The naras and
Theodorus
Balsamon.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Many found at Belgrade when that city was captured in
attempts have been made to account for the 1688, a MS. which Nodot declared had been pre-
strangely mutilated condition in which the piece sented to him by a Frenchman high in the im-
has been transmitted to modern times. It has perial service. The fate of this volume was soon
been suggested by some that the blanks were decided. The imposture was so palpable that
caused by the scruples of pious transcribers, who few could be found to advocate the pretensions
omitted those parts which were most licentious; put forth on its behalf, and it was soon given
while others have not hesitated to declare their up by all. It is sometimes, however, printed
conviction that the worst passages were studiously along with the genuine text, but in a ditferent
selected. Without meaning to advocate this last type, so as to prevent the possibility of mis-
hypothesis—and we can scarcely conceive that take. Besides this, a pretended fragment, said
Burmann was in earnest when he propounded it to have been obtained from the monastery of St.
it is clear that the first explanation is altogether | Gall, was printed in 1800, with notes and a
unsatisfactory, for it appears to be impossible that French translation by Lallemand, but it seems to
what was passed over could have been more have deceived nobody
offensive than much of what was retained. Ac- The best edition which has yet appeared, which
cording to another theory, what we now possess is so comprehensive as entirely to supersede all its
must be regarded as striking and favourite ex- predecessors, is that of Petrus Burmannus, 410.
tracts, copied out into the common-place book of Traj. ad Rhen. 1709; and again much enlarged
some scholar in the middle ages ; a supposition ap- and improved, 2 vol. 4to. Amst. 1743. It em-
plicable to the Supper of Trimalchio and the longer braces a vast mass of annotations, prolegomena and
poetical essays, but which fails the numerous dissertations, collected from the writings of dif-
short and abrupt fragments breaking off in the ferent critics. Those who may prefer an impres-
middle of a sentence. The most simple solution of sion of more moderate size, will find the edition of
the difficulty seems to be the true one. The ex- | Antonius, 8vo. Lips. 1781, correct and service-
isting MSS. proceeded, in all likelihood, from two able.
or three archetypes which may have been so much We find in the Latin Anthology, and subjoined
damaged by neglect, that large portions were ren- to all the larger editions of the Satyricon, a num-
dered illegible, while whole leaves and sections ber of short poema bearing the name of Petronius.
may have been torn out or otherwise destroyed. These have been collected from a great variety of
The Editio Princeps of the fragments of Petro different sources, and are the work of many different
nius was printed at Venice, by Bernardinus de hands, it being very doubtful whether any of them
Vitalibus, 4to. 1499 ; and the second at Leipzig, ought to be ascribed to Petronius Arbiter.
by Jacobus Thanner, in 1500; but these editions, (The numerous biographies, dissertations, &c.
and those which followed for upwards of a hundred by Sambucus, Gyraldus, Goldastus, Solichius,
and fifty years, exhibited much less than we now Gonsalius de Salas, Valesius, &c. , collected in the
possess. For, about the middle of the seventeenth edition of Burmann. Among more modern autho-
century, an individual who assumed the designa- rities, we may specify Cataldo Janelli, Codex Pe
tion of Martinus Statilius, although his real name rottin. Neapol. 1811, vol. ii. p. cxxiii. ; Dunlop,
was Petrus Petitus, found a MS. at Traun in History of Fiction, cap. ii. ; Niebuhr, Klein. His-
Dalmatia, containing, nearly entire, the Supper of torisch. Schrift. vol. i. p. 337, and Lectures edited
Trimalchio, which was wanting in all former by Schmitz, vol. ii. p. 325; Orelli, Corpus Inscrip.
copies. This was published separately at Padua, Lat. No. 1175; Weichert, Poetarum Lat. Relig.
in a very incorrect state (8vo. 1664), without the p. 440; Meyer, Antholog. Lat. vol i p. lxxu. ;
knowledge of the discoverer, again by Petitus bim- Wellauer, in Jahn's Juhrld. Suppl. Band, .
self (8vo. Paris, 1664), and immediately gave rise p. 194; and especially Studer, in Rheinisches
to a fierce controversy, in which the most learned Museum, Neue Folge, vol. ii. I. p. 50, ii. 2. p.
men of that day took a share, one party receiving 202, and Ritter, in he same work, vol. ii. 4. p.
it without suspicion as a genuine relic of anti- 561. )
(W. R. ]
quity, while their opponents with great vehemence PETRONIUS (Iletpávios), a writer on phar-
contended that it was spurious. The strife was macy, who lived probably in the beginning of the
not quelled until the year 1669, when the MS. first century after Christ, as he is mentioned by
was despatched from the library of the proprietor, Dioscorides (De Water. Med. praef. vol. i. p. 2), who
Nicolaus Cippius, at Traun, to Rome, where, classes him among the later authors (comp. St.
having been narrowly scrutinised by the most Epiphan. Adv. Hueres. i. 1. $ 3, p. 3, ed. Colon. 1682 ).
competent judges, it was finally pronounced to be Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii. p. 361, ed. vet. )
at least three hundred years old, and, since no supposes his name to have been Petronius Niger
## p. 219 (#235) ############################################
PETRUS.
219
PETRUS.
not
(NIGER), but this is uncertain, and in the latest / and if there is truth in the account given by Epi-
edition of Dioscorides (l. c. ), where the words kal phanius (Haeres. Ixviii. 1-5) of the origin of the
Νικήματος και Πετρώνιος Νίγερ τε και Διόδοτος | schism in the Egyptian churches, occasioned by
occur, a comma is placed between ſletpários and Meletius of Lycopolis (MELETIUS, literary and
Niyep. In Pliny (H, N. xx. 32), he is called ecclesiastical, No. 3), the conjecture is probably
Petronius Diodotus, but probably the text correct ; and if so, Peter must have obtained his
quite sound (DIODOT US). He is mentioned by release, as this imprisonment must have been ante
Galen (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. ii. 5, vol. cedent to the deposition of Meletius by Petrus,
xiii. p. 5(2), where the words lletpuvios Motoas and the commencement of the Meletian schism. In
occur, which has made some persons consider Pethe ninth year of the persecution Peter was, sud-
tronius Musu to be one and the same individual, denly and contrary to all expectation, again ar-
and others conjecture that instead of lempuvios, we rested and was beheaded, by order of Maximin Daza
should read 'Aytuvos : probably, however, it is only (Maximinus II. ), without any distinct charge
necessary to insert a kal or a comma between the being brought against him. Eusebius speaks with
words. One of his medicines is quoted by Galen the bighest admiration of his piety and his attain.
(Ibid. v. ll. p. 831). (See Fabric. Bil. Gr. l. c. )ments in sacred literature, and he is revered as a
The name of M. Petronius Heras, a physician, saint and martyr both in the Eastern and Western
occurs in an ancient Latin inscription preserved by Churches. His martyrdom is placed by an ancient
Gruter.
(W. A. G. ] Oriental chronicle of the bishops of Alexandrin,
L. PETROSI'DIUS, a standard-bearer (uqui- translated by Abraham Echellensis (Paris, 1651),
lifer), died fighting bravely, when Titurius Sabi- on the 29th of the month Athur or Athyr, which
nus and Aurunculeius Cotta were destroyed with corresponds sometimes to the 25th, and sometimes
their troops, by Ambiorix, B. c. 54. (Caes. B. G. to the 26th November. His memory is now cele-
v. 37. )
brated by the Latin and Greek Churches on the
PETRUS, Latin emperor of Constantinople, 26th, except in Russia, where the more ancient
belonged to that branch of the Courtenay family computation, which placed it on the 25th, is still
which was descended from the kings of France. followed. An account of the martyrdom (Acta
He was chosen to succeed the emperor Henry in Martyrii) of Peter, in the Latin version of Anas-
1217, being then in France, where he held the tasius Bibliothecarius, is given by Surius, De Pro-
dignity of count of Auxerre. While traversing batis Sanctorum Vitis, a. d. 25 Nov. ; and the Greek
Epeirus with an army on bis way to Constanti-Acła of Symeon Metaphrastes are given, with a
nople, he was made a prisoner by Theodore, despot Latin version, in the Selecti Martyrum Triumphi of
of Epeirus, and died in captivity in 1219, having Combéfis already cited.
never sat on the throne. We consequently dis Peter wrote several works, of which there are
miss him, and only mention that his successor was very scanty remains. 1. Περί μετανοίας λόγος,
his second son, Robert.
(W. P. ) Sermo de Poenitentia. 2. Λόγος εις το Πάσχα,
PETRUS (Diétpos), literary and ecclesiastical. Sermo in Sanctum Pascha. These discourses are
1. Of ALEXANDRIA (1). Petrus or Peter, the not extant in their original form, but fifteen canons
first of that name in the list of the bishops of relating to the lapsi, or those who in time of per-
Alexandria, succeeded Theonas in that see some secution had fallen away, fourteen of them from
time between Easter and the latter part of Novem- the Sermo de Pocnitentia, the fifteenth from the
ber, A. D. 300, according to Tillemont's calculation; Sermo in Sanctum Pascha, are contained in all the
and exercised his episcopal functions more than Canonum Collectiones. They were published in a
eleven (Eusebius says for twelve) years. Of the Latin version in the Micropresbyticon, Basel, 1550 ;
time and place of his birth we have no account. in the Orthodoxographa of Heroldus, Basel, 1555,
Cave considers that he was probably born at Alex- and of Grynaeus, Basel, 1569 ; in the first and
andria, and that he was there "trained alike to second editions of De la Bigne's Bibliotheca Pa-
virtue and to sacred literature by his predecessor trum, Paris, 1575 and 1589, and in the Cologne
Theonas ;” but we do not know that these state edition, 1618. They are given also in the Concilia.
ments are more than inferences from his being in the edition of Labbe (vol. i. col. 955) and in
chosen to succeed Theonas. He had not occupied that of Hardouin (vol. i. col. 225) they are given
the see quite three years when the persecution com- in Greek with a Latin version, but without notes ;
menced by the emperor Diocletian (DIOCLETIANUS] but in the Eurooóv, sive Pandectae Canonum of
and continued by his successors, broke out a. D. Bishop Beveridge (vol. ii. p. 8, fol. Oxon. 1672)
.
304. During its long continuance Peter was obliged they are accompanied by the notes of Joannes Zo-
to flee from one hiding place to another.
The naras and Theodorus Balsamon. They are entitled
monk Ammonius (De Cuede SS. Patrum in Monte | Του μακαρίου αρχιεπισκόπου Αλεξανδρείας Πέτρου
Synα t in Solitudine Raithu, apud Valesium, Not. και μάρτυρος κανόνες επιφερόμενοι εν τω περί με-
ud Erseb. H. E. vii. 32) attests this; and Peter Tavolas aŭtoù đówø, Beati Petri Archiepiscopi Aler
himself, if confidence may be placed in a discourse andrini et Martyris Canones qui feruntur in Sermone
said to have been delivered by him in prison, and ejus de Poenitentia. It is only in some MSS. and
given in certain Ada Petri Alexandrini (apud editions that the separate source of the fifteenth
Valesium, ibid. ) states that he found shelter at canon is pointed out. A passage from the Sermo
different times in Mesopotamia, in Phoenicia, in Pa- in Sanctum Pascha, or from some other work of
lestine, and in various islands ; but if these Acta Peter's on the same subject, is given in the
are the same that were published by Combéfis Dutriba de Paschate prefixed to the Chronicon
in his Selecti Martyrum Triumphi, 8vo. Paris, 1660, Alexandrinum s. Paschale, and published separately
their authority is materially lessened by the inter in the Uranologion of Petavius, fol. Paris, 1630,
polations of Symeon Metaphrastes. Cave conjec- p. 396, &c. As the Diatrila is mutilated, and the
tures that he was imprisoned during the reign of Dio extract from Peter forms its present commencement,
cletian or Maximian Galerius (Maximianus II. ), ) it was lastily inferred by soine critics that the
## p. 220 (#236) ############################################
220
PETRUS.
PETRI'S.
Duitriba itself was the work of Peter, the title of of Nicon (Niron, literary, No. 3). The published
the citation being considered as applying to the fragments of Peter's works, with the exception of
whole treatise ; but Cave and others have observed the passage in the Diatria de Paschate, the Latin
that the Diatriba was written not before the latter citations in the Acta Concilii Chalcedon, and the
part of the sixth century. A Vatican MS. from fragments cited by Justinian, are given in the
which the text of the Bonn edition of the Chronicon fourth volume of Galland's Bibliotheca Putrum,
is taken, describes the work of Peter from which p. 91, &c. (Euseb. H. E. vii. 32, rii. 13, ix. 6,
the citation is taken, as addressed TpikevTiº TIVI, cum notis Valesii ; Athanasius, Apolog. contra
Cuidam Tricentio. 3. Tepl 3e6t7TOs B. exlov, Liber Arianos, c. 59; Epiphan. 1. c. ; Concilia, Il. a. ;
de Divinitute 6. Deitate. There is a citation from Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 301, vol. i. p. 160, ed.
this treatise in the Acta Concilii Ephesini ; it occurs Oxford, 1740–1743 ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol.
in the Actio prima, and a part of it is again cited v. p. 436, &c. ; Fabric
. Biblioth. Graec. vol. ix. p.
in the Defensio Cyrilli which is given in the sequel 316, &c. ; Galland. Billioth. Putrum, proleg. ad
(pars iii. c. 2) of the Acta, Three citations in vol. iv. c. 6. )
Latin, one of them a version of the passage in the 2. Of ALEXANDRIA (2), was presbyter of the
Defensio Cyrilli, are given in the Acta Concilu Church at Alexandria during the life-time of Atha-
Chalcedon. Actio prima. (Concilia, vol. iii. col. nasius, whom he accompanied for many years in
508, 836, vol. iv. col. 286, ed. Labbe, vol. i. col. his wanderings and shared his dangers. Athanasius
1399, vol. ii. col. 241, ed. Hardouin. ) 4. Nepl this before his death had nominated Peter as his suc-
ésid mulas TOÙ Xplotou, Homilia de Adventu ressor, and after his decease his appointment was
Salvatoris . . Christi. A short citation from this carried into effect with the great applause of the
occurs in the Latin version of the work of Leontius orthodox part of the Alexandrian populace and with
of Byzantium (Leontius, literary, No. 5), Contra the approval of the neighbouring bishops, a. D. 373.
Ncstorianos et Eutychianos, lib. i. (apud Galland. But the Arians, then in the ascendant under the
Biblioth. Patrum, vol. xii. p. 669). A fragment emperor Valens, though they had, from reverence
in the original is given in a part of the Greek text or fear, conceded the quiet possession of the see to
of Leontius published by Mai in bis Scriptorum the age and authority of Athanasius (ATHANA-
Vet. Nova Collectio, vol. vii. p. 134, 4to. Romae, sius), were by no means disposed to acquiesce in
1833. 5, 6. Two fragments, one described, én the appointment of an orthodox successor ; and
TOÙ Fputov nóyou Tepl Toù undè pourápxey Peter was at once deposed, and, according to
την ψυχήν, μηδε αμαρτήσασαν τούτο εις το | Socrates and Sozomen, imprisoned by the officers
owua Bandîvai, Ex primo Sermone, de eo quod nec of the emperor. Tillemont and Galland, however,
praceastitit Anima, nec cum peccasset propterea doubt if he was imprisoned. At any rate he soon
in Corpus missa est, the other as, ék tñs uvo made his escape, and, getting on board ship, fied to
ταγωγίας ής εποιήσατο προς την εκκλησίαν, Rome, where he was kindly received by the pope
μέλλων τον του μαρτυρίου στέφανον αναδέχεσθαι, | Damasus I. , leaving his Arian competitor Lucius
1x Mystagogia quam fecit ad Ecclesiam cum (Lucius, No. 2) in possession of the churches of
Martyrii Coronam suscepturus esset, are cited by Alexandria. On the departure of Valens from
the emperor Justinian, in his Epistola (s. Tractatus) Antioch (A. D. 378) to his fatal war with the Goths,
ail Mennam CPolitanum adversus Origenem, given Peter, who had returned from Rome with letters
in the Acta Concilia CPolitani 11. 8. Oecumenici v. from Damasus, confirming his title to the see, re-
(Concilia, vol. v. col. 652, ed. Labbe, vol. iii. col. covered possession of the churches by favour of the
256, 257, ed. Hardouin. ) Another fragment of populace, who expelled Lucius, and compelled him
the same discourse is contained in the compilation to flee to Constantinople. Peter, however, survived
Leontü et Joannis Rerum Sacrarum Lib. II. pub- his restoration only for a short time, dving A. D.
lished by Mai in the above cited Collectio, vol. vii. 38), and being succeeded in his bishoprie by his
p. 85. 7. Epistola S. Petri Episcopi ad Ecclesiam own brother Timotheus or Timothy. Valesius
Alexandrinam, noticing some irregular proceedings (Not. ad Sozomen. II. E. vii. 9) describes Peter as
of the schismatic Meletius. This letter, which is the abettor of Maximus the Cynic [MAXIMUS
very short, was published in a Latin rersion by ALEXANDRINE's) in his usurpation of the see of
Scipio Maffei, in the third volume of his Obser- Constantinople, but Theodoret (H. E. v. 8) ascribes
duzione Letterarie (6 vols. 12mo. Veronae 1737— the transaction to Timotheus. (Socrates, H. E.
1740). 8. Aldaoralía, Doctrina. A fragment of iv. 20—22, 37 ; Sozomen, H. E. vi. 19, 39;
this work is cited by Leontius and Joannes, and Theodoret, H. E. iv. 20-22. )
was published by Mai (ibid. p. 96). We have Peter was held in the highest esteem by his con
no certain information of any other works of temporaries. Gregory Nazianzen unites him in the
Peter. A fragment of one of his works, of same eulogy with St. Athanasius ; and the emperor
which the title is not given, is cited by the Theodosius the Great, in one of his laws, refers to
emperor Justinian in his Tractatus contra Alono the faith preached by him as the standard of ortho-
physitas, published by Mai in the Collectio already doxy. (Tillemont, Mém. vol. vi. p. 580, &c. ) Two
cited, vol. vii. pp. 306, 307. The Epistola de Lapsis productions of Peter have been preserved in part:-
Tempore Persecutionis, in the Bodleian library i. 'ETITO17) s. Ipáuuata, Epistolu, a letter sent
(Codd. Baroccian. No. clviii. ; see Catalog. MStorum by him, after his escape from Alexandria, to all the
Angliae et Hibern. ), is probably the same as the churches, giving an account of the persecutions and
Canones ; and a fragment from an Epistola ad other atrocities perpetrated by Lucius and the
Epictetum, extant in a MS. in the library of St. Arian party. Theodoret has given a large extract,
Mark at Venice, is probably not from Peter but probably ihe chief part of this, in the original
from Athanasius. Some passages (quaedam loca) Greek (H. E.
attempts have been made to account for the 1688, a MS. which Nodot declared had been pre-
strangely mutilated condition in which the piece sented to him by a Frenchman high in the im-
has been transmitted to modern times. It has perial service. The fate of this volume was soon
been suggested by some that the blanks were decided. The imposture was so palpable that
caused by the scruples of pious transcribers, who few could be found to advocate the pretensions
omitted those parts which were most licentious; put forth on its behalf, and it was soon given
while others have not hesitated to declare their up by all. It is sometimes, however, printed
conviction that the worst passages were studiously along with the genuine text, but in a ditferent
selected. Without meaning to advocate this last type, so as to prevent the possibility of mis-
hypothesis—and we can scarcely conceive that take. Besides this, a pretended fragment, said
Burmann was in earnest when he propounded it to have been obtained from the monastery of St.
it is clear that the first explanation is altogether | Gall, was printed in 1800, with notes and a
unsatisfactory, for it appears to be impossible that French translation by Lallemand, but it seems to
what was passed over could have been more have deceived nobody
offensive than much of what was retained. Ac- The best edition which has yet appeared, which
cording to another theory, what we now possess is so comprehensive as entirely to supersede all its
must be regarded as striking and favourite ex- predecessors, is that of Petrus Burmannus, 410.
tracts, copied out into the common-place book of Traj. ad Rhen. 1709; and again much enlarged
some scholar in the middle ages ; a supposition ap- and improved, 2 vol. 4to. Amst. 1743. It em-
plicable to the Supper of Trimalchio and the longer braces a vast mass of annotations, prolegomena and
poetical essays, but which fails the numerous dissertations, collected from the writings of dif-
short and abrupt fragments breaking off in the ferent critics. Those who may prefer an impres-
middle of a sentence. The most simple solution of sion of more moderate size, will find the edition of
the difficulty seems to be the true one. The ex- | Antonius, 8vo. Lips. 1781, correct and service-
isting MSS. proceeded, in all likelihood, from two able.
or three archetypes which may have been so much We find in the Latin Anthology, and subjoined
damaged by neglect, that large portions were ren- to all the larger editions of the Satyricon, a num-
dered illegible, while whole leaves and sections ber of short poema bearing the name of Petronius.
may have been torn out or otherwise destroyed. These have been collected from a great variety of
The Editio Princeps of the fragments of Petro different sources, and are the work of many different
nius was printed at Venice, by Bernardinus de hands, it being very doubtful whether any of them
Vitalibus, 4to. 1499 ; and the second at Leipzig, ought to be ascribed to Petronius Arbiter.
by Jacobus Thanner, in 1500; but these editions, (The numerous biographies, dissertations, &c.
and those which followed for upwards of a hundred by Sambucus, Gyraldus, Goldastus, Solichius,
and fifty years, exhibited much less than we now Gonsalius de Salas, Valesius, &c. , collected in the
possess. For, about the middle of the seventeenth edition of Burmann. Among more modern autho-
century, an individual who assumed the designa- rities, we may specify Cataldo Janelli, Codex Pe
tion of Martinus Statilius, although his real name rottin. Neapol. 1811, vol. ii. p. cxxiii. ; Dunlop,
was Petrus Petitus, found a MS. at Traun in History of Fiction, cap. ii. ; Niebuhr, Klein. His-
Dalmatia, containing, nearly entire, the Supper of torisch. Schrift. vol. i. p. 337, and Lectures edited
Trimalchio, which was wanting in all former by Schmitz, vol. ii. p. 325; Orelli, Corpus Inscrip.
copies. This was published separately at Padua, Lat. No. 1175; Weichert, Poetarum Lat. Relig.
in a very incorrect state (8vo. 1664), without the p. 440; Meyer, Antholog. Lat. vol i p. lxxu. ;
knowledge of the discoverer, again by Petitus bim- Wellauer, in Jahn's Juhrld. Suppl. Band, .
self (8vo. Paris, 1664), and immediately gave rise p. 194; and especially Studer, in Rheinisches
to a fierce controversy, in which the most learned Museum, Neue Folge, vol. ii. I. p. 50, ii. 2. p.
men of that day took a share, one party receiving 202, and Ritter, in he same work, vol. ii. 4. p.
it without suspicion as a genuine relic of anti- 561. )
(W. R. ]
quity, while their opponents with great vehemence PETRONIUS (Iletpávios), a writer on phar-
contended that it was spurious. The strife was macy, who lived probably in the beginning of the
not quelled until the year 1669, when the MS. first century after Christ, as he is mentioned by
was despatched from the library of the proprietor, Dioscorides (De Water. Med. praef. vol. i. p. 2), who
Nicolaus Cippius, at Traun, to Rome, where, classes him among the later authors (comp. St.
having been narrowly scrutinised by the most Epiphan. Adv. Hueres. i. 1. $ 3, p. 3, ed. Colon. 1682 ).
competent judges, it was finally pronounced to be Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii. p. 361, ed. vet. )
at least three hundred years old, and, since no supposes his name to have been Petronius Niger
## p. 219 (#235) ############################################
PETRUS.
219
PETRUS.
not
(NIGER), but this is uncertain, and in the latest / and if there is truth in the account given by Epi-
edition of Dioscorides (l. c. ), where the words kal phanius (Haeres. Ixviii. 1-5) of the origin of the
Νικήματος και Πετρώνιος Νίγερ τε και Διόδοτος | schism in the Egyptian churches, occasioned by
occur, a comma is placed between ſletpários and Meletius of Lycopolis (MELETIUS, literary and
Niyep. In Pliny (H, N. xx. 32), he is called ecclesiastical, No. 3), the conjecture is probably
Petronius Diodotus, but probably the text correct ; and if so, Peter must have obtained his
quite sound (DIODOT US). He is mentioned by release, as this imprisonment must have been ante
Galen (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. ii. 5, vol. cedent to the deposition of Meletius by Petrus,
xiii. p. 5(2), where the words lletpuvios Motoas and the commencement of the Meletian schism. In
occur, which has made some persons consider Pethe ninth year of the persecution Peter was, sud-
tronius Musu to be one and the same individual, denly and contrary to all expectation, again ar-
and others conjecture that instead of lempuvios, we rested and was beheaded, by order of Maximin Daza
should read 'Aytuvos : probably, however, it is only (Maximinus II. ), without any distinct charge
necessary to insert a kal or a comma between the being brought against him. Eusebius speaks with
words. One of his medicines is quoted by Galen the bighest admiration of his piety and his attain.
(Ibid. v. ll. p. 831). (See Fabric. Bil. Gr. l. c. )ments in sacred literature, and he is revered as a
The name of M. Petronius Heras, a physician, saint and martyr both in the Eastern and Western
occurs in an ancient Latin inscription preserved by Churches. His martyrdom is placed by an ancient
Gruter.
(W. A. G. ] Oriental chronicle of the bishops of Alexandrin,
L. PETROSI'DIUS, a standard-bearer (uqui- translated by Abraham Echellensis (Paris, 1651),
lifer), died fighting bravely, when Titurius Sabi- on the 29th of the month Athur or Athyr, which
nus and Aurunculeius Cotta were destroyed with corresponds sometimes to the 25th, and sometimes
their troops, by Ambiorix, B. c. 54. (Caes. B. G. to the 26th November. His memory is now cele-
v. 37. )
brated by the Latin and Greek Churches on the
PETRUS, Latin emperor of Constantinople, 26th, except in Russia, where the more ancient
belonged to that branch of the Courtenay family computation, which placed it on the 25th, is still
which was descended from the kings of France. followed. An account of the martyrdom (Acta
He was chosen to succeed the emperor Henry in Martyrii) of Peter, in the Latin version of Anas-
1217, being then in France, where he held the tasius Bibliothecarius, is given by Surius, De Pro-
dignity of count of Auxerre. While traversing batis Sanctorum Vitis, a. d. 25 Nov. ; and the Greek
Epeirus with an army on bis way to Constanti-Acła of Symeon Metaphrastes are given, with a
nople, he was made a prisoner by Theodore, despot Latin version, in the Selecti Martyrum Triumphi of
of Epeirus, and died in captivity in 1219, having Combéfis already cited.
never sat on the throne. We consequently dis Peter wrote several works, of which there are
miss him, and only mention that his successor was very scanty remains. 1. Περί μετανοίας λόγος,
his second son, Robert.
(W. P. ) Sermo de Poenitentia. 2. Λόγος εις το Πάσχα,
PETRUS (Diétpos), literary and ecclesiastical. Sermo in Sanctum Pascha. These discourses are
1. Of ALEXANDRIA (1). Petrus or Peter, the not extant in their original form, but fifteen canons
first of that name in the list of the bishops of relating to the lapsi, or those who in time of per-
Alexandria, succeeded Theonas in that see some secution had fallen away, fourteen of them from
time between Easter and the latter part of Novem- the Sermo de Pocnitentia, the fifteenth from the
ber, A. D. 300, according to Tillemont's calculation; Sermo in Sanctum Pascha, are contained in all the
and exercised his episcopal functions more than Canonum Collectiones. They were published in a
eleven (Eusebius says for twelve) years. Of the Latin version in the Micropresbyticon, Basel, 1550 ;
time and place of his birth we have no account. in the Orthodoxographa of Heroldus, Basel, 1555,
Cave considers that he was probably born at Alex- and of Grynaeus, Basel, 1569 ; in the first and
andria, and that he was there "trained alike to second editions of De la Bigne's Bibliotheca Pa-
virtue and to sacred literature by his predecessor trum, Paris, 1575 and 1589, and in the Cologne
Theonas ;” but we do not know that these state edition, 1618. They are given also in the Concilia.
ments are more than inferences from his being in the edition of Labbe (vol. i. col. 955) and in
chosen to succeed Theonas. He had not occupied that of Hardouin (vol. i. col. 225) they are given
the see quite three years when the persecution com- in Greek with a Latin version, but without notes ;
menced by the emperor Diocletian (DIOCLETIANUS] but in the Eurooóv, sive Pandectae Canonum of
and continued by his successors, broke out a. D. Bishop Beveridge (vol. ii. p. 8, fol. Oxon. 1672)
.
304. During its long continuance Peter was obliged they are accompanied by the notes of Joannes Zo-
to flee from one hiding place to another.
The naras and Theodorus Balsamon. They are entitled
monk Ammonius (De Cuede SS. Patrum in Monte | Του μακαρίου αρχιεπισκόπου Αλεξανδρείας Πέτρου
Synα t in Solitudine Raithu, apud Valesium, Not. και μάρτυρος κανόνες επιφερόμενοι εν τω περί με-
ud Erseb. H. E. vii. 32) attests this; and Peter Tavolas aŭtoù đówø, Beati Petri Archiepiscopi Aler
himself, if confidence may be placed in a discourse andrini et Martyris Canones qui feruntur in Sermone
said to have been delivered by him in prison, and ejus de Poenitentia. It is only in some MSS. and
given in certain Ada Petri Alexandrini (apud editions that the separate source of the fifteenth
Valesium, ibid. ) states that he found shelter at canon is pointed out. A passage from the Sermo
different times in Mesopotamia, in Phoenicia, in Pa- in Sanctum Pascha, or from some other work of
lestine, and in various islands ; but if these Acta Peter's on the same subject, is given in the
are the same that were published by Combéfis Dutriba de Paschate prefixed to the Chronicon
in his Selecti Martyrum Triumphi, 8vo. Paris, 1660, Alexandrinum s. Paschale, and published separately
their authority is materially lessened by the inter in the Uranologion of Petavius, fol. Paris, 1630,
polations of Symeon Metaphrastes. Cave conjec- p. 396, &c. As the Diatrila is mutilated, and the
tures that he was imprisoned during the reign of Dio extract from Peter forms its present commencement,
cletian or Maximian Galerius (Maximianus II. ), ) it was lastily inferred by soine critics that the
## p. 220 (#236) ############################################
220
PETRUS.
PETRI'S.
Duitriba itself was the work of Peter, the title of of Nicon (Niron, literary, No. 3). The published
the citation being considered as applying to the fragments of Peter's works, with the exception of
whole treatise ; but Cave and others have observed the passage in the Diatria de Paschate, the Latin
that the Diatriba was written not before the latter citations in the Acta Concilii Chalcedon, and the
part of the sixth century. A Vatican MS. from fragments cited by Justinian, are given in the
which the text of the Bonn edition of the Chronicon fourth volume of Galland's Bibliotheca Putrum,
is taken, describes the work of Peter from which p. 91, &c. (Euseb. H. E. vii. 32, rii. 13, ix. 6,
the citation is taken, as addressed TpikevTiº TIVI, cum notis Valesii ; Athanasius, Apolog. contra
Cuidam Tricentio. 3. Tepl 3e6t7TOs B. exlov, Liber Arianos, c. 59; Epiphan. 1. c. ; Concilia, Il. a. ;
de Divinitute 6. Deitate. There is a citation from Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 301, vol. i. p. 160, ed.
this treatise in the Acta Concilii Ephesini ; it occurs Oxford, 1740–1743 ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol.
in the Actio prima, and a part of it is again cited v. p. 436, &c. ; Fabric
. Biblioth. Graec. vol. ix. p.
in the Defensio Cyrilli which is given in the sequel 316, &c. ; Galland. Billioth. Putrum, proleg. ad
(pars iii. c. 2) of the Acta, Three citations in vol. iv. c. 6. )
Latin, one of them a version of the passage in the 2. Of ALEXANDRIA (2), was presbyter of the
Defensio Cyrilli, are given in the Acta Concilu Church at Alexandria during the life-time of Atha-
Chalcedon. Actio prima. (Concilia, vol. iii. col. nasius, whom he accompanied for many years in
508, 836, vol. iv. col. 286, ed. Labbe, vol. i. col. his wanderings and shared his dangers. Athanasius
1399, vol. ii. col. 241, ed. Hardouin. ) 4. Nepl this before his death had nominated Peter as his suc-
ésid mulas TOÙ Xplotou, Homilia de Adventu ressor, and after his decease his appointment was
Salvatoris . . Christi. A short citation from this carried into effect with the great applause of the
occurs in the Latin version of the work of Leontius orthodox part of the Alexandrian populace and with
of Byzantium (Leontius, literary, No. 5), Contra the approval of the neighbouring bishops, a. D. 373.
Ncstorianos et Eutychianos, lib. i. (apud Galland. But the Arians, then in the ascendant under the
Biblioth. Patrum, vol. xii. p. 669). A fragment emperor Valens, though they had, from reverence
in the original is given in a part of the Greek text or fear, conceded the quiet possession of the see to
of Leontius published by Mai in bis Scriptorum the age and authority of Athanasius (ATHANA-
Vet. Nova Collectio, vol. vii. p. 134, 4to. Romae, sius), were by no means disposed to acquiesce in
1833. 5, 6. Two fragments, one described, én the appointment of an orthodox successor ; and
TOÙ Fputov nóyou Tepl Toù undè pourápxey Peter was at once deposed, and, according to
την ψυχήν, μηδε αμαρτήσασαν τούτο εις το | Socrates and Sozomen, imprisoned by the officers
owua Bandîvai, Ex primo Sermone, de eo quod nec of the emperor. Tillemont and Galland, however,
praceastitit Anima, nec cum peccasset propterea doubt if he was imprisoned. At any rate he soon
in Corpus missa est, the other as, ék tñs uvo made his escape, and, getting on board ship, fied to
ταγωγίας ής εποιήσατο προς την εκκλησίαν, Rome, where he was kindly received by the pope
μέλλων τον του μαρτυρίου στέφανον αναδέχεσθαι, | Damasus I. , leaving his Arian competitor Lucius
1x Mystagogia quam fecit ad Ecclesiam cum (Lucius, No. 2) in possession of the churches of
Martyrii Coronam suscepturus esset, are cited by Alexandria. On the departure of Valens from
the emperor Justinian, in his Epistola (s. Tractatus) Antioch (A. D. 378) to his fatal war with the Goths,
ail Mennam CPolitanum adversus Origenem, given Peter, who had returned from Rome with letters
in the Acta Concilia CPolitani 11. 8. Oecumenici v. from Damasus, confirming his title to the see, re-
(Concilia, vol. v. col. 652, ed. Labbe, vol. iii. col. covered possession of the churches by favour of the
256, 257, ed. Hardouin. ) Another fragment of populace, who expelled Lucius, and compelled him
the same discourse is contained in the compilation to flee to Constantinople. Peter, however, survived
Leontü et Joannis Rerum Sacrarum Lib. II. pub- his restoration only for a short time, dving A. D.
lished by Mai in the above cited Collectio, vol. vii. 38), and being succeeded in his bishoprie by his
p. 85. 7. Epistola S. Petri Episcopi ad Ecclesiam own brother Timotheus or Timothy. Valesius
Alexandrinam, noticing some irregular proceedings (Not. ad Sozomen. II. E. vii. 9) describes Peter as
of the schismatic Meletius. This letter, which is the abettor of Maximus the Cynic [MAXIMUS
very short, was published in a Latin rersion by ALEXANDRINE's) in his usurpation of the see of
Scipio Maffei, in the third volume of his Obser- Constantinople, but Theodoret (H. E. v. 8) ascribes
duzione Letterarie (6 vols. 12mo. Veronae 1737— the transaction to Timotheus. (Socrates, H. E.
1740). 8. Aldaoralía, Doctrina. A fragment of iv. 20—22, 37 ; Sozomen, H. E. vi. 19, 39;
this work is cited by Leontius and Joannes, and Theodoret, H. E. iv. 20-22. )
was published by Mai (ibid. p. 96). We have Peter was held in the highest esteem by his con
no certain information of any other works of temporaries. Gregory Nazianzen unites him in the
Peter. A fragment of one of his works, of same eulogy with St. Athanasius ; and the emperor
which the title is not given, is cited by the Theodosius the Great, in one of his laws, refers to
emperor Justinian in his Tractatus contra Alono the faith preached by him as the standard of ortho-
physitas, published by Mai in the Collectio already doxy. (Tillemont, Mém. vol. vi. p. 580, &c. ) Two
cited, vol. vii. pp. 306, 307. The Epistola de Lapsis productions of Peter have been preserved in part:-
Tempore Persecutionis, in the Bodleian library i. 'ETITO17) s. Ipáuuata, Epistolu, a letter sent
(Codd. Baroccian. No. clviii. ; see Catalog. MStorum by him, after his escape from Alexandria, to all the
Angliae et Hibern. ), is probably the same as the churches, giving an account of the persecutions and
Canones ; and a fragment from an Epistola ad other atrocities perpetrated by Lucius and the
Epictetum, extant in a MS. in the library of St. Arian party. Theodoret has given a large extract,
Mark at Venice, is probably not from Peter but probably ihe chief part of this, in the original
from Athanasius. Some passages (quaedam loca) Greek (H. E.
