" But after he had demonstrated his sympathy he went on: "Now let me tell you something, and it's from the conversations at Di- otima's: 'From Sophocles to Feuermaull' Some young dolt once shouted that in complete
seriousness!
Musil - Man Without Qualities - v2
"Do you know, by the way, that 'appeti- tive' means simply the share that our innate drives have in every emotion?
Therefore," he added, "what we have said is that it is the drives that the world has to thank for beauty and progress.
"
"And its chaotic restlessness," Agathe echoed.
"Usually that's exactly what one says; so it seems to me useful not to ignore the other! For that man should thank for his progress pre- cisely what really belongs on the level of the animal is, at the very least, unexpected. " He smiled as he said this. He, too, had propped himself up on his elbow, and he turned completely toward his sister, as ifhe wished to enlighten her, but he went on speaking hesitantly, like a person who first wants to be instructed by the words he is searching for. ''You were right to speak of an animalistic disposition," he said. "Doubtless there are at its core the same few instincts as the animal has. This is quite clear in the major emotions: in hunger, anger, joy, willfulness, or love, the soul's veil barely covers the most naked desire! "
It seemed that he wanted to continue in the same vein. But al- though the conversation-which had issued from a dream of nature, the sight of the parade of blossoms that still seemed to be drifting through the middle of their minds with a peculiar uneventfulness- did not permit any misconstruing of the fateful question of the rela- tion of brother and sister to each other, it was rather that from beginning to end the conversation was under the influence of this idea and dominated by the surreptitious notion of a "happening without anything happening," and took place in a mood of gentle af-
From the Posthumous Papers · 1333
fliction; although this was the way it was, finally the conversation had led to the opposite of such a pervasive idea and its emotional mood: to the point where Ulrich could not avoid emphasizing the construc- tive activity of strong drives alongside their disturbing activity. Such a clear indication of the drives, including the instinctive, and of the active person in general-for it signified that too-might well be part of an "Occidental, Western, Faustian life feeling," as it was called in the language of books, in contrast to everything that, according to the same self-fertilizing language, was supposed to be "Oriental" or "Asiatic. " He recalled these patronizing vogue words. But it was not his or his sister's intention, nor would it have been in keeping with their habits, to give a misleading significance to an experience that moved them deeply by employing such adventitious, poorly grounded notions; rather, everything they discussed with each other was meant as true and real, even if it may have arisen from walking on clouds.
That was why Ulrich had found it amusing to substitute an expla- nation of a scientific kind for the caressing fog of the emotions; and in truth he did so just because-even if it appeared to abet the "Faustian"- t h e mind faithful to nature promised to exclude every- thing that was excessively fanciful. At least he had sketched out the basis for such an explanation. It was, of course, rather stranger that he had done so only for what he had labeled the appetitive aspect of emotions, but quite ignored how he could apply an analogous idea to the nonappetitive aspect, although at the beginning he had certainly considered them to be of equal importance. This did not come about without a reason. Whether the psychological and biological analysis of this aspect of emotion seemed harder to him, or whether he con- sidered it in toto only a bothersome aid-both might have been the case--what chiefly influenced him was something else, of which he had, moreover, shown a glimpse since the moment when Agathe's sigh had betrayed the painful yet joyous opposition between the past restless passions of life and the apparently imperishable ones that were at home in the timeless stillness under the stream of blossoms. For-to repeat what he had already repeated in various ways-not only are two dispositions discernible in every single emotion, through which, and in its own fashion, the emotion can be fleshed
1334 · THE MAN WITH0 UT QUALITIES
out to the point of passion, but there are also two sorts of people, or different periods of destiny within each person, which differ in that one or the other disposition predominates.
He saw a great distinction here. People of the one sort, as already mentioned, reach out briskly for everything and set about every- thing; they rush over obstacles like a torrent, or foam into a new course; their passions are strong and constantly changing, and the result is a strongly segmented career that leaves nothing behind but its own stormy passage. This was the sort of person Ulrich had had in mind with the concept ofthe appetitive when he had wanted to make it one major notion of the passionate life; for the other sort of person is, in contrast to this, nothing less than the corresponding opposite of the first kind: the second is timid, pensive, vague; has a hard time making up its mind; is full of dreams and longings, and internalized in its passion. Sometimes-in ideas they were not now discussing- Ulrich also called this sort of person "contemplative," a word that is ordinarily used in another sense and that perhaps has merely the tepid meaning of "thoughtful"; but for him it had more than this or- dinary meaning, was indeed equivalent to the previously mentioned Oriental/non-Faustian. Perhaps a major distinction in life was marked in this contemplative aspect, and especially in conjunction with the appetitive as its opposite: this attracted Ulrich more vitally than a didactic rule. But it was also a satisfaction to him, this elemen- tary possibility of explanation, that all such highly composite and de- manding notions of life could be reduced to a dual classification found in every emotion.
Of course it was also clear to him that both sorts of people under discussion could signify nothing other than a man "without quali- ties," in contrast to one who has every quality that a man can show. The one sort could also be called a nihilist, who dreams of God's dreams, in opposition to the activist, who in his impatient mode of conduct is, however, also a kind of God-dreamer and nothing less than a realist, who bestirs himself, clear about the world and active in it. "Why, then, aren't we realists? " Ulrich asked himself. Neither of them was, neither he nor she: their ideas and their conduct had long left no doubt of that; but they were nihilists and activists, sometimes one and sometimes the other, whichever happened to come up.
FURTHER SKETCHES
A MENTALITY DIRECTED TOWARD THE SIGNIFICANT, AND THE BEGINNING OF A CONVERSATION ON THE SUBJECT
If you speak of the double-sided and disorderly way the human being is constituted, the assumption is that you think you can come up with a better one.
A person who is a believer can do that, but Ulrich was not a be- liever. On the contrary: he suspected faith of inclining to the over- hasty, and whether the content of this spiritual attitude was an earthly inspiration or a supra-earthly notion, even as a mechanism for the for- ward movement of the soul it reminded him of the impotent attempts of the domestic chicken to fly. Only Agathe caused him to make an ex- ception; he claimed to envy in her that she was able to believe precipi- tately and with ardor, and he sometimes felt the femininity of her lack of rational discretion as physically as he did one of those other sexual differentiations, knowledge of which arouses a dazzling bliss. He for- gave her this unpredictability even when it really seemed to him un- forgivable, as in her association with the ridiculous person of Professor Lindner, about whom there was much that his sister did not tell him. He felt the reticence of her bodily warmth beside him and was re- minded of a passionate assertion which had it that no person is beauti- ful or ugly, good or bad, significant or soul-destroying in himself, but his value always depends on whether one believes in him or is skepti- cal of him. That was an extravagant observation, full of magnanimity but also undermined by vagueness, which allowed all sorts of infer-
1336 • THE MAN WITHOUT QUALITIES
ences; and the hidden question of whether this observation was not ul- timately traceable to that billy goat of credulity, this fellow Lindner, of whom he knew little more than his shadow, caused a wave to eddy up jealously in the rapid underground river of his thoughts. But as Ulrich thought about this, he could not recall whether it had been Agathe who had made this observation or he himself; the one seemed as possi- ble as the other. As a result of this heady confusion, the wave of jeal- ousy ebbed over all spiritual and physical distinctions in a delicate foam, and he would have liked to voice what his real reservations were about every predisposition to faith. To believe something and to be- lieve in something are spiritual conditions that derive their power from another condition, which they make use of or squander; but this other condition not only was, as seemed most obvious, the solid condition of knowledge but could, on the contrary, be an even more ephemeral state than that of faith itself: and that everything that moved his sister and him pointed precisely in this direction urged Ulrich to speak out, but his ideas were still far from the prospect of pledging himself to it, and therefore he said nothing, but rather changed the subject before he reached that point.
Even a man of genius bears within himself a standard that could em- power him to the judgment that in some totally inexplicable fashion things in the world go backward as well as forward; but who is such a man? Originally Ulrich had not had the slightest desire to think about it, but the problem would not let him go, he had no idea why.
"One must separate genius in general from genius as an individual superlative," he began, but still had not found the right expression. "I sometimes used to think that the only two important species of humans were the geniuses and the blockheads, which don't intermingle very well. But people of the species 'genius,' or people of genius, don't actu- ally need to be geniuses. The genius one gapes at is actually born in the marketplace of the vanities; his splendor is radiated in the mirrors of the stupidity that surround him; it is always connected with something that bestows on it one merit the more, like money or medals: no matter how great his deserts, his appearance is really that of stuffed genius. "
Agathe interrupted him, curious about the other: "Fine, but genius itself? "
"If you pull out of the stuffed scarecrow what is just straw, it would probably have to be what's left," Ulrich said, but then bethought himself and added distrustfully: 'Til never really know what genius is, or who should decide! "
"A senate ofwise men! " Agathe said, smiling. She knew her brother's often quite idiosyncratic way of thinking; he had plagued her with it in
From the Posthumous Papers · 1 3 3 7
many conversations. Her words were meant to remind him rather hypo- critically of the famous demand of philosophy, which had not been fol- lowed in two thousand years, that the governance of the world ought to be entrusted to an academy of the wisest men.
Ulrich nodded. "That goes back to Plato. And if it could have been brought about, presumably a Platonist would have followed him as leader of the reigning spirit until one day-God knows why-the Ploti- nists would have been seen as the true philosophers. That's the way it is, too, with what passes for genius. And what would the Plotinists have made of the Platonists, and before that the Platonists of them, if not what every truth does with error: mercilessly root it out? God proceeded cautiously when he directed that an elephant bring forth only another elephant, and a cat a cat: but a philosopher produces a blind adherent and a counterphilosopher! "
"So God himself had to decide what genius was! " Agathe exclaimed impatiently, not without feeling a soft, proud shudder at this idea and awareness of its precipitate/childish/vehemence.
"I fear it bores him! " Ulrich said. "At least the Christian God. He's out for hearts, without caring whether they have a lot of understanding or a little. Moreover, I believe that there's a lot to be said for the church's contempt for the genius oflaymen. "
Agathe waited a bit; then she simply replied: "You used to have a dif- ferent opinion. "
"I could answer you that the heathen belief that all ideas that move people rested beforehand in the divine spirit must have been quite beautiful; but it's hard to think of divine emanations, since among the things that mean a lot to us there are ideas called guncotton or tires," Ulrich countered at once. But then he seemed to waver and to have grown tired of this jocular tone, and suddenly he revealed to his sister what she wanted to know. He said: "I have always believed, and almost as ififs my nature to, that the spirit, because one feels its power in one- self, also imposes the obligation to make it carry weight in the world. I have believed that to live meaningfully is the only reward, and have wanted never to do anything that was indifferent. And the consequence of this for culture in general may seem an arrogant distortion but is unavoidably this: Only genius is bearable, and average people have to be squeezed to either produce it or allow it to prevail! Mixed in with a thou- sand other things, something of this is also part of the general persua- sion: It's really humiliating for me to have to respond that I never could say what genius was, and don't know now either, although just now I indicated casually that I would ascribe this quality less to a particular individual than to a human modality. "
1338 · THE MAN WITHOUT QUALITIES
He didn't seem to mean it so seriously, and Agathe carefully kept the conversation going when he fell silent. "Don't you yourself find it pretty easy to speak ofan acrobat with genius? " she asked. "It seems that today the difficult, the unusual, and whatever is especially successful ordinar- ily figure in the notion. "
"It began with singers; and if a singer who sings higher than the rest is called a genius, why not someone who jumps higher? By this reasoning you end up with the genius of a pointing dog; and people consider men who won't let themselves be intimidated by anything to be more worthy than a man who can tear his vocal cords out of his throat. Evidently, what's vague here is a twofold use oflanguage: aside from the genius of success, which can be made to cover everything, so that even the stupid- est joke can be, 'in its fashion,' a work of genius, there is also the sub- limity, dignity, or significance of what succeeds: in other words, some kind of ranking of genius. " A cheerful expression had replaced the seri- ousness in Ulrich's eyes, so that Agathe asked what came next, which he seemed to be suppressing.
"It occurs to me that I once discussed the question of genius with our friend Stumm," Ulrich related, "and he insisted on the usefulness ofdis- tinguishing between a military and a civilian notion of genius. But to grasp this distinction, I'll probably have to tell you something about the world of the Imperial and Royal military. The companies of engineers;·• he went on, "are there to build fortifications and for similar work, and are made up of soldiers and subalterns and officers who don't have any particular future unless they pass a 'Higher Engineer[/Genius] Course,' after which they land on the 'Engineering[/Genius] Staff. ' 'So in the military, the Engineer [/Genius] Staffer stands above the engineer [/genius],' says Stumm von Bordwehr. 'And at the very top, of course, there is the General Staff, because that is absolutely the cleverest thing God has done. ' So although Stumm always enjoys playing the antimili- tarist, he tried to convince me that the proper usage of'genius' can really be found only in the military and is graded in steps, while all civilian chatter about genius is regrettably lacking in such order. And the way he twists everything so that you really see to the bottom of truth, it wouldn't be at all a bad idea for us to follow his primer! "
But what Ulrich added to this concerning the dissimilar notions of ge- nius was aimed less at the highest degree ofgenius than at its basic form, thesignificant, whose doubtfulness seemed to him more painful and confusing. It seemed to him easier to arrive at a judgment about what
•The German Genie means both "genius" and "engineer. "-TRANs.
From the Posthumous Papers · 1339
was exceptionally significant than about the significant in general. The first is merely a step beyond something whose value is already unques- tioned, that is, something which is always grounded in a more or less traditional order of spiritual values; the latter, on the other hand, calls for taking the first step into an indefinite and infinite space, which offers almost no prospect of allowing a cogent distinction to be made between what is significant and what is not. So it is natural for language instead to have stuck with the genius of degree and success rather than with the genius value ofwhat succeeds; yet it is also understandable that the cus- tom that has developed of calling any aptitude that is hard to imitate "genius" is connected with a bad conscience, and of course none other than that of a dropped task or a forgotten duty. This scandalized the two of them in a joking and incidental way, but they went on speaking seri- ously. "This is clearest," Ulrich said to his sister, "when, although it mostly happens only by accident, one becomes conscious of an external sign to which scant attention is paid: namely, our habit of pronouncing the noun Genie and its adjective, genial, differently, and not in a way to indicate that the adjective derives from the noun. "
As happens to everyone who is made aware of a practice to which scant attention is paid, Agathe was somewhat surprised.
"After my conversation with Stumm that time, I looked it up in Grimm's dictionary," Ulrich offered by way of excuse. "The military word Genie-in other words, the engineering soldier-came to us, of course, like many military expressions, from the French. In French, the art of the engineer is called le genie, and connected with it is geniecorps, anne du genie, and Ecole du genie, as well as the English engine, the French engin, and the Italian ingenio macchina, the artful tool; the whole clan goes back to the late Latin ingenium, whose hard g became in its travels a soft g and whose fundamental connotation is dexterity and inventiveness: a summation, like the now rather old and creaky expres- sion, 'arts and crafts,' with which official communications and inscrip- tions still sometimes bless us. From there a decayed path also leads to the soccer player of genius, indeed even to the hunting dog of genius or the steeplechase horse of genius, but it would be consistent to pro- nounce adjective and noun the same way. For there is a second Genie and genial, whose meaning is likewise to be found in every language and does not derive from genium but from genius, the more-than-human, or
at least, in reverence for mind and spirit, the culmination of what is human. I hardly need point out that for centuries these two meanings have been dreadfully confused and mixed up everywhere, in language as in life, and not only in German; but, characteristically, in German most of all, so that not being able to keep genius and ingenious apart can be
1340 · THE MAN WITH0UT QUALITIES
called a particularly German problem. Moreover, it has in German a his- tory that in one place affects me greatly-"
Agathe had followed this extended explanation, as is usual in such cases, with some mistrust and a readiness for boredom, while waiting for a turn that would free her from this uncertainty. "Would you consider me a linguistic grouch if I were to propose that from now on we both start using the expression 'inspiriting'? '' Ulrich asked.
A smile and a movement of her head spontaneously indicated his sis- ter's resistance to this archaic term, which has fallen out of use and now bears the scent of old trunks and costumes.
"It is an archaic word," Ulrich admitted, "but this would be a good occasion to use it! And as I said, I did read up on it. If it doesn't bother you to do this in the street, let me have a look at what else I can tell you about it. " With a smile, he pulled a piece ofpaper from his pocket and deciphered various notes he had made in pencil. "Goethe," he an- nounced. " 'Here I saw regret and penitence pushed to caricature, and because all passion replaces genius, really inspiriting. ' In another place: 'Your inspiriting composure often advanced to meet me with magnifi- cent enthusiasm. ' Wieland: 'The fruit of inspiriting hours. ' Holderlin: 'The Greeks are still a beautiful, inspiriting, and happy people. ' And you'll find a similar 'inspiriting' in Schleiermacher, in his earlier years. But already with Immermann you find 'inspired economy' and 'inspired debauchery. ' So there you already have the disconcerting transforma- tion of the notion into the· kettle-patching and slovenly, which is how 'inspired' is understood today. '' He turned the piece of paper this way and that, stuck it back in his pocket, and then took it out once more for assistance. "But its prehistory and preconditions are found earlier," he added. "Kant was already criticizing 'the fashionable tone ofa geniuslike freedom in thinking' and speaks with annoyance of 'genius-men' and 'genius-apes. ' What annoyed him so much is a respectable piece of Ger- man intellectual history. For before him as well as after him people in Germany talked, partly ecstatically, partly disapprovingly, of 'genius urge,' 'genius fever,' 'storm of genius,' 'leaps of genius,' 'calls of genius,' and 'screams of genius,' and even philosophy's fingernails were notal- ways clean, least of all when it believed it could suck the independent
truth from its fingers. "
"And how does Kant decide what a genius is? '' Agathe asked. All she
associated with his famous name was that she remembered having heard that he surpassed everything.
"What he emphasized in the nature of genius was the creative ele- ment and originality, the 'spirit of originality,' which has remained ex- traordinarily influential up to the present day,'' Ulrich replied. "Goethe
From the Posthumous Papers · 1341
later was relying on Kant when he defined the geniative with the words: 'to have many objects present and easily relate the most remote ones to each other: this free of egotism and self-complacency. ' But that's a view that was very much designed for the achievements of reason, and it leads to the rather gymnastic conception of genius we have succumbed to. "
Agathe asked with laughing disbelief: "So now do you know what ge- nius and geniative are? "
Ulrich took the joshing with a shrug of his shoulders. "Anyway, we've found that among Germans, ifwe don't see the strictly Kantian 'spirit of originality,' we feel that eccentric and conspicuous behavior indicates genius," he said.
49
GENERAL VON STUMM ON GENIUS
The conversation with Stumm that Ulrich mentioned had occurred at a chance meeting and had been brief. The General seemed worried; he did not indicate why, but he began to grumble over the nonsense that in civilian life there were so many geniuses. "What is a genius, really? " he asked. "No one has ever called a general a genius! "
"Except Napoleon," Ulrich inteljected.
"Maybe him," Stumm admitted. "But that appears to happen more because his whole evolution was paradoxical! "
Ulrich didn't know what to say to this.
"At your cousin's, I had lots of opportunity to meet people who are designated as geniuses," Stumm declared pensively, and went on: "I be- lieve I can tell you what a genius is: a person who not only enjoys great success but also, in some sense, has to get hold of his subject backward! " And Stumm immediately expounded on this, using the great examples of psychoanalysis and the theory of relativity:
"In the old days it was also often true that you didn't know some- thing," he began in his characteristic fashion. "But you didn't think any- thing of it, and ifit didn't happen during an examination it didn't harm anyone. But suddenly this was turned into the so-called unconscious, and now everyone's unconscious is the size of all the things he doesn't know, and it's much more important to know why you don't know some- thing than what it is you don't know! Humanly speaking, this has, as one says, turned things topsy-turvy, and it's apparently a lot simpler too. ''
1342 · THE MAN WITH0UT QUALITIES
Since Ulrich still did not react, Stumm went on:
"But the man who invented that also established the following law: You will remember that in the regiment one used to admonish the younger men when there had been too much barnyard talk by telling them: 'Don't say it, just do it! ' And what's the opposite of that? In some sense, the challenge: If, because you're a civilized human being, you can't do what you want, at least talk it over with a learned man; for he will convince you that everything that exists rests on something that ought not to exist! Of course I can't judge this from a scientific point of view, but in any case you can see from this that the new rules are abso- lutely the reverse ofthose that prevailed before, and the man who intro- duced them is praised today as a top-notch genius! "
Since Ulrich was apparently still not convinced, and Stumm himself did not feel he had got where he wanted, he repeated his argument using "relativity theory," as he conceived of it: "Like me, you learned at school that everything that moves happens in 'space and time,' " was where his thinking started. "But what is it like in practice? Permit me to say something quite ordinary: You are supposed to be with the front of your squadron at a particular place on the map at such and such a time. Or when you get the order, you're supposed to bring your cavalry from a formation to form a new front, which bears no relation at all to the straight lines on the exercise field. It happens in space and time, but it never happens without incident and never works out the way you want. I, at least, received a hundred reprimands so long as I was with the troops, I tell you that candidly. Even at school I always, so to speak, re- sisted when I had to calculate a mechanical motion in space and time on the blackboard. So I found it a real inspiration of genius the instant I heard that someone had finally discovered that space and time are quite relative concepts, which change at every moment whenever they are put to serious use, although since the creation of the world they have been regarded as the solidest thing there is. That's why this man, and in my view quite rightly, is at least as famous as the other. But it can also be said of him that he's tethered the horse by its tail, which, at least today, is what more or less amounts to the fixed main idea of what a genius is! And that's what I would like to make you see, ifyou place any value on my experience," Stumm concluded.
Ulrich, in his partiality for him, had conceded that the most important scientific teachings ofthe present had their eccentric aspects, or at least showed no fear of them. It might not mean much; but if one is so in- clined, a sign can be seen in this as well. Fearless showiness, a predispo- sition for the paradoxical, self-starting ambition, surprise, and revision of everything on the basis of contradictory details that previously had
From the Posthumous Papers · z343
hardly been noticed, all this had doubtless been part of the fashion in thinking for some time, for with their great achievements these things had just begun to crown precisely those fields where one would not have expected it and where one had been accustomed to the steady adminis- tration and constant increase of an enormous intellectual estate.
"But why? " Stumm asked. "How did it happen? "
Ulrich shrugged his shoulders. He thought of his own abandoned sci- ence, the broaching of its basic questions, their being skewered when their logic was checked out. It had not been much different with other sciences; they felt their edifices shaken through discoveries they had a hard time accommodating. That was the dispensation and the violence of truth. Nevertheless, it still seemed possible to speak of a boredom with everyday, never-ending progress, which up to now, and for the longest time, had been the ideal ofreal, silent faith amid the racket ofall convictions. There was no denying a creeping doubt in all fields about the rightness of the bare, exact process of taking one step before an- other. That, too, might be a cause. Finally, Ulrich answered: "Perhaps it's simply the same as when you get tired: you need a prospect that re- freshes you, or a shove in the back ofyour knees. "
"Why not sit down instead? '' Stumm asked.
"I don't know. In any event, after the longish calm flowering of the mind, you prefer to flirt with revolution. Some such thing seems to be in the offing. By way of comparison, you might perhaps think of the pre- vailing disjointedness in the arts. I don't understand much about politics, but perhaps sometime in the future someone will say that this intellec- tual restlessness already held signs of a revolution. "
"The hell you say! " Stumm exclaimed, arts and revolutionary unrest reminding him of his impressions at Diotima's.
"Perhaps only as a transition to a new stability to come! " Ulrich said soothingly.
That made no difference to Stumm. "Since that tactless business in front of the War Minister I've avoided Diotima's parties," he related. "Don't get me wrong, I have no objection whatever to all those geniuses we've been talking about, who are already preserved in amber-or if I do, it's only that the way they're revered seems to me exaggerated. But I really have it in for the rest of that rabble! " And after a brief but obvi- ously bitter moment he brought himself to ask the question: "Tell me honestly, is genius really so valuable? ''
Ulrich had to smile, and disregarding what he had said before, he now mentioned the enormous-he even called it the magically simpleminded-sense of release that one recognized in the solution to any kind of problem that the most talented and even the greatest spe-
1344 · THE MAN WITHOUT QUALITIES
cialists had vainly striven to find. Genius is the single unconditional human value, it is human value, he said. Without the involvement of genius there would not even be the animal group ofthe higher primates. In his eagerness, he even passionately praised that genius which he was later to call merely the genius of degree and dexterity, to the extent that it was not fundamentally genius by nature.
Stumm nodded with satisfaction. "I know: the invention of fire and the wheel, gunpowder and printing, and so on! In short, from log canoe to logarithms!
" But after he had demonstrated his sympathy he went on: "Now let me tell you something, and it's from the conversations at Di- otima's: 'From Sophocles to Feuermaull' Some young dolt once shouted that in complete seriousness! "
"What bothers you about Sophocles? "
"Ah! I don't know anything about him. But Feuermaul! And here you are claiming that genius is an unconditional value. "
"The touch of genius is the only moment in which that ugly and obdu- rate pupil of God, man, is beautiful and candid! " Ulrich intensified his statement. "But I did not say that it's easy to decide what's genius and what merely fantasy. I'm just saying that wherever a new value really enters the human game, genius is behind it! "
"How can you know whether something is 'really a new value'? " Ulrich hesitated, smiling.
"And then, in any case, whether the value really is worth anything! "
Stumm added with curiosity and concern.
"You often feel it at first sight," Ulrich said.
'Tve been told that people have been mistaken at first sight! "
The conversation faltered. Stumm was perhaps preparing a funda-
mentally different question.
Ulrich said: "You hear the first bars of Bach or Mozart; you read a
page of Goethe or Corneille: and you know that you've touched genius! " "Maybe with Mozart and Goethe, because with them I already know
that; but not with an unknown! " the General protested.
"Do you believe it wouldn't have electrified you even when you were
young? The enthusiasm ofyouth is in itselfrelated to genius! "
"What do you mean, 'in itself'? But ifyou're really forcing me to an- swer: maybe an opera diva might have aroused my enthusiasm. And Alexander the Great, Caesar, and Napoleon excited me once too. But 'in
itself,' writers or composers of any kind have always left me cold! " Ulrich beat a retreat, although he felt that he had merely got hold of a good argument from the wrong end. "I meant to say that a young per- son, as he develops intellectually, sniffs out genius the way a migrating bird senses direction. But apparently that would be confusing things.
From the Posthumous Papers · 1345
For the young person has only the most limited access to what is signifi- cant. He has no particular sense of it, but only a sense for what excites him. He's not even looking for genius, but he's searching for himself and for whatever is an appropriate foothold for the shape ofhis biases. What speaks to him," he declared, "is what's like him, in all the vagueness that goes along with it. It's more or less what he himself believes he can be, and has the same importance in his formation as the mirror, in which he gazes at himselfhappily, but byno means only out ofvanity. That's why it's only to be expected of works of genius that they should have this effect on him; usually it's contemporary things, and among those rather the ones that stimulate moods than those clearly formed by the intellect, just as he prefers mirrors that make his face thin or his shoulders broad to faithful ones. "
"That may well be," Stumm agreed pensively. "But do you believe that people get cleverer later on? "
"There's no doubt that the mature person is more capable and has more experience in recognizing what is significant; but his mature per- sonal aims and powers also force him to exclude many things. It's not that he refuses from lack of understanding but that he leaves things aside. "
"That's it! " Stumm exclaimed, relieved. "He's not as limited as a young person, but I would say he's more circumscribed! And that has to be too. Whenever people like us associate with immature young people of the kind favored by your cousin, God knows we must be ready for anything and have the good sense not to understand half of what they're saying! "
"You might well criticize them. "
"But your cousin says they're geniuses! How do you prove the oppo- site? "
Ulrich would not have been disinclined to follow up this question as well. "A genius is a person who finds a solution where many have looked for it in vain by doing something nobody before him thought of doing," he defined, in order finally to get on, because he was curious himself.
But Stumm declined. "I can stick to the facts themselves," he com- mented. "At Frau von Tuzzi's I've met enough critics and professors in person, and every time that one of the geniuses who improve life or art made assertions that were entirely too far out of line, I discreetly sought these experts' advice. "
Ulrich allowed himself to be distracted. "And what was the result? "
"Oh, they were always very respectful to me and said: 'You shouldn't bother your head about that, General! ' Of course that may be a kind of arrogance they have; for though they nervously praise all new artists,
1346 · THE MAN WITH 0 U T QUALITIES
they nonetheless seem to imagine that these artists, in their own asser- tions, dangerously contradict each other, indeed that they feel some- thing like blind rage toward each other, and that summa summarum they perhaps don't know what they're doing! "
"And did you also find out what those sun-stricken minds that Di- otima cools with laurel think about the critics and professors, to the ex- tent these people don't praise them? " Ulrich asked. "As if the artists were the ones feeding these beasts ofintellect with their flesh, and these beasts were the ones who would leave a mere struggle over bones as the final remains of all man's humanity! "
"You've observed them well! " Stumm agreed as a delighted connois- seur.
"But in the face of so much contradiction, how do you recog- nize whether you've really got hold of a 'genius' or not? '' Ulrich asked logically.
Stumm's answer was honest, ifnot compelling: "I don't give a damn," he said.
Ulrich looked at him in silence. If he wanted merely to engage in a rear-guard skirmish and avoid problems that were more difficult than the circumstances warranted, then it was a mistake for him not to use this moment "to disengage himself from the enemy," as good tactics would have dictated. But he himself did not know what mood he was in. So he finally said: "Nothing gives fake geniuses so much luck with the masses as the incomprehension that genuine geniuses ordinarily have for each other, and, following their example, the pseudo-genuine ones; lamp polishers can't clean Prometheus! " At this conclusion Stumm looked up at him, uncomprehending but thoughtful. "Don't misunder- stand me," he added cautiously. "Remember my eagerness when I was searching for a great idea for Diotima. I know what intellectual aristoc- racy is. Nor am I Count Leinsdorf, for whom that's always a kind of minor nobility. Just now, for example, you brilliantly defined what age- nius is. How did it go? It finds a solution by doing something that hadn't occurred to anyone before! That really says the same thing I've been saying: the important thing is that a genius gets hold of his subject from the wrong end. But that's not intellectual aristocracy! And why isn't it intellectual aristocracy? Because the usual polestar of our age is that whatever the circumstances, what happens must be meaningful, but whether you call it genius or intellectual aristocracy, progress or, as you now often hear people say, a record, just doesn't matter much to our time! "
"But then why did you mention intellectual aristocracy? '' Ulrich prompted impatiently.
From the Posthurrwus Papers · 1347
"I can't really say precisely, for that very reason! " Stumm defended himself. "Anyway," he continued, thinking busily, "perhaps you could say in a way that an intellectual aristocracy in particular is not permitted to leave character in peace. Aren't I right? "
"Yes, you're right! " Ulrich encouraged him, made aware for the first time this precise moment, quite incidentally, as it happened, to heed a distinction like the one between genius and dexterity.
"Yes," Stumm repeated thoughtfully. And then he asked: "But what is character? Is it what helps a man develop the ideas that will distinguish him? Or is it what keeps him from having such ideas? For a man who has character doesn't do much flitting around! "
Ulrich decided to shrug his shoulders and smile.
"Presumably it's connected with what one is accustomed to calling great ideas," Stumm went on skeptically. "And then intellectual aristoc- racy would be nothing except the possession of great ideas. But how does one recognize that an idea is great? There are so many geniuses, at least a couple in every profession; indeed, it's a distinctive mark of our time that we have too many geniuses. How is one to understand them all and not overlook any! " His painful familiarity with the question ofwhat a really great idea was had brought him back to its role in genius.
Ulrich shrugged again.
"There are of course some people, and I've met them," Stumm said, "who never miss the smallest genius that can be dug up anywhere! "
Ulrich replied: ·'Those are the snobs and intellectual pretenders. " The General: "But Diotima is one of these people too. "
Ulrich: "Makes no difference. A person into whom everything he
finds can be stuffed must be built with no shape of his own, like a sack. " "It's true," the General replied rather reproachfully, "that you've often said that Diotima was a snob. And you've sometimes said it about Arnheim as well. But that made me imagine a snob to be someone who is quite stimulating! I've honestly tried hard to be one myself and not let anything slip past me. It's hard for me to suddenly hear you say that you can't even depend on a snob to understand genius. Because you said before that youth couldn't answer for it, nor age either. And then we discussed how geniuses don't, and critics not at all. Well then, genius will
finally have to reveal itself to everyone of its own accord! "
"That will happen in time," Ulrich soothed him, laughing. "Most peo-
ple believe that time naturally turns up what is significant. "
·'Yes, one hears that too. But tell me ifyou can," Stumm asked impa- tiently. "I can understand that one is cleverer at fifty than one was at twenty. But at eight o'clock in the evening I'm no cleverer than I was at eight in the morning; and that one should be cleverer after nineteen
1348 · THE MAN WITH0UT QUALITIES
hundred and fourteen years than after eight hundred and fourteen, that I can't see either! " This led them to go on a bit discussing the difficult subject of genius, the only thing, in Ulrich's opinion, that justified man- kind, but at the same time the most exciting and confusing, because you never know whether you're looking at genius or at one of its half-baked imitations. What are its distinguishing characteristics? How is it passed on? Could it develop further ifit were not constantly being thwarted? Is it, as Stumm had asked, such a desirable thing anyway? These were problems that for Stumm belonged to the beauty of the civilian mind and its scandalous disorder, while Ulrich, on the other hand, compared them with a weather forecast that not only didn't know whether it would be fair tomorrow but didn't know whether it had been fair yesterday ei- ther. For the judgment of what constitutes genius changes with the spirit of the times, assuming that anyone is interested in it at all, which by no means need be the mark of greatness of soul or of mind.
Such puzzles would no doubt have been well worth solving, and so it came about in this part of the conversation that Stumm finally, after shaking his head a few times, proffered his observation about the Engi- neering[/Genius] Staff that Ulrich later repeated to his sister. This expla- nation, that genius needed a Genius Staff, reminded him somewhat painfully, moreover, of what Ulrich himself had half ironically called the General Secretariat of Precision and Soul, and Stumm did not neglect to remind him that he had last mentioned it in his own and Count Leins- dorf's presence during the unfortunate gathering at Diotima's. "At that time you were demanding something quite similar," he held up to him, "and if I'm not mistaken, it was a department for geniuses and the intel- lectual aristocracy. " Ulrich nodded silently. "For the intellectual aristoc- racy," Stumm continued, "would ultimately be what ordinary geniuses don't have. No matter how you define them, our geniuses are geniuses and nothing more, nothing but specialists! Am I right? I can really un- derstand why many people say: today there's no such thing as genius! "
Ulrich nodded again. A pause ensued.
"But there's one thing I'd like to know," Stumm asked with that hint of egotism that attaches to a recurrent perplexing thought: "Is it a re- proach or a distinction that people never say about a general: he's a genius? "
"Both. "
"Both? Why both? "
"I honestly don't know. "
Stumm was taken aback but, after thinking it over, said: "You put that
brilliantly! The people love an officer- as long as they aren't stirred up; and he gets to know the people: the people couldn't care less about ge-
From the Posthunwus Papers · 1349
niuses! But by the time he gets to be a general he has to be a specialist, and if he himself is a specialist genius he then falls into the category that there's no such thing as genius. So he never gets, as I would say if I spelled it out, to the point where the use ofthis wishy-washy term would be appropriate. Do you know, by the way, that I recently heard some- thing really clever? I was at your cousin's, in the most intimate circle, although Arnheim is away, and we were discussing intellectual ques- tions. Then someone pokes me in the ribs and explains Arnheim to me in a whisper: 'He's what you call a genius,' he said. 'More than all the oth- ers. A universal specialist! ' Why don't you say anything? " Ulrich found nothing to say. "The possibilities inherent in this point ofview surprised me. Besides, you yourself happen to be such a kind of universal special- ist. That's why you shouldn't neglect Arnheim so; because ultimately the Parallel Campaign might get its saving idea from him, and that could be dangerous! I would really much prefer that it came from you. "
And although Stumm had (finally) spoken far more than Ulrich, he took his leave with the words: "As always, it's a pleasure talking with you, because you understand all these things de facto much better than ev- eryone else! "
so
GENIUS AS A PROBLEM
Ulrich had related this conversation to his sister.
But even before that he had been speaking of difficulties connected
with the notion ofgenius. What enticedhim to do this? He had no inten- tion of claiming to be a genius himself, or of politely inquiring about the conditions that would enable a person to become one. On the contrary, he was convinced that the powerful, exhausted ambition in his time for the vocation of genius was the expression not of intellectual or spiritual greatness but merely of an incongruity. But as all contemporary ques- tions about life become impossibly entangled in an impenetrable thicket, so do the questions surrounding the idea ofgenius, which in part enticed one's thoughts to penetrate it and in part left them hung up on the difficulties.
After he finished his report, Ulrich had immediately come back to this. Ofcourse, whatever has genius must be significant; for genius is the
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significant accomplishment that originates under particularly distinctive conditions. But "significant" is not only the lesser but also the more gen- eral category. So the first thing was to inquire into this notion again. The words "significant" and "significance" themselves, like all terms that are much used, have different meanings. On the one hand, they are con- nected with the concepts of thinking and knowing. To say that some- thing signifies or has this significance means that it points to, gives to understand, indicates, or can represent in specific cases, or simply gen- erally, that it is the same as something else, or falls under the same head- ing and can be known and comprehended as the other. That is, of course, a relationship accessible to reason and involving the nature of reason; and in this manner anything and everything can signify some- thing, as it can also be signified. On the other hand, the term "signifying something" is used as well in the sense of something having significance or being of significance. In this sense, too, nothing is excluded. Not only a thought can be significant, but also an act, a work, a personality, a posi- tion, a virtue, and even an individual quality of mind. The distinction between this and the other kind of signifying is that a particular rank and value is ascribed to what is significant. That something is significant means in this sense that it is more significant than other things, or simply that it is unusually significant. What decides this? The ascription gives one to understand that it belongs to a hierarchy, an order of mental pow- ers that is aspired to, even should the attainable measure of order be in many things as undependable as it is strict in others. Does this hierarchy exist?
It is the human spirit itself: named not as a natural concept but as the objective spirit.
Agathe asked what this included; it is a notion that people more scien- tifically trained than she threw around so much that she ducked.
Ulrich nearly emulated her. He found the word used far too much. At that period it was used so often in scientific and pseudoscientific argu- ments that it simply revolved around itself. "For heaven's sake! You're becoming profound! " he retorted. The expression had inadvertently slipped from his own lips.
Ordinarily, one understands by "objective spirit" the works of the spirit, the relatively constant share it deposits in the world through the most various signs, in opposition to the subjective spirit as individual quality and individual experience; or one understood by it, and this could not be entirely separated from the first kind, the viable spirit, verifiable, constant in value, in opposition to the inspirations of mood and error. This touched two oppositions whose significance for Ulrich's life had certainly not been simply didactic but-and this he was well
From the Posthu11WUs Papers · 13 51
aware of and had expressed often enough-had become extremely allur- ing and worrisome. So what he meant had elements of both.
· Perhaps he could also have said to his sister that by "objective spirit" one understands everything that man has thought, dreamed, and de- sired; but, to do so means not looking at it as components of a spiritual, historical, or other temporal-actual development, and certainly not as something spiritual-suprasensmy either, but exclusively as itself, accord- ing to its own characteristic content and inner coherence. He could also have said, which appeared to contradict this but in the end came to the same thing, that it should be looked at with the reservation of all the contexts and orderings of which it is at all capable. For what something signifies or is in and of itself he equated with the result that coalesces out of the significances that could accrue to it under all possible conditions.
But one merely needs to put this differently, simply saying that in and of itself, something would be precisely what it never is in and of itself, but rather is in relation to its circumstances; and likewise that its signifi- cance is everything that it could signify; so one merely has to turn the expression on its head for the scruple connected with it to immediately become obvious. For of course the usual procedure, on the contrary, is to assume, even i f only from a usage oflanguage, that what something is in and of itself, or what it signifies, forms the origin and nucleus of every- thing that can be expressed about it in mutable relationships. So it was a particular conception of the nature of the notion and of signifying by which Ulrich had let himself be guided; and particularly because it is not unfamiliar, it might also be stated something like this: Whatever may be understood under the nature of the concept of a logical theory is in ap- plication, as a concept of something, nothing but the countervalue and the stored-up readiness for all possible true statements about that some- thing. This principle, which inverts the procedure of logic, is "empiri- cal," that is, it reminds one, ifone were to apply an already coined name to it, of that familiar line of philosophical thought, without, however, being meant in precisely the same sense. Ought Ulrich now to have ex- plained to his companion what empiricism was in its earlier form and what it had become in its more modest, and perhaps improved, modem version?
"And its chaotic restlessness," Agathe echoed.
"Usually that's exactly what one says; so it seems to me useful not to ignore the other! For that man should thank for his progress pre- cisely what really belongs on the level of the animal is, at the very least, unexpected. " He smiled as he said this. He, too, had propped himself up on his elbow, and he turned completely toward his sister, as ifhe wished to enlighten her, but he went on speaking hesitantly, like a person who first wants to be instructed by the words he is searching for. ''You were right to speak of an animalistic disposition," he said. "Doubtless there are at its core the same few instincts as the animal has. This is quite clear in the major emotions: in hunger, anger, joy, willfulness, or love, the soul's veil barely covers the most naked desire! "
It seemed that he wanted to continue in the same vein. But al- though the conversation-which had issued from a dream of nature, the sight of the parade of blossoms that still seemed to be drifting through the middle of their minds with a peculiar uneventfulness- did not permit any misconstruing of the fateful question of the rela- tion of brother and sister to each other, it was rather that from beginning to end the conversation was under the influence of this idea and dominated by the surreptitious notion of a "happening without anything happening," and took place in a mood of gentle af-
From the Posthumous Papers · 1333
fliction; although this was the way it was, finally the conversation had led to the opposite of such a pervasive idea and its emotional mood: to the point where Ulrich could not avoid emphasizing the construc- tive activity of strong drives alongside their disturbing activity. Such a clear indication of the drives, including the instinctive, and of the active person in general-for it signified that too-might well be part of an "Occidental, Western, Faustian life feeling," as it was called in the language of books, in contrast to everything that, according to the same self-fertilizing language, was supposed to be "Oriental" or "Asiatic. " He recalled these patronizing vogue words. But it was not his or his sister's intention, nor would it have been in keeping with their habits, to give a misleading significance to an experience that moved them deeply by employing such adventitious, poorly grounded notions; rather, everything they discussed with each other was meant as true and real, even if it may have arisen from walking on clouds.
That was why Ulrich had found it amusing to substitute an expla- nation of a scientific kind for the caressing fog of the emotions; and in truth he did so just because-even if it appeared to abet the "Faustian"- t h e mind faithful to nature promised to exclude every- thing that was excessively fanciful. At least he had sketched out the basis for such an explanation. It was, of course, rather stranger that he had done so only for what he had labeled the appetitive aspect of emotions, but quite ignored how he could apply an analogous idea to the nonappetitive aspect, although at the beginning he had certainly considered them to be of equal importance. This did not come about without a reason. Whether the psychological and biological analysis of this aspect of emotion seemed harder to him, or whether he con- sidered it in toto only a bothersome aid-both might have been the case--what chiefly influenced him was something else, of which he had, moreover, shown a glimpse since the moment when Agathe's sigh had betrayed the painful yet joyous opposition between the past restless passions of life and the apparently imperishable ones that were at home in the timeless stillness under the stream of blossoms. For-to repeat what he had already repeated in various ways-not only are two dispositions discernible in every single emotion, through which, and in its own fashion, the emotion can be fleshed
1334 · THE MAN WITH0 UT QUALITIES
out to the point of passion, but there are also two sorts of people, or different periods of destiny within each person, which differ in that one or the other disposition predominates.
He saw a great distinction here. People of the one sort, as already mentioned, reach out briskly for everything and set about every- thing; they rush over obstacles like a torrent, or foam into a new course; their passions are strong and constantly changing, and the result is a strongly segmented career that leaves nothing behind but its own stormy passage. This was the sort of person Ulrich had had in mind with the concept ofthe appetitive when he had wanted to make it one major notion of the passionate life; for the other sort of person is, in contrast to this, nothing less than the corresponding opposite of the first kind: the second is timid, pensive, vague; has a hard time making up its mind; is full of dreams and longings, and internalized in its passion. Sometimes-in ideas they were not now discussing- Ulrich also called this sort of person "contemplative," a word that is ordinarily used in another sense and that perhaps has merely the tepid meaning of "thoughtful"; but for him it had more than this or- dinary meaning, was indeed equivalent to the previously mentioned Oriental/non-Faustian. Perhaps a major distinction in life was marked in this contemplative aspect, and especially in conjunction with the appetitive as its opposite: this attracted Ulrich more vitally than a didactic rule. But it was also a satisfaction to him, this elemen- tary possibility of explanation, that all such highly composite and de- manding notions of life could be reduced to a dual classification found in every emotion.
Of course it was also clear to him that both sorts of people under discussion could signify nothing other than a man "without quali- ties," in contrast to one who has every quality that a man can show. The one sort could also be called a nihilist, who dreams of God's dreams, in opposition to the activist, who in his impatient mode of conduct is, however, also a kind of God-dreamer and nothing less than a realist, who bestirs himself, clear about the world and active in it. "Why, then, aren't we realists? " Ulrich asked himself. Neither of them was, neither he nor she: their ideas and their conduct had long left no doubt of that; but they were nihilists and activists, sometimes one and sometimes the other, whichever happened to come up.
FURTHER SKETCHES
A MENTALITY DIRECTED TOWARD THE SIGNIFICANT, AND THE BEGINNING OF A CONVERSATION ON THE SUBJECT
If you speak of the double-sided and disorderly way the human being is constituted, the assumption is that you think you can come up with a better one.
A person who is a believer can do that, but Ulrich was not a be- liever. On the contrary: he suspected faith of inclining to the over- hasty, and whether the content of this spiritual attitude was an earthly inspiration or a supra-earthly notion, even as a mechanism for the for- ward movement of the soul it reminded him of the impotent attempts of the domestic chicken to fly. Only Agathe caused him to make an ex- ception; he claimed to envy in her that she was able to believe precipi- tately and with ardor, and he sometimes felt the femininity of her lack of rational discretion as physically as he did one of those other sexual differentiations, knowledge of which arouses a dazzling bliss. He for- gave her this unpredictability even when it really seemed to him un- forgivable, as in her association with the ridiculous person of Professor Lindner, about whom there was much that his sister did not tell him. He felt the reticence of her bodily warmth beside him and was re- minded of a passionate assertion which had it that no person is beauti- ful or ugly, good or bad, significant or soul-destroying in himself, but his value always depends on whether one believes in him or is skepti- cal of him. That was an extravagant observation, full of magnanimity but also undermined by vagueness, which allowed all sorts of infer-
1336 • THE MAN WITHOUT QUALITIES
ences; and the hidden question of whether this observation was not ul- timately traceable to that billy goat of credulity, this fellow Lindner, of whom he knew little more than his shadow, caused a wave to eddy up jealously in the rapid underground river of his thoughts. But as Ulrich thought about this, he could not recall whether it had been Agathe who had made this observation or he himself; the one seemed as possi- ble as the other. As a result of this heady confusion, the wave of jeal- ousy ebbed over all spiritual and physical distinctions in a delicate foam, and he would have liked to voice what his real reservations were about every predisposition to faith. To believe something and to be- lieve in something are spiritual conditions that derive their power from another condition, which they make use of or squander; but this other condition not only was, as seemed most obvious, the solid condition of knowledge but could, on the contrary, be an even more ephemeral state than that of faith itself: and that everything that moved his sister and him pointed precisely in this direction urged Ulrich to speak out, but his ideas were still far from the prospect of pledging himself to it, and therefore he said nothing, but rather changed the subject before he reached that point.
Even a man of genius bears within himself a standard that could em- power him to the judgment that in some totally inexplicable fashion things in the world go backward as well as forward; but who is such a man? Originally Ulrich had not had the slightest desire to think about it, but the problem would not let him go, he had no idea why.
"One must separate genius in general from genius as an individual superlative," he began, but still had not found the right expression. "I sometimes used to think that the only two important species of humans were the geniuses and the blockheads, which don't intermingle very well. But people of the species 'genius,' or people of genius, don't actu- ally need to be geniuses. The genius one gapes at is actually born in the marketplace of the vanities; his splendor is radiated in the mirrors of the stupidity that surround him; it is always connected with something that bestows on it one merit the more, like money or medals: no matter how great his deserts, his appearance is really that of stuffed genius. "
Agathe interrupted him, curious about the other: "Fine, but genius itself? "
"If you pull out of the stuffed scarecrow what is just straw, it would probably have to be what's left," Ulrich said, but then bethought himself and added distrustfully: 'Til never really know what genius is, or who should decide! "
"A senate ofwise men! " Agathe said, smiling. She knew her brother's often quite idiosyncratic way of thinking; he had plagued her with it in
From the Posthumous Papers · 1 3 3 7
many conversations. Her words were meant to remind him rather hypo- critically of the famous demand of philosophy, which had not been fol- lowed in two thousand years, that the governance of the world ought to be entrusted to an academy of the wisest men.
Ulrich nodded. "That goes back to Plato. And if it could have been brought about, presumably a Platonist would have followed him as leader of the reigning spirit until one day-God knows why-the Ploti- nists would have been seen as the true philosophers. That's the way it is, too, with what passes for genius. And what would the Plotinists have made of the Platonists, and before that the Platonists of them, if not what every truth does with error: mercilessly root it out? God proceeded cautiously when he directed that an elephant bring forth only another elephant, and a cat a cat: but a philosopher produces a blind adherent and a counterphilosopher! "
"So God himself had to decide what genius was! " Agathe exclaimed impatiently, not without feeling a soft, proud shudder at this idea and awareness of its precipitate/childish/vehemence.
"I fear it bores him! " Ulrich said. "At least the Christian God. He's out for hearts, without caring whether they have a lot of understanding or a little. Moreover, I believe that there's a lot to be said for the church's contempt for the genius oflaymen. "
Agathe waited a bit; then she simply replied: "You used to have a dif- ferent opinion. "
"I could answer you that the heathen belief that all ideas that move people rested beforehand in the divine spirit must have been quite beautiful; but it's hard to think of divine emanations, since among the things that mean a lot to us there are ideas called guncotton or tires," Ulrich countered at once. But then he seemed to waver and to have grown tired of this jocular tone, and suddenly he revealed to his sister what she wanted to know. He said: "I have always believed, and almost as ififs my nature to, that the spirit, because one feels its power in one- self, also imposes the obligation to make it carry weight in the world. I have believed that to live meaningfully is the only reward, and have wanted never to do anything that was indifferent. And the consequence of this for culture in general may seem an arrogant distortion but is unavoidably this: Only genius is bearable, and average people have to be squeezed to either produce it or allow it to prevail! Mixed in with a thou- sand other things, something of this is also part of the general persua- sion: It's really humiliating for me to have to respond that I never could say what genius was, and don't know now either, although just now I indicated casually that I would ascribe this quality less to a particular individual than to a human modality. "
1338 · THE MAN WITHOUT QUALITIES
He didn't seem to mean it so seriously, and Agathe carefully kept the conversation going when he fell silent. "Don't you yourself find it pretty easy to speak ofan acrobat with genius? " she asked. "It seems that today the difficult, the unusual, and whatever is especially successful ordinar- ily figure in the notion. "
"It began with singers; and if a singer who sings higher than the rest is called a genius, why not someone who jumps higher? By this reasoning you end up with the genius of a pointing dog; and people consider men who won't let themselves be intimidated by anything to be more worthy than a man who can tear his vocal cords out of his throat. Evidently, what's vague here is a twofold use oflanguage: aside from the genius of success, which can be made to cover everything, so that even the stupid- est joke can be, 'in its fashion,' a work of genius, there is also the sub- limity, dignity, or significance of what succeeds: in other words, some kind of ranking of genius. " A cheerful expression had replaced the seri- ousness in Ulrich's eyes, so that Agathe asked what came next, which he seemed to be suppressing.
"It occurs to me that I once discussed the question of genius with our friend Stumm," Ulrich related, "and he insisted on the usefulness ofdis- tinguishing between a military and a civilian notion of genius. But to grasp this distinction, I'll probably have to tell you something about the world of the Imperial and Royal military. The companies of engineers;·• he went on, "are there to build fortifications and for similar work, and are made up of soldiers and subalterns and officers who don't have any particular future unless they pass a 'Higher Engineer[/Genius] Course,' after which they land on the 'Engineering[/Genius] Staff. ' 'So in the military, the Engineer [/Genius] Staffer stands above the engineer [/genius],' says Stumm von Bordwehr. 'And at the very top, of course, there is the General Staff, because that is absolutely the cleverest thing God has done. ' So although Stumm always enjoys playing the antimili- tarist, he tried to convince me that the proper usage of'genius' can really be found only in the military and is graded in steps, while all civilian chatter about genius is regrettably lacking in such order. And the way he twists everything so that you really see to the bottom of truth, it wouldn't be at all a bad idea for us to follow his primer! "
But what Ulrich added to this concerning the dissimilar notions of ge- nius was aimed less at the highest degree ofgenius than at its basic form, thesignificant, whose doubtfulness seemed to him more painful and confusing. It seemed to him easier to arrive at a judgment about what
•The German Genie means both "genius" and "engineer. "-TRANs.
From the Posthumous Papers · 1339
was exceptionally significant than about the significant in general. The first is merely a step beyond something whose value is already unques- tioned, that is, something which is always grounded in a more or less traditional order of spiritual values; the latter, on the other hand, calls for taking the first step into an indefinite and infinite space, which offers almost no prospect of allowing a cogent distinction to be made between what is significant and what is not. So it is natural for language instead to have stuck with the genius of degree and success rather than with the genius value ofwhat succeeds; yet it is also understandable that the cus- tom that has developed of calling any aptitude that is hard to imitate "genius" is connected with a bad conscience, and of course none other than that of a dropped task or a forgotten duty. This scandalized the two of them in a joking and incidental way, but they went on speaking seri- ously. "This is clearest," Ulrich said to his sister, "when, although it mostly happens only by accident, one becomes conscious of an external sign to which scant attention is paid: namely, our habit of pronouncing the noun Genie and its adjective, genial, differently, and not in a way to indicate that the adjective derives from the noun. "
As happens to everyone who is made aware of a practice to which scant attention is paid, Agathe was somewhat surprised.
"After my conversation with Stumm that time, I looked it up in Grimm's dictionary," Ulrich offered by way of excuse. "The military word Genie-in other words, the engineering soldier-came to us, of course, like many military expressions, from the French. In French, the art of the engineer is called le genie, and connected with it is geniecorps, anne du genie, and Ecole du genie, as well as the English engine, the French engin, and the Italian ingenio macchina, the artful tool; the whole clan goes back to the late Latin ingenium, whose hard g became in its travels a soft g and whose fundamental connotation is dexterity and inventiveness: a summation, like the now rather old and creaky expres- sion, 'arts and crafts,' with which official communications and inscrip- tions still sometimes bless us. From there a decayed path also leads to the soccer player of genius, indeed even to the hunting dog of genius or the steeplechase horse of genius, but it would be consistent to pro- nounce adjective and noun the same way. For there is a second Genie and genial, whose meaning is likewise to be found in every language and does not derive from genium but from genius, the more-than-human, or
at least, in reverence for mind and spirit, the culmination of what is human. I hardly need point out that for centuries these two meanings have been dreadfully confused and mixed up everywhere, in language as in life, and not only in German; but, characteristically, in German most of all, so that not being able to keep genius and ingenious apart can be
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called a particularly German problem. Moreover, it has in German a his- tory that in one place affects me greatly-"
Agathe had followed this extended explanation, as is usual in such cases, with some mistrust and a readiness for boredom, while waiting for a turn that would free her from this uncertainty. "Would you consider me a linguistic grouch if I were to propose that from now on we both start using the expression 'inspiriting'? '' Ulrich asked.
A smile and a movement of her head spontaneously indicated his sis- ter's resistance to this archaic term, which has fallen out of use and now bears the scent of old trunks and costumes.
"It is an archaic word," Ulrich admitted, "but this would be a good occasion to use it! And as I said, I did read up on it. If it doesn't bother you to do this in the street, let me have a look at what else I can tell you about it. " With a smile, he pulled a piece ofpaper from his pocket and deciphered various notes he had made in pencil. "Goethe," he an- nounced. " 'Here I saw regret and penitence pushed to caricature, and because all passion replaces genius, really inspiriting. ' In another place: 'Your inspiriting composure often advanced to meet me with magnifi- cent enthusiasm. ' Wieland: 'The fruit of inspiriting hours. ' Holderlin: 'The Greeks are still a beautiful, inspiriting, and happy people. ' And you'll find a similar 'inspiriting' in Schleiermacher, in his earlier years. But already with Immermann you find 'inspired economy' and 'inspired debauchery. ' So there you already have the disconcerting transforma- tion of the notion into the· kettle-patching and slovenly, which is how 'inspired' is understood today. '' He turned the piece of paper this way and that, stuck it back in his pocket, and then took it out once more for assistance. "But its prehistory and preconditions are found earlier," he added. "Kant was already criticizing 'the fashionable tone ofa geniuslike freedom in thinking' and speaks with annoyance of 'genius-men' and 'genius-apes. ' What annoyed him so much is a respectable piece of Ger- man intellectual history. For before him as well as after him people in Germany talked, partly ecstatically, partly disapprovingly, of 'genius urge,' 'genius fever,' 'storm of genius,' 'leaps of genius,' 'calls of genius,' and 'screams of genius,' and even philosophy's fingernails were notal- ways clean, least of all when it believed it could suck the independent
truth from its fingers. "
"And how does Kant decide what a genius is? '' Agathe asked. All she
associated with his famous name was that she remembered having heard that he surpassed everything.
"What he emphasized in the nature of genius was the creative ele- ment and originality, the 'spirit of originality,' which has remained ex- traordinarily influential up to the present day,'' Ulrich replied. "Goethe
From the Posthumous Papers · 1341
later was relying on Kant when he defined the geniative with the words: 'to have many objects present and easily relate the most remote ones to each other: this free of egotism and self-complacency. ' But that's a view that was very much designed for the achievements of reason, and it leads to the rather gymnastic conception of genius we have succumbed to. "
Agathe asked with laughing disbelief: "So now do you know what ge- nius and geniative are? "
Ulrich took the joshing with a shrug of his shoulders. "Anyway, we've found that among Germans, ifwe don't see the strictly Kantian 'spirit of originality,' we feel that eccentric and conspicuous behavior indicates genius," he said.
49
GENERAL VON STUMM ON GENIUS
The conversation with Stumm that Ulrich mentioned had occurred at a chance meeting and had been brief. The General seemed worried; he did not indicate why, but he began to grumble over the nonsense that in civilian life there were so many geniuses. "What is a genius, really? " he asked. "No one has ever called a general a genius! "
"Except Napoleon," Ulrich inteljected.
"Maybe him," Stumm admitted. "But that appears to happen more because his whole evolution was paradoxical! "
Ulrich didn't know what to say to this.
"At your cousin's, I had lots of opportunity to meet people who are designated as geniuses," Stumm declared pensively, and went on: "I be- lieve I can tell you what a genius is: a person who not only enjoys great success but also, in some sense, has to get hold of his subject backward! " And Stumm immediately expounded on this, using the great examples of psychoanalysis and the theory of relativity:
"In the old days it was also often true that you didn't know some- thing," he began in his characteristic fashion. "But you didn't think any- thing of it, and ifit didn't happen during an examination it didn't harm anyone. But suddenly this was turned into the so-called unconscious, and now everyone's unconscious is the size of all the things he doesn't know, and it's much more important to know why you don't know some- thing than what it is you don't know! Humanly speaking, this has, as one says, turned things topsy-turvy, and it's apparently a lot simpler too. ''
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Since Ulrich still did not react, Stumm went on:
"But the man who invented that also established the following law: You will remember that in the regiment one used to admonish the younger men when there had been too much barnyard talk by telling them: 'Don't say it, just do it! ' And what's the opposite of that? In some sense, the challenge: If, because you're a civilized human being, you can't do what you want, at least talk it over with a learned man; for he will convince you that everything that exists rests on something that ought not to exist! Of course I can't judge this from a scientific point of view, but in any case you can see from this that the new rules are abso- lutely the reverse ofthose that prevailed before, and the man who intro- duced them is praised today as a top-notch genius! "
Since Ulrich was apparently still not convinced, and Stumm himself did not feel he had got where he wanted, he repeated his argument using "relativity theory," as he conceived of it: "Like me, you learned at school that everything that moves happens in 'space and time,' " was where his thinking started. "But what is it like in practice? Permit me to say something quite ordinary: You are supposed to be with the front of your squadron at a particular place on the map at such and such a time. Or when you get the order, you're supposed to bring your cavalry from a formation to form a new front, which bears no relation at all to the straight lines on the exercise field. It happens in space and time, but it never happens without incident and never works out the way you want. I, at least, received a hundred reprimands so long as I was with the troops, I tell you that candidly. Even at school I always, so to speak, re- sisted when I had to calculate a mechanical motion in space and time on the blackboard. So I found it a real inspiration of genius the instant I heard that someone had finally discovered that space and time are quite relative concepts, which change at every moment whenever they are put to serious use, although since the creation of the world they have been regarded as the solidest thing there is. That's why this man, and in my view quite rightly, is at least as famous as the other. But it can also be said of him that he's tethered the horse by its tail, which, at least today, is what more or less amounts to the fixed main idea of what a genius is! And that's what I would like to make you see, ifyou place any value on my experience," Stumm concluded.
Ulrich, in his partiality for him, had conceded that the most important scientific teachings ofthe present had their eccentric aspects, or at least showed no fear of them. It might not mean much; but if one is so in- clined, a sign can be seen in this as well. Fearless showiness, a predispo- sition for the paradoxical, self-starting ambition, surprise, and revision of everything on the basis of contradictory details that previously had
From the Posthumous Papers · z343
hardly been noticed, all this had doubtless been part of the fashion in thinking for some time, for with their great achievements these things had just begun to crown precisely those fields where one would not have expected it and where one had been accustomed to the steady adminis- tration and constant increase of an enormous intellectual estate.
"But why? " Stumm asked. "How did it happen? "
Ulrich shrugged his shoulders. He thought of his own abandoned sci- ence, the broaching of its basic questions, their being skewered when their logic was checked out. It had not been much different with other sciences; they felt their edifices shaken through discoveries they had a hard time accommodating. That was the dispensation and the violence of truth. Nevertheless, it still seemed possible to speak of a boredom with everyday, never-ending progress, which up to now, and for the longest time, had been the ideal ofreal, silent faith amid the racket ofall convictions. There was no denying a creeping doubt in all fields about the rightness of the bare, exact process of taking one step before an- other. That, too, might be a cause. Finally, Ulrich answered: "Perhaps it's simply the same as when you get tired: you need a prospect that re- freshes you, or a shove in the back ofyour knees. "
"Why not sit down instead? '' Stumm asked.
"I don't know. In any event, after the longish calm flowering of the mind, you prefer to flirt with revolution. Some such thing seems to be in the offing. By way of comparison, you might perhaps think of the pre- vailing disjointedness in the arts. I don't understand much about politics, but perhaps sometime in the future someone will say that this intellec- tual restlessness already held signs of a revolution. "
"The hell you say! " Stumm exclaimed, arts and revolutionary unrest reminding him of his impressions at Diotima's.
"Perhaps only as a transition to a new stability to come! " Ulrich said soothingly.
That made no difference to Stumm. "Since that tactless business in front of the War Minister I've avoided Diotima's parties," he related. "Don't get me wrong, I have no objection whatever to all those geniuses we've been talking about, who are already preserved in amber-or if I do, it's only that the way they're revered seems to me exaggerated. But I really have it in for the rest of that rabble! " And after a brief but obvi- ously bitter moment he brought himself to ask the question: "Tell me honestly, is genius really so valuable? ''
Ulrich had to smile, and disregarding what he had said before, he now mentioned the enormous-he even called it the magically simpleminded-sense of release that one recognized in the solution to any kind of problem that the most talented and even the greatest spe-
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cialists had vainly striven to find. Genius is the single unconditional human value, it is human value, he said. Without the involvement of genius there would not even be the animal group ofthe higher primates. In his eagerness, he even passionately praised that genius which he was later to call merely the genius of degree and dexterity, to the extent that it was not fundamentally genius by nature.
Stumm nodded with satisfaction. "I know: the invention of fire and the wheel, gunpowder and printing, and so on! In short, from log canoe to logarithms!
" But after he had demonstrated his sympathy he went on: "Now let me tell you something, and it's from the conversations at Di- otima's: 'From Sophocles to Feuermaull' Some young dolt once shouted that in complete seriousness! "
"What bothers you about Sophocles? "
"Ah! I don't know anything about him. But Feuermaul! And here you are claiming that genius is an unconditional value. "
"The touch of genius is the only moment in which that ugly and obdu- rate pupil of God, man, is beautiful and candid! " Ulrich intensified his statement. "But I did not say that it's easy to decide what's genius and what merely fantasy. I'm just saying that wherever a new value really enters the human game, genius is behind it! "
"How can you know whether something is 'really a new value'? " Ulrich hesitated, smiling.
"And then, in any case, whether the value really is worth anything! "
Stumm added with curiosity and concern.
"You often feel it at first sight," Ulrich said.
'Tve been told that people have been mistaken at first sight! "
The conversation faltered. Stumm was perhaps preparing a funda-
mentally different question.
Ulrich said: "You hear the first bars of Bach or Mozart; you read a
page of Goethe or Corneille: and you know that you've touched genius! " "Maybe with Mozart and Goethe, because with them I already know
that; but not with an unknown! " the General protested.
"Do you believe it wouldn't have electrified you even when you were
young? The enthusiasm ofyouth is in itselfrelated to genius! "
"What do you mean, 'in itself'? But ifyou're really forcing me to an- swer: maybe an opera diva might have aroused my enthusiasm. And Alexander the Great, Caesar, and Napoleon excited me once too. But 'in
itself,' writers or composers of any kind have always left me cold! " Ulrich beat a retreat, although he felt that he had merely got hold of a good argument from the wrong end. "I meant to say that a young per- son, as he develops intellectually, sniffs out genius the way a migrating bird senses direction. But apparently that would be confusing things.
From the Posthumous Papers · 1345
For the young person has only the most limited access to what is signifi- cant. He has no particular sense of it, but only a sense for what excites him. He's not even looking for genius, but he's searching for himself and for whatever is an appropriate foothold for the shape ofhis biases. What speaks to him," he declared, "is what's like him, in all the vagueness that goes along with it. It's more or less what he himself believes he can be, and has the same importance in his formation as the mirror, in which he gazes at himselfhappily, but byno means only out ofvanity. That's why it's only to be expected of works of genius that they should have this effect on him; usually it's contemporary things, and among those rather the ones that stimulate moods than those clearly formed by the intellect, just as he prefers mirrors that make his face thin or his shoulders broad to faithful ones. "
"That may well be," Stumm agreed pensively. "But do you believe that people get cleverer later on? "
"There's no doubt that the mature person is more capable and has more experience in recognizing what is significant; but his mature per- sonal aims and powers also force him to exclude many things. It's not that he refuses from lack of understanding but that he leaves things aside. "
"That's it! " Stumm exclaimed, relieved. "He's not as limited as a young person, but I would say he's more circumscribed! And that has to be too. Whenever people like us associate with immature young people of the kind favored by your cousin, God knows we must be ready for anything and have the good sense not to understand half of what they're saying! "
"You might well criticize them. "
"But your cousin says they're geniuses! How do you prove the oppo- site? "
Ulrich would not have been disinclined to follow up this question as well. "A genius is a person who finds a solution where many have looked for it in vain by doing something nobody before him thought of doing," he defined, in order finally to get on, because he was curious himself.
But Stumm declined. "I can stick to the facts themselves," he com- mented. "At Frau von Tuzzi's I've met enough critics and professors in person, and every time that one of the geniuses who improve life or art made assertions that were entirely too far out of line, I discreetly sought these experts' advice. "
Ulrich allowed himself to be distracted. "And what was the result? "
"Oh, they were always very respectful to me and said: 'You shouldn't bother your head about that, General! ' Of course that may be a kind of arrogance they have; for though they nervously praise all new artists,
1346 · THE MAN WITH 0 U T QUALITIES
they nonetheless seem to imagine that these artists, in their own asser- tions, dangerously contradict each other, indeed that they feel some- thing like blind rage toward each other, and that summa summarum they perhaps don't know what they're doing! "
"And did you also find out what those sun-stricken minds that Di- otima cools with laurel think about the critics and professors, to the ex- tent these people don't praise them? " Ulrich asked. "As if the artists were the ones feeding these beasts ofintellect with their flesh, and these beasts were the ones who would leave a mere struggle over bones as the final remains of all man's humanity! "
"You've observed them well! " Stumm agreed as a delighted connois- seur.
"But in the face of so much contradiction, how do you recog- nize whether you've really got hold of a 'genius' or not? '' Ulrich asked logically.
Stumm's answer was honest, ifnot compelling: "I don't give a damn," he said.
Ulrich looked at him in silence. If he wanted merely to engage in a rear-guard skirmish and avoid problems that were more difficult than the circumstances warranted, then it was a mistake for him not to use this moment "to disengage himself from the enemy," as good tactics would have dictated. But he himself did not know what mood he was in. So he finally said: "Nothing gives fake geniuses so much luck with the masses as the incomprehension that genuine geniuses ordinarily have for each other, and, following their example, the pseudo-genuine ones; lamp polishers can't clean Prometheus! " At this conclusion Stumm looked up at him, uncomprehending but thoughtful. "Don't misunder- stand me," he added cautiously. "Remember my eagerness when I was searching for a great idea for Diotima. I know what intellectual aristoc- racy is. Nor am I Count Leinsdorf, for whom that's always a kind of minor nobility. Just now, for example, you brilliantly defined what age- nius is. How did it go? It finds a solution by doing something that hadn't occurred to anyone before! That really says the same thing I've been saying: the important thing is that a genius gets hold of his subject from the wrong end. But that's not intellectual aristocracy! And why isn't it intellectual aristocracy? Because the usual polestar of our age is that whatever the circumstances, what happens must be meaningful, but whether you call it genius or intellectual aristocracy, progress or, as you now often hear people say, a record, just doesn't matter much to our time! "
"But then why did you mention intellectual aristocracy? '' Ulrich prompted impatiently.
From the Posthurrwus Papers · 1347
"I can't really say precisely, for that very reason! " Stumm defended himself. "Anyway," he continued, thinking busily, "perhaps you could say in a way that an intellectual aristocracy in particular is not permitted to leave character in peace. Aren't I right? "
"Yes, you're right! " Ulrich encouraged him, made aware for the first time this precise moment, quite incidentally, as it happened, to heed a distinction like the one between genius and dexterity.
"Yes," Stumm repeated thoughtfully. And then he asked: "But what is character? Is it what helps a man develop the ideas that will distinguish him? Or is it what keeps him from having such ideas? For a man who has character doesn't do much flitting around! "
Ulrich decided to shrug his shoulders and smile.
"Presumably it's connected with what one is accustomed to calling great ideas," Stumm went on skeptically. "And then intellectual aristoc- racy would be nothing except the possession of great ideas. But how does one recognize that an idea is great? There are so many geniuses, at least a couple in every profession; indeed, it's a distinctive mark of our time that we have too many geniuses. How is one to understand them all and not overlook any! " His painful familiarity with the question ofwhat a really great idea was had brought him back to its role in genius.
Ulrich shrugged again.
"There are of course some people, and I've met them," Stumm said, "who never miss the smallest genius that can be dug up anywhere! "
Ulrich replied: ·'Those are the snobs and intellectual pretenders. " The General: "But Diotima is one of these people too. "
Ulrich: "Makes no difference. A person into whom everything he
finds can be stuffed must be built with no shape of his own, like a sack. " "It's true," the General replied rather reproachfully, "that you've often said that Diotima was a snob. And you've sometimes said it about Arnheim as well. But that made me imagine a snob to be someone who is quite stimulating! I've honestly tried hard to be one myself and not let anything slip past me. It's hard for me to suddenly hear you say that you can't even depend on a snob to understand genius. Because you said before that youth couldn't answer for it, nor age either. And then we discussed how geniuses don't, and critics not at all. Well then, genius will
finally have to reveal itself to everyone of its own accord! "
"That will happen in time," Ulrich soothed him, laughing. "Most peo-
ple believe that time naturally turns up what is significant. "
·'Yes, one hears that too. But tell me ifyou can," Stumm asked impa- tiently. "I can understand that one is cleverer at fifty than one was at twenty. But at eight o'clock in the evening I'm no cleverer than I was at eight in the morning; and that one should be cleverer after nineteen
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hundred and fourteen years than after eight hundred and fourteen, that I can't see either! " This led them to go on a bit discussing the difficult subject of genius, the only thing, in Ulrich's opinion, that justified man- kind, but at the same time the most exciting and confusing, because you never know whether you're looking at genius or at one of its half-baked imitations. What are its distinguishing characteristics? How is it passed on? Could it develop further ifit were not constantly being thwarted? Is it, as Stumm had asked, such a desirable thing anyway? These were problems that for Stumm belonged to the beauty of the civilian mind and its scandalous disorder, while Ulrich, on the other hand, compared them with a weather forecast that not only didn't know whether it would be fair tomorrow but didn't know whether it had been fair yesterday ei- ther. For the judgment of what constitutes genius changes with the spirit of the times, assuming that anyone is interested in it at all, which by no means need be the mark of greatness of soul or of mind.
Such puzzles would no doubt have been well worth solving, and so it came about in this part of the conversation that Stumm finally, after shaking his head a few times, proffered his observation about the Engi- neering[/Genius] Staff that Ulrich later repeated to his sister. This expla- nation, that genius needed a Genius Staff, reminded him somewhat painfully, moreover, of what Ulrich himself had half ironically called the General Secretariat of Precision and Soul, and Stumm did not neglect to remind him that he had last mentioned it in his own and Count Leins- dorf's presence during the unfortunate gathering at Diotima's. "At that time you were demanding something quite similar," he held up to him, "and if I'm not mistaken, it was a department for geniuses and the intel- lectual aristocracy. " Ulrich nodded silently. "For the intellectual aristoc- racy," Stumm continued, "would ultimately be what ordinary geniuses don't have. No matter how you define them, our geniuses are geniuses and nothing more, nothing but specialists! Am I right? I can really un- derstand why many people say: today there's no such thing as genius! "
Ulrich nodded again. A pause ensued.
"But there's one thing I'd like to know," Stumm asked with that hint of egotism that attaches to a recurrent perplexing thought: "Is it a re- proach or a distinction that people never say about a general: he's a genius? "
"Both. "
"Both? Why both? "
"I honestly don't know. "
Stumm was taken aback but, after thinking it over, said: "You put that
brilliantly! The people love an officer- as long as they aren't stirred up; and he gets to know the people: the people couldn't care less about ge-
From the Posthunwus Papers · 1349
niuses! But by the time he gets to be a general he has to be a specialist, and if he himself is a specialist genius he then falls into the category that there's no such thing as genius. So he never gets, as I would say if I spelled it out, to the point where the use ofthis wishy-washy term would be appropriate. Do you know, by the way, that I recently heard some- thing really clever? I was at your cousin's, in the most intimate circle, although Arnheim is away, and we were discussing intellectual ques- tions. Then someone pokes me in the ribs and explains Arnheim to me in a whisper: 'He's what you call a genius,' he said. 'More than all the oth- ers. A universal specialist! ' Why don't you say anything? " Ulrich found nothing to say. "The possibilities inherent in this point ofview surprised me. Besides, you yourself happen to be such a kind of universal special- ist. That's why you shouldn't neglect Arnheim so; because ultimately the Parallel Campaign might get its saving idea from him, and that could be dangerous! I would really much prefer that it came from you. "
And although Stumm had (finally) spoken far more than Ulrich, he took his leave with the words: "As always, it's a pleasure talking with you, because you understand all these things de facto much better than ev- eryone else! "
so
GENIUS AS A PROBLEM
Ulrich had related this conversation to his sister.
But even before that he had been speaking of difficulties connected
with the notion ofgenius. What enticedhim to do this? He had no inten- tion of claiming to be a genius himself, or of politely inquiring about the conditions that would enable a person to become one. On the contrary, he was convinced that the powerful, exhausted ambition in his time for the vocation of genius was the expression not of intellectual or spiritual greatness but merely of an incongruity. But as all contemporary ques- tions about life become impossibly entangled in an impenetrable thicket, so do the questions surrounding the idea ofgenius, which in part enticed one's thoughts to penetrate it and in part left them hung up on the difficulties.
After he finished his report, Ulrich had immediately come back to this. Ofcourse, whatever has genius must be significant; for genius is the
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significant accomplishment that originates under particularly distinctive conditions. But "significant" is not only the lesser but also the more gen- eral category. So the first thing was to inquire into this notion again. The words "significant" and "significance" themselves, like all terms that are much used, have different meanings. On the one hand, they are con- nected with the concepts of thinking and knowing. To say that some- thing signifies or has this significance means that it points to, gives to understand, indicates, or can represent in specific cases, or simply gen- erally, that it is the same as something else, or falls under the same head- ing and can be known and comprehended as the other. That is, of course, a relationship accessible to reason and involving the nature of reason; and in this manner anything and everything can signify some- thing, as it can also be signified. On the other hand, the term "signifying something" is used as well in the sense of something having significance or being of significance. In this sense, too, nothing is excluded. Not only a thought can be significant, but also an act, a work, a personality, a posi- tion, a virtue, and even an individual quality of mind. The distinction between this and the other kind of signifying is that a particular rank and value is ascribed to what is significant. That something is significant means in this sense that it is more significant than other things, or simply that it is unusually significant. What decides this? The ascription gives one to understand that it belongs to a hierarchy, an order of mental pow- ers that is aspired to, even should the attainable measure of order be in many things as undependable as it is strict in others. Does this hierarchy exist?
It is the human spirit itself: named not as a natural concept but as the objective spirit.
Agathe asked what this included; it is a notion that people more scien- tifically trained than she threw around so much that she ducked.
Ulrich nearly emulated her. He found the word used far too much. At that period it was used so often in scientific and pseudoscientific argu- ments that it simply revolved around itself. "For heaven's sake! You're becoming profound! " he retorted. The expression had inadvertently slipped from his own lips.
Ordinarily, one understands by "objective spirit" the works of the spirit, the relatively constant share it deposits in the world through the most various signs, in opposition to the subjective spirit as individual quality and individual experience; or one understood by it, and this could not be entirely separated from the first kind, the viable spirit, verifiable, constant in value, in opposition to the inspirations of mood and error. This touched two oppositions whose significance for Ulrich's life had certainly not been simply didactic but-and this he was well
From the Posthu11WUs Papers · 13 51
aware of and had expressed often enough-had become extremely allur- ing and worrisome. So what he meant had elements of both.
· Perhaps he could also have said to his sister that by "objective spirit" one understands everything that man has thought, dreamed, and de- sired; but, to do so means not looking at it as components of a spiritual, historical, or other temporal-actual development, and certainly not as something spiritual-suprasensmy either, but exclusively as itself, accord- ing to its own characteristic content and inner coherence. He could also have said, which appeared to contradict this but in the end came to the same thing, that it should be looked at with the reservation of all the contexts and orderings of which it is at all capable. For what something signifies or is in and of itself he equated with the result that coalesces out of the significances that could accrue to it under all possible conditions.
But one merely needs to put this differently, simply saying that in and of itself, something would be precisely what it never is in and of itself, but rather is in relation to its circumstances; and likewise that its signifi- cance is everything that it could signify; so one merely has to turn the expression on its head for the scruple connected with it to immediately become obvious. For of course the usual procedure, on the contrary, is to assume, even i f only from a usage oflanguage, that what something is in and of itself, or what it signifies, forms the origin and nucleus of every- thing that can be expressed about it in mutable relationships. So it was a particular conception of the nature of the notion and of signifying by which Ulrich had let himself be guided; and particularly because it is not unfamiliar, it might also be stated something like this: Whatever may be understood under the nature of the concept of a logical theory is in ap- plication, as a concept of something, nothing but the countervalue and the stored-up readiness for all possible true statements about that some- thing. This principle, which inverts the procedure of logic, is "empiri- cal," that is, it reminds one, ifone were to apply an already coined name to it, of that familiar line of philosophical thought, without, however, being meant in precisely the same sense. Ought Ulrich now to have ex- plained to his companion what empiricism was in its earlier form and what it had become in its more modest, and perhaps improved, modem version?
