means that part of the body which
receives
the food, that is to say, the stomach.
Athenaeus - Deipnosophists
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); because a flatterer will undergo anything, like a person who stoops down to carry another on his back, by reason of his natural disposition, not being annoyed at anything, however disgraceful it may be.
And a man will not be much out who calls the life of that young Cyprian a wet one. And Alexis says that there were many tutors and teachers of that kind of life at Athens, speaking thus in his Pyraunus -
I wished to try another style of life,
Which all men are accustomed to call wet.
So walking three days in the Cerameicus,
I found it maybe thirty skilful teachers
Of the aforesaid life, from one single school.
And Crobylus says in his Female Deserter -
The wetness of your life amazes me,
For men do call Intemperance now wetness.
[73. ] G And Antiphanes, in his Lemnian Women, lays it down that flattery is a kind of art, where he says -
Is there, or can there be an art more pleasing,
Or any source of gain more sure and gainful,
Than well-judged flattery? Why does the painter
Take so much pains and get so out of temper?
Why does the farmer undergo such risks?
Indeed all men are full of care and trouble.
But life for us is full of fun and laughter.
For where the greatest business is amusement,
To laugh and joke and drink full cups of wine,
Is not that pleasant? How can one deny?
'Tis the next thing to being rich oneself.
But Menander, in his play called The Flatterer, has given us the character of one as carefully and faithfully as it is possible to manage it: as also Diphilus has of a parasite in his Telesias. And Alexis, in his Liar, has introduced a flatterer speaking in the following manner-
By the Olympian Zeus and by Athene
I am a happy man. And not alone
Because I'm going to a wedding dinner,
But because I shall burst, if it please god.
And would that I might meet with such a death.
And it seems to me, my friends, that that fine epicure would not have scrupled to quote from the Omphale of Ion the tragedian, and to say -
For I must speak of a yearly feast
As if it came round every day.
[74. ] G But Hippias the Erythraean, in the second book of his Histories of his own Country, relating how the kingdom of Cnopus was subverted by the conduct of his flatterers, [259] says this- "When Cnopus consulted the oracle about his safety, the god, in his answer, enjoined him to sacrifice to the crafty Hermes. And when, after that, he went to Delphi, they who were anxious to put an end to his kingly power in order to establish an oligarchy instead of it, (and those who wished this were Ortyges, and Irus, and Echarus, who, because they were most conspicuous in paying court to the princes, were called adorers and flatters) they, I say, being on a voyage in company with Cnopus, when they were at a distance from land, bound Cnopus and threw him into the sea; and then they sailed to Chios, and getting a force from the tyrants there, Amphiclus and Polytecnus, they sailed by night to Erythrae, and just at the same time the corpse of Cnopus was washed up on the sea-shore at Erythrae, at a place which is now called Leopodum. And while Cleonice, the wife of Cnopus, was busied about the offices due to the corpse (and it was the time of the festival and assembly instituted in honour of Athene Strophaea), on a sudden there is heard the noise of a trumpet; and the city is taken by Ortyges and his troops, and many of the friends of Cnopus are put to death; and Cleonice, hearing what had happened, fled to Colophon.
[75. ] G "But Ortyges and his companions establishing themselves as tyrants, and having possessed themselves of the supreme power in Chios, destroyed all who opposed their proceedings, and they subverted the laws, and themselves managed the whole of the affairs of the state, admitting none of the popular party within the walls. And they established a court of justice outside the walls, before the gates; and there they tried all actions, sitting as judges, clothed in purple cloaks, and in tunics with purple borders, and they wore sandals with many slits in them during the hot weather; but in winter they always walked about in women's shoes; and they let their hair grow, and took great care of it so as to have ringlets dividing it on the top of their head with fillets of yellow and purple. And they wore ornaments of solid gold, like women, and they compelled some of the citizens to carry their litters, and some to act as lictors to them, and some to sweep the roads. And they sent for the sons of some of the citizens to their parties when they supped together; and some they ordered to bring their own wives and daughters within. And on those who disobeyed they inflicted the most extreme punishment. And if any one of their companions died, then collecting the citizens with their wives and children, they compelled them by violence to utter lamentations over the dead, and to beat their breasts, and to cry out shrilly and loudly with their voices, a man with a scourge standing over them, who compelled them to do so - until Hippotes, the brother of Cnopus, coming to Erythrae with an army at the time of a festival, the people of Erythrae assisting him, set upon the tyrants, and having punished a great many of their companions, slew Ortyges in his flight, and all who were with him, and treated their wives and children with the very extremity of ill-usage, and delivered his country. "
[76. ] G Now from all this we may understand, my friends, of how many evils flattery is the cause in human life. For Theopompus, in the nineteenth book of his history of the Transactions of Philippus, says, "Agathocles was a slave, and one of the Penestae in Thessaly, [260] and as he had great influence with Philippus by reason of his flattery of him, and because he was constantly at his entertainments dancing and making him laugh, Philippus sent him to destroy the Perrhaebi, and to govern all that part of the country. And the Macedonian constantly had this kind of people about him, with whom he associated the greater part of his time, because of their fondness for drinking and buffoonery, and in their company he used to deliberate on the most important affairs. " And Hegesander the Delphian gives a similar account of him, and relates how he sent a large sum of money to the men who are assembled at Athens at the temple of Heracles in Diomeia, and who say laughable things; and he ordered some men to write down all that was said by them, and to send it to him. And Theopompus, in the twenty-sixth book of his History, says that "Philippus knowing that the Thessalians were an intemperate race, and very profligate in their way of living, prepared some entertainments for them, and endeavoured in every possible manner to make himself agreeable to them. For he danced and revelled, and practised every kind of intemperance and debauchery. And he was by nature a buffoon, and got drunk every day, and he delighted in those occupations which are consistent with such practices, and with those who are called witty men, who say and do things to provoke laughter. And he attached numbers of the Thessalians who were intimate with him to himself, still more by his entertainments than by his presents. " And Dionysius the Sicilian used to do very nearly the same thing, as Eubulus the comic poet tells us in his play entitled Dionysius; -
But he is harsh and rigorous to the solemn,
But most good-humoured to all flatterers,
And all who jest with freedom. For he thinks
Those men alone are free, though slaves they be.
[77. ] G And indeed Dionysius was not the only person who encouraged and received those who had squandered their estates on drunkenness and gambling and all such debauchery as that, for Philippus also did the same. And Theopompus speaks of such of them in the forty-ninth book of his History, where he writes as follows:- "Philippus kept at a distance all men who were well regulated in their conduct and who took care of their property; but the extravagant and those who lived in gambling and drunkenness he praised and honoured. And therefore he not only took care that they should always have such amusements, but he encouraged them to devote themselves to all sorts of injustice and debauchery besides. For what disgraceful or iniquitous practices were there to which these men were strangers, or what virtuous or respectable habits were there which they did not shun? Did they not at all times go about shaven and carefully made smooth, though they were men? And did not they endeavour to misuse one another though they had beards? And they used to go about attended by two or three lovers at a time; and they expected no complaisance from others which they were not prepared to exhibit themselves. On which account a man might very reasonably have thought them not ? ? ? ? ? ? ? but ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , and one might have called them not soldiers, but prostitutes. For though they were ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? by profession, they were ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? by practice. And in addition to all this, instead of loving sobriety, they loved drunkenness; and instead of living respectably they sought every opportunity of robbing and murdering; and as for speaking the truth, and adhering to their agreements, [261] they thought that conduct quite inconsistent with their characters; but to perjure themselves and cheat, they thought the moat venerable behaviour possible. And they disregarded what they had, but they longed for what they had not; and this too, though a great part of Europe belonged to them. For I think that the companions of Philippus, who did not at that time amount to a greater number than eight hundred, had possession so far as to enjoy the fruits of more land than any ten thousand Greeks, who had the most fertile and large estates. " And he makes a very similar statement about Dionysius, in his twenty-first book, when he says, "Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily encouraged above all others those who squandered their property in drunkenness and gambling and intemperance of that sort. For he wished every one to become ruined and ready for any iniquity, and all such people he treated with favour and distinction. "
[78. ] G And Demetrius Poliorcetes was a man very fond of mirth, as Phylarchus relates in the tenth book of his History [ Fr_19 ]. But in the fourteenth book he writes as follows [ Fr_31 ]:- "Demetrius used to allow men to flatter him at his banquets, and to pour libations in his honour, calling him Demetrius the only king, and Ptolemy only the prefect of the fleet, and Lysimachus only a steward, and Seleucus only a superintendent of elephants, and in this way he incurred no small amount of hatred. " And Herodotus states [ 2. 173 ] that Amasis the king of the Egyptians was always a man full of tricks and one who was used to turn his fellow feasters into ridicule; and when he was a private man he says he was very fond of feasting and of jesting, and he was not at all a serious man. # And Nicolaus in the twenty-seventh book of his History, says that Sulla the Roman general was so fond of mimics and buffoons, being a man very much addicted to amusement, that he gave such men several portions of the public land. And the satyric comedies which he wrote himself in his native language, show of how merry and jovial a temperament he was in this way.
[79. ] G And Theophrastus, in his treatise on Comedy, tells us that the Tirynthians, being people addicted to amusement, and utterly useless for all serious business, betook themselves once to the oracle at Delphi in hopes to be relieved from some calamity or other. And that the god answered them, "That if they sacrificed a bull to Poseidon and threw it into the sea without once laughing, the evil would cease. " And they, fearing lest they should make a blunder in obeying the oracle, forbade any of the boys to be present at the sacrifice; however, one boy, hearing of what was going to be done, mingled with the crowd, and then when they hooted him and drove him away, "Why," said he, "are you afraid lest I should spoil your sacrifice? " and when they laughed at this question of his, they perceived that the god meant to show them by a fact that an inveterate custom cannot be remedied. And Sosicrates, in the first book of his History of Crete, says that the people of Phaestus have a certain peculiarity, for that they seem to practise saying ridiculous things from their earliest childhood; on which account it has often happened to them to say very reasonable and witty things because of their early habituation: and therefore all the Cretans attribute to them pre-eminence in the accomplishment of raising a laugh.
[80. ] G But after flattery, Anaxandrides the comic poet gives the next place to ostentation in his Apothecary Prophet, speaking thus-
Do you reproach me that I'm ostentatious?
Why should you do so? for this quality
Is far beyond all others, only flattery
Excepted: that indeed is best of all.
And Antiphanes speaks of what he calls a ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , a flatterer for morsels of bread, in his Gerytades, when he says -
You are called a whisperer and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
And Sannyrion says -
What will become of you, you cursed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
[262] And Philemon says in his Woman made young again -
The man is a ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
And Philippides says in his Renovation -
Always contending and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
But the word ? ? ? ? ? especially applies to these parasitical flatterers; for ? ? ? ? ? means food, from which come the words ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , which means difficult to be pleased and squeamish. And the word ? ? ? ? ? ?
means that part of the body which receives the food, that is to say, the stomach. Diphilus also uses the word ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? in his Theseus, saying -
They call you a runaway ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
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Athenaeus: The Deipnosophists
BOOK 7 (excerpts)
Translated by C. D. Yonge (1854). A few words and spellings have been changed.
See key to translations for an explanation of the format. The page numbers in the Greek text are shown in red. The chapter numbers in the translation are shown in green.
[1. ] G [275] And when the banquet was now finished, the cynics, thinking that the festival of the Phagesia {"eating festival"} was being celebrated, were delighted above all things, and Cynulcus said, - While we are supping, O Ulpianus, since it is on words that you are feasting us, I propose to you this question, - In what author do you find any mention of the festivals called Phagesia, and Phagesiposia? And he, hesitating, and bidding the slaves desist from carrying the dishes round, though it was now evening, said, - I do not recollect, you very wise man, so that you may tell us yourself, in order that you may sup more abundantly and more pleasantly. And he replied, - If you will promise to thank me when I have told you, I will tell you. And as he agreed to thank him, he continued, - Clearchus, a pupil of Aristotle and a native of Soli, in the first book of his treatise on Pictures (for I recollect his very expressions, because I took a great fancy to them), speaks as follows :- "Phagesia - but some call the festival Phagesiposia - but this festival has ceased, as also has that of the rhapsodists, which they celebrated about the time of the Dionysia, in which everyone as they passed by sang a hymn to the god by way of doing him honour. " This is what Clearchus wrote. [276] And if you doubt it, my friend, I, who have got the book, will not mind lending it to you. And you may learn a good deal from it, and get a great many questions to ask us out of it. For he relates that Callias the Athenian composed a Grammatical Tragedy, from which Euripides in his Medea, and Sophocles in his Oedipus, derived their choruses and the arrangement of their plot,
[2. ] G And when all the guests marvelled at the literary accomplishments of Cynulcus, Plutarchus said, - In like manner there used to be celebrated in my own Alexandria a Flagon-bearing festival, which is mentioned by Eratosthenes in his treatise entitled Arsino? . And he speaks as follows: - "When Ptolemy was instituting a festival and all kinds of sacrifices, and especially those which relate to Dionysus, Arsino? asked the man who bore the branches, what day he was celebrating now, and what festival it was. And when he replied, 'It is called the Lagynophoria ; and the guests lie down on beds and so eat all that they have brought with them, and everyone drinks out of his own flagon which he has brought from home;' and when he had departed, she, looking towards us, said, 'It seems a very dirty kind of party ; for it is quite evident that it must be an assembly of a mixed multitude, all putting down stale food and such as is altogether unseasonable and unbecoming. ' But if the kind of feast had pleased her, then the queen would not have objected to preparing the very same things herself, as is done at the festival called Choes {"pitchers"}. For there everyone feasts separately, and the inviter only supplies the materials for the feast. "
[3. ] G But one of the grammarians who were present, looking on the preparation of the feast, said, - In the next place, how shall we ever be able to eat so large a supper? Perhaps we are to go on "during the night," as that witty writer Aristophanes says in his Aeolosicon, where however his expression is "during the whole night. " And, indeed, Homer uses the preposition ? ? ? in the same way, for he says { Od_9'298 } -
He lay within the cave stretched over the sheep ;
where ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? means "over all the sheep," indicating the size of the giant. And Daphnus the physician answered him, - Meals taken late at night, my friend, are more advantageous for everybody. For the influence of the moon is well adapted to promote the digestion of food, since the moon has putrefying properties ; and digestion depends upon putrefaction. Accordingly victims slain at night are more digestible; and wood which is cut down by moonlight decays more rapidly. And also the greater proportion of fruits ripen by moonlight.
[4. ] G But since there were great many sorts of fish, and those very different both as to size and beauty, which had been served up and which were still being constantly served up for the guests, Myrtilus said, - Although all the different dishes which we eat, besides the regular meal, are properly called by one generic name, ? ? ? ? , still it is very deservedly that on account of its delicious taste fish has prevailed over everything else, and has appropriated the name to itself; because men are so exceedingly enamoured of this kind of food. Accordingly we speak of men as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , not meaning people who eat beef (such as Heracles was, who ate beef and green figs mixed together); nor do we mean by such a term a man who is fond of figs; as was Plato the philosopher, according to the account given of him by Phanocritus in his treatise On Eudoxus : and he tells us in the same book that Arcesilas was fond of grapes : but we mean by the term only those people who haunt the fish-market. And Philippus of Macedon was fond of apples, and so was his son Alexander, as Dorotheus tells us in the sixth book of his History of the Life and Actions of Alexander. [277] But Chares of Mitylene relates that Alexander, having found the finest apples which he had ever seen in the country around Babylon, filled boats with them, and had a battle of apples from the vessels, so as to present a most beautiful spectacle. And I am not ignorant that, properly speaking, whatever is prepared for being eaten by the agency of fire is called ? ? ? ? . For indeed the word is either identical with ? ? ? ? , or else perhaps it is derived from ? ? ? ? ? {"to roast"}.
* * * * *
[10. ] G [279] But the Epicureans are not the only men who are addicted to pleasure; but so too are the Cyrenaic philosophers, and the [Thasians] who call themselves followers of Mnesistratus; for these men delight to live luxuriously . . . as Poseidonius [ Fr_106 ] tells us. And Speusippus did not much differ from them, though he was a pupil and a relation of Plato's. At all events, Dionysius the tyrant, in his letters to him, enumerating all the instances of his devotion to pleasure, and also of his covetousness, and reproaching him with having levied contributions on numbers of people, attacks him also on account of his love for Lastheneia, the Arcadian courtesan. And, at the end of all, he says this- "Whom do you charge with covetousness, when you yourself omit no opportunity of amassing base gain? For what is there that you have been ashamed to do? Are you not now attempting to collect contributions, after having paid yourself for Hermeias all that he owed? "
[11. ] G And about Epicurus, Timon, in the third book of his Silli, speaks as follows:-
Seeking at all times to indulge his stomach,
Than which there's no more greedy thing on earth.
For, on account of his stomach, and of the rest of his sensual pleasures, the man was always flattering Idomeneus and Metrodorus. And Metrodorus himself, not at all disguising this admirable principle of his, [280] says, somewhere or other, "The fact is, Timocrates, my natural philosopher, that every investigation which is guided by principles of nature, fixes its ultimate aim entirely on gratifying the stomach. " For Epicurus was the tutor of all these men; who said, shouting it out, as I may say, "The fountain and root of every good is the pleasure of the stomach: and all wise rules, and all excellent rules, are measured alike by this standard. " And in his treatise On the Chief Good, he speaks nearly as follows: "For, I am not able to understand what is good, if I leave out of consideration the pleasures which arise from delicately-flavoured food, and if I also leave out the pleasures which arise from love affairs; and if I also omit those which arise from music, and those, too, which are derived from the contemplation of beauty and the gratification of the eyesight. " And, proceeding a little further, he says, "All that is beautiful is naturally to be honoured; and so is virtue, and everything of that sort, if it assists in producing or causing pleasure. But if it does not contribute to that end, then it may be disregarded. "
[12. ] G And before Epicurus, Sophocles, the tragic poet, in his Antigone [ 1165 ], had uttered these sentiments respecting pleasure-
For when men utterly forsake all pleasure,
I reckon such a man no longer living,
But look upon him as a breathing corpse.
He may have, if you like, great wealth at home,
And go in monarch's guise; but if his wealth
And power bring no pleasure to his mind,
I would not for a moment deem it all
Worth the shadow of smoke, compared with pleasure.
And Philetaerus says, in his Huntress,
For what, I pray you, should a mortal do,
But seek for every way and means
To make his life from day to day pass happily?
This should be all our object and our aim,
Reflecting on the chance of human life.
And never let us think about to-morrow,
Whether it will arrive at all or not.
It is a foolish trouble to lay up
Money which may become stale and useless.
And the same poet says, in his Oenopion,
But every man who lives but sparingly,
Having sufficient means, I call and think
Of all men the most truly miserable.
For when you're dead, you cannot then eat eels;
They cook no wedding feasts in the underworld.
[13. ] G And Apollodorus of Carystus, in his Tablet-Maker, says-
O men, whoe'er you are, why do you now
Scorn pleasant living, and turn all your thoughts
To do each other mischief in fierce war?
In God's name, tell me, does some odious fate,
Rude and unlettered, destitute of all
That can be knowledge called, or education,
Ignorant of what is bad and what is good,
Guide all your destiny? - a fate which settles
All your affairs at random by mere chance?
I think it must be so: for else, what fate,
Being truly Greek at heart, would ever choose
To see Greeks by each other thus despoiled,
And falling dead in ghastly heaps of corpses,
When she might see them sportive, gay, and jesting,
Drinking full cups, and singing to the flute?
Tell me, my friend, I pray, and put to shame
This most unpolished clownish fortune.
And then he proceeds to say-
Does not a life, like this deserve the name
Of godlike? - Think how far more pleasant all
Affairs would be in our communities
Than now they are, if we were but to change
Our fashions, and our habits, and our principles
One little bit. Why should we not proclaim,
[281] "Every Athenian of less than thirty years of age,
Let him come forth and drink. Let all the cavalry
Go to a feast at Corinth, for ten days,
Crowned with chaplets, and perfumed most sweetly.
Let the Megarians sell and boil their cabbages.
Bid all the allies now hasten to the bath,
And mix in cups the rich Euboean wine. "
Sure this is real luxury and life,
But we are slaves to a most clownish fortune.
[14. ] G The poets say that that ancient hero, Tantalus, was also greatly devoted to pleasure. At all events, the author of the book called The Return of the Atreidae says "that he, when he had arrived among the gods and had begun to live among them, had leave given him by Zeus to ask for whatever he wished; and that he, being a man quite insatiable in the gratification of his appetite, asked that it might be granted to him to indulge them to their full extent, and to live in the same manner as the gods. And that Zeus was indignant at this request, and, according to his promise, fulfilled his prayer; but still, that he might not enjoy what he had before him, but be everlastingly tormented, he hung a stone over his head, on account of which he should be unable to get at any of the things which he had before him. " Some of the Stoics also were addicted to this kind of pleasure. At all events, Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who was a pupil of Ariston the Chian, who was one of the sect of the Stoics, in his treatise which is entitled Ariston, represents his master as subsequently being much addicted to luxury, speaking as follows: "And before now, I have at times discovered him breaking down, as it were, the partition wall between pleasure and virtue, and appearing on the side of pleasure. " And Apollophanes (and he was an acquaintance of Ariston), in his Ariston (for he also wrote a book with that title), shows the way in which his master was addicted to pleasure. # And why need we mention Dionysius of Heracleia? who openly discarded his covering of virtue, and put on a robe embroidered with flowers, and assumed the name of "The altered man" [Metathemenos]; and, although he was an old man, he apostatized from the doctrines of the Stoics, and passed over to the school of Epicurus; and, in consequence, Timon said of him, not without some point and felicity -
When it is time to set [? ? ? ? ? ? ], he now begins
To sit at table [? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ]. But there is a time
To love, a time to wed, a time to cease.
[15. ] G Apollodorus the Athenian, in the third book of his treatise on A Modest and Prudent Man, which is addressed to those whom he calls Male Buffoons, having first used the expression, "more libidinous than the very Inventors themselves [? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ]," says, there are some fish called alphestae, being all of a tawny colour, though they have a purple hue in some parts. And they say that they are usually caught in couples, and that one is always found following at the tail of the other; and therefore, from the fact of one following close on the tail of the other, some of the ancients call men who are intemperate and libidinous by the same name. But Aristotle, in his work on Animals, says that this fish, which he calls alphestikos, has but a single spine, and is of a tawny colour. [282] And Numenius of Heracleia mentions it, in his treatise on Fishing, speaking as follows:-
The fish that lives in seaweed, the alphestes,
The scorpion also with its rosy meat.
And Epicharmus, in his Marriage of Hebe, says-
Mussels, alphestae, and the girl-like fish,
The dainty coracinus.
Mithaecus also mentions it in his Culinary Art.
* * * * *
[33. ] G [289] I swear by Athene that Menecrates the Syracusan himself would not have made such a boast as that, he who was nick-named Zeus - a man who gave himself airs as being, by his skill in medicine, the only person who could cause man to live. Accordingly he compelled all who came to be cured by him of what is called the sacred disease, to enter into a written agreement that if they recovered they would be his slaves. And they followed him one wearing the dress of Heracles, and being called Heracles, ( and the man who was so called was Nicostratus, an Argive, who had been cured of the sacred disease, and he is mentioned by Ephippus, in his Peltast, where he says -
Did not Menecrates call himself a god,
And Nicostratus of Argos a second Heracles? )
and another followed him in the dress of Hermes, having on a cloak and bearing a caduceus, and wings besides. As Nicagoras of Zeleia did, who also became afterwards the tyrant of his country, as Baton relates in the history of the Tyrants at Ephesus. And Hegesander says that he called Astycreon, who had been cured by him, Apollo. And another of those who had been cured by him, went about with him to his cost, wearing the dress of Asclepius. But Zeus Menecrates himself, clad in purple, and having a golden crown upon his head, and holding a sceptre, and being shod with slippers, went about with his chorus of gods. And once, writing to Philippus the king, he began his letter thus -
[34. ] G "Menecrates Zeus to Philippus greeting.
You, indeed, are king of Macedonia, but I am king of medicine; and you are able, when you please, to put men to death, who are in health; but I am able to save those who are sick, and to cause those who are in good health, if they only follow my advice, to live to old age without being attacked by disease. Therefore the Macedonians attend you as body-guards; but all who wish to live attend me; for I, Zeus, give them life. "
And so Philippus wrote back to him as to a man out of his senses,- "Philippus wishes Menecrates soundness. " And he wrote in similar style to Archidamus, the king of the Lacedaemonians, and to every one else to whom be wrote at all; never omitting to give himself the name of Zeus. And once Philippus invited him and all his gods to supper, and placed them all on the centre couch, which was adorned in the loftiest and most holy-looking and beautiful manner. And he had a table placed before them on which there was an altar and first-fruits of the different productions of the earth. And whenever eatables were placed before the other guests, the slaves placed incense before Menecrates, and poured libations in his honour. And at last, the new Zeus, with all his subordinate gods, being laughed at by every one, ran away and fled from the banquet, as Hegesander relates.
And a man will not be much out who calls the life of that young Cyprian a wet one. And Alexis says that there were many tutors and teachers of that kind of life at Athens, speaking thus in his Pyraunus -
I wished to try another style of life,
Which all men are accustomed to call wet.
So walking three days in the Cerameicus,
I found it maybe thirty skilful teachers
Of the aforesaid life, from one single school.
And Crobylus says in his Female Deserter -
The wetness of your life amazes me,
For men do call Intemperance now wetness.
[73. ] G And Antiphanes, in his Lemnian Women, lays it down that flattery is a kind of art, where he says -
Is there, or can there be an art more pleasing,
Or any source of gain more sure and gainful,
Than well-judged flattery? Why does the painter
Take so much pains and get so out of temper?
Why does the farmer undergo such risks?
Indeed all men are full of care and trouble.
But life for us is full of fun and laughter.
For where the greatest business is amusement,
To laugh and joke and drink full cups of wine,
Is not that pleasant? How can one deny?
'Tis the next thing to being rich oneself.
But Menander, in his play called The Flatterer, has given us the character of one as carefully and faithfully as it is possible to manage it: as also Diphilus has of a parasite in his Telesias. And Alexis, in his Liar, has introduced a flatterer speaking in the following manner-
By the Olympian Zeus and by Athene
I am a happy man. And not alone
Because I'm going to a wedding dinner,
But because I shall burst, if it please god.
And would that I might meet with such a death.
And it seems to me, my friends, that that fine epicure would not have scrupled to quote from the Omphale of Ion the tragedian, and to say -
For I must speak of a yearly feast
As if it came round every day.
[74. ] G But Hippias the Erythraean, in the second book of his Histories of his own Country, relating how the kingdom of Cnopus was subverted by the conduct of his flatterers, [259] says this- "When Cnopus consulted the oracle about his safety, the god, in his answer, enjoined him to sacrifice to the crafty Hermes. And when, after that, he went to Delphi, they who were anxious to put an end to his kingly power in order to establish an oligarchy instead of it, (and those who wished this were Ortyges, and Irus, and Echarus, who, because they were most conspicuous in paying court to the princes, were called adorers and flatters) they, I say, being on a voyage in company with Cnopus, when they were at a distance from land, bound Cnopus and threw him into the sea; and then they sailed to Chios, and getting a force from the tyrants there, Amphiclus and Polytecnus, they sailed by night to Erythrae, and just at the same time the corpse of Cnopus was washed up on the sea-shore at Erythrae, at a place which is now called Leopodum. And while Cleonice, the wife of Cnopus, was busied about the offices due to the corpse (and it was the time of the festival and assembly instituted in honour of Athene Strophaea), on a sudden there is heard the noise of a trumpet; and the city is taken by Ortyges and his troops, and many of the friends of Cnopus are put to death; and Cleonice, hearing what had happened, fled to Colophon.
[75. ] G "But Ortyges and his companions establishing themselves as tyrants, and having possessed themselves of the supreme power in Chios, destroyed all who opposed their proceedings, and they subverted the laws, and themselves managed the whole of the affairs of the state, admitting none of the popular party within the walls. And they established a court of justice outside the walls, before the gates; and there they tried all actions, sitting as judges, clothed in purple cloaks, and in tunics with purple borders, and they wore sandals with many slits in them during the hot weather; but in winter they always walked about in women's shoes; and they let their hair grow, and took great care of it so as to have ringlets dividing it on the top of their head with fillets of yellow and purple. And they wore ornaments of solid gold, like women, and they compelled some of the citizens to carry their litters, and some to act as lictors to them, and some to sweep the roads. And they sent for the sons of some of the citizens to their parties when they supped together; and some they ordered to bring their own wives and daughters within. And on those who disobeyed they inflicted the most extreme punishment. And if any one of their companions died, then collecting the citizens with their wives and children, they compelled them by violence to utter lamentations over the dead, and to beat their breasts, and to cry out shrilly and loudly with their voices, a man with a scourge standing over them, who compelled them to do so - until Hippotes, the brother of Cnopus, coming to Erythrae with an army at the time of a festival, the people of Erythrae assisting him, set upon the tyrants, and having punished a great many of their companions, slew Ortyges in his flight, and all who were with him, and treated their wives and children with the very extremity of ill-usage, and delivered his country. "
[76. ] G Now from all this we may understand, my friends, of how many evils flattery is the cause in human life. For Theopompus, in the nineteenth book of his history of the Transactions of Philippus, says, "Agathocles was a slave, and one of the Penestae in Thessaly, [260] and as he had great influence with Philippus by reason of his flattery of him, and because he was constantly at his entertainments dancing and making him laugh, Philippus sent him to destroy the Perrhaebi, and to govern all that part of the country. And the Macedonian constantly had this kind of people about him, with whom he associated the greater part of his time, because of their fondness for drinking and buffoonery, and in their company he used to deliberate on the most important affairs. " And Hegesander the Delphian gives a similar account of him, and relates how he sent a large sum of money to the men who are assembled at Athens at the temple of Heracles in Diomeia, and who say laughable things; and he ordered some men to write down all that was said by them, and to send it to him. And Theopompus, in the twenty-sixth book of his History, says that "Philippus knowing that the Thessalians were an intemperate race, and very profligate in their way of living, prepared some entertainments for them, and endeavoured in every possible manner to make himself agreeable to them. For he danced and revelled, and practised every kind of intemperance and debauchery. And he was by nature a buffoon, and got drunk every day, and he delighted in those occupations which are consistent with such practices, and with those who are called witty men, who say and do things to provoke laughter. And he attached numbers of the Thessalians who were intimate with him to himself, still more by his entertainments than by his presents. " And Dionysius the Sicilian used to do very nearly the same thing, as Eubulus the comic poet tells us in his play entitled Dionysius; -
But he is harsh and rigorous to the solemn,
But most good-humoured to all flatterers,
And all who jest with freedom. For he thinks
Those men alone are free, though slaves they be.
[77. ] G And indeed Dionysius was not the only person who encouraged and received those who had squandered their estates on drunkenness and gambling and all such debauchery as that, for Philippus also did the same. And Theopompus speaks of such of them in the forty-ninth book of his History, where he writes as follows:- "Philippus kept at a distance all men who were well regulated in their conduct and who took care of their property; but the extravagant and those who lived in gambling and drunkenness he praised and honoured. And therefore he not only took care that they should always have such amusements, but he encouraged them to devote themselves to all sorts of injustice and debauchery besides. For what disgraceful or iniquitous practices were there to which these men were strangers, or what virtuous or respectable habits were there which they did not shun? Did they not at all times go about shaven and carefully made smooth, though they were men? And did not they endeavour to misuse one another though they had beards? And they used to go about attended by two or three lovers at a time; and they expected no complaisance from others which they were not prepared to exhibit themselves. On which account a man might very reasonably have thought them not ? ? ? ? ? ? ? but ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , and one might have called them not soldiers, but prostitutes. For though they were ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? by profession, they were ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? by practice. And in addition to all this, instead of loving sobriety, they loved drunkenness; and instead of living respectably they sought every opportunity of robbing and murdering; and as for speaking the truth, and adhering to their agreements, [261] they thought that conduct quite inconsistent with their characters; but to perjure themselves and cheat, they thought the moat venerable behaviour possible. And they disregarded what they had, but they longed for what they had not; and this too, though a great part of Europe belonged to them. For I think that the companions of Philippus, who did not at that time amount to a greater number than eight hundred, had possession so far as to enjoy the fruits of more land than any ten thousand Greeks, who had the most fertile and large estates. " And he makes a very similar statement about Dionysius, in his twenty-first book, when he says, "Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily encouraged above all others those who squandered their property in drunkenness and gambling and intemperance of that sort. For he wished every one to become ruined and ready for any iniquity, and all such people he treated with favour and distinction. "
[78. ] G And Demetrius Poliorcetes was a man very fond of mirth, as Phylarchus relates in the tenth book of his History [ Fr_19 ]. But in the fourteenth book he writes as follows [ Fr_31 ]:- "Demetrius used to allow men to flatter him at his banquets, and to pour libations in his honour, calling him Demetrius the only king, and Ptolemy only the prefect of the fleet, and Lysimachus only a steward, and Seleucus only a superintendent of elephants, and in this way he incurred no small amount of hatred. " And Herodotus states [ 2. 173 ] that Amasis the king of the Egyptians was always a man full of tricks and one who was used to turn his fellow feasters into ridicule; and when he was a private man he says he was very fond of feasting and of jesting, and he was not at all a serious man. # And Nicolaus in the twenty-seventh book of his History, says that Sulla the Roman general was so fond of mimics and buffoons, being a man very much addicted to amusement, that he gave such men several portions of the public land. And the satyric comedies which he wrote himself in his native language, show of how merry and jovial a temperament he was in this way.
[79. ] G And Theophrastus, in his treatise on Comedy, tells us that the Tirynthians, being people addicted to amusement, and utterly useless for all serious business, betook themselves once to the oracle at Delphi in hopes to be relieved from some calamity or other. And that the god answered them, "That if they sacrificed a bull to Poseidon and threw it into the sea without once laughing, the evil would cease. " And they, fearing lest they should make a blunder in obeying the oracle, forbade any of the boys to be present at the sacrifice; however, one boy, hearing of what was going to be done, mingled with the crowd, and then when they hooted him and drove him away, "Why," said he, "are you afraid lest I should spoil your sacrifice? " and when they laughed at this question of his, they perceived that the god meant to show them by a fact that an inveterate custom cannot be remedied. And Sosicrates, in the first book of his History of Crete, says that the people of Phaestus have a certain peculiarity, for that they seem to practise saying ridiculous things from their earliest childhood; on which account it has often happened to them to say very reasonable and witty things because of their early habituation: and therefore all the Cretans attribute to them pre-eminence in the accomplishment of raising a laugh.
[80. ] G But after flattery, Anaxandrides the comic poet gives the next place to ostentation in his Apothecary Prophet, speaking thus-
Do you reproach me that I'm ostentatious?
Why should you do so? for this quality
Is far beyond all others, only flattery
Excepted: that indeed is best of all.
And Antiphanes speaks of what he calls a ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , a flatterer for morsels of bread, in his Gerytades, when he says -
You are called a whisperer and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
And Sannyrion says -
What will become of you, you cursed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
[262] And Philemon says in his Woman made young again -
The man is a ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
And Philippides says in his Renovation -
Always contending and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
But the word ? ? ? ? ? especially applies to these parasitical flatterers; for ? ? ? ? ? means food, from which come the words ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , which means difficult to be pleased and squeamish. And the word ? ? ? ? ? ?
means that part of the body which receives the food, that is to say, the stomach. Diphilus also uses the word ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? in his Theseus, saying -
They call you a runaway ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
? Following pages (262-275)
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Athenaeus: The Deipnosophists
BOOK 7 (excerpts)
Translated by C. D. Yonge (1854). A few words and spellings have been changed.
See key to translations for an explanation of the format. The page numbers in the Greek text are shown in red. The chapter numbers in the translation are shown in green.
[1. ] G [275] And when the banquet was now finished, the cynics, thinking that the festival of the Phagesia {"eating festival"} was being celebrated, were delighted above all things, and Cynulcus said, - While we are supping, O Ulpianus, since it is on words that you are feasting us, I propose to you this question, - In what author do you find any mention of the festivals called Phagesia, and Phagesiposia? And he, hesitating, and bidding the slaves desist from carrying the dishes round, though it was now evening, said, - I do not recollect, you very wise man, so that you may tell us yourself, in order that you may sup more abundantly and more pleasantly. And he replied, - If you will promise to thank me when I have told you, I will tell you. And as he agreed to thank him, he continued, - Clearchus, a pupil of Aristotle and a native of Soli, in the first book of his treatise on Pictures (for I recollect his very expressions, because I took a great fancy to them), speaks as follows :- "Phagesia - but some call the festival Phagesiposia - but this festival has ceased, as also has that of the rhapsodists, which they celebrated about the time of the Dionysia, in which everyone as they passed by sang a hymn to the god by way of doing him honour. " This is what Clearchus wrote. [276] And if you doubt it, my friend, I, who have got the book, will not mind lending it to you. And you may learn a good deal from it, and get a great many questions to ask us out of it. For he relates that Callias the Athenian composed a Grammatical Tragedy, from which Euripides in his Medea, and Sophocles in his Oedipus, derived their choruses and the arrangement of their plot,
[2. ] G And when all the guests marvelled at the literary accomplishments of Cynulcus, Plutarchus said, - In like manner there used to be celebrated in my own Alexandria a Flagon-bearing festival, which is mentioned by Eratosthenes in his treatise entitled Arsino? . And he speaks as follows: - "When Ptolemy was instituting a festival and all kinds of sacrifices, and especially those which relate to Dionysus, Arsino? asked the man who bore the branches, what day he was celebrating now, and what festival it was. And when he replied, 'It is called the Lagynophoria ; and the guests lie down on beds and so eat all that they have brought with them, and everyone drinks out of his own flagon which he has brought from home;' and when he had departed, she, looking towards us, said, 'It seems a very dirty kind of party ; for it is quite evident that it must be an assembly of a mixed multitude, all putting down stale food and such as is altogether unseasonable and unbecoming. ' But if the kind of feast had pleased her, then the queen would not have objected to preparing the very same things herself, as is done at the festival called Choes {"pitchers"}. For there everyone feasts separately, and the inviter only supplies the materials for the feast. "
[3. ] G But one of the grammarians who were present, looking on the preparation of the feast, said, - In the next place, how shall we ever be able to eat so large a supper? Perhaps we are to go on "during the night," as that witty writer Aristophanes says in his Aeolosicon, where however his expression is "during the whole night. " And, indeed, Homer uses the preposition ? ? ? in the same way, for he says { Od_9'298 } -
He lay within the cave stretched over the sheep ;
where ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? means "over all the sheep," indicating the size of the giant. And Daphnus the physician answered him, - Meals taken late at night, my friend, are more advantageous for everybody. For the influence of the moon is well adapted to promote the digestion of food, since the moon has putrefying properties ; and digestion depends upon putrefaction. Accordingly victims slain at night are more digestible; and wood which is cut down by moonlight decays more rapidly. And also the greater proportion of fruits ripen by moonlight.
[4. ] G But since there were great many sorts of fish, and those very different both as to size and beauty, which had been served up and which were still being constantly served up for the guests, Myrtilus said, - Although all the different dishes which we eat, besides the regular meal, are properly called by one generic name, ? ? ? ? , still it is very deservedly that on account of its delicious taste fish has prevailed over everything else, and has appropriated the name to itself; because men are so exceedingly enamoured of this kind of food. Accordingly we speak of men as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , not meaning people who eat beef (such as Heracles was, who ate beef and green figs mixed together); nor do we mean by such a term a man who is fond of figs; as was Plato the philosopher, according to the account given of him by Phanocritus in his treatise On Eudoxus : and he tells us in the same book that Arcesilas was fond of grapes : but we mean by the term only those people who haunt the fish-market. And Philippus of Macedon was fond of apples, and so was his son Alexander, as Dorotheus tells us in the sixth book of his History of the Life and Actions of Alexander. [277] But Chares of Mitylene relates that Alexander, having found the finest apples which he had ever seen in the country around Babylon, filled boats with them, and had a battle of apples from the vessels, so as to present a most beautiful spectacle. And I am not ignorant that, properly speaking, whatever is prepared for being eaten by the agency of fire is called ? ? ? ? . For indeed the word is either identical with ? ? ? ? , or else perhaps it is derived from ? ? ? ? ? {"to roast"}.
* * * * *
[10. ] G [279] But the Epicureans are not the only men who are addicted to pleasure; but so too are the Cyrenaic philosophers, and the [Thasians] who call themselves followers of Mnesistratus; for these men delight to live luxuriously . . . as Poseidonius [ Fr_106 ] tells us. And Speusippus did not much differ from them, though he was a pupil and a relation of Plato's. At all events, Dionysius the tyrant, in his letters to him, enumerating all the instances of his devotion to pleasure, and also of his covetousness, and reproaching him with having levied contributions on numbers of people, attacks him also on account of his love for Lastheneia, the Arcadian courtesan. And, at the end of all, he says this- "Whom do you charge with covetousness, when you yourself omit no opportunity of amassing base gain? For what is there that you have been ashamed to do? Are you not now attempting to collect contributions, after having paid yourself for Hermeias all that he owed? "
[11. ] G And about Epicurus, Timon, in the third book of his Silli, speaks as follows:-
Seeking at all times to indulge his stomach,
Than which there's no more greedy thing on earth.
For, on account of his stomach, and of the rest of his sensual pleasures, the man was always flattering Idomeneus and Metrodorus. And Metrodorus himself, not at all disguising this admirable principle of his, [280] says, somewhere or other, "The fact is, Timocrates, my natural philosopher, that every investigation which is guided by principles of nature, fixes its ultimate aim entirely on gratifying the stomach. " For Epicurus was the tutor of all these men; who said, shouting it out, as I may say, "The fountain and root of every good is the pleasure of the stomach: and all wise rules, and all excellent rules, are measured alike by this standard. " And in his treatise On the Chief Good, he speaks nearly as follows: "For, I am not able to understand what is good, if I leave out of consideration the pleasures which arise from delicately-flavoured food, and if I also leave out the pleasures which arise from love affairs; and if I also omit those which arise from music, and those, too, which are derived from the contemplation of beauty and the gratification of the eyesight. " And, proceeding a little further, he says, "All that is beautiful is naturally to be honoured; and so is virtue, and everything of that sort, if it assists in producing or causing pleasure. But if it does not contribute to that end, then it may be disregarded. "
[12. ] G And before Epicurus, Sophocles, the tragic poet, in his Antigone [ 1165 ], had uttered these sentiments respecting pleasure-
For when men utterly forsake all pleasure,
I reckon such a man no longer living,
But look upon him as a breathing corpse.
He may have, if you like, great wealth at home,
And go in monarch's guise; but if his wealth
And power bring no pleasure to his mind,
I would not for a moment deem it all
Worth the shadow of smoke, compared with pleasure.
And Philetaerus says, in his Huntress,
For what, I pray you, should a mortal do,
But seek for every way and means
To make his life from day to day pass happily?
This should be all our object and our aim,
Reflecting on the chance of human life.
And never let us think about to-morrow,
Whether it will arrive at all or not.
It is a foolish trouble to lay up
Money which may become stale and useless.
And the same poet says, in his Oenopion,
But every man who lives but sparingly,
Having sufficient means, I call and think
Of all men the most truly miserable.
For when you're dead, you cannot then eat eels;
They cook no wedding feasts in the underworld.
[13. ] G And Apollodorus of Carystus, in his Tablet-Maker, says-
O men, whoe'er you are, why do you now
Scorn pleasant living, and turn all your thoughts
To do each other mischief in fierce war?
In God's name, tell me, does some odious fate,
Rude and unlettered, destitute of all
That can be knowledge called, or education,
Ignorant of what is bad and what is good,
Guide all your destiny? - a fate which settles
All your affairs at random by mere chance?
I think it must be so: for else, what fate,
Being truly Greek at heart, would ever choose
To see Greeks by each other thus despoiled,
And falling dead in ghastly heaps of corpses,
When she might see them sportive, gay, and jesting,
Drinking full cups, and singing to the flute?
Tell me, my friend, I pray, and put to shame
This most unpolished clownish fortune.
And then he proceeds to say-
Does not a life, like this deserve the name
Of godlike? - Think how far more pleasant all
Affairs would be in our communities
Than now they are, if we were but to change
Our fashions, and our habits, and our principles
One little bit. Why should we not proclaim,
[281] "Every Athenian of less than thirty years of age,
Let him come forth and drink. Let all the cavalry
Go to a feast at Corinth, for ten days,
Crowned with chaplets, and perfumed most sweetly.
Let the Megarians sell and boil their cabbages.
Bid all the allies now hasten to the bath,
And mix in cups the rich Euboean wine. "
Sure this is real luxury and life,
But we are slaves to a most clownish fortune.
[14. ] G The poets say that that ancient hero, Tantalus, was also greatly devoted to pleasure. At all events, the author of the book called The Return of the Atreidae says "that he, when he had arrived among the gods and had begun to live among them, had leave given him by Zeus to ask for whatever he wished; and that he, being a man quite insatiable in the gratification of his appetite, asked that it might be granted to him to indulge them to their full extent, and to live in the same manner as the gods. And that Zeus was indignant at this request, and, according to his promise, fulfilled his prayer; but still, that he might not enjoy what he had before him, but be everlastingly tormented, he hung a stone over his head, on account of which he should be unable to get at any of the things which he had before him. " Some of the Stoics also were addicted to this kind of pleasure. At all events, Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who was a pupil of Ariston the Chian, who was one of the sect of the Stoics, in his treatise which is entitled Ariston, represents his master as subsequently being much addicted to luxury, speaking as follows: "And before now, I have at times discovered him breaking down, as it were, the partition wall between pleasure and virtue, and appearing on the side of pleasure. " And Apollophanes (and he was an acquaintance of Ariston), in his Ariston (for he also wrote a book with that title), shows the way in which his master was addicted to pleasure. # And why need we mention Dionysius of Heracleia? who openly discarded his covering of virtue, and put on a robe embroidered with flowers, and assumed the name of "The altered man" [Metathemenos]; and, although he was an old man, he apostatized from the doctrines of the Stoics, and passed over to the school of Epicurus; and, in consequence, Timon said of him, not without some point and felicity -
When it is time to set [? ? ? ? ? ? ], he now begins
To sit at table [? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ]. But there is a time
To love, a time to wed, a time to cease.
[15. ] G Apollodorus the Athenian, in the third book of his treatise on A Modest and Prudent Man, which is addressed to those whom he calls Male Buffoons, having first used the expression, "more libidinous than the very Inventors themselves [? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ]," says, there are some fish called alphestae, being all of a tawny colour, though they have a purple hue in some parts. And they say that they are usually caught in couples, and that one is always found following at the tail of the other; and therefore, from the fact of one following close on the tail of the other, some of the ancients call men who are intemperate and libidinous by the same name. But Aristotle, in his work on Animals, says that this fish, which he calls alphestikos, has but a single spine, and is of a tawny colour. [282] And Numenius of Heracleia mentions it, in his treatise on Fishing, speaking as follows:-
The fish that lives in seaweed, the alphestes,
The scorpion also with its rosy meat.
And Epicharmus, in his Marriage of Hebe, says-
Mussels, alphestae, and the girl-like fish,
The dainty coracinus.
Mithaecus also mentions it in his Culinary Art.
* * * * *
[33. ] G [289] I swear by Athene that Menecrates the Syracusan himself would not have made such a boast as that, he who was nick-named Zeus - a man who gave himself airs as being, by his skill in medicine, the only person who could cause man to live. Accordingly he compelled all who came to be cured by him of what is called the sacred disease, to enter into a written agreement that if they recovered they would be his slaves. And they followed him one wearing the dress of Heracles, and being called Heracles, ( and the man who was so called was Nicostratus, an Argive, who had been cured of the sacred disease, and he is mentioned by Ephippus, in his Peltast, where he says -
Did not Menecrates call himself a god,
And Nicostratus of Argos a second Heracles? )
and another followed him in the dress of Hermes, having on a cloak and bearing a caduceus, and wings besides. As Nicagoras of Zeleia did, who also became afterwards the tyrant of his country, as Baton relates in the history of the Tyrants at Ephesus. And Hegesander says that he called Astycreon, who had been cured by him, Apollo. And another of those who had been cured by him, went about with him to his cost, wearing the dress of Asclepius. But Zeus Menecrates himself, clad in purple, and having a golden crown upon his head, and holding a sceptre, and being shod with slippers, went about with his chorus of gods. And once, writing to Philippus the king, he began his letter thus -
[34. ] G "Menecrates Zeus to Philippus greeting.
You, indeed, are king of Macedonia, but I am king of medicine; and you are able, when you please, to put men to death, who are in health; but I am able to save those who are sick, and to cause those who are in good health, if they only follow my advice, to live to old age without being attacked by disease. Therefore the Macedonians attend you as body-guards; but all who wish to live attend me; for I, Zeus, give them life. "
And so Philippus wrote back to him as to a man out of his senses,- "Philippus wishes Menecrates soundness. " And he wrote in similar style to Archidamus, the king of the Lacedaemonians, and to every one else to whom be wrote at all; never omitting to give himself the name of Zeus. And once Philippus invited him and all his gods to supper, and placed them all on the centre couch, which was adorned in the loftiest and most holy-looking and beautiful manner. And he had a table placed before them on which there was an altar and first-fruits of the different productions of the earth. And whenever eatables were placed before the other guests, the slaves placed incense before Menecrates, and poured libations in his honour. And at last, the new Zeus, with all his subordinate gods, being laughed at by every one, ran away and fled from the banquet, as Hegesander relates.
