277, because the Romans stood
Rufinus had meanwbile prevailed upon Arcadius in need of a general of experience and skill on
to make him co-emperor, and they set out from account of their war with Pyrrhus.
Rufinus had meanwbile prevailed upon Arcadius in need of a general of experience and skill on
to make him co-emperor, and they set out from account of their war with Pyrrhus.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
ii.
6 ; Arr.
Anab.
vii.
27 ; Curt.
x.
3,6 ; Diod.
considered by Pliny to be a very large sum, it
xviii. 3, 39, xix. 11, 52, 105; Strab. xi. p. 517, may give us some notion of the fortunes made by
xvii.
p. Just. xii. 15, xiii. 2, xiv 5, 6, xv. 2; physicians at Rome about the beginning of the
Pans, i. 6, 11, ix. 7. )
[E. E. ] empire.
(W. A. G. )
RUBE'LLIUS BLANDUS, [BLANDUS. ) RU'BRIUS FABA'TUS, was apprehended in
RUBE'LLIUS GEMINUS. [GEMINUS. ) attempting to fly to the Parthians in A. D. 32, but
RUBE'LLIUS PLAUTUS. [PLAUTUS. ] escaped punishment from the forgetfulness rather
RUBRE'NUS LAPPA, a tragic poet and a than the mercy of Tiberius. (Tac. Ann. vi. 14. )
contemporary of Juvenal, was compelled by po- RU'BRIUS GALLUS. (Gallus. )
verty to pledge his cloak, while writing a tragedy RUBRIUS PO'LLIO. [Pollio. ]
on Atreus. (Juv. Sat. vii. 71-73. )
RUFILLA, A'NNIA, spoken of in the reign
RU'BRIA. 1. The wife of one Carbo, a of Tiberius, A. D. 21. (Tac. Ann. iii. 36. )
friend of Cicero. (Cic. ad Fam. ix. 21. § 3. ) RUFILLUS, a person ridiculed by Horace on
2. A woman of Mediolanum in the time of account of the perfumes he carried about his per-
Augustus, of whom Valerius Maximus (ix. 15. ext. son. (Hor. Sal. i. 2. 27, i. 4. 92. )
1) relates a story:
RUFI'NA, POMPO'NJA. (POMPONIA. )
3. A Vestal virgin, with whom Nero committed RUFINIANUS, JO'LIUS, a Latin rhetori-
incest. (Suet. Ner. 28. )
cian of uncertain date, the author of a treatise De
RU'BRIA GENS, plebeian, is mentioned for Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis, first publisher,
the first time in the tribunate of C. Gracchus, but along with several other pieces of a similar de-
it never attained much importance during the rescription, by Beatus Rhenanus, 4to. Basel, 1521.
public. In the imperial period the Rubrii became It will be found in the “ Rhetores Antiqui Latini"
more distinguished ; and one of them, namely of Pithoeus, 4to. Paris, 1599, p. 24, in the col-
C. Rubrius Gallus, obtained the consulship in A. D. lection of Capperonerius, 4to. Argent. 1756, p. 29,
101. The surnames of the Rubrii in the time of and is generally included in the editions of the
the republic are Ruya, Varro, and Dossenus, the work by Rutilius Lupus (LUPUS), which bears
latter of which occurs only on coins (Dossenus). | the same title.
(W. R. )
Under the empire we meet with a few more sur- RUFI'NUS, prime minister of Theodosius the
names, which are given below.
Great, one of the most able, but also most in-
RU'BRIUS. 1. Rubrius, tribune of the plebs triguing, treacherous, and dangerous men of his
along with C. Gracchus, proposed the law for time. Suidas calls him Bad vyvauos ăv@pwaos kad
founding the colony at Carthage, which was carried Kpútivous. He was a native of Elusium, the
into effect. (Plut. C. Gracch. 10; comp. Appian, capital of Novempopulania, a portion of Aquitania,
B. C. i. 12. )
in Gaul, now Eause in Gascony. Although of low
2. Q. Rubrius Varro, who was declared a birth, he succeeded in working his way up to the
public enemy along with Marius in B. C. 88, is imperial court, and early attached himself to the
mentioned by Cicero (Brut. 45) as an energetic fortune of Theodosius, with whom he became a
and passionate accuser.
great favourite. He employed his ascendancy over
3. Rubrius, one of the companions of C. Verres ) the emperor to abuse his confidence, and Thea
794 ;
3
## p. 665 (#681) ############################################
RUFINUS.
665
RUFINUS.
dosius seemed to have been struck with a blind. | perty of Rufinus was declared to be imperial, or
ness which prevented him from seeing the odious more properly speaking Eutropian, property. The
vices and public crimes of this dangerous man. wife and daughter of Rufinus were exiled to Jeru-
At the time of the great troubles at Thessalonica, salem, and there died in peace many years after.
in A. D. 390, Rufinus held the important post of Rufinus was the brother of Saint Sylvia. (Clau-
magister officiorum, and having great influence in dian. Rufinus ; Suidas, s. v. 'Pouqivos ; Sozom. vii.
the imperial cabinet, excited the vindictive Theo- | 24, &c. ; Zosim. lib. iv, v. ; Theodoret. v. 17, &c. ;
dosius to those cruel measures which brought ruin Philostorg. xi. 1, &c. )
[W. P. )
upon that flourishing city. In 392 Rufinus RUFI'NUS, M. ANTO'NIUS, consul A. D
was consul, and raised himself to the dignity of 131, with Ser. Octavius Laenas Pontianus. (Fasti. )
praefectus praetorio by deposing the then prefect RUFI'NUS, CAECIPLIUS, a man of quacs-
Tatianus, sending him into exile, and putting to torian rank, was expelled by Domitinn, when
death his son Proculus, the praefect of Constanti- censor, from the senate because he danced. (Dion
nople. lo consequence of these proceedings, and Cass. Ixvii
. 13 ; Suet. Dom. 8. )
his boundless rapacity through which the eastern RUFINUS, CORNEʻLIUS. Rufinus was the
provinces were nearly ruined, Rufinus incurred the name of an ancient family of the Cornelia gens,
general hatred ; and the empire was surprised from which family the dictator Sulla was de
when, after the death of Theodosius in the same scended.
year, 392, he continued his former influence over 1. P. CORNELIUS Rufinus, dictator B. c. 334,
the weak Arcadius. There were, however, inen in was obliged to lay down his office on account of
the empire able to cope with him, and little dread- a fault in the auspices at his election. (Liv. viii.
ing his power. Among these Stilicho and Eutro- | 17. )
pius were the principal, and they consequently 2. P. CORNELIUS P. F. RUFINUS, probably son
became objects of fear and hatred to Rufinus. of the preceding, was twice consul and once dic-
In order to divert the attention of these powerful tator. He was consul for the first time in B. C.
men from his own person, and prevent them from 290, with M'. Curius Dentatus, and in conjunction
joining in Constantinople for his destruction, Ru- with his colleague brought the Samnite war to a
finus persuaded the Huns and the Goths to make conclusion, and obtained a triumph in consequence.
an inroad into the empire. The fornier came from [Dentatus. ] He was consul a second time in
Scythia by sea, landed in Asia Minor, and carried B. C. 277, with C. Junius Brutus Bubulcus, and
destruction as far as Antioch, where their farther carried on the war against the Samnites and the
progress was arrested. The Goths were met by Greeks in Southern Italy, who were now deprived
the brave Stilicho who, owing to the machinations of the powerful protection of Pyrrhus. The chief
of Rufinus, sustained more defeats than he obtained event of his second consulship was the capture of
victories, and was unable to chastise the barbarians the important town of Croton. Rufinus bore a
as they deserved. They retreated, however, and bad character on account of his avarice and dis-
now Stilicho entered with Gainas, the Gothic ally honesty, but he was at the same time one of the
of Arcadius, into a plan for ruining Rufinus. most distinguished generals of his time ; and ac-
Gainas soon gained the assistance of his officers, cordingly C. Fabricius, his personal enemy, is said
and approached Constantinople under the pretext to have supported his application for his second
of having his troops reviewed by the emperor. consulship in B. c.
277, because the Romans stood
Rufinus had meanwbile prevailed upon Arcadius in need of a general of experience and skill on
to make him co-emperor, and they set out from account of their war with Pyrrhus. But as
Constantinople to meet the returning army, and Pyrrhus had left Italy in the middle of the
have the proclamation inade in presence of preceding year, Niebuhr remarks (Hist. of Rome,
Gainas and his men, whom they thought devoted vol. iii. note 903) that the support of Fabricius
to the all-powerful minister. Rufinus was so must refer to his first consulship, or perhaps with
sure of bis nomination, that he had already money even more probability to his dictatorship, the year
coined with his effigy, destined to be distributed of which is not mentioned, but which Niebuhr
among the soldiers. Arcadius and Rufinus arrived refers to B. c. 280, after the defeat of the Romans
in the camp of Gainas on the 27th of November at the Siris. In B. c. 275, Rufinus was expelled
395, and the solemnity was on the point of taking from the senate by the censors C. Fabricius and Q,
place, when suddenly one of Gainas' men rushed Aemilius Papus, on account of his possessing ten
upon Rufinus, who stood close to the emperor, and pounds of silver plate. (Liv. Epit. 11; Eutrop. ii.
plunged his sword in his breast. Others soon fol-9; Cic. de Orat. ii. 66 ; Quintil. xii. 1. $ 43 ; Gell.
lowed his example, and in a moment Rufinus fell iv. 8; Dion Cass. Fragm. 37; Vell. Pat. ii. 17 ;
a victim to their fury. His head was cut off, Frontin. Strat, iii. 6. $ 4; Zonar. viii. 6 ; Liv. Epit.
stuck upon a spear, and paraded through the 14; Gell. xvii. 21; Val. Max. ii. 9. 84; Macrob. Sat.
camp. His right hand was likewise cut off, and i. 17; Plut. Sull. 1. ) Rufinus is said to have lost
a soldier carried it about among his comrades, cry- his sight in sleep, while dreaming of this misfor-
ing in mockery,“ Charity, charity to the hand that tune. (Plin. H. N. vii. 50, s. 51. ) His grandson
could never get enough! " Arcadius fled in con- was the first of the family who assumed the sur-
sternation from the scene of murder, but his fears name of Sulia (SULLA. ]
were soon removed, and he agreed to confiscate RUFI'NUS, C. CU'SPIUS, consul A. D. 142,
the immense property of Rufinus. Of this Eu- with L. Statius Quadratus. (Fasti. )
tropius, who was secretly privy to the murder, got RUFINUS, JU'NIUS. 1. A. JUNIUS Rv-
the lion's share. Others, who had been robbed by PINUs, consul A. D. 153 with C. Bruttius Praesens.
Rufinus, tried to obtain an indemnity by seizing (Fasti. )
whatever they could find belonging to him, till at 2. M. JUNIUS RUFINUS SABINIANUS, consal
Jast Arcadius issued an edict, at the instigation of A. D. 1. 55 with C. Julius Severus. (Fasti. )
Eutropius, by which the whole residue of the pro- RUFI'NUS, LICI'NIUS, a jurist, who lived
## p. 666 (#682) ############################################
606
RUFINUS.
RUFINUS.
ܪ
under Alexander Severus, which appears from his Jerome, eager to escape all suspicion of adherence
consulting Paulus (Dig. 40. tit. 13. 8. 4). There to such errors, vehemently supported Epiphanius,
are in the Digest seventeen excerpts from twelve bishop of Salamis, in his attack upon John of Je
bnoks of Regulae by Rufinus, according to the rusalem, by whom Rufinus had been ordained a
Florentine Index ; but one excerpt (Dig. 42. tit. 1. presbyter, and to whom he was warınly attached.
s. 34) is superscribed Lib. XIII. , which, however, The seeds of enmity planted by this controversy
proves nothing, as error easily occurs in such a were cherished into vigour by the characteristic
numeral. The name of Licinius Rufinus appears heat of Jerome, whose denunciations of his former
in the Geneva edition of the Collatio Legum Mo- companion became, by quick degrees, more and
saicarum et Romanarum, as the compiler ; but this more fierce and unsparing ; but before the quarrel
Rufinus cannot be the contemporary of Paulus, for had ripened into inextinguishable hatred, its pro-
the Collatio was compiled after the publication of gress was checked by the interposition and explana-
the Code of Theodosius ; not to mention other tions of honest friends, and a solemn reconciliation
arguments. (Zimmern, Geschichte des Röin. Privat- took place at Jerusalem, on Easter day, A. D. 397.
rechts, vol. i. )
[G. L. ) In the autumn of the same year Rufinus em-
RUFI'NUS, ME'NNIUS, one of the generals barked for Italy, along with Melania, and having
of Vitellius, A. D. 69. (Tac. Hist. iii. 12. ) been hospitably entertained by Paulinus (Pauli-
RUFINUS, TREBOʻNIUS, a friend of the NUS), ai Nola, betook himself from thence, with.
younger Pliny, had been decemvir, or one of out visiting the metropolis, to the monastery of Pi-
the chief magistrates, of the Roman colony of netum. Hither multitudes flocked for the purpose
Vienna in Gaul. (Plin. Ep. iv. 22. ) He is pro- of making inquiries with regard to the ceremonies
bably the same person as the Rufinus to whom one and liturgies of the sister Churches of the East,
of Pliny's letters is addressed. (Ep. vii. 18. ) the rules of the most celebrated coenobitical frater-
RUFI'NUS, TRIA’RIUS, consul in a. D. 210 nities, the Greek ecclesiastical writers, and various
with M'. Acilius Faustinus. (Fasti. )
other points upon which one who had been so
RUFINUS, C. VI'BIUS, consul suffectus in long resident in Asia and Egypt would be capable
A. D. 22. (Fasti. )
of imparting information. The intelligence thus
RUFINUS, literary. 1. TYRANNIUS or TUR- obtained proved so interesting, that the learned
Ranius, or TORANUS, as the name is variously traveller was earnestly solicited to gratify curiosity
written, must have been born about the middle of the still further, by translating into Latin some of
fourth century, but neither the precise date nor the those productions to which he had been in the
place of his nativity can be determined with cer- habit of referring most frequently. With this re-
tainty, although soine of his biographers have con quest, not foreseeing the storm he was about to
fidently fixed upon A. D. 345, for the former, and excite, he willingly complied, and accordingly pub-
Concordia, near the head of the Adriatic, as the lished translations of the Apology for Origen by
latter. After he had attained to manhood he became Pamphilus, and of the books of Origen Tepi apxwv,
an inmate of the monastery at Aquileia, where, upon together with an original tract De Adulteratione
acquiring a knowledge of the principles and rites of Librorum Origenis, while in the preface to the De
Christianity, he received the sacrament of baptism, Principiis, either from a wish to avoid any miscon-
in 371 or 372, from the hands of the presbyterception of his own views, or from some feeling of
Chromatius. At this epoch also he formed that lurking malice, he quoted the panegyric pronounced
close intimacy with Hieronymus which was long by Jerome upon Origen, of which we have made
maintained with great mutual warmth, but event- mention above. The appearance of these works pro-
ually most rudely dissolved. Having conceived an duced a violent ferment. Pammachius and Oceanus
eager desire to visit Palestine, Rufinus set out, represented the transaction in the most unfavourable
almost immediately after his admission into the light to Jerome, whose wrath blazed forth more
Church, for Syria, in the train of Melania, a noble, hotly than ever ; all attempts to bring about a
wealthy, and devout Roman matron, and remained better understanding served only, from the bad
in the East for about twenty-six years, passing a faith of the negotiators, to feed the flame ; a bitter
portion of his time at Alexandria, where he en correspondence followed, which was crowned by
joyed the instructions of Didymus and other learned the Apologia of the one adversus Hieronymum, and
fathers ; and the rest at Jerusalem, where he took the Apologia of the other alrersus Rufinum.
up his abode with the monks on the Mount of Soon after the commencement of the dispute
Olives, making frequent excursions, however, in Rufinus retired to Aquileia, and during the life of
different directions, in company with Melania, to Siricius, was steadily supported by the pontifical
whom he seems to have acted as spiritual adviser court. But, upon the elevation of Anastasius, he
and almoner. During the earlier part of the above was summoned by the new pope to repair to Rome,
period he maintained a most affectionate corre for the purpose of answering the charges preferred
spondence with Jerome, who had retired to the against his orthodoxy : this mandate, however, he
desert between Antioch and the Euphrates, and evaded, and, instead of appearing in person, trans-
although they met once only (in 385), their friend-mitted an Apologiu, in which he explains bis real
sbip continued uninterrupted up to 393, when bitter views, and altogether disavows any participation
strife arose. Both had been warm admirers of in the dangerous doctrines imputed to him by his
Origen, and this admiration had been expressed in enemies. Anastasius replied by an epistle, in
the most emphatic terms by Jerome, in the preface which he condemned, most unequivocally, the tenets
to his translation of the Homilies upon the Song of Origen, and censured indirectly the rashness of
of Solomon. But when the doubtful tendency of his translator, without, however, seeking further to
many of the theories involved in the imaginative disturb him in his retreat. After the death of
orientalisms of Origen began by degrees to be more Anastasius in 402, the flames which had raged fu-
clearly discerned, and when the cry of heresy, first riously for upwards of three years, gradually became
saised by Theophilus, became loud and strong, more faint, and at length expired altogether, Rufie
## p. 667 (#683) ############################################
RUFINUS.
667
RUFINUS.
713.
nus remaining at Ayuilein, under the protection of B. TRANSLATIONS PROM THE GREEK. -I. B2-
Chromatius, busily employed in literary labours, silii Magni Regula, inserted in the Codex Regular
until A. D. 400, when he returned to Pinetum. rum, &c. of Holstenius, 4to. Rom. 1661, reprinted
From thence, upon the invasion of Italy by Alaric, at Vienna, fol. 1759.
he fled to Sicily, where he died soon after, in 410. II. Basili Magni Homiliae VIII. These will
In allusion to the place of his decease, his great be found in the edition of St. Basil, published at
adversary, whose hostility endured beyond the Paris by Garnier, in 1722, vol. ii.
P.
grave, composed the following epitaph :- " Scor- III. Pamphili Apologia pro Oriyene, to be found
pius inter Enceladum et Porphyrium Trinacriue in all the best editions of Origen and Jerome.
humo ponitur. "
IV. Origenis de Principiis Libri IV. V. Ori-
The extant works of Rufinus must be separated genis llomiliae, XVII. in Genesim. , XIII. in Ex-
into two classes :- A. Original Compositions, and, odum, XVI. in Leviticuin, XXVIII. in Numeros,
B. Translations from the Greek, those belonging XXVI. in Josue, IX. in Julices, I. in I. Librum
to the latter division being the more voluminous. Heyum, Il'. in Cuntien Cunticorum, X. Libri in
A.
xviii. 3, 39, xix. 11, 52, 105; Strab. xi. p. 517, may give us some notion of the fortunes made by
xvii.
p. Just. xii. 15, xiii. 2, xiv 5, 6, xv. 2; physicians at Rome about the beginning of the
Pans, i. 6, 11, ix. 7. )
[E. E. ] empire.
(W. A. G. )
RUBE'LLIUS BLANDUS, [BLANDUS. ) RU'BRIUS FABA'TUS, was apprehended in
RUBE'LLIUS GEMINUS. [GEMINUS. ) attempting to fly to the Parthians in A. D. 32, but
RUBE'LLIUS PLAUTUS. [PLAUTUS. ] escaped punishment from the forgetfulness rather
RUBRE'NUS LAPPA, a tragic poet and a than the mercy of Tiberius. (Tac. Ann. vi. 14. )
contemporary of Juvenal, was compelled by po- RU'BRIUS GALLUS. (Gallus. )
verty to pledge his cloak, while writing a tragedy RUBRIUS PO'LLIO. [Pollio. ]
on Atreus. (Juv. Sat. vii. 71-73. )
RUFILLA, A'NNIA, spoken of in the reign
RU'BRIA. 1. The wife of one Carbo, a of Tiberius, A. D. 21. (Tac. Ann. iii. 36. )
friend of Cicero. (Cic. ad Fam. ix. 21. § 3. ) RUFILLUS, a person ridiculed by Horace on
2. A woman of Mediolanum in the time of account of the perfumes he carried about his per-
Augustus, of whom Valerius Maximus (ix. 15. ext. son. (Hor. Sal. i. 2. 27, i. 4. 92. )
1) relates a story:
RUFI'NA, POMPO'NJA. (POMPONIA. )
3. A Vestal virgin, with whom Nero committed RUFINIANUS, JO'LIUS, a Latin rhetori-
incest. (Suet. Ner. 28. )
cian of uncertain date, the author of a treatise De
RU'BRIA GENS, plebeian, is mentioned for Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis, first publisher,
the first time in the tribunate of C. Gracchus, but along with several other pieces of a similar de-
it never attained much importance during the rescription, by Beatus Rhenanus, 4to. Basel, 1521.
public. In the imperial period the Rubrii became It will be found in the “ Rhetores Antiqui Latini"
more distinguished ; and one of them, namely of Pithoeus, 4to. Paris, 1599, p. 24, in the col-
C. Rubrius Gallus, obtained the consulship in A. D. lection of Capperonerius, 4to. Argent. 1756, p. 29,
101. The surnames of the Rubrii in the time of and is generally included in the editions of the
the republic are Ruya, Varro, and Dossenus, the work by Rutilius Lupus (LUPUS), which bears
latter of which occurs only on coins (Dossenus). | the same title.
(W. R. )
Under the empire we meet with a few more sur- RUFI'NUS, prime minister of Theodosius the
names, which are given below.
Great, one of the most able, but also most in-
RU'BRIUS. 1. Rubrius, tribune of the plebs triguing, treacherous, and dangerous men of his
along with C. Gracchus, proposed the law for time. Suidas calls him Bad vyvauos ăv@pwaos kad
founding the colony at Carthage, which was carried Kpútivous. He was a native of Elusium, the
into effect. (Plut. C. Gracch. 10; comp. Appian, capital of Novempopulania, a portion of Aquitania,
B. C. i. 12. )
in Gaul, now Eause in Gascony. Although of low
2. Q. Rubrius Varro, who was declared a birth, he succeeded in working his way up to the
public enemy along with Marius in B. C. 88, is imperial court, and early attached himself to the
mentioned by Cicero (Brut. 45) as an energetic fortune of Theodosius, with whom he became a
and passionate accuser.
great favourite. He employed his ascendancy over
3. Rubrius, one of the companions of C. Verres ) the emperor to abuse his confidence, and Thea
794 ;
3
## p. 665 (#681) ############################################
RUFINUS.
665
RUFINUS.
dosius seemed to have been struck with a blind. | perty of Rufinus was declared to be imperial, or
ness which prevented him from seeing the odious more properly speaking Eutropian, property. The
vices and public crimes of this dangerous man. wife and daughter of Rufinus were exiled to Jeru-
At the time of the great troubles at Thessalonica, salem, and there died in peace many years after.
in A. D. 390, Rufinus held the important post of Rufinus was the brother of Saint Sylvia. (Clau-
magister officiorum, and having great influence in dian. Rufinus ; Suidas, s. v. 'Pouqivos ; Sozom. vii.
the imperial cabinet, excited the vindictive Theo- | 24, &c. ; Zosim. lib. iv, v. ; Theodoret. v. 17, &c. ;
dosius to those cruel measures which brought ruin Philostorg. xi. 1, &c. )
[W. P. )
upon that flourishing city. In 392 Rufinus RUFI'NUS, M. ANTO'NIUS, consul A. D
was consul, and raised himself to the dignity of 131, with Ser. Octavius Laenas Pontianus. (Fasti. )
praefectus praetorio by deposing the then prefect RUFI'NUS, CAECIPLIUS, a man of quacs-
Tatianus, sending him into exile, and putting to torian rank, was expelled by Domitinn, when
death his son Proculus, the praefect of Constanti- censor, from the senate because he danced. (Dion
nople. lo consequence of these proceedings, and Cass. Ixvii
. 13 ; Suet. Dom. 8. )
his boundless rapacity through which the eastern RUFINUS, CORNEʻLIUS. Rufinus was the
provinces were nearly ruined, Rufinus incurred the name of an ancient family of the Cornelia gens,
general hatred ; and the empire was surprised from which family the dictator Sulla was de
when, after the death of Theodosius in the same scended.
year, 392, he continued his former influence over 1. P. CORNELIUS Rufinus, dictator B. c. 334,
the weak Arcadius. There were, however, inen in was obliged to lay down his office on account of
the empire able to cope with him, and little dread- a fault in the auspices at his election. (Liv. viii.
ing his power. Among these Stilicho and Eutro- | 17. )
pius were the principal, and they consequently 2. P. CORNELIUS P. F. RUFINUS, probably son
became objects of fear and hatred to Rufinus. of the preceding, was twice consul and once dic-
In order to divert the attention of these powerful tator. He was consul for the first time in B. C.
men from his own person, and prevent them from 290, with M'. Curius Dentatus, and in conjunction
joining in Constantinople for his destruction, Ru- with his colleague brought the Samnite war to a
finus persuaded the Huns and the Goths to make conclusion, and obtained a triumph in consequence.
an inroad into the empire. The fornier came from [Dentatus. ] He was consul a second time in
Scythia by sea, landed in Asia Minor, and carried B. C. 277, with C. Junius Brutus Bubulcus, and
destruction as far as Antioch, where their farther carried on the war against the Samnites and the
progress was arrested. The Goths were met by Greeks in Southern Italy, who were now deprived
the brave Stilicho who, owing to the machinations of the powerful protection of Pyrrhus. The chief
of Rufinus, sustained more defeats than he obtained event of his second consulship was the capture of
victories, and was unable to chastise the barbarians the important town of Croton. Rufinus bore a
as they deserved. They retreated, however, and bad character on account of his avarice and dis-
now Stilicho entered with Gainas, the Gothic ally honesty, but he was at the same time one of the
of Arcadius, into a plan for ruining Rufinus. most distinguished generals of his time ; and ac-
Gainas soon gained the assistance of his officers, cordingly C. Fabricius, his personal enemy, is said
and approached Constantinople under the pretext to have supported his application for his second
of having his troops reviewed by the emperor. consulship in B. c.
277, because the Romans stood
Rufinus had meanwbile prevailed upon Arcadius in need of a general of experience and skill on
to make him co-emperor, and they set out from account of their war with Pyrrhus. But as
Constantinople to meet the returning army, and Pyrrhus had left Italy in the middle of the
have the proclamation inade in presence of preceding year, Niebuhr remarks (Hist. of Rome,
Gainas and his men, whom they thought devoted vol. iii. note 903) that the support of Fabricius
to the all-powerful minister. Rufinus was so must refer to his first consulship, or perhaps with
sure of bis nomination, that he had already money even more probability to his dictatorship, the year
coined with his effigy, destined to be distributed of which is not mentioned, but which Niebuhr
among the soldiers. Arcadius and Rufinus arrived refers to B. c. 280, after the defeat of the Romans
in the camp of Gainas on the 27th of November at the Siris. In B. c. 275, Rufinus was expelled
395, and the solemnity was on the point of taking from the senate by the censors C. Fabricius and Q,
place, when suddenly one of Gainas' men rushed Aemilius Papus, on account of his possessing ten
upon Rufinus, who stood close to the emperor, and pounds of silver plate. (Liv. Epit. 11; Eutrop. ii.
plunged his sword in his breast. Others soon fol-9; Cic. de Orat. ii. 66 ; Quintil. xii. 1. $ 43 ; Gell.
lowed his example, and in a moment Rufinus fell iv. 8; Dion Cass. Fragm. 37; Vell. Pat. ii. 17 ;
a victim to their fury. His head was cut off, Frontin. Strat, iii. 6. $ 4; Zonar. viii. 6 ; Liv. Epit.
stuck upon a spear, and paraded through the 14; Gell. xvii. 21; Val. Max. ii. 9. 84; Macrob. Sat.
camp. His right hand was likewise cut off, and i. 17; Plut. Sull. 1. ) Rufinus is said to have lost
a soldier carried it about among his comrades, cry- his sight in sleep, while dreaming of this misfor-
ing in mockery,“ Charity, charity to the hand that tune. (Plin. H. N. vii. 50, s. 51. ) His grandson
could never get enough! " Arcadius fled in con- was the first of the family who assumed the sur-
sternation from the scene of murder, but his fears name of Sulia (SULLA. ]
were soon removed, and he agreed to confiscate RUFI'NUS, C. CU'SPIUS, consul A. D. 142,
the immense property of Rufinus. Of this Eu- with L. Statius Quadratus. (Fasti. )
tropius, who was secretly privy to the murder, got RUFINUS, JU'NIUS. 1. A. JUNIUS Rv-
the lion's share. Others, who had been robbed by PINUs, consul A. D. 153 with C. Bruttius Praesens.
Rufinus, tried to obtain an indemnity by seizing (Fasti. )
whatever they could find belonging to him, till at 2. M. JUNIUS RUFINUS SABINIANUS, consal
Jast Arcadius issued an edict, at the instigation of A. D. 1. 55 with C. Julius Severus. (Fasti. )
Eutropius, by which the whole residue of the pro- RUFI'NUS, LICI'NIUS, a jurist, who lived
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RUFINUS.
RUFINUS.
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under Alexander Severus, which appears from his Jerome, eager to escape all suspicion of adherence
consulting Paulus (Dig. 40. tit. 13. 8. 4). There to such errors, vehemently supported Epiphanius,
are in the Digest seventeen excerpts from twelve bishop of Salamis, in his attack upon John of Je
bnoks of Regulae by Rufinus, according to the rusalem, by whom Rufinus had been ordained a
Florentine Index ; but one excerpt (Dig. 42. tit. 1. presbyter, and to whom he was warınly attached.
s. 34) is superscribed Lib. XIII. , which, however, The seeds of enmity planted by this controversy
proves nothing, as error easily occurs in such a were cherished into vigour by the characteristic
numeral. The name of Licinius Rufinus appears heat of Jerome, whose denunciations of his former
in the Geneva edition of the Collatio Legum Mo- companion became, by quick degrees, more and
saicarum et Romanarum, as the compiler ; but this more fierce and unsparing ; but before the quarrel
Rufinus cannot be the contemporary of Paulus, for had ripened into inextinguishable hatred, its pro-
the Collatio was compiled after the publication of gress was checked by the interposition and explana-
the Code of Theodosius ; not to mention other tions of honest friends, and a solemn reconciliation
arguments. (Zimmern, Geschichte des Röin. Privat- took place at Jerusalem, on Easter day, A. D. 397.
rechts, vol. i. )
[G. L. ) In the autumn of the same year Rufinus em-
RUFI'NUS, ME'NNIUS, one of the generals barked for Italy, along with Melania, and having
of Vitellius, A. D. 69. (Tac. Hist. iii. 12. ) been hospitably entertained by Paulinus (Pauli-
RUFINUS, TREBOʻNIUS, a friend of the NUS), ai Nola, betook himself from thence, with.
younger Pliny, had been decemvir, or one of out visiting the metropolis, to the monastery of Pi-
the chief magistrates, of the Roman colony of netum. Hither multitudes flocked for the purpose
Vienna in Gaul. (Plin. Ep. iv. 22. ) He is pro- of making inquiries with regard to the ceremonies
bably the same person as the Rufinus to whom one and liturgies of the sister Churches of the East,
of Pliny's letters is addressed. (Ep. vii. 18. ) the rules of the most celebrated coenobitical frater-
RUFI'NUS, TRIA’RIUS, consul in a. D. 210 nities, the Greek ecclesiastical writers, and various
with M'. Acilius Faustinus. (Fasti. )
other points upon which one who had been so
RUFINUS, C. VI'BIUS, consul suffectus in long resident in Asia and Egypt would be capable
A. D. 22. (Fasti. )
of imparting information. The intelligence thus
RUFINUS, literary. 1. TYRANNIUS or TUR- obtained proved so interesting, that the learned
Ranius, or TORANUS, as the name is variously traveller was earnestly solicited to gratify curiosity
written, must have been born about the middle of the still further, by translating into Latin some of
fourth century, but neither the precise date nor the those productions to which he had been in the
place of his nativity can be determined with cer- habit of referring most frequently. With this re-
tainty, although soine of his biographers have con quest, not foreseeing the storm he was about to
fidently fixed upon A. D. 345, for the former, and excite, he willingly complied, and accordingly pub-
Concordia, near the head of the Adriatic, as the lished translations of the Apology for Origen by
latter. After he had attained to manhood he became Pamphilus, and of the books of Origen Tepi apxwv,
an inmate of the monastery at Aquileia, where, upon together with an original tract De Adulteratione
acquiring a knowledge of the principles and rites of Librorum Origenis, while in the preface to the De
Christianity, he received the sacrament of baptism, Principiis, either from a wish to avoid any miscon-
in 371 or 372, from the hands of the presbyterception of his own views, or from some feeling of
Chromatius. At this epoch also he formed that lurking malice, he quoted the panegyric pronounced
close intimacy with Hieronymus which was long by Jerome upon Origen, of which we have made
maintained with great mutual warmth, but event- mention above. The appearance of these works pro-
ually most rudely dissolved. Having conceived an duced a violent ferment. Pammachius and Oceanus
eager desire to visit Palestine, Rufinus set out, represented the transaction in the most unfavourable
almost immediately after his admission into the light to Jerome, whose wrath blazed forth more
Church, for Syria, in the train of Melania, a noble, hotly than ever ; all attempts to bring about a
wealthy, and devout Roman matron, and remained better understanding served only, from the bad
in the East for about twenty-six years, passing a faith of the negotiators, to feed the flame ; a bitter
portion of his time at Alexandria, where he en correspondence followed, which was crowned by
joyed the instructions of Didymus and other learned the Apologia of the one adversus Hieronymum, and
fathers ; and the rest at Jerusalem, where he took the Apologia of the other alrersus Rufinum.
up his abode with the monks on the Mount of Soon after the commencement of the dispute
Olives, making frequent excursions, however, in Rufinus retired to Aquileia, and during the life of
different directions, in company with Melania, to Siricius, was steadily supported by the pontifical
whom he seems to have acted as spiritual adviser court. But, upon the elevation of Anastasius, he
and almoner. During the earlier part of the above was summoned by the new pope to repair to Rome,
period he maintained a most affectionate corre for the purpose of answering the charges preferred
spondence with Jerome, who had retired to the against his orthodoxy : this mandate, however, he
desert between Antioch and the Euphrates, and evaded, and, instead of appearing in person, trans-
although they met once only (in 385), their friend-mitted an Apologiu, in which he explains bis real
sbip continued uninterrupted up to 393, when bitter views, and altogether disavows any participation
strife arose. Both had been warm admirers of in the dangerous doctrines imputed to him by his
Origen, and this admiration had been expressed in enemies. Anastasius replied by an epistle, in
the most emphatic terms by Jerome, in the preface which he condemned, most unequivocally, the tenets
to his translation of the Homilies upon the Song of Origen, and censured indirectly the rashness of
of Solomon. But when the doubtful tendency of his translator, without, however, seeking further to
many of the theories involved in the imaginative disturb him in his retreat. After the death of
orientalisms of Origen began by degrees to be more Anastasius in 402, the flames which had raged fu-
clearly discerned, and when the cry of heresy, first riously for upwards of three years, gradually became
saised by Theophilus, became loud and strong, more faint, and at length expired altogether, Rufie
## p. 667 (#683) ############################################
RUFINUS.
667
RUFINUS.
713.
nus remaining at Ayuilein, under the protection of B. TRANSLATIONS PROM THE GREEK. -I. B2-
Chromatius, busily employed in literary labours, silii Magni Regula, inserted in the Codex Regular
until A. D. 400, when he returned to Pinetum. rum, &c. of Holstenius, 4to. Rom. 1661, reprinted
From thence, upon the invasion of Italy by Alaric, at Vienna, fol. 1759.
he fled to Sicily, where he died soon after, in 410. II. Basili Magni Homiliae VIII. These will
In allusion to the place of his decease, his great be found in the edition of St. Basil, published at
adversary, whose hostility endured beyond the Paris by Garnier, in 1722, vol. ii.
P.
grave, composed the following epitaph :- " Scor- III. Pamphili Apologia pro Oriyene, to be found
pius inter Enceladum et Porphyrium Trinacriue in all the best editions of Origen and Jerome.
humo ponitur. "
IV. Origenis de Principiis Libri IV. V. Ori-
The extant works of Rufinus must be separated genis llomiliae, XVII. in Genesim. , XIII. in Ex-
into two classes :- A. Original Compositions, and, odum, XVI. in Leviticuin, XXVIII. in Numeros,
B. Translations from the Greek, those belonging XXVI. in Josue, IX. in Julices, I. in I. Librum
to the latter division being the more voluminous. Heyum, Il'. in Cuntien Cunticorum, X. Libri in
A.
