13 in practice, 75-89
reception of, 131-44
reconstructing original meaning of,
170-73
as religious text, 7-10
as scripture, 131-32, 137, 154-55 standard edition, 132, 133
structure of, 176
teaching as Daoism, 154-55
teaching of, 91-101, 105-25
textual history of, 17-19, 132, 133 third-person approaches to, 16-24 translations of, 5-7, 17, 95-96, 101n.
reception of, 131-44
reconstructing original meaning of,
170-73
as religious text, 7-10
as scripture, 131-32, 137, 154-55 standard edition, 132, 133
structure of, 176
teaching as Daoism, 154-55
teaching of, 91-101, 105-25
textual history of, 17-19, 132, 133 third-person approaches to, 16-24 translations of, 5-7, 17, 95-96, 101n.
Teaching-the-Daode-Jing
Trans.
Phyllis Brooks.
Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1997.
------. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity. Trans. Julian Pas
and N. J. Girardot. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. Rump, Ariane. Commentary on the Lao Tzu by Wang Pi. Honolulu: University of
Hawaii Press, 1979.
Saso, Michael. The Teachings of Master Chuang. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1978.
Schipper, Kristofer. ''The History of Taoist Studies in Europe. '' In Europe Studies
China: Papers from an International Conference on the History of European Sinology, ed. Ming Wilson and John Cayley. London: Han-Shan Tang Books, 1995.
------. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Schopen, Gregory. ''Archaeology and Protestant Presuppositions in the Study of
Indian Buddhism. '' History of Religions 31 (1991): 1-23.
Schwartz, Benjamin I. The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge, Mass. :
Harvard University Press, 1985.
Segal, Robert A. , ed. In Quest of the Hero. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Seidel, Anna. ''Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West. '' Cahiers d'Extreme-Asie 5
(1990): 223-347.
Sivin, Nathan. ''On the Word 'Taoist' as a Source of Perplexity, with Special Reference
to the Relations of Science and Religion in Traditional China. '' History of Religions
17 (1978): 303-330.
Smart, Ninian. ''Understanding Religious Experience. '' In Mysticism and Philosophical
Analysis, ed. Steven Katz. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Smith, D. Howard. Chinese Religions from 1000 B. C. to the Present Day. London: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
Smullyan, Raymond. The Tao Is Silent. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. Thompson, Laurence. Chinese Religions: An Introduction. 5th ed. Belmont, N. Y. :
Wadsworth, 1996.
Towler, Solala. A Gathering of Cranes: Bring the Tao to the West. Eugene, Ore. : Abode of
the Eternal Tao, 1996.
Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism. London: Methuen, 1911.
Watson, Burton. Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press,
1964.
------, trans. The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. New York: Columbia University
Press, 1968.
Welch, Holmes. Taoism: The Parting of the Way. 2nd ed. Boston: Beacon Press, 1965. Wong, Eva. Shambhala Guide to Taoism. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
------. The Teachings of the Tao. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
Xiao, Gongquan. Zhongguo zhengzhi sixiang shi. 2 vols. Taipei: Zhongguo wenhua
xueyuan chanbanshe, 1980.
Xu, Fuguan. Zhongguo sixiangshi lunji xubian. Taipei: Shibao wenhua, 1982.
Yates, Robin. Five Lost Classics: Taao, Huanglao and Yin-yang in Han China. New York:
Ballantine Books, 1997.
Yearley, Lee. ''The Perfected Person in the Radical Chuang-tzu. '' In Experimental
Essays on Chuang-tzu, ed. Victor Mair. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.
translations and commentaries on the daodejing
Addis, Stephen, and Stanley Lombardo. Tao Te Ching. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993. Chan, Wing-tsit. The Way of Lao Tzu. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963.
Chang, Chung-yuan. Tao: A New Way of Thinking. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Chen, Ellen. The Tao Te Ching: A New Translation with Commentary. New York:
Paragon, 1989.
selected bibliography 199
200 selected bibliography
Ch'en, Ku-ying. Lao Tzu: Text, Notes, and Comments. Translated and adapted by Rhett Y. W. Young and Roger T. Ames. San Fransisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1977.
Creel, H. G. What Is Taoism? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Feng, Gia-fu, and Jane English. Tao Te Ching. New York: Vintage Books, 1972. Graham, A. C. , trans. The Book of Lieh-tzu. London: Lewis Reprints, 1973. Henricks, Robert G. Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching: A Translation of the Startling New
Documents Found at Guodian. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. ------. Lao-Tzu Te-Tao Ching: A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-
wang-tui Texts. New York: Ballantine Books, 1989.
------, trans. Te-Tao Ching. New York: Modern Library, 1993.
Kwok, Man-Ho, Martin Palmer, and Jay Ramsay, trans. Tao Te Ching. Rockport,
Mass. : Element, 1993.
LaFargue, Michael. The Tao of the Tao Te Ching: A Translation and Commentary.
Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
Laozizhu. Laozizhu fu Laozi xinkao shulu ? e. 2nd ed. Ed. Yang Jialuo. Taipei: Shijie
shuju, 1958.
Lau, D. C. Chinese Classics: Tao Te Ching. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong
Kong Press, 1982.
------. Lau Tzu, Tao Te Ching. New York: Penguin Books, 1963.
Le Guin, Ursula. Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching. A Book about the Way and the Power of the
Way. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
Lu, Dongbin. The Secret of the Golden Flower: A Chinese Book of Life. Translated and
explained by Richard Wilhelm; commentary by C. G. Jung [translated into
English by Cary Baynes]. New York: Causeway Books, 1975.
Mair, Victor. Tao Te Ching: Lao Tzu. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Mitchell, Stephen. Tao Te Ching. New York: Harper Perennial, 1992.
Waley, Arthur. The Way and Its Power. New York: Grove Press, 1958.
Walf, Knut. Westliche Taoismus-Bibliographie: Western Bibliography of Taoism. Essen,
Germany: Verlag Die Blaue Eule, 1992.
Wu, John C. , trans. Tao Teh Ching. Boston: Shambhala Press, 2003. Wong, Eva. Lieh-tzu. Boston: Shambhala, 1995.
? Index
abdominal breathing, 83, 86 accomplishment, 81 achievement, 79, 81
Acts of Thomas, 167, 168 adrenaline, 78
Adventures of Ideas (Whitehead), 50 afterlife. See immortality alienation, 187, 188, 189
Allan, Sarah, 17, 160n. 3
Ames, Roger, 51
anus, 85, 86
anxiety, 77
aphorisms, 173-76, 180, 182 attachments, 77-78, 81, 83 axial age, 133
Bamboo Laozi, 133
Baxter, William, 18 bedchamber techniques, 86 behavior patterns, 134-35 Being, 52, 53-56
bellows breathing, 25 Berling, Judith, 4
biases, 172
Black Elk, 38
body, 84-87
Boltz, William, 17
Book of Changes, 115, 137
Book of Odes and Elegies of Ch'u, 18 Bradbury, Steve, 160n. 2
branches, 176-78
bravery, 80
breath meditation, 25, 83, 86 Buddha, 133, 138
Buddhism, 115, 139, 182, 183 Bynner, Witter, 170, 172
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 94
Campbell, Joseph, 115 Capra, Fritjof, 170, 172 Celestial Masters, 135, 139 Chan, Alan, 23
Chan, Wing-tsit, 7, 33, 42, 98, 101, 113, 152
chaos, 183
Chen, Ellen M. , 95-96
China, 133-34, 151
Chinese culture, 50, 52, 92, 98, 157 Chinese language, 5, 50, 51, 54 Chinese Reading of the Daode jing, A
(Wagner), 17 Chomsky, Noam, 168 Christian catechism, 146 Christianity, 153, 156
202 index
Chung-yuan, Chang, 71
Clarke, J. J. , 125
''Comparative Mysticism'' (course), 62,
64
comparative philosophy, 49-60 competence, 168
Conference of the Birds (Ibn' Attar), 64 confrontational hermeneutics, 169, 184 Confucianism, 19, 93-94, 98, 134, 145,
146, 152-53
Confucius, 19, 20, 133, 138, 162n. 14 consciousness, 14-15, 25-26, 64-65 ''constant,'' 7, 88
contemporary relevance, 16, 23-24 contextualization, 4, 92, 174, 175 control, 80, 82, 88
cosmogonic theories, 129n. 27, 179 cosmology, 20, 53-56, 133
courage, 80
Creel, Herrlee, 98, 153
critical first-person approach, 15, 24-26 critical thought, 146
Csikszentmihaly, Mark, 65
Culler, Jonathan, 167
cultural relativism, 63
da, 33
Dao (the Way)
conceptions of, 61, 179 energy of, 83, 87
field analogy, 31-47
as generic term, 134
Laozi as identical with, 139 and mysticism, 65-72 Nameless, 54
nature of, 62, 76
as orign of world, 179, 181-82 references to, 4 transmundane, 178-79
and yin-yang polarity, 94, 96
Daode jing
academic and popular approaches to, 3-5
aphorisms in, 173-76
and comparative philosophy, 49-60 critical first-person approach to, 24-26
on cultivating body, 84-87
on cultivating mind, 77-84
and gender, 94-97
historical realities surrounding, 132, 133 interpretations of, 97-101, 114, 132, 137,
142, 145, 147-52, 156, 157, 159,
160n. 2, 170-73
on lifestyle, 87-88
methodological issues in teaching of,
145-65
method in reading, 173-76
mysticism in, 61-73, 140, 151, 162n.
13 in practice, 75-89
reception of, 131-44
reconstructing original meaning of,
170-73
as religious text, 7-10
as scripture, 131-32, 137, 154-55 standard edition, 132, 133
structure of, 176
teaching as Daoism, 154-55
teaching of, 91-101, 105-25
textual history of, 17-19, 132, 133 third-person approaches to, 16-24 translations of, 5-7, 17, 95-96, 101n. 3,
114-115, 131, 132, 147, 172 Daode zhenjing xujue, 136 Daoism
Americanized, 111, 172
of Chinese history, 110
and Confucianism, 94 contemporary dimension of, 141-42 forms of, 8-9, 114
as icon, 3
interpretation of, 51
near extinction in China, 107 popular, 4, 5
as religion, 9, 131, 140, 141 teaching Daode jing as, 154-55 teaching of in 1970s, 113-18 teaching of in 1980s, 120 texts of, 75-76
three aspects of, 20
wu forms of, 56-59
''Daoist Phantasmagoria, The'' (course), 114, 122
Dao of the Daode jing, The (LaFargue), 124 Daozang, 117, 128n. 18, 153
De, 180
deference, 58, 176
democratic electoral politics, 188 Derrida, Jacques, 168
desire, 59, 77-79, 81-83, 85 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 168
Disputers of the Dao (Graham), 134
East Asian culture, 171 Eastern religions, 126n. 5 effortless action, 25
ego, 71
Einstein, Albert, 70
Eliade, Mircea, 115, 117
eloquence, 177
emptiness, 182-83
energy, 83-87
enlightenment, 88
Escape from Predicament (Metzger), 182 esoteric meaning, 76
''eternal,'' 7 excitement, 78 exegesis, 147-50 exoteric meaning, 76
facts, 157-59
fame, 87-88
feminism, 151
first-person approach, 15, 24-26 force, 79, 179
Freud, Sigmund, 56
Gadamer, H. -G. , 168
gender, 94-97, 161n. 4, 163n. 14 Girardot, Norman, 4, 7, 63 gnosticism, 167, 168
government, 185, 188
Graham, A. C. , 19, 20, 98, 134, 138,
161n. 5
Guanzi's Neiye (Inward Training), 16, 18,
133
Guodian Laozi, The (Allan and Williams),
17
Guodian texts, 17, 18, 22-23, 132-33
Hall, David, 7, 9
Han dynasty, 138
Hansen, Chad, 162n. 12
Hardy, Julia, 23
Harper, Donald, 22
health, 76-78, 82-86, 88
Henricks, Robert G. , 7, 23, 147, 160n. 3 hermeneutics, 76, 145-65, 167-92 Heshang Gong, 6, 17, 23, 83 Hinduism, 115
historical hermeneutics, 16, 19-23,
167-92
historicism, 13, 167-92
history, 16-19
Hoff, Benjamin, 4, 106, 109, 110, 111, 119,
170, 172
holding fast to center, 25-26
Holding or Embracing the One, 82-83 Huainanzi, 17, 18, 65
Huang-Lao, 20
Huang-Lao po-shu, 17
humaneness, 39- 40
Hume, David, 56
humility, 176
hyperbole, 175
Ibn' Attar, 64
immortality, 41- 44, 135, 136, 138 inarticulate knowledge, 177-78 individualist aspect, 20 ineffability, 68, 69
infant breathing, 83, 86
inner cultivation, 20, 21
internal observation, 84 intuition, 70, 71
Japan, 120, 171 Jaspers, Karl, 133 Jesus, 140-41, 156 jing, 156
Jung, Carl, 115
Karlgren, Bernard, 18 Katz, Steven, 72 Kirkland, Russell, 7, 8, 9 knowledge, 78, 88, 108
index 203
204 index
Kohn, Livia, 9, 18, 19, 23, 65, 71, 72, 154 Kwok, Man-Ho, 100
LaFargue, Michael, 4, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 63, 73, 114, 124, 129n. 27, 132
language, 49, 54, 59, 69, 76, 77
Lao Dan, 19, 20, 138
Lao-Tzu and the Tao-te-Ching (Kohn and
LaFargue), 18
''Lao Tzu Myth, The'' (Kohn), 19 Laozi, 142, 149
as author of Daode jing, 92, 114, 115, 118, 119
Dao, 33, 36, 37, 38, 49, 59, 62 as god, 138-39, 141, 154-55
on immortality, 41-43, 135
on meditation, 136
moral philosophy, 31,39-40 on ''Mother,'' 33, 37
on ''Nameless,'' 32 renunciation of society, 61 teachings of, 106
worship of, 137
Laozi. See Daode jing
Laozi bianhua jing, 72
Lau, D. C. , 17, 22, 55, 98, 101n. 3, 113, 147,
160n. 3
Lau Tzu Tao Te Ching (Lau), 101n. 3 Legge, James, 115
LeGuin, Ursula, 125
Lehigh University, 118, 120
li, 79, 134, 180
Li clan, 138
Li Daochun, 154
Liezi, 65
Liezi, 115
lifestyle, 87-88
literal-mindedness, 174-76
liturgy, 137
longevity, 76, 82-85, 154
love, 181
Lucas, George, 23
Lushiqunqiu, 17, 19
Mahayana Buddhism, 182 Maspero, Henri, 153
material attachments, 77-78, 81 Mawangdui texts, 17, 132, 133, 160n. 3 meditation, 24-26,81-84, 136-37, 183 Metzger, Thomas, 182
mind, 77-84
mind/body dualism, 57
Mitchell, Stephen, 4, 95, 96, 101n. 3, 106,
109, 110, 111, 126n. 7, 170, 172 morality, 39-41
mother/Mother, 33-34, 37, 149, 180, 181 Mother Earth, 38
mouth, 85-86
Mouzi, 44
mysterious female, 86, 87, 149 ''Mystical Man'' (Neumann), 67 mysticism, 61-73, 116, 140, 151, 162n. 13 mythology, 121, 122
''name,'' 33
Nameless, 32, 54, 68
needs, 77, 81
Nei ye, 149, 156, 180 Neumann, Erich, 67
New Age Daoism, 4 nonaction, 58, 80, 82, 140, 156 Nonbeing, 53
nostrils, 85, 86
''Nothing,'' 181
not thinking, 69-70
Nyitray, Vivian-Lee, 161n. 4
objectless desire, 59
ontology, 53-56, 182
Orientalism, 8, 9
Origin and Goal of History, The (Jaspers),
133
''Origins of the Legend of Lao Tan, The''
(Graham), 19
Palmer, Martin, 100
parabolic language, 59 paradox, 69, 94, 189
Pas, Julian, 172
personality, 52, 56 philosophical anthropology, 56 philosophy, 7-9, 49-60, 179
Pirsig, Robert, 119
Plato, 52, 56, 59
polemic aphorisms, 129n. 27 political thought, 20
politics, 76, 185, 186, 188 populist utopianism, 187, 188 power, 185, 188
priesthood, 137
primitivist aspect, 20 procreative energy, 87 propriety, 39-40
proverbs, 174-75
psyche, 52, 56, 67
qi, 156, 164n. 26
qiang, 79
qigong, 83, 139, 171, 183 Qin dynasty, 134, 138
Ramsay, Jay, 100
rationalism, 66
rational thought, 70-71
Reagan, Ronald, 119 reconstructive meditation, 24-26 Reflections on Things at Hand
(Xi and Tsu-ch'ien), 182
relevance, 16, 23-24
religion, 7-10, 15, 108, 111, 112, 116, 118,
156-157, 179
religious mysticism. See mysticism Ricoeur, Paul, 168
righteousness, 39-40
right-wing groups, 188
ritual, 121, 122, 135, 137
Robinet, Isabelle, 23, 24, 117, 128n. 18 roots, 176-78, 192n. 11
Roth, Harold, 65, 140, 156, 161n. 5 rulership, 176, 186
Ryden, Edmund, 18
sacred, 14 sagehood, 76 Said, Edward, 8 St. Paul, 56
Santa Claus, 141 Saso, Michael, 117
Schipper, Kristofer, 116, 117, 171
science, 157-58
scientism, 66
scripture, 131-32, 137, 150-51, 152, 154-55,
168
Secret of the Golden Flower, 115, 183 Seidel, Anna, 19, 117, 154
self, 52, 56-57, 67, 71 self-aggrandizement, 176 self-cultivation, 180, 182, 186, 189 self-importance, 79, 81
senses, 78
sexual organs, 85, 86
shengren, 95
Shiji, 137
Sima Chengzhen, 154
Sima Qian, 20
Sima Tan, 20
simplicity, 140
Sivin, Nathan, 110
Smart, Ninian, 65
Smith, Kevin, 4, 106, 109
social acceptance, 181
social constructionism, 13
social order, 185
society, 185-86
Society for the Study of Chinese
Religions, 117 Socrates, 133
Song dynasty, 139 soul, 56
speech, 85
Star Wars (movie), 179 statecraft, 76
stilling the mind. See meditation stillness, 83, 177, 182, 192n. 11 strength, 79
Structuralist Poetics (Culler), 167 structural utopianism, 179 ''style,'' 33
symbolic language, 69 syncretist aspect, 20
taijiquan, 58 Taiping jing, 157 Taiyi sheng shui, 133
index 205
206 index
taming the mind, 81-82
Tao and Method (LaFargue), 19
T'ao Ch'ien, 69
Taoist Body, The (Schipper), 171
Tao of Physics, The (Capra), 172
Tao of Pooh, The (Hoff), 4, 23, 100, 106,
110, 131, 172
Tao of the West, The (Clarke), 125
Tao Te Ching (Lau), 17
Tao Te Ching (Mitchell), 4, 95, 101n. 3 Tao Te Ching, The (Chen), 95
Te Dao Ching, 117
texts
art of understanding, 75-77
Chinese, 91-92
deciphering meaning of with practice,
77
hermeneutics, 76, 145-65, 167-92 interpretations of, 167-69 literal-minded readings of, 174-76 recovering original meaning of,
169
structure of, 167
third-person approaches, 15, 16-24 Thompson, Laurence, 111
tradition, 163n. 17
translations, 5-7, 17, 50-51, 95-96,
100n. 3, 114-15, 127n. 7, 131, 132, 147,
160n. 3, 172
truth, 146, 158, 184, 190 Tsu-ch'ien, Lu ? , 182 ''turn back,'' 192n. 11
ultimate reality, 67-69 Underhill, Evelyn, 140 unprincipled knowledge, 58-59
valley spirit, 86-87, 96 virtue. See morality
Wagner, Rudolph, 17
Waley, Arthur, 174
Wang Bi, 5-6, 17, 23, 98, 132, 133
Wang Pi, 160n. 3
wants, 77, 81
wan wu, 55
Warring States, 134, 171 Watson, Burton, 125n. 1
Watts, Alan, 126n. 5
Wei-ming, Tu, 162n. 14, 163n. 16 Welch, Holmes, 164n. 20 Whitehead, A. N. , 50
Williams, Crispin, 17
women, 163nn. 14, 18
words, 49, 69, 76
wuwei, 25, 56, 57-58, 80, 135, 156 wu-wei government, 20
wuyou, 57, 58, 59 wuzhi, 57, 58-59
Xi, Zhu, 182
Xianger, 135
Xiaogan, Liu, 20, 24, 163n. 16 Xisheng jing, 65, 135
Xunzi, 180
Yearley, Lee, 146
Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), 138 Yin Xi, 135, 137, 139
yin-yang polarity, 94-96, 178 you/wu relationship, 53-55 Yu-lan, Fung, 152
Zaleski, Philip, 126n. 5
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
(Pirsig), 119
Zen Buddhism, 115-16
Zhang Lu, 135
Zhen'gao, 135
Zhou dynasty, 63, 92, 97, 134, 138 Zhuang Zhou, 159
Zhuangzi, 5, 17, 18, 20, 37, 43, 65, 91, 105,
116, 125n.
University Press, 1997.
------. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity. Trans. Julian Pas
and N. J. Girardot. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. Rump, Ariane. Commentary on the Lao Tzu by Wang Pi. Honolulu: University of
Hawaii Press, 1979.
Saso, Michael. The Teachings of Master Chuang. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1978.
Schipper, Kristofer. ''The History of Taoist Studies in Europe. '' In Europe Studies
China: Papers from an International Conference on the History of European Sinology, ed. Ming Wilson and John Cayley. London: Han-Shan Tang Books, 1995.
------. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Schopen, Gregory. ''Archaeology and Protestant Presuppositions in the Study of
Indian Buddhism. '' History of Religions 31 (1991): 1-23.
Schwartz, Benjamin I. The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge, Mass. :
Harvard University Press, 1985.
Segal, Robert A. , ed. In Quest of the Hero. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Seidel, Anna. ''Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West. '' Cahiers d'Extreme-Asie 5
(1990): 223-347.
Sivin, Nathan. ''On the Word 'Taoist' as a Source of Perplexity, with Special Reference
to the Relations of Science and Religion in Traditional China. '' History of Religions
17 (1978): 303-330.
Smart, Ninian. ''Understanding Religious Experience. '' In Mysticism and Philosophical
Analysis, ed. Steven Katz. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Smith, D. Howard. Chinese Religions from 1000 B. C. to the Present Day. London: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
Smullyan, Raymond. The Tao Is Silent. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. Thompson, Laurence. Chinese Religions: An Introduction. 5th ed. Belmont, N. Y. :
Wadsworth, 1996.
Towler, Solala. A Gathering of Cranes: Bring the Tao to the West. Eugene, Ore. : Abode of
the Eternal Tao, 1996.
Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism. London: Methuen, 1911.
Watson, Burton. Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press,
1964.
------, trans. The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. New York: Columbia University
Press, 1968.
Welch, Holmes. Taoism: The Parting of the Way. 2nd ed. Boston: Beacon Press, 1965. Wong, Eva. Shambhala Guide to Taoism. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
------. The Teachings of the Tao. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
Xiao, Gongquan. Zhongguo zhengzhi sixiang shi. 2 vols. Taipei: Zhongguo wenhua
xueyuan chanbanshe, 1980.
Xu, Fuguan. Zhongguo sixiangshi lunji xubian. Taipei: Shibao wenhua, 1982.
Yates, Robin. Five Lost Classics: Taao, Huanglao and Yin-yang in Han China. New York:
Ballantine Books, 1997.
Yearley, Lee. ''The Perfected Person in the Radical Chuang-tzu. '' In Experimental
Essays on Chuang-tzu, ed. Victor Mair. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.
translations and commentaries on the daodejing
Addis, Stephen, and Stanley Lombardo. Tao Te Ching. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993. Chan, Wing-tsit. The Way of Lao Tzu. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963.
Chang, Chung-yuan. Tao: A New Way of Thinking. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Chen, Ellen. The Tao Te Ching: A New Translation with Commentary. New York:
Paragon, 1989.
selected bibliography 199
200 selected bibliography
Ch'en, Ku-ying. Lao Tzu: Text, Notes, and Comments. Translated and adapted by Rhett Y. W. Young and Roger T. Ames. San Fransisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1977.
Creel, H. G. What Is Taoism? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Feng, Gia-fu, and Jane English. Tao Te Ching. New York: Vintage Books, 1972. Graham, A. C. , trans. The Book of Lieh-tzu. London: Lewis Reprints, 1973. Henricks, Robert G. Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching: A Translation of the Startling New
Documents Found at Guodian. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. ------. Lao-Tzu Te-Tao Ching: A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-
wang-tui Texts. New York: Ballantine Books, 1989.
------, trans. Te-Tao Ching. New York: Modern Library, 1993.
Kwok, Man-Ho, Martin Palmer, and Jay Ramsay, trans. Tao Te Ching. Rockport,
Mass. : Element, 1993.
LaFargue, Michael. The Tao of the Tao Te Ching: A Translation and Commentary.
Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
Laozizhu. Laozizhu fu Laozi xinkao shulu ? e. 2nd ed. Ed. Yang Jialuo. Taipei: Shijie
shuju, 1958.
Lau, D. C. Chinese Classics: Tao Te Ching. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong
Kong Press, 1982.
------. Lau Tzu, Tao Te Ching. New York: Penguin Books, 1963.
Le Guin, Ursula. Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching. A Book about the Way and the Power of the
Way. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
Lu, Dongbin. The Secret of the Golden Flower: A Chinese Book of Life. Translated and
explained by Richard Wilhelm; commentary by C. G. Jung [translated into
English by Cary Baynes]. New York: Causeway Books, 1975.
Mair, Victor. Tao Te Ching: Lao Tzu. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Mitchell, Stephen. Tao Te Ching. New York: Harper Perennial, 1992.
Waley, Arthur. The Way and Its Power. New York: Grove Press, 1958.
Walf, Knut. Westliche Taoismus-Bibliographie: Western Bibliography of Taoism. Essen,
Germany: Verlag Die Blaue Eule, 1992.
Wu, John C. , trans. Tao Teh Ching. Boston: Shambhala Press, 2003. Wong, Eva. Lieh-tzu. Boston: Shambhala, 1995.
? Index
abdominal breathing, 83, 86 accomplishment, 81 achievement, 79, 81
Acts of Thomas, 167, 168 adrenaline, 78
Adventures of Ideas (Whitehead), 50 afterlife. See immortality alienation, 187, 188, 189
Allan, Sarah, 17, 160n. 3
Ames, Roger, 51
anus, 85, 86
anxiety, 77
aphorisms, 173-76, 180, 182 attachments, 77-78, 81, 83 axial age, 133
Bamboo Laozi, 133
Baxter, William, 18 bedchamber techniques, 86 behavior patterns, 134-35 Being, 52, 53-56
bellows breathing, 25 Berling, Judith, 4
biases, 172
Black Elk, 38
body, 84-87
Boltz, William, 17
Book of Changes, 115, 137
Book of Odes and Elegies of Ch'u, 18 Bradbury, Steve, 160n. 2
branches, 176-78
bravery, 80
breath meditation, 25, 83, 86 Buddha, 133, 138
Buddhism, 115, 139, 182, 183 Bynner, Witter, 170, 172
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 94
Campbell, Joseph, 115 Capra, Fritjof, 170, 172 Celestial Masters, 135, 139 Chan, Alan, 23
Chan, Wing-tsit, 7, 33, 42, 98, 101, 113, 152
chaos, 183
Chen, Ellen M. , 95-96
China, 133-34, 151
Chinese culture, 50, 52, 92, 98, 157 Chinese language, 5, 50, 51, 54 Chinese Reading of the Daode jing, A
(Wagner), 17 Chomsky, Noam, 168 Christian catechism, 146 Christianity, 153, 156
202 index
Chung-yuan, Chang, 71
Clarke, J. J. , 125
''Comparative Mysticism'' (course), 62,
64
comparative philosophy, 49-60 competence, 168
Conference of the Birds (Ibn' Attar), 64 confrontational hermeneutics, 169, 184 Confucianism, 19, 93-94, 98, 134, 145,
146, 152-53
Confucius, 19, 20, 133, 138, 162n. 14 consciousness, 14-15, 25-26, 64-65 ''constant,'' 7, 88
contemporary relevance, 16, 23-24 contextualization, 4, 92, 174, 175 control, 80, 82, 88
cosmogonic theories, 129n. 27, 179 cosmology, 20, 53-56, 133
courage, 80
Creel, Herrlee, 98, 153
critical first-person approach, 15, 24-26 critical thought, 146
Csikszentmihaly, Mark, 65
Culler, Jonathan, 167
cultural relativism, 63
da, 33
Dao (the Way)
conceptions of, 61, 179 energy of, 83, 87
field analogy, 31-47
as generic term, 134
Laozi as identical with, 139 and mysticism, 65-72 Nameless, 54
nature of, 62, 76
as orign of world, 179, 181-82 references to, 4 transmundane, 178-79
and yin-yang polarity, 94, 96
Daode jing
academic and popular approaches to, 3-5
aphorisms in, 173-76
and comparative philosophy, 49-60 critical first-person approach to, 24-26
on cultivating body, 84-87
on cultivating mind, 77-84
and gender, 94-97
historical realities surrounding, 132, 133 interpretations of, 97-101, 114, 132, 137,
142, 145, 147-52, 156, 157, 159,
160n. 2, 170-73
on lifestyle, 87-88
methodological issues in teaching of,
145-65
method in reading, 173-76
mysticism in, 61-73, 140, 151, 162n.
13 in practice, 75-89
reception of, 131-44
reconstructing original meaning of,
170-73
as religious text, 7-10
as scripture, 131-32, 137, 154-55 standard edition, 132, 133
structure of, 176
teaching as Daoism, 154-55
teaching of, 91-101, 105-25
textual history of, 17-19, 132, 133 third-person approaches to, 16-24 translations of, 5-7, 17, 95-96, 101n. 3,
114-115, 131, 132, 147, 172 Daode zhenjing xujue, 136 Daoism
Americanized, 111, 172
of Chinese history, 110
and Confucianism, 94 contemporary dimension of, 141-42 forms of, 8-9, 114
as icon, 3
interpretation of, 51
near extinction in China, 107 popular, 4, 5
as religion, 9, 131, 140, 141 teaching Daode jing as, 154-55 teaching of in 1970s, 113-18 teaching of in 1980s, 120 texts of, 75-76
three aspects of, 20
wu forms of, 56-59
''Daoist Phantasmagoria, The'' (course), 114, 122
Dao of the Daode jing, The (LaFargue), 124 Daozang, 117, 128n. 18, 153
De, 180
deference, 58, 176
democratic electoral politics, 188 Derrida, Jacques, 168
desire, 59, 77-79, 81-83, 85 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 168
Disputers of the Dao (Graham), 134
East Asian culture, 171 Eastern religions, 126n. 5 effortless action, 25
ego, 71
Einstein, Albert, 70
Eliade, Mircea, 115, 117
eloquence, 177
emptiness, 182-83
energy, 83-87
enlightenment, 88
Escape from Predicament (Metzger), 182 esoteric meaning, 76
''eternal,'' 7 excitement, 78 exegesis, 147-50 exoteric meaning, 76
facts, 157-59
fame, 87-88
feminism, 151
first-person approach, 15, 24-26 force, 79, 179
Freud, Sigmund, 56
Gadamer, H. -G. , 168
gender, 94-97, 161n. 4, 163n. 14 Girardot, Norman, 4, 7, 63 gnosticism, 167, 168
government, 185, 188
Graham, A. C. , 19, 20, 98, 134, 138,
161n. 5
Guanzi's Neiye (Inward Training), 16, 18,
133
Guodian Laozi, The (Allan and Williams),
17
Guodian texts, 17, 18, 22-23, 132-33
Hall, David, 7, 9
Han dynasty, 138
Hansen, Chad, 162n. 12
Hardy, Julia, 23
Harper, Donald, 22
health, 76-78, 82-86, 88
Henricks, Robert G. , 7, 23, 147, 160n. 3 hermeneutics, 76, 145-65, 167-92 Heshang Gong, 6, 17, 23, 83 Hinduism, 115
historical hermeneutics, 16, 19-23,
167-92
historicism, 13, 167-92
history, 16-19
Hoff, Benjamin, 4, 106, 109, 110, 111, 119,
170, 172
holding fast to center, 25-26
Holding or Embracing the One, 82-83 Huainanzi, 17, 18, 65
Huang-Lao, 20
Huang-Lao po-shu, 17
humaneness, 39- 40
Hume, David, 56
humility, 176
hyperbole, 175
Ibn' Attar, 64
immortality, 41- 44, 135, 136, 138 inarticulate knowledge, 177-78 individualist aspect, 20 ineffability, 68, 69
infant breathing, 83, 86
inner cultivation, 20, 21
internal observation, 84 intuition, 70, 71
Japan, 120, 171 Jaspers, Karl, 133 Jesus, 140-41, 156 jing, 156
Jung, Carl, 115
Karlgren, Bernard, 18 Katz, Steven, 72 Kirkland, Russell, 7, 8, 9 knowledge, 78, 88, 108
index 203
204 index
Kohn, Livia, 9, 18, 19, 23, 65, 71, 72, 154 Kwok, Man-Ho, 100
LaFargue, Michael, 4, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 63, 73, 114, 124, 129n. 27, 132
language, 49, 54, 59, 69, 76, 77
Lao Dan, 19, 20, 138
Lao-Tzu and the Tao-te-Ching (Kohn and
LaFargue), 18
''Lao Tzu Myth, The'' (Kohn), 19 Laozi, 142, 149
as author of Daode jing, 92, 114, 115, 118, 119
Dao, 33, 36, 37, 38, 49, 59, 62 as god, 138-39, 141, 154-55
on immortality, 41-43, 135
on meditation, 136
moral philosophy, 31,39-40 on ''Mother,'' 33, 37
on ''Nameless,'' 32 renunciation of society, 61 teachings of, 106
worship of, 137
Laozi. See Daode jing
Laozi bianhua jing, 72
Lau, D. C. , 17, 22, 55, 98, 101n. 3, 113, 147,
160n. 3
Lau Tzu Tao Te Ching (Lau), 101n. 3 Legge, James, 115
LeGuin, Ursula, 125
Lehigh University, 118, 120
li, 79, 134, 180
Li clan, 138
Li Daochun, 154
Liezi, 65
Liezi, 115
lifestyle, 87-88
literal-mindedness, 174-76
liturgy, 137
longevity, 76, 82-85, 154
love, 181
Lucas, George, 23
Lushiqunqiu, 17, 19
Mahayana Buddhism, 182 Maspero, Henri, 153
material attachments, 77-78, 81 Mawangdui texts, 17, 132, 133, 160n. 3 meditation, 24-26,81-84, 136-37, 183 Metzger, Thomas, 182
mind, 77-84
mind/body dualism, 57
Mitchell, Stephen, 4, 95, 96, 101n. 3, 106,
109, 110, 111, 126n. 7, 170, 172 morality, 39-41
mother/Mother, 33-34, 37, 149, 180, 181 Mother Earth, 38
mouth, 85-86
Mouzi, 44
mysterious female, 86, 87, 149 ''Mystical Man'' (Neumann), 67 mysticism, 61-73, 116, 140, 151, 162n. 13 mythology, 121, 122
''name,'' 33
Nameless, 32, 54, 68
needs, 77, 81
Nei ye, 149, 156, 180 Neumann, Erich, 67
New Age Daoism, 4 nonaction, 58, 80, 82, 140, 156 Nonbeing, 53
nostrils, 85, 86
''Nothing,'' 181
not thinking, 69-70
Nyitray, Vivian-Lee, 161n. 4
objectless desire, 59
ontology, 53-56, 182
Orientalism, 8, 9
Origin and Goal of History, The (Jaspers),
133
''Origins of the Legend of Lao Tan, The''
(Graham), 19
Palmer, Martin, 100
parabolic language, 59 paradox, 69, 94, 189
Pas, Julian, 172
personality, 52, 56 philosophical anthropology, 56 philosophy, 7-9, 49-60, 179
Pirsig, Robert, 119
Plato, 52, 56, 59
polemic aphorisms, 129n. 27 political thought, 20
politics, 76, 185, 186, 188 populist utopianism, 187, 188 power, 185, 188
priesthood, 137
primitivist aspect, 20 procreative energy, 87 propriety, 39-40
proverbs, 174-75
psyche, 52, 56, 67
qi, 156, 164n. 26
qiang, 79
qigong, 83, 139, 171, 183 Qin dynasty, 134, 138
Ramsay, Jay, 100
rationalism, 66
rational thought, 70-71
Reagan, Ronald, 119 reconstructive meditation, 24-26 Reflections on Things at Hand
(Xi and Tsu-ch'ien), 182
relevance, 16, 23-24
religion, 7-10, 15, 108, 111, 112, 116, 118,
156-157, 179
religious mysticism. See mysticism Ricoeur, Paul, 168
righteousness, 39-40
right-wing groups, 188
ritual, 121, 122, 135, 137
Robinet, Isabelle, 23, 24, 117, 128n. 18 roots, 176-78, 192n. 11
Roth, Harold, 65, 140, 156, 161n. 5 rulership, 176, 186
Ryden, Edmund, 18
sacred, 14 sagehood, 76 Said, Edward, 8 St. Paul, 56
Santa Claus, 141 Saso, Michael, 117
Schipper, Kristofer, 116, 117, 171
science, 157-58
scientism, 66
scripture, 131-32, 137, 150-51, 152, 154-55,
168
Secret of the Golden Flower, 115, 183 Seidel, Anna, 19, 117, 154
self, 52, 56-57, 67, 71 self-aggrandizement, 176 self-cultivation, 180, 182, 186, 189 self-importance, 79, 81
senses, 78
sexual organs, 85, 86
shengren, 95
Shiji, 137
Sima Chengzhen, 154
Sima Qian, 20
Sima Tan, 20
simplicity, 140
Sivin, Nathan, 110
Smart, Ninian, 65
Smith, Kevin, 4, 106, 109
social acceptance, 181
social constructionism, 13
social order, 185
society, 185-86
Society for the Study of Chinese
Religions, 117 Socrates, 133
Song dynasty, 139 soul, 56
speech, 85
Star Wars (movie), 179 statecraft, 76
stilling the mind. See meditation stillness, 83, 177, 182, 192n. 11 strength, 79
Structuralist Poetics (Culler), 167 structural utopianism, 179 ''style,'' 33
symbolic language, 69 syncretist aspect, 20
taijiquan, 58 Taiping jing, 157 Taiyi sheng shui, 133
index 205
206 index
taming the mind, 81-82
Tao and Method (LaFargue), 19
T'ao Ch'ien, 69
Taoist Body, The (Schipper), 171
Tao of Physics, The (Capra), 172
Tao of Pooh, The (Hoff), 4, 23, 100, 106,
110, 131, 172
Tao of the West, The (Clarke), 125
Tao Te Ching (Lau), 17
Tao Te Ching (Mitchell), 4, 95, 101n. 3 Tao Te Ching, The (Chen), 95
Te Dao Ching, 117
texts
art of understanding, 75-77
Chinese, 91-92
deciphering meaning of with practice,
77
hermeneutics, 76, 145-65, 167-92 interpretations of, 167-69 literal-minded readings of, 174-76 recovering original meaning of,
169
structure of, 167
third-person approaches, 15, 16-24 Thompson, Laurence, 111
tradition, 163n. 17
translations, 5-7, 17, 50-51, 95-96,
100n. 3, 114-15, 127n. 7, 131, 132, 147,
160n. 3, 172
truth, 146, 158, 184, 190 Tsu-ch'ien, Lu ? , 182 ''turn back,'' 192n. 11
ultimate reality, 67-69 Underhill, Evelyn, 140 unprincipled knowledge, 58-59
valley spirit, 86-87, 96 virtue. See morality
Wagner, Rudolph, 17
Waley, Arthur, 174
Wang Bi, 5-6, 17, 23, 98, 132, 133
Wang Pi, 160n. 3
wants, 77, 81
wan wu, 55
Warring States, 134, 171 Watson, Burton, 125n. 1
Watts, Alan, 126n. 5
Wei-ming, Tu, 162n. 14, 163n. 16 Welch, Holmes, 164n. 20 Whitehead, A. N. , 50
Williams, Crispin, 17
women, 163nn. 14, 18
words, 49, 69, 76
wuwei, 25, 56, 57-58, 80, 135, 156 wu-wei government, 20
wuyou, 57, 58, 59 wuzhi, 57, 58-59
Xi, Zhu, 182
Xianger, 135
Xiaogan, Liu, 20, 24, 163n. 16 Xisheng jing, 65, 135
Xunzi, 180
Yearley, Lee, 146
Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), 138 Yin Xi, 135, 137, 139
yin-yang polarity, 94-96, 178 you/wu relationship, 53-55 Yu-lan, Fung, 152
Zaleski, Philip, 126n. 5
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
(Pirsig), 119
Zen Buddhism, 115-16
Zhang Lu, 135
Zhen'gao, 135
Zhou dynasty, 63, 92, 97, 134, 138 Zhuang Zhou, 159
Zhuangzi, 5, 17, 18, 20, 37, 43, 65, 91, 105,
116, 125n.
