Nothing of his has come down to
us complete, but many considerable fragments
are preserved in the works of classic writers
and anthologists.
us complete, but many considerable fragments
are preserved in the works of classic writers
and anthologists.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
An English writer on archi-
tecture and general art topics; born in London,
Oct. 15, 1782; died at Greenwich, April 2, 1862.
He wrote: (Sir Christopher Wren' (1823);
(The Arts and Artists) (1825); and similar
works.
Elmham, Thomas. A British historian and
monk, born in North Elmham, Norfolk (? ),
probably about 1390; died about 1440. Little
is known of him beyond the fact that he left
a "Life of Henry V. , in prose and verse, and
a History of St. Augustine's Canterbury Mon-
astery,' which is, in spite of its name, a sort of
general chronicle of the kingdom.
Elmsley, Peter. An English classical scholar;
born in 1773; died at Oxford, March 8, 1825.
Editions of Euripides and other Greek authors
reveal his learning.
Elphinston, James. A Scotch versifier, es-
sayist, and etymologist; born in Edinburgh (? ),
Dec. 6, 1721 ; died at Hammersmith, England,
Oct. 8, 1809. He produced metrical versions of
Martial, Fénelon, and other great writers, an
(English Grammar) (1765), and many other
works. He was a zealous spelling-reformer.
Elsholtz, Franz von (els'hõlts). A German
dramatist (1791-1872); born at Berlin. He won
some fame with his first theatrical piece, Come
Hither, a travesty; and in 1827 was appointed
organizer and director of the Court Theatre at
Gotha. (The Court Lady) was much admired
by Goethe. His plays are published in three
volumes, but not now acted.
Elson, Louis Charles. An American musical
critic, lecturer, and author; born in Boston,
Mass. , April 17, 1848. He studied music at the
Leipsic Conservatory. In 1877 he became assist-
ant editor of the Vox Humana, and in 1879 sole
editor. He is at present musical critic of the
Boston Advertiser, and lecturer at the New
England Conservatory of Music. His works
include : History of Music); History of Ger-
man Song); Curiosities of Music.
Elton, Sir Charles Abraham. An English
minor poet; born at Bristol, Oct. 31, 1778; died
at Bath, June 1, 1853. He was a gallant soldier
and no inelegant verse-maker, his Poems
(1804) and versions of classics being his best-
known work,
Elvenich, Peter Joseph (el văn-ich), A Ger-
man Catholic philosopher; born in Embken,
Jan. 29, 1796; died in Breslau, June 16, 1886.
He is easily first among the champions of
the movement known as Hermesianism, after
George Hermes, its founder; and has written :
## p. 169 (#185) ############################################
ELWYN - EMINE
169
1
(Pius IX. , the Hermesians, and Archbishop
von Geissel) (1848); (The Infallible Pope)
(1875); and other polemics.
Elwyn, Alfred Langdon. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. ,
July 9, 1804; died in Philadelphia, March 15,
1884. He originated the Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Society and Farm School, and was
greatly interested in institutions for the blind
and feeble-minded. He published : Bonaparte,
a poem (1848); (Glossary of Supposed Ameri-
canisms) (1800); Melancholy and its Musings)
(1881).
Ely, Richard Theodore. An American po-
litical economist; born in Ripley, N. Y. , April
13, 1854. He graduated at Columbia, and
afterward studied at Heidelberg. Since 1892
he has been professor of political economy
at Wisconsin University. He has published :
(French and German Socialism in Modern
Times); The Past and Present of Political
Economy); “Taxation in American States and
Cities); Problems of To-Day); Political
Economy); (Social Aspects of Christianity);
"Outlines of Economics); and others.
Elyot, Sir Thomas. An English diplomatist
and moral essayist; born 1490; died March 20,
1546. He wrote: (The Governour) (1531), a
system of training young gentlemen for gov-
ernment places; (Of the Knowledge which
Maketh a Wise Man) (1533); (The Castel
of Helth) (1534), in which he poached on the
profession's preserves, and was roundly abused
by them: but the book sold.
Elze, Karl (elts'ė). A German historian of
literature (1821-89); born at Dessau. His spe-
cialty was English literature; he was professor
of English philology in the University of Halle
(1875-89. One of his first works was compil-
ing a Treasury of English Song. He pro-
duced critical editions of Shakespeare and
other English dramatists, and wrote biogra-
phies of Byron and other English authors.
Specially noteworthy is his (Outline of English
Philology. "Westward (1860) contains trans-
lations of English and American poems.
Emants, Marcellus (em'änts). A Dutch
poet and descriptive writer; born at Voorburg
near The Hague, Aug. 12, 1848. His travels
gave play to his keen observation and his
poetical imagination: Among his best are : (A
Journey through Sweden' (1877); Monaco)
(1878); (Along the Nile) (1884); (From Spain)
(1886). He holds a permanent place in the
literature of the Low Countries through his
charming narrative poems "Lilith) (1879); 'The
Shimmer of the Gods) (1883).
Embury, Emma Catherine. An American
poet; born in New York city in 1806; died in
Brooklyn, N. Y. , Feb. 10, 1863. Much of her
work for periodicals was over the pen-name
"Ianthe. ” Among her published works are :
"Guido and Other Poems) (1828); Female Edu-
cation); (The Blind Girl, and Tales); 'Love's
Token Flowers) (1846); and Poems) (1869).
Emerson, Mrs. Ellen (Russell). An Amer-
ican author; born in Massachusetts in 1837.
Her works are : (Indian Myths) (1884); Masks,
Heads, and Faces, with Considerations Re-
specting the Rise and Development of Art. '
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. An eminent Amer-
ican philosopher, poet, essayist, and lecturer;
born in Boston, May 25, 1803; died at Con-
cord, Mass. , April 27, 1882. At first a Unita-
rian minister in Boston, he resigned his pulpit
in 1832, retiring to Concord, where his home
became a centre of intellectual influence. The
works of Emerson comprise the following: (An
Historical Discourse delivered before the Citi-
zens of Concord” (1835); Nature (1836); Car-
lyle's "Sartor Resartus, (edited : 1836); an ora-
tion, (The American Scholar) (1837); (Carlyle's
Essays, (edited : 1838); Method of Nature,
an oration (1841); Essays) (1841); Carlyle's
(Past and Present) (edited : 1843); Man the
Reformer) (1844), a lecture; ( The Young Ameri-
ican) (1844), a lecture; ' Essays) (second series,
1844); (An Address) (1844); Poems) (1847);
(Nature: Addresses and Lectures ) ( 1849 );
(Representative Men,' seven lectures (1850);
(English Traits) (1856); Miscellanies) (1856);
(The Conduct of Life) (1860); May Day and
Other Pieces) (1867); "Society and Solitude)
(1870); (Tribute to Walter Scott) (1871); "Let-
ters and Social Aims) (1876); “Selected Poems)
(1876); (The Fortune of the Republic) (1878),
a lecture; (Complete Works) (1883–84); (Nat-
ural History of Intellect, and Other Papers)
(1893). He also contributed much to the Dial,
and edited the Massachusetts Quarterly Re-
view (1847-50). *
Emerton, Ephraim. An American historical
writer; born in Salem, Mass. , Feb. 18, 1851.
Graduating from Harvard in 1871, he studied
two years at Berlin and Leipsic, the latter
giving him his Ph. D. in 1876. The same year
he was appointed instructor at Harvard, and
in 1882 professor of ecclesiastical history. His
works include : (An Introduction to the Study
of Mediæval History); (Synopsis of the His.
tory of Continental Europe); (The Practical
Method in Higher Historical Instruction);
(Mediæval Europe, 814-1300. '
Emerton, James Henry. An American nat-
uralist; born in Salem, Mass. , 1847. He has
distinguished himself by his illustrations for
many scientific works, and is the author of
(Notes and Additions) to a second edition of
Hentz's (Spiders of the United States) (1875);
(Structures and Habits of Spiders) (1877); and
"Life on the Sea-Shore) (1880).
Emine, Nikita Ossipovich. An Armenian
historian and distinguished scholar; born near
Ispahan, Persia, about 1815; died in Moscow,
Jan. 7, 1891. He was educated at the Lazareff
Institute for Oriental Tongues and at the Uni-
versity, Moscow Russian learning is indebted
to him for his translation into Russian of all
the Armenian historians. His monumental work,
a History of Armenia,' is known to the world
through a French translation.
LE
:
(
## p. 170 (#186) ############################################
170
EMINESCI - ENGLISH
Eminescu, Michael (ă-min-es’kö). The great
lyric poet of Roumania (1849-89); born at
Bucharest. He was for a time editor of The
Times, a strong Conservative journal, and the
fierceness of political strife would seem to have
spoilt his fine poetical genius. He died in a
madhouse. His fame is built on his first vol-
ume of Poems' notable alike for the depth
and elevation of the thought and the melodi.
ousness of the verse; they are mostly elegio.
satiric, and touch questions political, social,
religious, and moral. Some of his poems have
been rendered into German by Carmen Sylva.
Emparan, Diego de (em-pär'än). A distin-
guished Mexican controversial writer; born in
Puebla, April 5, 1718; died in Ravenna, Italy,
about 1807. His book (The Jesuits and the
Pope (1746), published soon after entering the
priesthood, gained him five years' imprison-
ment. The year after his release he issued a
bitter criticism of the Church dignitaries, for
which he was deposed from the priesthood
and imprisoned in the castle of Sant Angelo,
but released later. His work was burned by
the executioner; the single copy saved from
the flames is now in the National Academy of
Mexico. His works include : (The Tombs of
Mohammed and Christ); Voltaire and his
School”; “Science and Superstition); and (Re-
ligion and Hygiene.
Empedocles (em-ped'o-klēz). A celebrated
Sicilian Greek philosopher; born at Agrigen-
tum about B. C. 500; died probably in the
Peloponnesus about B. C. 440. He was phy-
sician, philosopher, and seer, and a poet too,
for his treatises or speculations were written in
verse. We have some considerable fragments
of his work on Nature (or Natural Things)
or Natural Philosophy'). Of another of his
works, on 'Lustrations or (Purifications, there
remain but a few short fragments. *
Empis, Adolphe (em-pe'). A French dram-
atist (1795-1868); born at Paris. His comedies
combine true humor, elegance and keen obser-
vation, with a wholesome moral tone. Among
his works are: (Lambert Symnel; or, The Polit-
ical Manikin (1826); (Generous Through
Vanity) (1827); (Mother and Daughter) (1830);
(Stockjobbery; or, The Fashionable Trade)
(1835); "Lord Novart) (1836); and “The Heir-
ess) (1844). His strongest work, “The Wives
of Henry VIII. ,' failed of success, but is a
happy imitation of Shakespeare.
Enault, Louis (en-o'). A French story-teller
and writer of travels; born at Isigny in 1822.
He wrote books of travel and fiction based
on extensive journeys. The travel sketches
comprise : Constantinople and Turkey); (Nor-
way); (The Mediterranean); (London. The
more notable of his stories are: “The Virgin
of the Libanus); (Love in Lapland”; (The
Baptism of Blood); (Tragic Loves.
Encina, Juan del (en-thë'nä). A celebrated
Spanish dramatist; born at Salamanca, about
1409 ; died there about 1534. His first volume
of poems, (The Song-Book,' contained also a
dissertation on (The Art of Castilian Poesy)
or "The Art of Poetic Invention. His lyrics
are full of charm and lively wit. He wrote
fourteen dramas : eight are shepherd-plays or
eclogues, the rest are pieces for Church holy
seasons. He made the Jerusalem pilgrimage,
and described it in the poem (Tribagia; or,
The Sacred Way of Jerusalem. '
Encisco, Diego Ximenez de (en-thēs'ko).
A Spanish dramatist; born in Andalusia. He
flourished in the sixteenth century, and his
works are quite noted, although little is known
of his life. His best-known play is 'The
Medicis of Florence. )
Endicott, Charles Moses. Junius Amer-
icanus. ) An American historical writer; born
in Danvers, Mass. , 1793; died in Northampton,
Mass. , in 1863. He contributed to the New
England Historical and Genealogical Register
and to the Boston Gazette. He wrote a Life
of John Endicott'; 'The Persian Poet, a Tra-
gedy); (Essays on the Rights and Duties of
Nations); and (Three Orations.
Engel, Eduard (eng'el). A German literary
critic; born at Stolp in Pomerania, Nov. 12,
1851. He made a German translation of
Italian Love-Songs) (1875); and wrote (Lord
Byron: An Autobiography from Journals and
Letters) (1876); “Psychology of French Litera-
ture) (1884); "Did Bacon Write Shakespeare's
Plays ? ) (History of English Literature : With
Appendix, American Literature. )
In his two
published collections of short stories -- (Wall
to Wall' (1890); and (Exiled and Other Stories
(1891) -- he appears as a moderate realist.
Engel, Johann Jakob. A German philos-
opher (1741-1802); born at Parchim in Meck-
lenburg. He was professor of philosophy and
philology in Berlin, and afterward preceptor
to the future Frederic William III. Æsthetic
criticism and art theory owe him much. His
Philosopher for All the World, often reprinted,
consisting of narratives, dialogues, letters, and
essays, his (First Foundations for a Theory of
the Different kinds of Poetry,' and above all
his (Herr Lorenz Stark,' with its fine delinea-
tion of everyday life, give him a place among
the leading representatives of serious literature
in his time.
English, George Bethune. An American
controversial writer; born in Cambridge, Mass. ,
March 7, 1787; died in Washington, D. C. , Sept.
20, 1828. He graduated at Harvard, studied
law, and left it for theology. In 1813 he wrote
a book, "The Grounds of Christianity Exam-
ined,' to which Edward Everett wrote a reply.
English responded with (Five Smooth Stones
out of the Brook. Besides these, he published
replies to William Ellery Channing's two ser-
mons on "Infidelity) (1813).
English, Thomas Dunn. An American
writer ; born in Philadelphia, June 29, 1819.
He graduated from the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1842, and wrote the famous song
(
## p. 171 (#187) ############################################
ENGLISH - ÉPINAY
171
He es-
(Ben Bolt' in 1843. He published (American
Ballads) in 1882, and has also written a con-
siderable amount of miscellany.
English, William. An Irish poet; born in
Newcastle, Limerick (? ); died at Cork, Jan.
13, 1778. His themes were those of humble
life; the well-known ballad (Cashel of Mun-
ster) is a fine specimen of Gaelic vernacular.
Ennes, Antonio (en'nās). A Portuguese
dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1848. He was
for some years prominent in journalism, and
afterward held high government offices. His
first play, (The Lazarists,' had extraordinary
success in Portugal and Brazil, and long held
the stage. It was followed by the comedy
"Eugenia Milton' (1874), and the dramas (The
Troubadours); (The Mountebank); (The Emi-
gration); (A Divorce. The last was translated
into Italian and French.
Ennius, Quintus (en'i-us). A Roman poet ;
born at Rudiæ in Calabria, 239 B. C. ; died in
169 B. C. While a centurion in the army, he was
induced by Cato the elder to visit Rome, and
came into close association with Scipio Afri-
canus and the other great men there. A Ca-
labrian with Greek culture, he was doubtless
the most learned Latin of his time.
sayed nearly every kind of poetry,- narrative
or epic (in his metrical (Annals'), dramatic
(tragedy and comedy), didactic (on natural
philosophy, theology or mythology, and gas-
tronomy).
Nothing of his has come down to
us complete, but many considerable fragments
are preserved in the works of classic writers
and anthologists. *
Enriquez Gomez, Antonio (en-rē'keth).
[Properly Enriquez de Paz. ) A Spanish poet;
born about 1600 at Segovia. His Jewish blood
brought him under suspicion and persecution;
he filed to Amsterdam, professed Judaism, and
was burned in effgy at Seville in 1660. The
dramas (Cardinal de Albornoz) and (Fernan
Mendez Pinto, written before exile, found great
popular favor; his later ones were entered un-
der the name of Calderon, and were mostly
very successful.
Ensor, George. An Irish political writer;
born in Dublin, 1769; died at Ardress, Armagh,
Dec. 3, 1843. His attacks on the English gov-
ernment of Ireland, especially the pamphlets
(On National Government) (1810) and (The
Poor and their Relief (1823), are very sarcastic
and suffused with hatred of the oppressor.
Eötvös, Baron József (ėt-vesh). A Hun.
garian novelist and statesman; born at Buda,
in September 1813; died Feb. 2 or 3, 1871.
The comedies (The Critics) (1830) and (The
Merry Wedding Party) (1833), and the tragedy
"Revenge) (1834), were his first productions.
His best-known novel is (The Village Notary)
(1845), scarifying the Hungarian system of
county government; (The Carthusian' is per-
haps finer as literature. He wrote also histor-
ical novels, as (Hungary in 1514) and (The
Peasants' War in Hungary); and books on
political and social questions, among them:
Observations on Prison Reform' (1842); Influ-
ence of the Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth
Century upon the State) (1851); “Equal Rights
of the Nationalities in Austria' (2d ed. 1851). *
Epicharmos (ep-i-kär'mus). An ancient
Greek comic poet; born in the island of Cos,
540 B. C. , but lived at Syracuse. He is the
founder of the Doric-Sicilian comedy, so-called.
Only a few fragments of his works survive;
they were mostly travesties of myths, with some
scenes from life. They were witty dialogues
containing homely aphorisms.
Epictetus (ep-ik-tē'tus). A Greek Stoic phi-
losopher; born at Hierapolis in Phrygia, about
50 A. D. A slave and then a freedman at
Rome, he taught philosophy there till 94, when
all philosophers were banished by Domitian;
apparently returned later and lived into Ha-
drian's reign. The essential tenets of Stoicism
are nowhere more clearly or feelingly set forth
than by him. No writings of his are known;
but his maxims were gathered and published
in the Encheiridion, or Handbook, and the
Commentaries,' in eight books, of which four
are lost.
The latest English translation of
the latter, Col. Higginson's (1891), is entitled
(The Discourses of Epictetus. *
Epicurus (ep-i-kū’rus). famous Grecian
philosopher; lived from about 341 B. C. to 270
B. C. He was a teacher of philosophy rather as
a rule of life than as a system of knowledge,
and began to teach when he was about 32 years
old, first at Mitylene, then at Lampsacus; but
his great school was at Athens, where he set-
tled about 305 B. C. His discipleship there
led a life of austere abstemiousness in common,
after the manner of a conventual establishment,
but the membership comprised both men and
Their common dwelling was a country-
house surrounded by a garden, which yielded
to the labor of the brethren the simple material
of their frugal fare. Of his numerous writings
little remains. According to him the supreme
good of life is found in pleasure, but not in the
momentary gratification of sense, rather in the
delight inseparable from the practice of virtue.
Rightly interpreted, the doctrine of Epicurus is
as adverse to all sensualism as that of La Trappe;
but the Epicurean doctrines were in time mis-
interpreted and misunderstood, and Epicurean-
ism became a synonym of self-indulgent and
sensuous pleasure.
Épinay, Madame de la Live d' (ep-e-nā').
A notable French writer of memoirs; born at
Valenciennes, March 11, 1726; died April 17,
1783. Having a worthless husband, she culti-
vated intellectual society - Grimm, D'Holbach,
Diderot, Rousseau; for the latter she erected
in her château garden at Montmorency a cot-
tage, «The Hermitage. She published a val-
ued work on education, (The Conversations
of Emilie); Letters to my Son); and My
Happy Moments. ) Her posthumously pub-
lished (Memoirs) constitute a charming auto-
biography written with the freedom of an artist.
1
women.
1
1
## p. 172 (#188) ############################################
172
ERASMUS-ESCHERNY
Erasmus, Desiderius (er-az'mus). (A Latin
paraphrase of his Dutch name. ) A celebrated
Dutch humanist; born at Rotterdam, 1405 or
1467; died July 12, 1536. All his writings are
in Latin. He made a collection of Adages)
(1500), with applications to the time; wrote a
very popular volume of Colloquies) (1521);
and a sweeping satire, “The Praise of Folly:
His editions of works of the ancients -- Cicero,
Seneca, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, etc.
- are innumerable; and he made an elegant
translation of the New Testament, which was
used by Luther in his German version. In
his later years he was caught up in the general
polemic current and wrote against the new
doctrines; his treatise on “Free-Willy calling
forth a reply from Luther in a pamphlet en-
titled (On Slave Will. ? (Complete Works, 10
vols. folio, 1703-6. ) *
Erben, Karl Jaromir (er'ben). A Bohemian
poet, dramatist, and scholar; born in Miletin,
Nov. 7, 1811; died in Prague, Nov. 21, 1870. A
comedy,' The Brewers' (1837); Bohemian Folk
Songs and Proverbs) (1864); (Melodies) (1844-
47); and many philological studies, speak for
his genius and versatility.
Erceldoune, Thomas of. (Called the Rhymer,
and Learmont. ) A Scotch poet and seer, who
fourished probably between 1220 and 1297, and
wrote a poem called (Sir Tristrem. He occu-
pies a very conspicuous position in the annals
of Anglo-Saxon literature, but not very much
is known of his life, and there is even some
dispute respecting his authorship of various
pieces attributed to him.
Ercilla y Zuñiga, Alonso de (ār-thēl'yä ē
THön-ye'gä). A Spanish poet; born in Bermeo,
Aug. 7, 1533; died 1595. He served against the
Araucanian natives of Chili, and wrote a
historico-epical poem, "The Araucanian Wo.
man,' in 37 cantos, which apart from a few
episodes is a faithful narrative of what he saw.
In its portraiture of character it is admirable,
and in its literary form it is classical. Cer.
vantes in Don Quixote) ranks it with the
finest of the Italian epics.
Erckmann-Chatrian (erk'män-shä-trē-on').
Joint name of two French novelists: Émile
Erckmann, born at Pfalzburg, May 20, 1822;
and Alexandre Chatrian, born near the same
town, Dec. 18, 1826, died Sept. 5, 1890. They
were schoolfellows, later compan glass-
blowers, finally literary copartners. (The Ilus-
trious Doctor Mathéus) (1859) was their first
novel, and highly successful; among the others
are : (Stories from the Banks of the Rhine)
(1862); Madame Thérèse) (1863); (Friend
Fritz) (1864); (Story of a Conscript of 1813'
(1865), and its sequel (Waterloo (1865); (Brig-
adier Frederic) (1874); "Banished) (1882).
They portray Alsatian life and the Revolu-
tionary and Napoleonic times with great fidel-
ity and sympathy. They also wrote very
successful plays, as (The Polish Jew) (1869);
(Friend Fritz' (1877); (The Rantzaus) (1882). *
Erdélyi, János (er'dāl-ye). A Hungarian
lyric poet and folklorist; born in Kapos,
Ung, April 1, 1814; died in Sárospatak, Jan.
23, 1868. He shows taste and feeling in a vol-
ume of miscellaneous Poems) (1844), and
great power as a prose stylist in Legends
and Popular Tales of Hungary) (1845-48).
Erdmann, Johann Eduard (erd'män). A
German philosophical writer; born in Volmar,
Livonia, June 13, 1805; died at Halle, June 12,
1892. As a Hegelian he takes high rank with
(An Attempt at a Scientific Exposition of the
History of Later Philosophy) (1834-53); (Out-
lines of the History of Philosophy) (1865);
and kindred works.
Erdmannsdörffer, Bernhard ( erd'mäns.
der''fer). A German historian and biographer;
born in Altenburg, Jan. 24, 1833. On the Com-
merce between Venice and the German States
in the Middle Ages) (1858), and Count George
Frederick von Waldeck: a Prussian Statesman
of the Seventeenth Century' (1809), etc. , are
distinguished for scholarship and style.
Ericeira or Ericeyra, Francisco Xavier de
Menezes, Count of (ār-e-sā'ra). A Portuguese
soldier and poet; born in Lisbon, 1673; died
in 1743. He is a prominent figure in the liter-
ature of his country as the author of the (Henri-
queida' (1741), an epic poem, and a translator
of Boileau.
Ernouf, Alfred Auguste (ār-nöf'). A French
historical writer and publicist; born in Paris,
Sept. 21, 1817; died there, Feb. 15, 1889. New
Studies of the French Revolution (1852-54),
(The French in Prussia, 1807-8) (1872), and
other works, show research and impartiality.
Errante, Vincenzo (er-ränt'é). An Italian
poet and statesman; born at Palermo, July 16,
1813; died in Rome, April 29, 1891. He was
many years
an exile for his share in Sicilian
politics. His works are two volumes of (Tra-
gedies and Lyrics) (1874); the dramas (The
Feast of St. Felix) and (Suleiman the Great';
the poems (The Ideal' and 'Liberty:) Не
wrote also a History of the Osmanli Empire
from Osman to the Peace of Carlowitz. '
Erskine, Sir David. A Scotch dramatist and
antiquary; born 1772; died in Berwickshire,
Oct. 22, 1837. His writings include 'King James
the First of Scotland) (1828), a tragedy, and
(Love amongst the Roses) (1827), a military
opera.
Eschenbach, Wolfram von. A celebrated
German mediæval poet; born of a noble fam-
ily at Eschenbach, near Ansbach, Bavaria, in
the second half of the twelfth century; died
between 1218 and 1225. He was one of the
most prominent minstrels at the court of Her-
mann, landgraf of Thuringia; and his epics
rank among the greatest German imaginative
works. Besides several love songs, he wrote
(Parcival, Wilhelm von Orange,' and (Titurel. "
Escherny, François Louis (āsh-ār-nē'). A
French philosophical and historical essayist and
## p. 173 (#189) ############################################
ESCOSURA- ETLAR
173
critic; born in Neuchâtel, Nov. 24, 1733; died
in Paris, July 15, 1815. He shows friendship to
the French Revolution and the ideas of Rous-
seau, in Equality) (1796); Philosophy of
Politics (1798); "Historic Picture of the Revo-
lution) (1815); and other well-written books.
Escosura, Patricio de la (es-ko-sö'rä). A
Spanish novelist and poet; born at Madrid,
Nov. 5, 1807 ; died there, Jan. 22, 1878. After
political and military ups and downs and being
twice exiled, he became Under-Secretary of
State, and afterward ambassador variously.
He wrote the historical novels (The Count de
Candespina, Neither King nor Pawn,' and
(The Patriarch of the Valley); the epics (The
Bust in Black Cloak) and Hernan Cortés at
Cholula); several dramas, the most successful
of which was "Hernan Cortés's Debaucheries);
and many historical works, among them a
Constitutional History of England.
Esling, Charles Henry Augustine. An Amer.
ican prose-writer and poet; born in Phila-
delphia, 1845. He has written many articles
pertaining to the religious thought of the day
for the Catholic Record and other periodicals,
and has published the Life of St. Germaine
Cousin, the Shepherdess of Pibrac, and sev-
eral poems, one of which is (The King's Ring,
a Legend of Merry England. He has written
many verses that have been widely popular;
bis best-known poem is “The Overture.
Esménard, Joseph Alphonse (ās-mā-när'). A
French poet (1770-1811). He spent years in
foreign countries and at sea during the Revo-
lution ; returning, Napoleon made him theatri-
cal censor. His best work is a didactic poem,
Navigation (1805); other noteworthy ones
are: an ode, (The Oracle of the Janiculum,
in honor of Napoleon's marriage; a collection
of Bonapartist poems and ballads, Napoleon's
Poetic Crown); two operas, “The Triumph of
Trajan) and Hernan Cortés. )
Espinasse, Mademoiselle de l'. See L'Es-
pinasse.
Espinel, Vicente de (es-pē-nel'). A Spanish
poet and musician (1551-1634'). He was in
great favor in society from his musical talent,
and among poets for inventing a new form of
stanza. His Rhymes) were published in 1591.
He wrote a picturesque romance, Life of the
Esquire Marcos de Obregon,' from which Le
Sage was accused of plagiarizing "Gil Blas.
Espronceda, 'José de (es-pron-thā'dä). A
Spanish poet; born at Almendralejo in Estre-
madura, in 1810; died May 23, 1842. A pre-
cocious poet and revolutionist, he wrote the
epic fragment Palayo) in confinement, and
was repeatedly exiled. His Byronic mannerism
and theories exaggerate Byron. His most
notable poems are : "The Pirate); (The Beg.
gar, preaching socialism ; (The Headsman);
the grewsome (Student of Salamanca); finally
his greatest though incomplete piece, (The
Clean Demon' (1841). The volume (Forgotten
Pages) was issued in 1874. *
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse (es-ke-rõs'). A
French historical writer and radical; born at
Paris, May 23, 1812; died May 12, 1876. His
best-known writings are : "Charlotte Corday)
(1840); (The People's Gospel (1840), portray-
ing Christ as a revolutionist - he spent eight
months in jail for this; (The Foolish Virgins,
(The Martyr Virgins,' (The Wise Virgins,
(1841-42), in the interest of socialism. The
(History of the Montagnards) (2 vols. , 1847)
and the History of Liberty's Martyrs) (1851)
were very popular. While banished from France
he contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes
from London a series of studies on England
and English Life, afterward published in 5
vols. (1859-70). *
Estrées, François Annibal, Duke d' (es.
trā'). A French prelate, soldier, diplomat, and
historical writer; born 1573; died May 5, 1670.
He wrote Memoirs of the Regency of Marie
de' Medici (1666), and similar works of great
value in consequence of his participation in
the events he narrates.
Ethelred, Æthelred, Ailred, or Alred. A
British historian; born at Hexham, 1109 (? );
died Jan. 12, 1166. He wrote (The Life and
Miracles of King Edward the Confessor,' and
many other records.
Etherege or Ethrygg, George. An English
classical poet and scholar; born at Thame,
Oxfordshire, 1514 (? ) or 1520 (? ); died after
1588. He wrote (Various Poems) and a Latin
translation of Justin Martyr, in addition to
numerous verses in Greek and Latin.
Etherege, Sir George. An English comedy-
writer and poet; born in Oxfordshire (? ), 1635
(? ); died in Paris, 1691. (The Comical Re-
venge, or Love in a Tub) (1664), "She Would
if she Could) (1667), and other comedies are
mainly notable for indecency, though his char-
acters have originality; the hurried verse as-
cribed to him is not very successful.
Étienne, Charles Guillaume (et-yen'). A
distinguished French dramatist (1778-1845).
Under the first empire he was censor, editor-
in-chief of the Journal of the Empire, and a
member of the Academy; at the Restoration
he was expelled from the Academy, and there-
after as editor of the Constitutionnel was a
power on the side of the opposition. His com-
edies give proof of his brilliant fancy, elegant
style, and great constructive skill : (The Two
Sons-in-Law) is the best comedy of the Im-
perial era, and not unworthy Molière. He
composed many farces, vaudevilles, operettas,
and spectacular pieces, which had unbounded
success; his operas "Cinderella and Joconde)
were the delight of Paris. He wrote a (His-
tory of the French Theatre. )
Etlar, Carit (ātólär), pseudonym of Karl
Brosböll. A Danish realistic novelist, also
dramatist and poet; born in Fridericia, April
7, 1816 or 1820. The historical tale of "The
Queen's Captain of the Guard) and the realistic
story (The People in Need (1878) are exceed-
(
## p. 174 (#190) ############################################
ETTMÜLLER - EVANS
174
a
ingly popular. "The Smuggler's Son) (1839) is
one of the best of his plays, and his verse has
merit.
Ettmüller, Ludwig (et'mül-er). A German
philological critic, poet, and historian; born in
Gersdorf, Saxony, Oct. 5, 1802; died in Zurich,
April 15, 1877. He rescued many mediæval
masterpieces from oblivion. He was also
author of "German Dynasty Founders) (1844)
and other epic poems, besides the Anglo-Saxon
Lexicon' (1852).
Eupolis (ū'po-lis). An Athenian comic poet;
born at Athens about 445 B.
tecture and general art topics; born in London,
Oct. 15, 1782; died at Greenwich, April 2, 1862.
He wrote: (Sir Christopher Wren' (1823);
(The Arts and Artists) (1825); and similar
works.
Elmham, Thomas. A British historian and
monk, born in North Elmham, Norfolk (? ),
probably about 1390; died about 1440. Little
is known of him beyond the fact that he left
a "Life of Henry V. , in prose and verse, and
a History of St. Augustine's Canterbury Mon-
astery,' which is, in spite of its name, a sort of
general chronicle of the kingdom.
Elmsley, Peter. An English classical scholar;
born in 1773; died at Oxford, March 8, 1825.
Editions of Euripides and other Greek authors
reveal his learning.
Elphinston, James. A Scotch versifier, es-
sayist, and etymologist; born in Edinburgh (? ),
Dec. 6, 1721 ; died at Hammersmith, England,
Oct. 8, 1809. He produced metrical versions of
Martial, Fénelon, and other great writers, an
(English Grammar) (1765), and many other
works. He was a zealous spelling-reformer.
Elsholtz, Franz von (els'hõlts). A German
dramatist (1791-1872); born at Berlin. He won
some fame with his first theatrical piece, Come
Hither, a travesty; and in 1827 was appointed
organizer and director of the Court Theatre at
Gotha. (The Court Lady) was much admired
by Goethe. His plays are published in three
volumes, but not now acted.
Elson, Louis Charles. An American musical
critic, lecturer, and author; born in Boston,
Mass. , April 17, 1848. He studied music at the
Leipsic Conservatory. In 1877 he became assist-
ant editor of the Vox Humana, and in 1879 sole
editor. He is at present musical critic of the
Boston Advertiser, and lecturer at the New
England Conservatory of Music. His works
include : History of Music); History of Ger-
man Song); Curiosities of Music.
Elton, Sir Charles Abraham. An English
minor poet; born at Bristol, Oct. 31, 1778; died
at Bath, June 1, 1853. He was a gallant soldier
and no inelegant verse-maker, his Poems
(1804) and versions of classics being his best-
known work,
Elvenich, Peter Joseph (el văn-ich), A Ger-
man Catholic philosopher; born in Embken,
Jan. 29, 1796; died in Breslau, June 16, 1886.
He is easily first among the champions of
the movement known as Hermesianism, after
George Hermes, its founder; and has written :
## p. 169 (#185) ############################################
ELWYN - EMINE
169
1
(Pius IX. , the Hermesians, and Archbishop
von Geissel) (1848); (The Infallible Pope)
(1875); and other polemics.
Elwyn, Alfred Langdon. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. ,
July 9, 1804; died in Philadelphia, March 15,
1884. He originated the Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Society and Farm School, and was
greatly interested in institutions for the blind
and feeble-minded. He published : Bonaparte,
a poem (1848); (Glossary of Supposed Ameri-
canisms) (1800); Melancholy and its Musings)
(1881).
Ely, Richard Theodore. An American po-
litical economist; born in Ripley, N. Y. , April
13, 1854. He graduated at Columbia, and
afterward studied at Heidelberg. Since 1892
he has been professor of political economy
at Wisconsin University. He has published :
(French and German Socialism in Modern
Times); The Past and Present of Political
Economy); “Taxation in American States and
Cities); Problems of To-Day); Political
Economy); (Social Aspects of Christianity);
"Outlines of Economics); and others.
Elyot, Sir Thomas. An English diplomatist
and moral essayist; born 1490; died March 20,
1546. He wrote: (The Governour) (1531), a
system of training young gentlemen for gov-
ernment places; (Of the Knowledge which
Maketh a Wise Man) (1533); (The Castel
of Helth) (1534), in which he poached on the
profession's preserves, and was roundly abused
by them: but the book sold.
Elze, Karl (elts'ė). A German historian of
literature (1821-89); born at Dessau. His spe-
cialty was English literature; he was professor
of English philology in the University of Halle
(1875-89. One of his first works was compil-
ing a Treasury of English Song. He pro-
duced critical editions of Shakespeare and
other English dramatists, and wrote biogra-
phies of Byron and other English authors.
Specially noteworthy is his (Outline of English
Philology. "Westward (1860) contains trans-
lations of English and American poems.
Emants, Marcellus (em'änts). A Dutch
poet and descriptive writer; born at Voorburg
near The Hague, Aug. 12, 1848. His travels
gave play to his keen observation and his
poetical imagination: Among his best are : (A
Journey through Sweden' (1877); Monaco)
(1878); (Along the Nile) (1884); (From Spain)
(1886). He holds a permanent place in the
literature of the Low Countries through his
charming narrative poems "Lilith) (1879); 'The
Shimmer of the Gods) (1883).
Embury, Emma Catherine. An American
poet; born in New York city in 1806; died in
Brooklyn, N. Y. , Feb. 10, 1863. Much of her
work for periodicals was over the pen-name
"Ianthe. ” Among her published works are :
"Guido and Other Poems) (1828); Female Edu-
cation); (The Blind Girl, and Tales); 'Love's
Token Flowers) (1846); and Poems) (1869).
Emerson, Mrs. Ellen (Russell). An Amer-
ican author; born in Massachusetts in 1837.
Her works are : (Indian Myths) (1884); Masks,
Heads, and Faces, with Considerations Re-
specting the Rise and Development of Art. '
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. An eminent Amer-
ican philosopher, poet, essayist, and lecturer;
born in Boston, May 25, 1803; died at Con-
cord, Mass. , April 27, 1882. At first a Unita-
rian minister in Boston, he resigned his pulpit
in 1832, retiring to Concord, where his home
became a centre of intellectual influence. The
works of Emerson comprise the following: (An
Historical Discourse delivered before the Citi-
zens of Concord” (1835); Nature (1836); Car-
lyle's "Sartor Resartus, (edited : 1836); an ora-
tion, (The American Scholar) (1837); (Carlyle's
Essays, (edited : 1838); Method of Nature,
an oration (1841); Essays) (1841); Carlyle's
(Past and Present) (edited : 1843); Man the
Reformer) (1844), a lecture; ( The Young Ameri-
ican) (1844), a lecture; ' Essays) (second series,
1844); (An Address) (1844); Poems) (1847);
(Nature: Addresses and Lectures ) ( 1849 );
(Representative Men,' seven lectures (1850);
(English Traits) (1856); Miscellanies) (1856);
(The Conduct of Life) (1860); May Day and
Other Pieces) (1867); "Society and Solitude)
(1870); (Tribute to Walter Scott) (1871); "Let-
ters and Social Aims) (1876); “Selected Poems)
(1876); (The Fortune of the Republic) (1878),
a lecture; (Complete Works) (1883–84); (Nat-
ural History of Intellect, and Other Papers)
(1893). He also contributed much to the Dial,
and edited the Massachusetts Quarterly Re-
view (1847-50). *
Emerton, Ephraim. An American historical
writer; born in Salem, Mass. , Feb. 18, 1851.
Graduating from Harvard in 1871, he studied
two years at Berlin and Leipsic, the latter
giving him his Ph. D. in 1876. The same year
he was appointed instructor at Harvard, and
in 1882 professor of ecclesiastical history. His
works include : (An Introduction to the Study
of Mediæval History); (Synopsis of the His.
tory of Continental Europe); (The Practical
Method in Higher Historical Instruction);
(Mediæval Europe, 814-1300. '
Emerton, James Henry. An American nat-
uralist; born in Salem, Mass. , 1847. He has
distinguished himself by his illustrations for
many scientific works, and is the author of
(Notes and Additions) to a second edition of
Hentz's (Spiders of the United States) (1875);
(Structures and Habits of Spiders) (1877); and
"Life on the Sea-Shore) (1880).
Emine, Nikita Ossipovich. An Armenian
historian and distinguished scholar; born near
Ispahan, Persia, about 1815; died in Moscow,
Jan. 7, 1891. He was educated at the Lazareff
Institute for Oriental Tongues and at the Uni-
versity, Moscow Russian learning is indebted
to him for his translation into Russian of all
the Armenian historians. His monumental work,
a History of Armenia,' is known to the world
through a French translation.
LE
:
(
## p. 170 (#186) ############################################
170
EMINESCI - ENGLISH
Eminescu, Michael (ă-min-es’kö). The great
lyric poet of Roumania (1849-89); born at
Bucharest. He was for a time editor of The
Times, a strong Conservative journal, and the
fierceness of political strife would seem to have
spoilt his fine poetical genius. He died in a
madhouse. His fame is built on his first vol-
ume of Poems' notable alike for the depth
and elevation of the thought and the melodi.
ousness of the verse; they are mostly elegio.
satiric, and touch questions political, social,
religious, and moral. Some of his poems have
been rendered into German by Carmen Sylva.
Emparan, Diego de (em-pär'än). A distin-
guished Mexican controversial writer; born in
Puebla, April 5, 1718; died in Ravenna, Italy,
about 1807. His book (The Jesuits and the
Pope (1746), published soon after entering the
priesthood, gained him five years' imprison-
ment. The year after his release he issued a
bitter criticism of the Church dignitaries, for
which he was deposed from the priesthood
and imprisoned in the castle of Sant Angelo,
but released later. His work was burned by
the executioner; the single copy saved from
the flames is now in the National Academy of
Mexico. His works include : (The Tombs of
Mohammed and Christ); Voltaire and his
School”; “Science and Superstition); and (Re-
ligion and Hygiene.
Empedocles (em-ped'o-klēz). A celebrated
Sicilian Greek philosopher; born at Agrigen-
tum about B. C. 500; died probably in the
Peloponnesus about B. C. 440. He was phy-
sician, philosopher, and seer, and a poet too,
for his treatises or speculations were written in
verse. We have some considerable fragments
of his work on Nature (or Natural Things)
or Natural Philosophy'). Of another of his
works, on 'Lustrations or (Purifications, there
remain but a few short fragments. *
Empis, Adolphe (em-pe'). A French dram-
atist (1795-1868); born at Paris. His comedies
combine true humor, elegance and keen obser-
vation, with a wholesome moral tone. Among
his works are: (Lambert Symnel; or, The Polit-
ical Manikin (1826); (Generous Through
Vanity) (1827); (Mother and Daughter) (1830);
(Stockjobbery; or, The Fashionable Trade)
(1835); "Lord Novart) (1836); and “The Heir-
ess) (1844). His strongest work, “The Wives
of Henry VIII. ,' failed of success, but is a
happy imitation of Shakespeare.
Enault, Louis (en-o'). A French story-teller
and writer of travels; born at Isigny in 1822.
He wrote books of travel and fiction based
on extensive journeys. The travel sketches
comprise : Constantinople and Turkey); (Nor-
way); (The Mediterranean); (London. The
more notable of his stories are: “The Virgin
of the Libanus); (Love in Lapland”; (The
Baptism of Blood); (Tragic Loves.
Encina, Juan del (en-thë'nä). A celebrated
Spanish dramatist; born at Salamanca, about
1409 ; died there about 1534. His first volume
of poems, (The Song-Book,' contained also a
dissertation on (The Art of Castilian Poesy)
or "The Art of Poetic Invention. His lyrics
are full of charm and lively wit. He wrote
fourteen dramas : eight are shepherd-plays or
eclogues, the rest are pieces for Church holy
seasons. He made the Jerusalem pilgrimage,
and described it in the poem (Tribagia; or,
The Sacred Way of Jerusalem. '
Encisco, Diego Ximenez de (en-thēs'ko).
A Spanish dramatist; born in Andalusia. He
flourished in the sixteenth century, and his
works are quite noted, although little is known
of his life. His best-known play is 'The
Medicis of Florence. )
Endicott, Charles Moses. Junius Amer-
icanus. ) An American historical writer; born
in Danvers, Mass. , 1793; died in Northampton,
Mass. , in 1863. He contributed to the New
England Historical and Genealogical Register
and to the Boston Gazette. He wrote a Life
of John Endicott'; 'The Persian Poet, a Tra-
gedy); (Essays on the Rights and Duties of
Nations); and (Three Orations.
Engel, Eduard (eng'el). A German literary
critic; born at Stolp in Pomerania, Nov. 12,
1851. He made a German translation of
Italian Love-Songs) (1875); and wrote (Lord
Byron: An Autobiography from Journals and
Letters) (1876); “Psychology of French Litera-
ture) (1884); "Did Bacon Write Shakespeare's
Plays ? ) (History of English Literature : With
Appendix, American Literature. )
In his two
published collections of short stories -- (Wall
to Wall' (1890); and (Exiled and Other Stories
(1891) -- he appears as a moderate realist.
Engel, Johann Jakob. A German philos-
opher (1741-1802); born at Parchim in Meck-
lenburg. He was professor of philosophy and
philology in Berlin, and afterward preceptor
to the future Frederic William III. Æsthetic
criticism and art theory owe him much. His
Philosopher for All the World, often reprinted,
consisting of narratives, dialogues, letters, and
essays, his (First Foundations for a Theory of
the Different kinds of Poetry,' and above all
his (Herr Lorenz Stark,' with its fine delinea-
tion of everyday life, give him a place among
the leading representatives of serious literature
in his time.
English, George Bethune. An American
controversial writer; born in Cambridge, Mass. ,
March 7, 1787; died in Washington, D. C. , Sept.
20, 1828. He graduated at Harvard, studied
law, and left it for theology. In 1813 he wrote
a book, "The Grounds of Christianity Exam-
ined,' to which Edward Everett wrote a reply.
English responded with (Five Smooth Stones
out of the Brook. Besides these, he published
replies to William Ellery Channing's two ser-
mons on "Infidelity) (1813).
English, Thomas Dunn. An American
writer ; born in Philadelphia, June 29, 1819.
He graduated from the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1842, and wrote the famous song
(
## p. 171 (#187) ############################################
ENGLISH - ÉPINAY
171
He es-
(Ben Bolt' in 1843. He published (American
Ballads) in 1882, and has also written a con-
siderable amount of miscellany.
English, William. An Irish poet; born in
Newcastle, Limerick (? ); died at Cork, Jan.
13, 1778. His themes were those of humble
life; the well-known ballad (Cashel of Mun-
ster) is a fine specimen of Gaelic vernacular.
Ennes, Antonio (en'nās). A Portuguese
dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1848. He was
for some years prominent in journalism, and
afterward held high government offices. His
first play, (The Lazarists,' had extraordinary
success in Portugal and Brazil, and long held
the stage. It was followed by the comedy
"Eugenia Milton' (1874), and the dramas (The
Troubadours); (The Mountebank); (The Emi-
gration); (A Divorce. The last was translated
into Italian and French.
Ennius, Quintus (en'i-us). A Roman poet ;
born at Rudiæ in Calabria, 239 B. C. ; died in
169 B. C. While a centurion in the army, he was
induced by Cato the elder to visit Rome, and
came into close association with Scipio Afri-
canus and the other great men there. A Ca-
labrian with Greek culture, he was doubtless
the most learned Latin of his time.
sayed nearly every kind of poetry,- narrative
or epic (in his metrical (Annals'), dramatic
(tragedy and comedy), didactic (on natural
philosophy, theology or mythology, and gas-
tronomy).
Nothing of his has come down to
us complete, but many considerable fragments
are preserved in the works of classic writers
and anthologists. *
Enriquez Gomez, Antonio (en-rē'keth).
[Properly Enriquez de Paz. ) A Spanish poet;
born about 1600 at Segovia. His Jewish blood
brought him under suspicion and persecution;
he filed to Amsterdam, professed Judaism, and
was burned in effgy at Seville in 1660. The
dramas (Cardinal de Albornoz) and (Fernan
Mendez Pinto, written before exile, found great
popular favor; his later ones were entered un-
der the name of Calderon, and were mostly
very successful.
Ensor, George. An Irish political writer;
born in Dublin, 1769; died at Ardress, Armagh,
Dec. 3, 1843. His attacks on the English gov-
ernment of Ireland, especially the pamphlets
(On National Government) (1810) and (The
Poor and their Relief (1823), are very sarcastic
and suffused with hatred of the oppressor.
Eötvös, Baron József (ėt-vesh). A Hun.
garian novelist and statesman; born at Buda,
in September 1813; died Feb. 2 or 3, 1871.
The comedies (The Critics) (1830) and (The
Merry Wedding Party) (1833), and the tragedy
"Revenge) (1834), were his first productions.
His best-known novel is (The Village Notary)
(1845), scarifying the Hungarian system of
county government; (The Carthusian' is per-
haps finer as literature. He wrote also histor-
ical novels, as (Hungary in 1514) and (The
Peasants' War in Hungary); and books on
political and social questions, among them:
Observations on Prison Reform' (1842); Influ-
ence of the Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth
Century upon the State) (1851); “Equal Rights
of the Nationalities in Austria' (2d ed. 1851). *
Epicharmos (ep-i-kär'mus). An ancient
Greek comic poet; born in the island of Cos,
540 B. C. , but lived at Syracuse. He is the
founder of the Doric-Sicilian comedy, so-called.
Only a few fragments of his works survive;
they were mostly travesties of myths, with some
scenes from life. They were witty dialogues
containing homely aphorisms.
Epictetus (ep-ik-tē'tus). A Greek Stoic phi-
losopher; born at Hierapolis in Phrygia, about
50 A. D. A slave and then a freedman at
Rome, he taught philosophy there till 94, when
all philosophers were banished by Domitian;
apparently returned later and lived into Ha-
drian's reign. The essential tenets of Stoicism
are nowhere more clearly or feelingly set forth
than by him. No writings of his are known;
but his maxims were gathered and published
in the Encheiridion, or Handbook, and the
Commentaries,' in eight books, of which four
are lost.
The latest English translation of
the latter, Col. Higginson's (1891), is entitled
(The Discourses of Epictetus. *
Epicurus (ep-i-kū’rus). famous Grecian
philosopher; lived from about 341 B. C. to 270
B. C. He was a teacher of philosophy rather as
a rule of life than as a system of knowledge,
and began to teach when he was about 32 years
old, first at Mitylene, then at Lampsacus; but
his great school was at Athens, where he set-
tled about 305 B. C. His discipleship there
led a life of austere abstemiousness in common,
after the manner of a conventual establishment,
but the membership comprised both men and
Their common dwelling was a country-
house surrounded by a garden, which yielded
to the labor of the brethren the simple material
of their frugal fare. Of his numerous writings
little remains. According to him the supreme
good of life is found in pleasure, but not in the
momentary gratification of sense, rather in the
delight inseparable from the practice of virtue.
Rightly interpreted, the doctrine of Epicurus is
as adverse to all sensualism as that of La Trappe;
but the Epicurean doctrines were in time mis-
interpreted and misunderstood, and Epicurean-
ism became a synonym of self-indulgent and
sensuous pleasure.
Épinay, Madame de la Live d' (ep-e-nā').
A notable French writer of memoirs; born at
Valenciennes, March 11, 1726; died April 17,
1783. Having a worthless husband, she culti-
vated intellectual society - Grimm, D'Holbach,
Diderot, Rousseau; for the latter she erected
in her château garden at Montmorency a cot-
tage, «The Hermitage. She published a val-
ued work on education, (The Conversations
of Emilie); Letters to my Son); and My
Happy Moments. ) Her posthumously pub-
lished (Memoirs) constitute a charming auto-
biography written with the freedom of an artist.
1
women.
1
1
## p. 172 (#188) ############################################
172
ERASMUS-ESCHERNY
Erasmus, Desiderius (er-az'mus). (A Latin
paraphrase of his Dutch name. ) A celebrated
Dutch humanist; born at Rotterdam, 1405 or
1467; died July 12, 1536. All his writings are
in Latin. He made a collection of Adages)
(1500), with applications to the time; wrote a
very popular volume of Colloquies) (1521);
and a sweeping satire, “The Praise of Folly:
His editions of works of the ancients -- Cicero,
Seneca, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, etc.
- are innumerable; and he made an elegant
translation of the New Testament, which was
used by Luther in his German version. In
his later years he was caught up in the general
polemic current and wrote against the new
doctrines; his treatise on “Free-Willy calling
forth a reply from Luther in a pamphlet en-
titled (On Slave Will. ? (Complete Works, 10
vols. folio, 1703-6. ) *
Erben, Karl Jaromir (er'ben). A Bohemian
poet, dramatist, and scholar; born in Miletin,
Nov. 7, 1811; died in Prague, Nov. 21, 1870. A
comedy,' The Brewers' (1837); Bohemian Folk
Songs and Proverbs) (1864); (Melodies) (1844-
47); and many philological studies, speak for
his genius and versatility.
Erceldoune, Thomas of. (Called the Rhymer,
and Learmont. ) A Scotch poet and seer, who
fourished probably between 1220 and 1297, and
wrote a poem called (Sir Tristrem. He occu-
pies a very conspicuous position in the annals
of Anglo-Saxon literature, but not very much
is known of his life, and there is even some
dispute respecting his authorship of various
pieces attributed to him.
Ercilla y Zuñiga, Alonso de (ār-thēl'yä ē
THön-ye'gä). A Spanish poet; born in Bermeo,
Aug. 7, 1533; died 1595. He served against the
Araucanian natives of Chili, and wrote a
historico-epical poem, "The Araucanian Wo.
man,' in 37 cantos, which apart from a few
episodes is a faithful narrative of what he saw.
In its portraiture of character it is admirable,
and in its literary form it is classical. Cer.
vantes in Don Quixote) ranks it with the
finest of the Italian epics.
Erckmann-Chatrian (erk'män-shä-trē-on').
Joint name of two French novelists: Émile
Erckmann, born at Pfalzburg, May 20, 1822;
and Alexandre Chatrian, born near the same
town, Dec. 18, 1826, died Sept. 5, 1890. They
were schoolfellows, later compan glass-
blowers, finally literary copartners. (The Ilus-
trious Doctor Mathéus) (1859) was their first
novel, and highly successful; among the others
are : (Stories from the Banks of the Rhine)
(1862); Madame Thérèse) (1863); (Friend
Fritz) (1864); (Story of a Conscript of 1813'
(1865), and its sequel (Waterloo (1865); (Brig-
adier Frederic) (1874); "Banished) (1882).
They portray Alsatian life and the Revolu-
tionary and Napoleonic times with great fidel-
ity and sympathy. They also wrote very
successful plays, as (The Polish Jew) (1869);
(Friend Fritz' (1877); (The Rantzaus) (1882). *
Erdélyi, János (er'dāl-ye). A Hungarian
lyric poet and folklorist; born in Kapos,
Ung, April 1, 1814; died in Sárospatak, Jan.
23, 1868. He shows taste and feeling in a vol-
ume of miscellaneous Poems) (1844), and
great power as a prose stylist in Legends
and Popular Tales of Hungary) (1845-48).
Erdmann, Johann Eduard (erd'män). A
German philosophical writer; born in Volmar,
Livonia, June 13, 1805; died at Halle, June 12,
1892. As a Hegelian he takes high rank with
(An Attempt at a Scientific Exposition of the
History of Later Philosophy) (1834-53); (Out-
lines of the History of Philosophy) (1865);
and kindred works.
Erdmannsdörffer, Bernhard ( erd'mäns.
der''fer). A German historian and biographer;
born in Altenburg, Jan. 24, 1833. On the Com-
merce between Venice and the German States
in the Middle Ages) (1858), and Count George
Frederick von Waldeck: a Prussian Statesman
of the Seventeenth Century' (1809), etc. , are
distinguished for scholarship and style.
Ericeira or Ericeyra, Francisco Xavier de
Menezes, Count of (ār-e-sā'ra). A Portuguese
soldier and poet; born in Lisbon, 1673; died
in 1743. He is a prominent figure in the liter-
ature of his country as the author of the (Henri-
queida' (1741), an epic poem, and a translator
of Boileau.
Ernouf, Alfred Auguste (ār-nöf'). A French
historical writer and publicist; born in Paris,
Sept. 21, 1817; died there, Feb. 15, 1889. New
Studies of the French Revolution (1852-54),
(The French in Prussia, 1807-8) (1872), and
other works, show research and impartiality.
Errante, Vincenzo (er-ränt'é). An Italian
poet and statesman; born at Palermo, July 16,
1813; died in Rome, April 29, 1891. He was
many years
an exile for his share in Sicilian
politics. His works are two volumes of (Tra-
gedies and Lyrics) (1874); the dramas (The
Feast of St. Felix) and (Suleiman the Great';
the poems (The Ideal' and 'Liberty:) Не
wrote also a History of the Osmanli Empire
from Osman to the Peace of Carlowitz. '
Erskine, Sir David. A Scotch dramatist and
antiquary; born 1772; died in Berwickshire,
Oct. 22, 1837. His writings include 'King James
the First of Scotland) (1828), a tragedy, and
(Love amongst the Roses) (1827), a military
opera.
Eschenbach, Wolfram von. A celebrated
German mediæval poet; born of a noble fam-
ily at Eschenbach, near Ansbach, Bavaria, in
the second half of the twelfth century; died
between 1218 and 1225. He was one of the
most prominent minstrels at the court of Her-
mann, landgraf of Thuringia; and his epics
rank among the greatest German imaginative
works. Besides several love songs, he wrote
(Parcival, Wilhelm von Orange,' and (Titurel. "
Escherny, François Louis (āsh-ār-nē'). A
French philosophical and historical essayist and
## p. 173 (#189) ############################################
ESCOSURA- ETLAR
173
critic; born in Neuchâtel, Nov. 24, 1733; died
in Paris, July 15, 1815. He shows friendship to
the French Revolution and the ideas of Rous-
seau, in Equality) (1796); Philosophy of
Politics (1798); "Historic Picture of the Revo-
lution) (1815); and other well-written books.
Escosura, Patricio de la (es-ko-sö'rä). A
Spanish novelist and poet; born at Madrid,
Nov. 5, 1807 ; died there, Jan. 22, 1878. After
political and military ups and downs and being
twice exiled, he became Under-Secretary of
State, and afterward ambassador variously.
He wrote the historical novels (The Count de
Candespina, Neither King nor Pawn,' and
(The Patriarch of the Valley); the epics (The
Bust in Black Cloak) and Hernan Cortés at
Cholula); several dramas, the most successful
of which was "Hernan Cortés's Debaucheries);
and many historical works, among them a
Constitutional History of England.
Esling, Charles Henry Augustine. An Amer.
ican prose-writer and poet; born in Phila-
delphia, 1845. He has written many articles
pertaining to the religious thought of the day
for the Catholic Record and other periodicals,
and has published the Life of St. Germaine
Cousin, the Shepherdess of Pibrac, and sev-
eral poems, one of which is (The King's Ring,
a Legend of Merry England. He has written
many verses that have been widely popular;
bis best-known poem is “The Overture.
Esménard, Joseph Alphonse (ās-mā-när'). A
French poet (1770-1811). He spent years in
foreign countries and at sea during the Revo-
lution ; returning, Napoleon made him theatri-
cal censor. His best work is a didactic poem,
Navigation (1805); other noteworthy ones
are: an ode, (The Oracle of the Janiculum,
in honor of Napoleon's marriage; a collection
of Bonapartist poems and ballads, Napoleon's
Poetic Crown); two operas, “The Triumph of
Trajan) and Hernan Cortés. )
Espinasse, Mademoiselle de l'. See L'Es-
pinasse.
Espinel, Vicente de (es-pē-nel'). A Spanish
poet and musician (1551-1634'). He was in
great favor in society from his musical talent,
and among poets for inventing a new form of
stanza. His Rhymes) were published in 1591.
He wrote a picturesque romance, Life of the
Esquire Marcos de Obregon,' from which Le
Sage was accused of plagiarizing "Gil Blas.
Espronceda, 'José de (es-pron-thā'dä). A
Spanish poet; born at Almendralejo in Estre-
madura, in 1810; died May 23, 1842. A pre-
cocious poet and revolutionist, he wrote the
epic fragment Palayo) in confinement, and
was repeatedly exiled. His Byronic mannerism
and theories exaggerate Byron. His most
notable poems are : "The Pirate); (The Beg.
gar, preaching socialism ; (The Headsman);
the grewsome (Student of Salamanca); finally
his greatest though incomplete piece, (The
Clean Demon' (1841). The volume (Forgotten
Pages) was issued in 1874. *
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse (es-ke-rõs'). A
French historical writer and radical; born at
Paris, May 23, 1812; died May 12, 1876. His
best-known writings are : "Charlotte Corday)
(1840); (The People's Gospel (1840), portray-
ing Christ as a revolutionist - he spent eight
months in jail for this; (The Foolish Virgins,
(The Martyr Virgins,' (The Wise Virgins,
(1841-42), in the interest of socialism. The
(History of the Montagnards) (2 vols. , 1847)
and the History of Liberty's Martyrs) (1851)
were very popular. While banished from France
he contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes
from London a series of studies on England
and English Life, afterward published in 5
vols. (1859-70). *
Estrées, François Annibal, Duke d' (es.
trā'). A French prelate, soldier, diplomat, and
historical writer; born 1573; died May 5, 1670.
He wrote Memoirs of the Regency of Marie
de' Medici (1666), and similar works of great
value in consequence of his participation in
the events he narrates.
Ethelred, Æthelred, Ailred, or Alred. A
British historian; born at Hexham, 1109 (? );
died Jan. 12, 1166. He wrote (The Life and
Miracles of King Edward the Confessor,' and
many other records.
Etherege or Ethrygg, George. An English
classical poet and scholar; born at Thame,
Oxfordshire, 1514 (? ) or 1520 (? ); died after
1588. He wrote (Various Poems) and a Latin
translation of Justin Martyr, in addition to
numerous verses in Greek and Latin.
Etherege, Sir George. An English comedy-
writer and poet; born in Oxfordshire (? ), 1635
(? ); died in Paris, 1691. (The Comical Re-
venge, or Love in a Tub) (1664), "She Would
if she Could) (1667), and other comedies are
mainly notable for indecency, though his char-
acters have originality; the hurried verse as-
cribed to him is not very successful.
Étienne, Charles Guillaume (et-yen'). A
distinguished French dramatist (1778-1845).
Under the first empire he was censor, editor-
in-chief of the Journal of the Empire, and a
member of the Academy; at the Restoration
he was expelled from the Academy, and there-
after as editor of the Constitutionnel was a
power on the side of the opposition. His com-
edies give proof of his brilliant fancy, elegant
style, and great constructive skill : (The Two
Sons-in-Law) is the best comedy of the Im-
perial era, and not unworthy Molière. He
composed many farces, vaudevilles, operettas,
and spectacular pieces, which had unbounded
success; his operas "Cinderella and Joconde)
were the delight of Paris. He wrote a (His-
tory of the French Theatre. )
Etlar, Carit (ātólär), pseudonym of Karl
Brosböll. A Danish realistic novelist, also
dramatist and poet; born in Fridericia, April
7, 1816 or 1820. The historical tale of "The
Queen's Captain of the Guard) and the realistic
story (The People in Need (1878) are exceed-
(
## p. 174 (#190) ############################################
ETTMÜLLER - EVANS
174
a
ingly popular. "The Smuggler's Son) (1839) is
one of the best of his plays, and his verse has
merit.
Ettmüller, Ludwig (et'mül-er). A German
philological critic, poet, and historian; born in
Gersdorf, Saxony, Oct. 5, 1802; died in Zurich,
April 15, 1877. He rescued many mediæval
masterpieces from oblivion. He was also
author of "German Dynasty Founders) (1844)
and other epic poems, besides the Anglo-Saxon
Lexicon' (1852).
Eupolis (ū'po-lis). An Athenian comic poet;
born at Athens about 445 B.
