Michel Foucault: Beyond
Structuralism
and Hermeneutics.
Trakl - T h e Poet's F ad in g Face- A lb e rto G irri, R afael C ad en as a n d P o s th u m a n is t Latin A m e ric a n P o e try
lez, Ana Maria Chouhy Aguirre, Eduardo Jonquie?
res, Juan Rodolfo Wilcock, Alberto Ponce de Leo?
n, E?
dgar Bayley, Olga Orozco, Jose?
Mari?
a Castin?
eira, Vicente Barbieri, Silvina Ocampo, Juan Ferreyra Basso, Enrique Molina, Miguel Angel Go?
mez, Leo?
n Benaro?
s
and Miguel Etchebarne (225). Greatly influenced by Federico Garcia Lorca, Rainer Maria Rilke, Neruda's Residencia en la tierra and French poetic tradition, the confluence of neo-romanticism and surrealism is the dominant shared parentage of their poetry, manifested in the their expressions of melancholy, pessimism, rebellion and longing for infinitude (Ferna? ndez Moreno 227). With their romantic tone and turbulent, grandiloquent first-person poetic subject, Girri's earliest books-- Playa sola (1946) and Coronacio? n de la espera (1947), in particular-- coincide with this aesthetic trend, but these characteristics fade in his following collections.
12Cadenas is associated with the Venezuelan "generacio? n del 60" whose most prominent poets--Alfredo Silva Estrada, Guillermo Sucre, Luis Garcia Morales, Alfredo Chaco? n, Rafael Jose? Mun? oz, Juan Calzadilla, Caupolica? n Ovalles, Vi? ctor Valera Mora, Gustavo Pereira, Hesnor Rivera, Amoldo Acosta Bello, Francisco Pe? rez Perdomo and Jose? Barroeta-- generally follow one or more of these four poetic lines: 1) linguistic and political subversion; 2) surrealist and oneiric experimentation; 3) telluric expression; and 4) formalist/ textualist/ transcendentalist approaches (Miranda 103-4). These poets also formed several important groups-- Cantaclaro, Sardio, El Techo de la Ballena, Tro? pico Uno and Tabla Redonda-- that produced collective manifestos and magazines. Cadenas was a founding member of the leftist Tabla Redonda
26 CONFLUENCIA, FALL 2014
? group (1959-61), affiliated with the Communist party, which was founded to "1. Denunciar con voz revolucionaria la realidad venezolana. 2. Oponerse a las tendencias intelectualistas de algunos grupos literarios. 3. Defender la libertad del creador" (Vera 43). Cadenas later renounced his political affiliations, and his publications from Falsas maiobras (1966) on approach poetry as an ascetic search for individual authenticity.
13 Chronologically, Cadenas' poetic oeuvre is composed of: Cantos iniciales (1946), Una isla (1958), Los cuadernos del destierro (1960, 2001), Derrota (1966), Falsas maniobras (1966), Intemperie (1977), Memorial (1977), Amante (1983), Dichos (1992), Gestiones (1992), and Obra entera. Poesi? ay prosa (Editorial Pre- Textos, 2007; Fondo de Cultura Econo? mica, 2000, 2010).
14For an analysis of Foucault's critique of humanism and the concept of Man as it relates to the Latin American tradition and particularly to Borges, see Zavala.
15 Foucault describes the construction of Man through three doublets, or binary oppositions that structure humanistic thought: 1) an empirico-transcendental doublet; 2) the cogito and the unthought; 3) the retreat and return of the origin. Dreyfus and Rabinow elaborate on these categories: "(1) as a fact among other facts to be studied empirically, and yet as the transcendental condition of the possibility of all knowledge; (2) as surrounded by what he cannot get clear about (the unthought), and yet as a potentially lucid cogito, source of all intelligibility; and (3) as the product of a long history whose beginning he can never reach and yet, paradoxically as the source of that very history" (31).
16All translations are mine unless otherwise indicated.
17Heidegger attempts to ask the question of Being explicitly, not in terms of beings themselves (the ontic), or a conceptualization of Being in terms of a highest being. In his earlier works, Heidegger seeks a meaning of Being, but then reformulates his question in the 1930s as an inquiry into the truth of Being. Truth (aletheia) is understood as the way in which the world is opened up, or in other words, the process whereby the horizon within which beings appear is produced. This process and horizon, Heidegger specifies, is historically conditioned, and epochal: "There is Being only in this or that particular historical character: physis, logos, en, idea, energeia, Substantiality, Objectivity, Subjectivity, the Will, the Will to Power, the Will to Will. [. . . ] The manner in which it, Being, gives itself, is itself determined by the way in which it clears itself" (Identity and Difference 66-67). This part of Heideggers thought-- a historical, as opposed to a transcendental approach to Being-- is not far from Foucault's epistemological periodization of knowledge. 18Heidegger's quaternary description of the world, whose terms originate from a poem by Holderlin, has often been criticized by scholars as a flight of poetic fancy in its description of the interrelatedness of things. Graham Harman, however, evocatively suggests that the "fourfold"-- instead of an arbitrary number of categories to classify the things of the world-- is a means to describe the "structure of reality itself" (176) in which "earth" and "sky" are the respective terms for the universal processes of revealing and concealing, and "divinities" and "mortals" are terms that capture how this dualism operates at the ontic level (see Chapter Two, "Beyond Being and Time," particularly section 18 "The Fourfold"). Both understandings of the fourfold, however, are useful in approaching Girri's and Cadenas' poetry.
19I would like to highlight, following Alain Badiou, that the field of cultural studies is possible because of its grounding in a particular humanism of Man that emanates from the hegemonic logic of late capitalism (Ethics 4--5) that, in his view, neutralizes alternative philosophical inquiries. As Foucault suggests, true thinking today is only possible within "the void left by man's disappearance" (The Order o f Things 343). See also Badiou's discussion of the disappearance of Man and God in Le Siecle (243-51).
20 Many studies test Edward Said's classic model of Orientalism in the Hispanic context, concluding that most Latin American authors do not partake in the power dynamics, cultural representations and political doctrines that constitute Said's definition. See: Tinajero (2004) and Kushigian (1991). Few critics have examined in a systematic fashion the appropriation and adaptation of Eastern philosophical concepts by
Latin American authors.
21 See the following books that explore the connections between Heidegger and Eastern philosophies and religious traditions: May (1996) and Parkes (1990).
Works Cited
Alfonzo Perdomo, Ilis M. Rafael Cadenas, o, La poesi? a como existencia. Ejercicio de aproximacio? n a Los cuadernos del destierro, Falsas maniobras, Intemperiey Memorial. Caracas: Contexto Editores, 1996. Print.
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1 27
? Astorga, Omar, ed. La poesi? a, la vida. En torno a Rafael Cadenas. Caracas: Fondo Editorial de la Facultad de Humanidades y Educacio? n Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1999. Print.
Balza, Jose? . "El presente como epifani? a. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). Rafael Cadenas. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 7-13. Print.
Badiou, Alain. Ethics: A n Essay on the Understanding o f Evil. Trans. Peter Hallward. New York: Verso, 2001. Print.
--------- . Handbook o fInaesthetics. Trans. Alberto Toscano. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2005. Print.
Blanchot, Maurice. Le livre h venir. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1959. Print.
Cadenas, Rafael. "Anotaciones. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000.
529-63. Print.
--------- . "Los cuadernos del destierro. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1959. Mexico, D. F. : FCE,
2000. 61-103. Print.
--------- . "Gestiones. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 385--463.
Print.
--------- . "Intemperie. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 141-57.
Print.
--------- . "Memorial. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 161-325.
Print.
--------- . "Realidady literatura. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1972. Mexico, D. F. : Fondo de
Cultura Econo? mica, 2000. 465-528. Print.
Ca? rcamo-Huechante, Luis and Jose? Antonio Mazzotti. "Presentacio? n: Dislocamientos de la poesi? a
latinoamericana en la escena global. " Revista de Cri? tica Literaria Latinoamericana XXIX. 58 (2003):
9--19. Print.
Clayton, Michelle. Poetry in Pieces: Ce? sar Vallejo and Lyric Modernity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of
California P, 2011. Print.
Cobussen, Marcel. Thresholds. Rethinking Spirituality Through Music. Hampshire, England: Ashgate
Publishing Limited, 2008. Print.
Crespo de Arnaud, Ba? rbara. "Pro? logo. " Alberto Girri: Poemas. Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de Ame? rica
Latina, 1982. 1-VII. Print.
Cueto, Sergio. Seis estudios gi? manos. Buenos Aires: Beatriz Viterbo Editora, 1993. Print.
Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Paul Rabinow.
Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Second ed.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983. Print.
Ferna? ndez Moreno, Ce? sar. La realidady lospapeles. Panoramay muestra de lapoesi? a argentina contempora? nea.
Madrid: Aguilar, 1967. Print.
Foucault, Michel. "L'homme est-il mort ? ". Dits et e? crits I, 1954--1975- Eds. Daniel Defert and Francois
Ewald. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Paris: E? ditions Gallimard, 2001. 568-72. Print. ---------. TheOrderofThings:AnArcheologyoftheHumanSciences. 1966. NewYork:VintageBooksEdition,
1994. Print.
--------- . "What Is Enlightenment? " The Foucault Reader. Ed. Paul Rabinow. New York:Pantheon, 1984.
32-50. Print.
Froment-Meurice, Marc. That Is to Say: Heidegger's Poetics. 1996. Trans. Jan Plug. Stanford: Stanford UP,
1998. Print.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Philosophical Hermeneutics. Trans. David E. Linge. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of
California P, 1976. Print.
Girri, Alberto. "A? rbol de la estirpe humana. " Obra poe? tica III. 1978. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor,
1980. 289-344. Print.
--------- . "La condicio? n necesaria. " Obra poe? tica I. 1960. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1977. 291--335.
Print.
--------- . "Diario de un libro. " Obra poe? tica III. 1972. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1980. 7--111.
Print.
--------- . "Existenciales. '' Obra poe? tica V. 1986. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1988. 80-155. Print. --------- . "Lo propio, lo de todos. " Obra poe? tica TV. 1980. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1984. 31-93.
Print.
--------- . "El motivo es elpoema. " Obrapoe? tica III. 1976. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1980. 221-88.
28
CONFLUENCIA, FALL 2014
Print.
? ----------. Notas sobre la experiencia poe? tica. Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada S. A. , 1983. Print.
----------. "E l ojo! ' Obra poe? tica II. 1963. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1978. 25-102. Print. ----------. "Playa sola. " Obra poe? tica I. 1946. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1977. 9-81. Print. ----------. "Quien habla no esta? muerto. " Obrapoe? tica III. 1975. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1980.
163-288. Print.
----------. Quincepoetas norteamericanos. Buenos Aires: Bibliogra? fica Omeba, 1966. Print.
Harman, Graham. Tool-Being: Heidegger and the Metaphysics o f Objects. Peru, Illinois: Carus Publishing Co. ,
2002. Print.
Heidegger, Martin. "The Age of the World Picture. "Trans. William Lovitt. The Question Concerning
Technology and Other Essays. 1938. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. 115--54. Print.
----------. Identity and Difference. Trans. Joan Stambaugh. 1957. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2002. Print. ----------. "The Question Concerning Technology. " Trans. William Lovitt. The Question Concerning Technology
and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. 3-50. Print.
----------. "The Thing. " Trans. Albert Hofstadter. Poetry, Language, Thought. 1950. New York: Harper & Row,
1971. 161-84. Print.
----------. "W hat Are Poets For? " Trans. Albert Hofstadter. Poetry, Language, Thought. New York: Harper &
Row, 1971. 87-139. Print.
----------. "The Word of Nietzsche. " Trans. William Lovitt. The Question Concerning Technology and Other
Essays. 1938. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. 53--112.
Huidobro, Vicente. The Selected Poetry o f Vicente Huidobro. Ed. David M. Guss. New York: New Directions,
1982.
and Miguel Etchebarne (225). Greatly influenced by Federico Garcia Lorca, Rainer Maria Rilke, Neruda's Residencia en la tierra and French poetic tradition, the confluence of neo-romanticism and surrealism is the dominant shared parentage of their poetry, manifested in the their expressions of melancholy, pessimism, rebellion and longing for infinitude (Ferna? ndez Moreno 227). With their romantic tone and turbulent, grandiloquent first-person poetic subject, Girri's earliest books-- Playa sola (1946) and Coronacio? n de la espera (1947), in particular-- coincide with this aesthetic trend, but these characteristics fade in his following collections.
12Cadenas is associated with the Venezuelan "generacio? n del 60" whose most prominent poets--Alfredo Silva Estrada, Guillermo Sucre, Luis Garcia Morales, Alfredo Chaco? n, Rafael Jose? Mun? oz, Juan Calzadilla, Caupolica? n Ovalles, Vi? ctor Valera Mora, Gustavo Pereira, Hesnor Rivera, Amoldo Acosta Bello, Francisco Pe? rez Perdomo and Jose? Barroeta-- generally follow one or more of these four poetic lines: 1) linguistic and political subversion; 2) surrealist and oneiric experimentation; 3) telluric expression; and 4) formalist/ textualist/ transcendentalist approaches (Miranda 103-4). These poets also formed several important groups-- Cantaclaro, Sardio, El Techo de la Ballena, Tro? pico Uno and Tabla Redonda-- that produced collective manifestos and magazines. Cadenas was a founding member of the leftist Tabla Redonda
26 CONFLUENCIA, FALL 2014
? group (1959-61), affiliated with the Communist party, which was founded to "1. Denunciar con voz revolucionaria la realidad venezolana. 2. Oponerse a las tendencias intelectualistas de algunos grupos literarios. 3. Defender la libertad del creador" (Vera 43). Cadenas later renounced his political affiliations, and his publications from Falsas maiobras (1966) on approach poetry as an ascetic search for individual authenticity.
13 Chronologically, Cadenas' poetic oeuvre is composed of: Cantos iniciales (1946), Una isla (1958), Los cuadernos del destierro (1960, 2001), Derrota (1966), Falsas maniobras (1966), Intemperie (1977), Memorial (1977), Amante (1983), Dichos (1992), Gestiones (1992), and Obra entera. Poesi? ay prosa (Editorial Pre- Textos, 2007; Fondo de Cultura Econo? mica, 2000, 2010).
14For an analysis of Foucault's critique of humanism and the concept of Man as it relates to the Latin American tradition and particularly to Borges, see Zavala.
15 Foucault describes the construction of Man through three doublets, or binary oppositions that structure humanistic thought: 1) an empirico-transcendental doublet; 2) the cogito and the unthought; 3) the retreat and return of the origin. Dreyfus and Rabinow elaborate on these categories: "(1) as a fact among other facts to be studied empirically, and yet as the transcendental condition of the possibility of all knowledge; (2) as surrounded by what he cannot get clear about (the unthought), and yet as a potentially lucid cogito, source of all intelligibility; and (3) as the product of a long history whose beginning he can never reach and yet, paradoxically as the source of that very history" (31).
16All translations are mine unless otherwise indicated.
17Heidegger attempts to ask the question of Being explicitly, not in terms of beings themselves (the ontic), or a conceptualization of Being in terms of a highest being. In his earlier works, Heidegger seeks a meaning of Being, but then reformulates his question in the 1930s as an inquiry into the truth of Being. Truth (aletheia) is understood as the way in which the world is opened up, or in other words, the process whereby the horizon within which beings appear is produced. This process and horizon, Heidegger specifies, is historically conditioned, and epochal: "There is Being only in this or that particular historical character: physis, logos, en, idea, energeia, Substantiality, Objectivity, Subjectivity, the Will, the Will to Power, the Will to Will. [. . . ] The manner in which it, Being, gives itself, is itself determined by the way in which it clears itself" (Identity and Difference 66-67). This part of Heideggers thought-- a historical, as opposed to a transcendental approach to Being-- is not far from Foucault's epistemological periodization of knowledge. 18Heidegger's quaternary description of the world, whose terms originate from a poem by Holderlin, has often been criticized by scholars as a flight of poetic fancy in its description of the interrelatedness of things. Graham Harman, however, evocatively suggests that the "fourfold"-- instead of an arbitrary number of categories to classify the things of the world-- is a means to describe the "structure of reality itself" (176) in which "earth" and "sky" are the respective terms for the universal processes of revealing and concealing, and "divinities" and "mortals" are terms that capture how this dualism operates at the ontic level (see Chapter Two, "Beyond Being and Time," particularly section 18 "The Fourfold"). Both understandings of the fourfold, however, are useful in approaching Girri's and Cadenas' poetry.
19I would like to highlight, following Alain Badiou, that the field of cultural studies is possible because of its grounding in a particular humanism of Man that emanates from the hegemonic logic of late capitalism (Ethics 4--5) that, in his view, neutralizes alternative philosophical inquiries. As Foucault suggests, true thinking today is only possible within "the void left by man's disappearance" (The Order o f Things 343). See also Badiou's discussion of the disappearance of Man and God in Le Siecle (243-51).
20 Many studies test Edward Said's classic model of Orientalism in the Hispanic context, concluding that most Latin American authors do not partake in the power dynamics, cultural representations and political doctrines that constitute Said's definition. See: Tinajero (2004) and Kushigian (1991). Few critics have examined in a systematic fashion the appropriation and adaptation of Eastern philosophical concepts by
Latin American authors.
21 See the following books that explore the connections between Heidegger and Eastern philosophies and religious traditions: May (1996) and Parkes (1990).
Works Cited
Alfonzo Perdomo, Ilis M. Rafael Cadenas, o, La poesi? a como existencia. Ejercicio de aproximacio? n a Los cuadernos del destierro, Falsas maniobras, Intemperiey Memorial. Caracas: Contexto Editores, 1996. Print.
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1 27
? Astorga, Omar, ed. La poesi? a, la vida. En torno a Rafael Cadenas. Caracas: Fondo Editorial de la Facultad de Humanidades y Educacio? n Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1999. Print.
Balza, Jose? . "El presente como epifani? a. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). Rafael Cadenas. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 7-13. Print.
Badiou, Alain. Ethics: A n Essay on the Understanding o f Evil. Trans. Peter Hallward. New York: Verso, 2001. Print.
--------- . Handbook o fInaesthetics. Trans. Alberto Toscano. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2005. Print.
Blanchot, Maurice. Le livre h venir. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1959. Print.
Cadenas, Rafael. "Anotaciones. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000.
529-63. Print.
--------- . "Los cuadernos del destierro. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1959. Mexico, D. F. : FCE,
2000. 61-103. Print.
--------- . "Gestiones. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 385--463.
Print.
--------- . "Intemperie. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 141-57.
Print.
--------- . "Memorial. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1977. Mexico, D. F. : FCE, 2000. 161-325.
Print.
--------- . "Realidady literatura. " Obra entera: Poesi? ay prosa (1958-1995). 1972. Mexico, D. F. : Fondo de
Cultura Econo? mica, 2000. 465-528. Print.
Ca? rcamo-Huechante, Luis and Jose? Antonio Mazzotti. "Presentacio? n: Dislocamientos de la poesi? a
latinoamericana en la escena global. " Revista de Cri? tica Literaria Latinoamericana XXIX. 58 (2003):
9--19. Print.
Clayton, Michelle. Poetry in Pieces: Ce? sar Vallejo and Lyric Modernity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of
California P, 2011. Print.
Cobussen, Marcel. Thresholds. Rethinking Spirituality Through Music. Hampshire, England: Ashgate
Publishing Limited, 2008. Print.
Crespo de Arnaud, Ba? rbara. "Pro? logo. " Alberto Girri: Poemas. Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de Ame? rica
Latina, 1982. 1-VII. Print.
Cueto, Sergio. Seis estudios gi? manos. Buenos Aires: Beatriz Viterbo Editora, 1993. Print.
Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Paul Rabinow.
Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Second ed.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983. Print.
Ferna? ndez Moreno, Ce? sar. La realidady lospapeles. Panoramay muestra de lapoesi? a argentina contempora? nea.
Madrid: Aguilar, 1967. Print.
Foucault, Michel. "L'homme est-il mort ? ". Dits et e? crits I, 1954--1975- Eds. Daniel Defert and Francois
Ewald. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Paris: E? ditions Gallimard, 2001. 568-72. Print. ---------. TheOrderofThings:AnArcheologyoftheHumanSciences. 1966. NewYork:VintageBooksEdition,
1994. Print.
--------- . "What Is Enlightenment? " The Foucault Reader. Ed. Paul Rabinow. New York:Pantheon, 1984.
32-50. Print.
Froment-Meurice, Marc. That Is to Say: Heidegger's Poetics. 1996. Trans. Jan Plug. Stanford: Stanford UP,
1998. Print.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Philosophical Hermeneutics. Trans. David E. Linge. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of
California P, 1976. Print.
Girri, Alberto. "A? rbol de la estirpe humana. " Obra poe? tica III. 1978. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor,
1980. 289-344. Print.
--------- . "La condicio? n necesaria. " Obra poe? tica I. 1960. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1977. 291--335.
Print.
--------- . "Diario de un libro. " Obra poe? tica III. 1972. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1980. 7--111.
Print.
--------- . "Existenciales. '' Obra poe? tica V. 1986. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1988. 80-155. Print. --------- . "Lo propio, lo de todos. " Obra poe? tica TV. 1980. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1984. 31-93.
Print.
--------- . "El motivo es elpoema. " Obrapoe? tica III. 1976. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1980. 221-88.
28
CONFLUENCIA, FALL 2014
Print.
? ----------. Notas sobre la experiencia poe? tica. Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada S. A. , 1983. Print.
----------. "E l ojo! ' Obra poe? tica II. 1963. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1978. 25-102. Print. ----------. "Playa sola. " Obra poe? tica I. 1946. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1977. 9-81. Print. ----------. "Quien habla no esta? muerto. " Obrapoe? tica III. 1975. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1980.
163-288. Print.
----------. Quincepoetas norteamericanos. Buenos Aires: Bibliogra? fica Omeba, 1966. Print.
Harman, Graham. Tool-Being: Heidegger and the Metaphysics o f Objects. Peru, Illinois: Carus Publishing Co. ,
2002. Print.
Heidegger, Martin. "The Age of the World Picture. "Trans. William Lovitt. The Question Concerning
Technology and Other Essays. 1938. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. 115--54. Print.
----------. Identity and Difference. Trans. Joan Stambaugh. 1957. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2002. Print. ----------. "The Question Concerning Technology. " Trans. William Lovitt. The Question Concerning Technology
and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. 3-50. Print.
----------. "The Thing. " Trans. Albert Hofstadter. Poetry, Language, Thought. 1950. New York: Harper & Row,
1971. 161-84. Print.
----------. "W hat Are Poets For? " Trans. Albert Hofstadter. Poetry, Language, Thought. New York: Harper &
Row, 1971. 87-139. Print.
----------. "The Word of Nietzsche. " Trans. William Lovitt. The Question Concerning Technology and Other
Essays. 1938. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. 53--112.
Huidobro, Vicente. The Selected Poetry o f Vicente Huidobro. Ed. David M. Guss. New York: New Directions,
1982.
