to
previous to the death of that monarch are such as the Carthaginian alliance : and Thrason, the only
might easily have been incidentally mentioned; one of his counsellors who retained any influence
and the passage in Suidas (s. v. 'lepuvvuos), which over his mind, and who was a staunch friend of
is quoted by Fabricius to prove that he wrote a the Romans, was soon got rid of by a charge of
history of that prince, is manifestly corrupt, Pro- conspiracy. The young king now sent ambassadors
bably we should read td én? 'Areçávope, instead of to Hannibal, and the envoys of that general, Hip-
rd ' 'Anetávdpov, as proposed by Fabricius. pocrates and Epicydes, were welcomed at Syracuse
Nor is there any reason to infer (as has been done with the highest honours. On the other hand, the
by the Abbé Sévin, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. deputies sent by Appius Claudius, the Roman
vol. xiii
. p. 32), that his history of Pyrrhus formed praetor in Sicily, were treated with the utmost con-
a distinct work, though he is repeatedly cited by tempt; and it was evident that Hieronymus was
Plutarch as an authority in his life of that prince. preparing for immediate hostilities. He sent am-
(Plut. Pyrrh. 17, 21. ) It was in this part of his bassadors to Carthage, to conclude a treaty with
work, also, that he naturally found occasion to that power, by the terms of which the river Himera
touch upon the affairs of Rome, and he is conse- was to be the boundary between the Carthaginians
quently mentioned by Dionysius as one of the and Syracusans in Sicily: but he quickly raised
first Greek writers who had given any account of his demands, and, by a second embassy, laid claim
the history of that city (Dionys. i. 6). But that to the whole island for himself. The Carthaginians
Dionysius himself did not follow his authority in readily promised every thing, in order to secure his
regard to the expedition of Pyrrhus to Italy is alliance for the moment: and he assembled an army
clear from the passages of Plutarch already cited, in of fifteen thousand men, with which he was pre-
which the statements of the two are contrasted. paring to take the field, having previously dis-
Hieronymus is enumerated by Dionysius (de comp. patched Hippocrates and Epicydes to sound the
4) among the writers whose defective style ren disposition of the cities subject to Rome, when his
dered it almost impossible to read them through. schemes were suddenly brought to a close. A band
He is also severely censured by Pausanias for his of conspirators, at the head of whom was Deino
partiality to Antigonus and Demetrius, and the in- menes, fell upon him in the sitects of Leontini, and
## p. 459 (#475) ############################################
HIERONYMUS.
459
HIERONYMUS.
dispatched him with numerous wounds, before his b. , V. p. 217, d. , X. p. 424, f. p. 435, a. , xi. p. 499,
guards could come to his succour, B. c. 215. (Liv. f. , xiii. p. 556, a. p. 557, e. p. 601, f. p. 604, d. ;
xxiv. 4–7; Polyb. vii. 2--6. )
Strab. viii
. p. 378. ix. p. 443, X. p. 475, xiv. p. 655;
The short reign of Hieronymus, which bad lasted Diog. Laërt. iv. 41, 45; Plut. Ages. 13, Arist. 27;
only 13 months, had presented the most striking | Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 82, 83, ed. Wester-
contrast to that of his grandfather. Brought up in mann ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 306, vol. iii.
the midst of all the enervating and corrupting in- p. 495, vol. vi. p. 131. )
Auences of a court, his naturally bad disposition, at 3. Very probably the same as the preceding, the
once weak and violent, felt them all in their full author of a work on poets, from the fifth book of
force ; and he exhibited to the Greeks the first in which (Tepi Kidapudôv), and from another book
stance of a childish tyrant. From the moment of of it (Tepl TW Tpayudonosár), there are quo-
his accession he gave himself up to the influence of tations. (Athen. xiv. p. 635, f. ; Apost. Prov. xi.
flatterers, who urged him to the vilest excesses : 41 ; Suidas, s. v. 'Avayupários. ) Perhaps he is
he assumed at once all the external pomp of royalty the same person as the author of a commentary on
which Hieron had so studiously avoided ; and the 'Aotis of Hesiod. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i.
while he plunged in the most shameless manner p. 582. )
[P. S. )
into every species of luxury and debauchery, he
HIEROʻNYMUS, commonly known as SAINT
displayed the most unrelenting cruelty towards all JEROME. EUSEBIUS HIERONYMUS SOPHRO-
those who became objects of his suspicion. Poly- Nius was a native of Stridon, a town upon the
bius indeed appears inclined to doubt the state confines of Dalmatia and Pannonia, which having
ments on this subject; and it is not improbable been utterly destroyed by the Goths in A. D. 377,
that they may have been exaggerated by the its site cannot now be determined. His parents
writers to whom he refers : but there is certainly were both Christian, living, it would appear, in
nothing in the nature of the case to justify his easy circumstances. The period of his birth is a
scepticism ; and the example, in later days, of Ela- matter of considerable doubt. Prosper Aquita-
gabalus, to whose character that of Hieronymus nicus, in his chronicle, fixes upon the year A. D.
appears to have borne much resemblance, is suffi- 331 ; Dupin brings down the event as low as 345;
cient to show how little any excesses that are re while other writers have decided in favour of vari-
ported of the latter can be called incredible. Among ous intermediate epochs. That the first of the
other instances of his wanton contempt of public above dates is too early seems certain, for Jerome,
decency, he is said to have married a common in the commentary upon Habbakuk (c. 3), speaks
prostitute, on whom he bestowed the title and of himself as having been still occupied with gram-
honours of a queen. (Po! yb. vii. 7; Liv. xxiv. 5; matical studies at the death of Julian the apostate ;
Diod. Etc. Vales. xxvi. p. 568, 569; Athen. vi. but since this took place in 363, he must, accord-
P. 251, xiii. p. 577; Val. Max. iii. 3. Ext. 5. ) ing to the statement of Prosper, have been at that
The coins of Hieronymus are more abundant time thirty-two years old, while the calculation
than might have been expected from the shortness adopted by Du Pin would make him just eighteen,
of his reign: they all bear his portrait on the ob- an age corresponding much better with the expres-
verse, and a thunderbolt on the reverse. [E. H. B. ] sions employed, unless we are to receive them in a
very extended acceptation. After having acquired
the first rudiments of a liberal education from his
father, Eusebius, he was despatched to Rome for
the prosecution of his studies, where he devoted
himself with great ardour and success to the Greek
and Latin languages, to rhetoric, and to the different
branches of philosophy, enjoying the instructions of
the most distinguished preceptors of that era, among
whom was Aelius Donatus (DONATUS). Having
been admitted to the rite of baptism, he undertook
a journey into Gaul, accompanied by his friend and
schoolfellow Bonosus ; and after a lengthened tour,
COIN OP HIERONYMUS.
passed some time at Treves, where he occupied
HIERONYMUS ('lepasvupos), literary. 1. himself in transcribing the commentaries of Hila-
Son of Xenophanes, a tragic and dithyrambic poet, rius upon the Psalms, and his voluminous work
who is attacked by Aristophanes ( Acharn. 387, Nub. upon Synods. Here too he seems to have been,
347, and Schol. ; Suid. s. t. Keitos).
for the first time, impressed with a deep religious
2. Of Rhodes, commonly called a peripatetic, feeling, to have formed a steadfast resolution to
though Cicero questions his right to the title, was amend his career, which had hitherto been some-
a disciple of Aristotle, and contemporary with Ar- what irregular, and to have resolved to devote
cesilaus, about B. C. 300. He appears to have lived himself with zeal to the interests of Christianity.
down to the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He is Upon quitting Gaul, he probably returned to Rome;
frequently mentioned by Cicero, who tells us that but in 370 we find him living at Aquileia, in close
he held the highest good to consist in freedom intimacy with Rufinus and Chromatius; and at
from pain and trouble, and denied that pleasure this time he composed his first theological essay,
was to be sought for its own sake. There are the letter to Innocentius, De Muliere septies per-
quotations from his writings Iepl uéens, iotopind cussa. Having been compelled by some violent
ÚTournuata orod otopádny ÚTournuatan and cause, now unknown (Subitus turbo me a latere tuo
from his letters. It would seem from Cicero (Or. convulsit, Ep. iii. ad Ruf. ), suddenly to quit this
56), compared with Rufinus (de Comp. et Metr. p. abode in 373, he set out for the East, along with
318), that he was the same as the Hieronymus Innocentius, Evagrius, and Heliodorus, and tra
wbo wrote on numbers and feet. (Athen. ii. p. 48, versing Thrace, Bithynia, Galatia, Pontus, Cappa-
S.
1
VÉP2N{YMY
BAIIAEOS
## p. 460 (#476) ############################################
460
HIERONYMUS.
HIERONYMUS.
;
docia, and Cilicia, reached Antioch, where Inno- | widows, to whom he was wont to represent in the
centius died of a fever, and he himself was attacked brightest colours the celestial graces of an unwedded
by a dangerous malady. A great change seems to life. The influence exercised by Jerome over this
have taken place in the mind of Jerome during this class of persons, including many of the fairest and
illness ; the religious enthusiasm first kindled upon the noblest, soon became so powerful as to excite
the banks of the Moselle, assumed a more austere strong indignation and alarm among their relations
and gloomy form in the luxurious capital of Syria. and admirers, and to arouse the jealousy of the
In obedience, as he believed or pretended, to the regular priesthood. He was assailed on every side
warnings of a heavenly vision (isp.
war now came, to put his fidelity to the highest test; as well as of real utility, among which are men-
but he was not found wanting to his allies in the tioned temples, gymnasia, porticoes, and public
hour of their danger. He not only fitted out a altars (Athenae. v. 40; Diod. xvi. 83); that his
fleet to co-operate with that of the consul Sem- care in this respect was not confined to Syracuse
pronius (of which, notwithstanding his advanced alone is proved by the occurrence of his name on
age, he appears to have taken the command in the remarkable edifices which have been brought to
person), but offered to supply the Roman legions light of late years at Acrae, now Palazzolo. (See
and naval forces in Sicily with provisions and the Duca di Serra di Falco, Antichità della Sicilia,
clothing at his own expense. The next year (217), vol. iv. p. 158. ) Among other modes in which be
on receiving the tidings of the fatal battle of Thra- displayed his magnificence was the construction of a
## p. 457 (#473) ############################################
HIERON.
457
HIERONYMUS.
ship of enormous size, far exceeding all previously city with many splendid buildings, and left a pro
constructed, which, when completed, he sent laden perty of 2000 talents at his death to be applied to
with corn as a present to Ptolemy king of Egypt. A public purposes. (Strab. xii. p. 578. )
detailed account of this wonderful vessel has been 3. One of the thirty tyrants established at
preserved to us by Athenaeus (v. 40—44). But Athens, B. c. 404. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. § 2. )
while he secured to his subjects the blessings of 4. One of the chief satraps or governors among
peace, Hieron did not neglect to prepare for war, the Parthians, though, from his naine, evidently
and not only kept up a large and well-appointed of Greek origin, at the time when Tiridates, sup-
fleet, but employed his friend and kinsman Archi-ported by Tiberius and the Roman influence, in-
medes in the construction of powerful engines both vaded Parthia, A. D. 36. After wavering for some
for attack and defence, which afterwards played so time between the two rivals, Hieron declared in
important a part in the siege of Syracuse by Mar- favour of Artabanus, and was mainly instrumental
cellus. (Liv. xxiv. 34 ; Plut. Murc. 14. ) The in re-establishing him upon the throne. (Tac. Ann.
power and magnificence of Hieron were celebrated vi. 42, 43. )
[E. H. B. ]
by Theocritus in his sixteenth Idyll, but the poet's HIERON ('lépwv), a Greek writer on veterinary
panegyric adds hardly any thing to our historical surgery, whose date is unknown, but who may
knowledge.
have lived in the fourth or fifth century after
Hieron had only one son, Gelon, who died shortly Christ. Some fragments, which are all that re-
before his father, but he left two daughters, De-mains of his works, are to be found in the collection
marata and Heraclea, who were married respec- of writers on veterinary surgery, first published in
tively to Andranodorus and Zoïppus, two of the Latin by Joannes Ruellius, Paris, 1530, fol. , and
principal citizens of Syracuse. He was succeeded in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, Basel, 1537, 4to.
by his grandson, Hieronymus.
[W. A. G. )
Numerous coins are extant, which bear the name HIERON, modeller. [TLEPOLEMUS. )
of Hieron, and some of these have been referred by HIERO'NYMUS('lepárvuos), historical. 1. Of
the earlier numismatists to the elder Hieron ; but Elis, a lochagus in the army of the Ten Thousand
it is quite certain, from the style of work of the Greeks, who is mentioned by Xenophon as taking a
coins themselves, and the characters of the inscrip- prominent part in the discussion that ensued after the
tion, that they must all have been struck in the death of Clearchus and the other generals, as well
reign of Hieron II. Eckhel (vol. i. pp. 251–257), as on other occasions during the retreat and subse-
and Visconti (Iconographie Grecque, vol. ii. p. 16) quent operations. (Xen. Anab. iii. 1. & 34, vi. 2.
are, however, of opinion that the head upon them, $ 10, vii. 1. § 32, 4. & 18. )
which bears the diadem, is that of the elder Hieron, 2. An Arcadian, who is reproached by Demo-
and that we cannot suppose Hieron II. to have sthenes with having betrayed the interests of bis
adopted the diadem on his coins when he never country to Philip, by whom he had allowed himself
wore it in public. There does not seem much to be corrupted. (Dem. de Cor. p. 324, de Fuls.
weight in this objection, and it is probable, on the Leg. p. 344, ed. Reiske. ) An elaborate argument
whole, that the portrait which we find on these in defence of the policy adopted by him, and those
coins is that of Hieron II. himself. (E. H. B. ] who acted with him on this occasion, will be
found in Polybius (xvii. 14). (E. H. B. ]
HIEROʻNYMUS (ʻlepuvuuos), of Cardia, an
historian who is frequently cited as one of the
chief authorities for the history of the times imme-
diately following the death of Alexander. He
had himself taken an active part in the events of
that period. Whether he had accompanied his
fellow-citizen Eumenes during the campaigns of
Alexander we have no distinct testimony, but
SAEMEOS
after the death of that prince, we find him not only
attached to the service of his countryman, but
already enjoying a high place in his confidence. It
seems probable also from the terms in which he is
alluded to as describing the magnificent bier or fu-
neral car of Alexander, that his admiration was that
of an eye-witness, and that he was present at
Babylon at the time of its construction. (Athen.
NEPANOS v. p. 206 ; comp. Diod. xviii. 26. ) The first
express mention of him occurs in B. C. 320, when
he was sent by Eumenes, at that time shut up in
the castle of Nora, at the head of the deputation
HIERON ('lépwr). 1. A pilot or navigator of which he despatched to Antipater. But before he
Soli in Cilicia, was sent out by Alexander with a could return to Eumenes, the death of the regent
triaconter to explore the southern shores of the produced a complete change in the relative position
Erythraean sea, and circumnavigate Arabia. He of parties, and Antigonus, now desirous to con-
advanced much further than any previous navigator ciliate Eumenes, charged Hieronymus to be the
had done, but at length returned, apparently dis- bearer of friendly offers and protestations to his
couraged by the unexpected extent of the Arabian friend and countryman. (Diod. xviii. 42, 50;
coast, and reported on his return that Arabia was Plut. Eum. 12. ) But though Hieronymus was so
nearly as large as India. (Arr. Anab. vii. 20. ) , far gained over by Antigonus as to undertake this
2. A citizen of Laodiceia in Phrygia, distin- embassy, yet in the struggle that ensued he ad-
guished for his wealth. He adorned his native hered steadily to the cause of Eumenes, and accom-
COINS OP HIERON II.
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458
HIERONYMUS.
HIERONYMUS.
panied that leader until his final captivity. In the justice he displayed in consequence in regard to
last battle in Gabiene (B. C. 316) Hieronymus him- Pyrrhus and Lysimachus. · Towards the latter,
self was wounded, and fell a prisoner into the hands monarch, indeed, he had an additional cause of
of Antigonus, who treated him with the utmost enmity, on account of Lysimachus having destroyed
kindness, and to whose service he henceforth his native city of Cardia to make way for the
attached himself. (Diod. xix. 44. ) In B. c. 312, foundation of Lysimacheia. - (Paus. i. 9. & 8, 13.
we find him entrusted by that monarch with the $ 9. ) There can be little doubt that the history of
charge of collecting bitumen from the Dead Sea, a Alexander's inmediate successors (the Bládoxou
project which was frustrated by the hostility of the and driyovor), which has descended to us, is de
neighbouring Arabs. (Id. xix. 100. ) The state rived in great part from Hieronymus, but it is im-
ment of Josephus (c. A pion. i. 23) that he was at possible to determine to what extent his authority
one time appointed by Antigonus to the govern- was followed by Diodorus and Plutarch. (See on
ment of Syria, is in all probability erroneous. After this point Heyne, De Font. Diodori, p. cxiv, in
the death of Antigonus, Hieronymus continued to Dindorf's edition of Diodorus ; and concerning
follow the fortunes of his son Demetrius, and he is Hieronymus in general, Vossius, de Historicis
again mentioned in B. c. 292 as being appointed by Graecis, p. 99, ed. Westermann ; Sévin, Recherches
the latter governor or harmost of Bocotia, after his sur la vie et les Ouvrages de Jerome de Cardie, in
first conquest of Thebes. (Plut. Demetr. 39. ) the Mém. de l'Acad. d'Insor, vol. xiii. p. 20, &c. ;
Whether he was reinstated in this office when and Droysen, Hellenisin. vol. i. pp. 670, 683. )
Thebes, after shaking off the yoke for a while, fell
(E. H. B. ]
again under the power of Demetrius, we are not HIEROʻNYMUS ('lepárvuos), king of SYRA-
told, nor have we any information concerning the cuse, succeeded his grandfather, Hieron II. , in
remaining events of his long life ; but it may be B. c. 216. He was at this time only fifteen years
inferred, from the hostility towards Lysimachus old, and he ascended the throne at a crisis full of
and Pyrrhus evinced by his writings at a period peril, for the battle of Cannae had given a shock
long subsequent, that he continued unshaken in his to the Roman power, the influence of which had
attachment to Demetrius and to his son, Antigonus been felt in Sicily; and though it had not shaken
Gonatas, after him. It appears that he survived the fidelity of the aged Hieron, yet a large party at
Pyrrhus, whose death, in B. C. 272, was mentioned Syracuse was already disposed to abandon the alli-
in his history (Paus. i. 13. § 9), and died at the ance of Rome for that of Carthage. The young
advanced age of 104, having had the unusual ad- prince had already given indications of weakness,
vantage of retaining his strength and faculties un- if not deprarity of disposition, which had alarmed
impaired to the last. (Lucian. Macrob. 22.
) his grandfather, and caused him to confide the
The historical work of Hieronymus is cited guardianship of Hieronymus to a council of fifteen
under various titles (ó tds Twv Sladó xwv Lotoplas persons, among whom were his two sons-in-law,
greypapus, Diod. xviii. 42 ; év Tŷ Tepl TW 176- | Andranodorus and Zoïppus. But the objects of
VWw apayuarela, Dionys. i. 6), and these have this arrangement were quickly frustrated by the
sometimes been regarded as constituting sepa- ambition of Andranodorus, who, in order to get rid
rate works ; but it seems probable, on the whole, of the interference of his colleagues, persuaded the
that he wrote but one general work, comprising young king to assume the reins of government, and
the history from the death of Alexander to that of himself set the example of resigning his office,
Pyrrhus, if not later. Whether he gave any de- which was followed by the other guardians. Hie
tailed account of the wars of Alexander himself is ronymus now became a mere tool in the bands of
at least doubtful, for the few facts cited from him his two uncles, both of whom were favourable to
previous to the death of that monarch are such as the Carthaginian alliance : and Thrason, the only
might easily have been incidentally mentioned; one of his counsellors who retained any influence
and the passage in Suidas (s. v. 'lepuvvuos), which over his mind, and who was a staunch friend of
is quoted by Fabricius to prove that he wrote a the Romans, was soon got rid of by a charge of
history of that prince, is manifestly corrupt, Pro- conspiracy. The young king now sent ambassadors
bably we should read td én? 'Areçávope, instead of to Hannibal, and the envoys of that general, Hip-
rd ' 'Anetávdpov, as proposed by Fabricius. pocrates and Epicydes, were welcomed at Syracuse
Nor is there any reason to infer (as has been done with the highest honours. On the other hand, the
by the Abbé Sévin, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. deputies sent by Appius Claudius, the Roman
vol. xiii
. p. 32), that his history of Pyrrhus formed praetor in Sicily, were treated with the utmost con-
a distinct work, though he is repeatedly cited by tempt; and it was evident that Hieronymus was
Plutarch as an authority in his life of that prince. preparing for immediate hostilities. He sent am-
(Plut. Pyrrh. 17, 21. ) It was in this part of his bassadors to Carthage, to conclude a treaty with
work, also, that he naturally found occasion to that power, by the terms of which the river Himera
touch upon the affairs of Rome, and he is conse- was to be the boundary between the Carthaginians
quently mentioned by Dionysius as one of the and Syracusans in Sicily: but he quickly raised
first Greek writers who had given any account of his demands, and, by a second embassy, laid claim
the history of that city (Dionys. i. 6). But that to the whole island for himself. The Carthaginians
Dionysius himself did not follow his authority in readily promised every thing, in order to secure his
regard to the expedition of Pyrrhus to Italy is alliance for the moment: and he assembled an army
clear from the passages of Plutarch already cited, in of fifteen thousand men, with which he was pre-
which the statements of the two are contrasted. paring to take the field, having previously dis-
Hieronymus is enumerated by Dionysius (de comp. patched Hippocrates and Epicydes to sound the
4) among the writers whose defective style ren disposition of the cities subject to Rome, when his
dered it almost impossible to read them through. schemes were suddenly brought to a close. A band
He is also severely censured by Pausanias for his of conspirators, at the head of whom was Deino
partiality to Antigonus and Demetrius, and the in- menes, fell upon him in the sitects of Leontini, and
## p. 459 (#475) ############################################
HIERONYMUS.
459
HIERONYMUS.
dispatched him with numerous wounds, before his b. , V. p. 217, d. , X. p. 424, f. p. 435, a. , xi. p. 499,
guards could come to his succour, B. c. 215. (Liv. f. , xiii. p. 556, a. p. 557, e. p. 601, f. p. 604, d. ;
xxiv. 4–7; Polyb. vii. 2--6. )
Strab. viii
. p. 378. ix. p. 443, X. p. 475, xiv. p. 655;
The short reign of Hieronymus, which bad lasted Diog. Laërt. iv. 41, 45; Plut. Ages. 13, Arist. 27;
only 13 months, had presented the most striking | Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 82, 83, ed. Wester-
contrast to that of his grandfather. Brought up in mann ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 306, vol. iii.
the midst of all the enervating and corrupting in- p. 495, vol. vi. p. 131. )
Auences of a court, his naturally bad disposition, at 3. Very probably the same as the preceding, the
once weak and violent, felt them all in their full author of a work on poets, from the fifth book of
force ; and he exhibited to the Greeks the first in which (Tepi Kidapudôv), and from another book
stance of a childish tyrant. From the moment of of it (Tepl TW Tpayudonosár), there are quo-
his accession he gave himself up to the influence of tations. (Athen. xiv. p. 635, f. ; Apost. Prov. xi.
flatterers, who urged him to the vilest excesses : 41 ; Suidas, s. v. 'Avayupários. ) Perhaps he is
he assumed at once all the external pomp of royalty the same person as the author of a commentary on
which Hieron had so studiously avoided ; and the 'Aotis of Hesiod. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i.
while he plunged in the most shameless manner p. 582. )
[P. S. )
into every species of luxury and debauchery, he
HIEROʻNYMUS, commonly known as SAINT
displayed the most unrelenting cruelty towards all JEROME. EUSEBIUS HIERONYMUS SOPHRO-
those who became objects of his suspicion. Poly- Nius was a native of Stridon, a town upon the
bius indeed appears inclined to doubt the state confines of Dalmatia and Pannonia, which having
ments on this subject; and it is not improbable been utterly destroyed by the Goths in A. D. 377,
that they may have been exaggerated by the its site cannot now be determined. His parents
writers to whom he refers : but there is certainly were both Christian, living, it would appear, in
nothing in the nature of the case to justify his easy circumstances. The period of his birth is a
scepticism ; and the example, in later days, of Ela- matter of considerable doubt. Prosper Aquita-
gabalus, to whose character that of Hieronymus nicus, in his chronicle, fixes upon the year A. D.
appears to have borne much resemblance, is suffi- 331 ; Dupin brings down the event as low as 345;
cient to show how little any excesses that are re while other writers have decided in favour of vari-
ported of the latter can be called incredible. Among ous intermediate epochs. That the first of the
other instances of his wanton contempt of public above dates is too early seems certain, for Jerome,
decency, he is said to have married a common in the commentary upon Habbakuk (c. 3), speaks
prostitute, on whom he bestowed the title and of himself as having been still occupied with gram-
honours of a queen. (Po! yb. vii. 7; Liv. xxiv. 5; matical studies at the death of Julian the apostate ;
Diod. Etc. Vales. xxvi. p. 568, 569; Athen. vi. but since this took place in 363, he must, accord-
P. 251, xiii. p. 577; Val. Max. iii. 3. Ext. 5. ) ing to the statement of Prosper, have been at that
The coins of Hieronymus are more abundant time thirty-two years old, while the calculation
than might have been expected from the shortness adopted by Du Pin would make him just eighteen,
of his reign: they all bear his portrait on the ob- an age corresponding much better with the expres-
verse, and a thunderbolt on the reverse. [E. H. B. ] sions employed, unless we are to receive them in a
very extended acceptation. After having acquired
the first rudiments of a liberal education from his
father, Eusebius, he was despatched to Rome for
the prosecution of his studies, where he devoted
himself with great ardour and success to the Greek
and Latin languages, to rhetoric, and to the different
branches of philosophy, enjoying the instructions of
the most distinguished preceptors of that era, among
whom was Aelius Donatus (DONATUS). Having
been admitted to the rite of baptism, he undertook
a journey into Gaul, accompanied by his friend and
schoolfellow Bonosus ; and after a lengthened tour,
COIN OP HIERONYMUS.
passed some time at Treves, where he occupied
HIERONYMUS ('lepasvupos), literary. 1. himself in transcribing the commentaries of Hila-
Son of Xenophanes, a tragic and dithyrambic poet, rius upon the Psalms, and his voluminous work
who is attacked by Aristophanes ( Acharn. 387, Nub. upon Synods. Here too he seems to have been,
347, and Schol. ; Suid. s. t. Keitos).
for the first time, impressed with a deep religious
2. Of Rhodes, commonly called a peripatetic, feeling, to have formed a steadfast resolution to
though Cicero questions his right to the title, was amend his career, which had hitherto been some-
a disciple of Aristotle, and contemporary with Ar- what irregular, and to have resolved to devote
cesilaus, about B. C. 300. He appears to have lived himself with zeal to the interests of Christianity.
down to the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He is Upon quitting Gaul, he probably returned to Rome;
frequently mentioned by Cicero, who tells us that but in 370 we find him living at Aquileia, in close
he held the highest good to consist in freedom intimacy with Rufinus and Chromatius; and at
from pain and trouble, and denied that pleasure this time he composed his first theological essay,
was to be sought for its own sake. There are the letter to Innocentius, De Muliere septies per-
quotations from his writings Iepl uéens, iotopind cussa. Having been compelled by some violent
ÚTournuata orod otopádny ÚTournuatan and cause, now unknown (Subitus turbo me a latere tuo
from his letters. It would seem from Cicero (Or. convulsit, Ep. iii. ad Ruf. ), suddenly to quit this
56), compared with Rufinus (de Comp. et Metr. p. abode in 373, he set out for the East, along with
318), that he was the same as the Hieronymus Innocentius, Evagrius, and Heliodorus, and tra
wbo wrote on numbers and feet. (Athen. ii. p. 48, versing Thrace, Bithynia, Galatia, Pontus, Cappa-
S.
1
VÉP2N{YMY
BAIIAEOS
## p. 460 (#476) ############################################
460
HIERONYMUS.
HIERONYMUS.
;
docia, and Cilicia, reached Antioch, where Inno- | widows, to whom he was wont to represent in the
centius died of a fever, and he himself was attacked brightest colours the celestial graces of an unwedded
by a dangerous malady. A great change seems to life. The influence exercised by Jerome over this
have taken place in the mind of Jerome during this class of persons, including many of the fairest and
illness ; the religious enthusiasm first kindled upon the noblest, soon became so powerful as to excite
the banks of the Moselle, assumed a more austere strong indignation and alarm among their relations
and gloomy form in the luxurious capital of Syria. and admirers, and to arouse the jealousy of the
In obedience, as he believed or pretended, to the regular priesthood. He was assailed on every side
warnings of a heavenly vision (isp.
