Mpòs tous Eurovolaotás,
Theodorus who is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiv.
Theodorus who is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiv.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
hardy veterans of the Western legions; but while
167. ) His name implies that he was a Greek, Carinus was hotly pursuing the flying foe be was
and had obtained the Ronan ciritas. Reiske sup- slain by his own officers [CARINUS). His troops,
posed hiin to be the same person as the rhetorician left without a leader, fraternized with their late
Diocles of Carystus, who is often mentioned by enemies, Diocletian was acknowledged by the
Others suppose him to be the same as conjoined armies, and no one appeared prepared to
the physician. The name of the poet himself is dispute his claims. The conqueror used his victory
variously written in the titles to liis epigrams. with praiseworthy and politic moderation. There
(Jacobs, xiii. 882, 883. )
[P. S. ] were no proscriptions, no confiscations, no banish-
Seneca.
3T 2
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1012
DIOCLETIANTS.
DIOCLETLANI'S.
mients.
Nearly the whole of the ministrss and | lates, a certain fixed and definite portion being
attendants of the deceased monarch were permitted assigned to each, within which, in the absence of
10 retain their offices, and even the practorian the rest, his jurisdiction should be absolute. All,
praefect Aristobulus was continued in his com- however, being considered as colleagues working
mand. There was little prospect, however, of a together for the accomplishment of the same ohject,
peaceful reign. In addition to the insubordinate the decrces of one were to be binding upon the
spirit which prerailed universally among the rest ; and while cach Caesar was, in a certain de-
soldiery, who had been accustomed for a long grec, subordinate to the Angusti, the three junior
series of years to create and dethrone their rulers members of this mighty partnership were required
according to the suggestions of interest, passion, or distinctly to recognise Diocletian as the head and
caprice, the empire was threatened in the West hy guide of the whole. Accordingly, on the 1st of
a formidable insurrection of the Bagaudae under March 292, Constantius Chlorus and Galerius
Aclianus and Amandus (AELIANUS), in the East were proclaimed Caesars at Nicomedein, and to knit
hy the Persians, and in the North by the turbu- more firmly the connecting bonds, they were both
lent movements of the wild tribes upon the Danube. called upon to repudiate their wives ; upon which
Feeling himself unable to cope single-handed with the former received in marriage Theodoran
, the
80 many difficulties, Diocletian resolved to assume step-daughter of Maximian ; the litter l'aleria, the
a colleague who should enjoy, nominally at least, daughter of Diocletian. In the partition of the pro-
equal rank and power with himself, and relieve vinces the two younger princes were appointed to the
him from the burden of undertaking in person posts of greatest labour and hazard. To Constan-
distant wars. His choice fell upon the brave tius were assigned Britain, Gaul, and Spain, the
and experienced, but rough and unlettered sol- chief seat of governinent being fixed at Treves; to
dier Maximianus [MAXIMIANUS HERCULIUS], Galerius were intrusted Illyricum, and the whole
whom he invested with the title of Augistus, at line of the Danube, with Sirmium for a capital ;
Nicomedeia, in 286. At the same time the asso- Maximian resided at Milan, as governor of Italyand
ciated rulers adopted respectively the epithets of Africa, together with Sicily and the islands of the
Jorius and Herculius, either from some super-Tyrrhenian Sea; while Diocletian retained Thrace,
stitious motire, or, according to the explanation of Egypt, Syria, and Asia in his own hands, and
one of the panegyrists, in order to declare to the established his court at Nicomedein. The immediate
world that while the elder possessed supreme results of this arrangement were most auspicious.
wisdom to devise and direct, the younger could Maximianus routed the Mauritanian hordes. and
exert irresistible might in the execution of all drove them back to their mountain fastnesses,
projects.
while Julian being defeated perished by his own
The new emperor hastened to quell, by his hands ; Divcletian invested Alexandria, which was
presence, the disturbances in Gaul, and succeeded captured after a siege of eight months, and many
without difficulty in chastising the rebellious boors. thousands of the seditious citizens were slain,
But this achievement was but a poor consolation Busiris and Coptos were levelled with the ground,
for the loss of Britain, and the glory of the two and all Egypt, struck with terror by the success
Augusti was dimmed by their forced acquiescence and severity of the emperor, sank into abject submis-
in the insolent usurpation of Carausius. (CARAU- sion. In Gaul an invading host of the Alemanni
SIUS. )
was repulsed with great slaughter after an obstinate
Meanwhile, dangers which threatened the very resistance, Boulogne, the naval arsenal of Carausius,
existence of the Roman dominion became daily was forced to surrender, and the usurper having
more imminent. The Egyptians, ever factious, soon after been murdered by his chosen friend and
had now risen in open insurrection, and their minister, Allectus, the troops of Constantius ef-
leader, Achilleus, had made himself master of fected a landing in Britain in two divisions, and the
Alexandria ; the savage Blemmyes were ravaging whole island was speedily recovered, after it had
the upper valley of the Nile ; Julianus had as- been dismembered from the empire for a space of
sumed imperial ornaments at Carthage; a confed- nearly ten years. In the East the struggle was
eracy of five rude but warlike clans of Atlas, more severe; but the victory, although deferred for
known as the Quinquegentanar (or Quinquegentiuni), a while, was even more complete and more glorious.
was spreading terror throughout the more peaceful | Galerius, who had quitted his own province to
districts of Africa ; Tiridates, again expelled from prosecute this war, sustained in his first campaign,
Ancenia, had been compelled once more to seek a terrible defeat in the plains of Carrhae. The
refuge in the Roman court ; and Narses having shattered army, however, was speedily recruited by
crossed the Tigris, bad recovered Mesopotamia, and large drafts from the veterans of Illyria, Moesia-
openly announced his determination to re-unite and Dacia, and the Roman general, taught caution
all Asia under the swar of Persia ; while the Ger- by experience, advanced warily through the moun-
mans, Goths, and Sarmatians were ready to pour tains of Armenia, carefully avoiding the open coun-
down upon any unguarded point of the long line try where cavalry might act with advantage. Per-
of frontier stretching from the mouths of the Rhine serering steadily in this course, he at length, with
to the Euxine. In this emergency, in order that 25,000 men, fell unexpectedly upon the careless
a vigorous resistance might be opposed to these and confident foe. They were coinpletely routed,
numerous and formidable attacks in quarters of the and the harem of Narses, who con manded in per-
world so distant from each other, and that the son and escaped with great difficulty, fell into the
loyalty of the generals commanding all the great bands of the conquerors. The full fruits of this vic-
arnies might be firmly secured, Diocletian resolved | tory were secured by the wise policy of Diocletian,
to introduce a new system of government. It was who resolved to seize the opportunity of offering a
determined that, in addition to the two Augusti, peace by which he might receive a modemte but
there should be two Caesars also, that the whole certain advantage. A treaty was concluded, by
empire should be divided among these four poten- / which the independence of Armenia was guarana
## p. 1013 (#1033) ##########################################
DIOCLETLANUS.
1013
DIOCLETIANUS.
tred, and all Mesopotamin, tngriher with five pins | writers of the same stamp. llence. from sources
vinces beyond the Tigris and the command of the so scanty and so impure, it is extremely difficult to
detiles of Caucasus, were ceded to the Romans. For derive such knowledge as may enable us to form a
forty years the conditions of this compact wore just conception of the real character of this remark-
observed with good faith, and the repose of the able man.
Last remained undisturbed.
It is certain that he revolutionized the whole
The long series of brilliant achievements, by political system of the empire, and introduced a
which the barbarians had been driven back from scheme of government, afterwards fully carried out
every frontier, were completed when Diocletian and perfected by Constantinc, as much at variance
entered upon the twentieth year of his reign, and with that pursued by his predecessors as the power
the games common at each decennial period were exercised by Octavianus and those who followed
combined with a triumph the most gorgeous which him differed from the authority of the constitu-
Rome had witnessed since the days of Aurelian. tional magistrates of the republic. The object of
But neither the mind nor the body of Diocle- this new and important change, and the means by
tinn, who was now fifty-nine years old, was able which it was songht to attain that ohject, may be
any longer to support the unceasing anxiety and explained in a few words. The grand object was
toil to which he was exposed. On his journey to to protect the person of the sovercign from vio-
Nicomedeia he was attacked by an illness, from lence, and to insure a regular legitimate succession,
which, after protracted suffering, he scarcely escaped thus putting an end to the rebellions and civil
with life, and, even when immediate danger was wars, by which the world had been torn to pieces
past, found himself so exhausted and depressed, ever since the extinction, in Nero, of the Julian
that he resolved to abdicate the purple. This re- blood. To accomplish what was sought, it was
bolution seems to have been soon formed, and it necessary to guard against insubordination among
was speedily executed. On the 1st of May, A. the powerful bodies of troops maintained on the
305, in a plain three miles from the city where he more exposed frontiers, against mutiny among the
had first assumed the purple, in the presence of the praetorians at home, and against the faint spark of
army and the people, he solemnly divested himself free and independent feeling among the senate and
of his royal robes. A similar scene was enacted on populace of Rome. Little was to be apprehended
the same day at Milan by his reluctant colleague. from the soldiery at a distance, unless led on by
Constantius Chiorus and Galerius being now, ac- some favourite general ; hence, by placing at the
cording to the principles of the new constitution, head of the four great armies four commanders all
raised to the dignity of Augusti, Flavius Severus directly interested in preserving the existing order of
and Maximinus Daza were created Caesars. Dio- things, it was believed that one great source of danger
cletian returned to his native Dalmatia, and passed was removed, while two of these being marked out
the remaining eight years of his life near Salona in as heirs apparent to the throne long before their
philosophic retirement, devoted to rural pleasures actual accession, it seemed probable that on the
and the cultiration of his garden. Aurelius Victor death of the Augusti they would advance to the
has preserved the well-known anecdote, that when higher grade as a matter of course, without ques-
solicited at a subsequent period, by the ambitious tion or commotion, their places being supplied by
and discontented Maximian, to resume the honours two new Caesars. Jealousies might undoubtedly
which he had voluntarily resigned, his reply was, arise, but these were guarded against by rendering
“ Would yon could see the vegetables planted by each of the four jurisdictions as distinct and ab-
my hands at Salona, you would then never think solute as possible, while it was imagined that an
of urging such an attempt. ” His death took place attempt on the part of any one member of the
at the age of sixty-seven. The story in the Epitome confederacy to render himself supreme, would
of Victor, that he put himself to death in order to certainly be checked at once by the cordial combi-
escape the violence which he apprehended from nation of the remaining three, in self-defence. It
Constantine and Licinius, seems to be unsupported was resolved to treat the praetorians with litile
by external evidence or internal probability. ceremony; but, to prevent any outbreak, which
Although little doubt can be entertained with despair might have rendered formidable, they were
regard to the general accuracy of the leading facis gradually dispersed, and then deprived of their
enumerated in the above outline, the greatest con- privileges, while their former duties were dis-
fusion and embarrassment prevail with regard to charged by the Jovian and Herculian battalions
the more minute details of this reign and the chro- from Illyria, who were firm in their allegiance to
nological arrangement of the events. Medals af their native princes. The degradation of Rome
ford little or no aid, the biographies of the Au- by the removal of the court, and the creation of
gustan historians end with Carinus, no contem- four new capitals, was a death-blow to the in-
porary record bas been preserved, and those por- fluence of the Senate, and led quickly to the de-
cious of Ammianus Iarcellinus and Zosimus struction of all old patriotic associations. Nor was
which must have been devoted to this epoch have less care and forethought bestowed on matters ap-
disappeared from their works, purposely omitted parently trivial. The robe of cloth of gold, the
or destroyed, as some have imagined, by Christian slippers of silk dyed in purple, and embroidered
transcribers, who were determined if possible to with gems, the regal diadem wreathed around the
prevent any fiattering picture of their persecutor or brow, the titles of Lord and Master and God, the
any chronicle of his glories from being transmitted lowly prostrations, and the thousand intricacies of
to posterity. Hence we are thrown entirely upon complicated etiquette which fenced round the im-
the meagre and unsatisfactory compendiums of Eu- perial presence, were all attributed by short-sighted
tropius, the Victors, and Festus ; the vague and observers to the insolent pride of a Dalmatian slave
lying hyperboles of the panegyrists, and the avows intoxicated with unlooked-for prosperity, but were
cdly hostile declamations of the author of the work, in reality part and parcel of a sagacions and well
Di Mortibus Persecutorum [CaecilIUS], and other meditated plan, which sought to encircle the person
## p. 1014 (#1034) ##########################################
1914
DIOCLETIANUS.
DIODORUS.
of the sovereign with a sort of sacred and mystc- which must finally establish or destroy their su-
rious grandeur.
premacy. This faction found an organ in the
Passing over the military skill of Diocletian, we relentless Galerius, stimulated partly by his own
can scarcely refuse to acknowledge that the man passions, but especially by the fanaticism of his
who formed the scheme of reconstructing a great mother, who was notorious for her devotion to
empire, and executed his plan within so brief a some of the wildest and most revolting rites of
space of time, must have combined a bold and Eastern superstition. As the health of Diocletian
capacious intellect with singular prudence and declined, his mind sunk in some degree under the
practical dexterity. That his plans were such as pressure of disease, while the intiuence of his
a profound statesman would approve may fairly be associate Augustus became every day more strong.
questioned, for it needed but little knowledge of At length, after repeated and most urgent repre-
human nature to foresee, that the ingenious but sentations, Galerius succeeded in extorting from
coinplicated machine would never work with his colleague-for even the most hostile accounts
smoothness after the regulating hand of the admit that the consent of Diocletinn was given
inventor was withdrawn; and, accordingly, his with the greatest reluctance, the first edict which,
death was the signal for a succession of furious although stem and tyrannical in its ordinances,
struggles among the rival Caesars and Augusti, positively forbad all personal violence. But when
which did not terminate until the whole empire the proclamation was torn down by an indignant
was reunited under Constantine. Still the great believer, and when this act of contumacy was
social change was accomplished ; a new order of followed by a conflagration in the palace, occurring
things was introduced which determined the rela- under the most suspicious circumstances, and
tion between the sovereign and the subject, until unhesitatingly ascribed by Galerius to the Chris-
the final downfall of the Roman sway, upon prin- tians, the emperor considered that the grand prin-
ciples not before recognized in the Western world, ciple for which he had been 80 strenuously con-
and which to this day exercise no small influence tending, the supreme majesty and inviolability of
upon the political condition of Europe.
the royal person, was openly assailed, and thus
One of the worst effects, in the first instance, of was persuaded without further resistance to give
the revolution, was the vast increase of the public his assent to those sanguinary decrees which for
expenditure, caused by the necessity of supporting years deluged the world with innocent blood.
two imperial and two vice-regal courts upon a It is not improbable that the intellects of Diocle
scale of oriental splendour, and by the magnificent tian were seriously affected, and that his malady
edifices reared by the vanity or policy of the may have amounted to absolute in sanity. (Aurel.
different rulers for the embellishment of their Victor. de Caes. 39, Epit. 39; Eutrop. ix. 13, &c. ;
capitals or favourite residences. The amount of Zonar. xii. 31. )
(W. R. ]
revenue required could be raised only by increased
taxation, and we find that all classes of the com-
munity complained bitterly of the merciless exac-
tions to which they were exposed. Yet, on the
whole, Diocletian was by no means indifferent to
the comfort and prosperity of his people. Various
monopolies were abolished, trade was encouraged,
a disposition was manifested to advance merit and
to repress corruption in every department. The
COIN OF DIOCLETIANUS.
views entertained upon subjects connected with
political economy are well illustrated by the singular DIO'CORUS or DIO'SCORUS (Aló kopos or
edict lately discovered at Stratoniceia, by Colonel A160kopos), a commentator on the orations of De-
Leake, fixing the wages of labourers and artizans, mosthenes. (Ulpian, ad Dem. Phil. iv. init. ) [L. S. ]
together with the maximum price, throughout the DIODO’RUS (416dwpos), historical. l. A
world, of all the necessaries and commodities of commander of Amphipolis in the reign of king Per-
life. It is not possible to avoid being struck by the seus of Macedonia. When the report of the king's
change wrought upon the general aspect of public defeat at Pella reached Amphipolis, and Diodorus
affairs during the years, not many in number, which feared lest the 2000 Thracians who were stationed
elapsed between the accession and abdication of as garrison at Amphipolis should revolt and plun-
Diocletian. He found the empire weak and shat- der the place, he induced them by a cunning
tered, threatened with immediate dissolution, from stratagem to leave the town and go to Emathia,
intestine discord and external violence. He left it where they might obtain rich plunder. After they
strong and compact, at peace within, and triumph. had left the town, and crossed the river Strymon,
ant abroad, stretching from the Tigris to the Nile, he closed the gates, and Perseus soon after took
from the shores of Holland to the Euxine.
refuge there. (Liv. xliv. 44. )
By far the worst feature of this reign was the 2. The tutor of Demetrius. When Demetrius
terrible persecution of the Christians. The con- was kept in captivity at Rome, Diodorus came to
duct of the prince upon this occasion is the more him from Syria, and persuaded him that he would
remarkable, because we are at first sight unable to be received with open arms by the people of Syria
detect any motive which could have induced him if he would but escape and make his appearance
to permit such atrocities, and one of the most among them. Demetrius readily listened to him,
marked features in his character was his earnest and sent him to Syria to prepare everything and
avoidance of harsh measures. The history of the to explore the disposition of the people. (Polyb.
attair seems briefly this: The pagans of the old xxxi. 20, 21. )
[L. S. )
school had formed a close alliance with the scep- DIODOʻRUS(1165wpos), literary. 1. Of Add-
Lical philosophers, and both perceived that the AYTTIUM, a rhetorician and Academic philosopher,
time was now arrived for a desperate struggle | He lived at the time of Mithridates, under whom
$7096
BLOGENE
## p. 1015 (#1035) ##########################################
DIODORUS.
1015
DIODORUS.
he commanded an army. In order to please the gical errors committed by Eusebius. (Suid. s. v.
king, he caused all the senators of his native place | Διόδωρος. ) 5. Περί του είς Θεός εν Τριάδι, w18
to be massacred. He afterwards accompanied directed against the Arians or Eunomians, and is
Mithridates to Pontus, and, after the fall of the said to be still extant in Syriac. 6. Tipos Iparia-
king, Diodorus received the punishment for his vov Kepárara. (Facund. iv. 2. ) 7. Tepl tñs 'It-
cruelty. Charges were brought against him at Tápxou opalpas. This Hipparchus is the Bithy-
Adramyttium, and as he felt that he could not. nian of whom Pliny (11. X. 1. 26) speaks. 3.
clear himself, he starved himself to death in des- Iepi #povoias, or on Providence, is said to exist
pair. (Strub. xiii. p. 614. )
still in Syriac. 9. Προς Ευφρόνιον φιλόσοφος,
2. Of ALEXANDRIA, surnamed Valerius Pollio, in the form of a dialogue. (Basil. Epist. 167;
was a son of Pollio and a disciple of Telecles. He Facund. iv. 2. ) 10. Kata Mavixaiwv, in 24 books,
wrote, according to Suidas (s. e. Mw. iwv) and Eu- of which some account is given by Photius. (Bill.
docia (p. 136), a work entitled i kunnois TWv Cori. 85 ; comp. Theodoret. i. in fin. ) The work
ζητουμένων παρά τοις ί ρήτορσιν, and another is believed to be extant in Syriac. 11. Περί του
'Αττική λέξις. He lived in the time of the emáyiou atveduatos. (Phot. Bill. Cod. 102; Leontius,
peror Hadrian, and is perhaps the same as the de Sectis, pp. 418. ) 12.
Mpòs tous Eurovolaotás,
Theodorus who is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiv. a work directed against the Apollinaristae. Some
p. 646, comp. xv. pp. 677, 678, 691; Phot. Bill. fragments of the first book are preserved in Leon-
Cod. 149) as the author of 'Attikal riwarai. tius. (Bibl. Putr. ix. p. 704, ed. Lugdun. ) This
3. Of ANTIOCH, an ecclesiastical writer who work, which is still extant in Syrinc, seems to
lived during the latter part of the fourth century have been the principal cause of Diodorus being
after Christ, and belonged to a noble family. Dur- looked upon as heretical ; for the Nestorians
ing the time that he was a presbyter and archi- appealed io it in support of their tenets, and Cy-
mandrita at Antioch, he exerted himself much in rillus wrote against it. 13. A commentary on
introducing a better discipline among the monks, most of the books of the Old and New Testament.
and also wrote several works, which shewed that This was one of his principal works, and in his in-
he was a man of extensive acquirements. When terpretation of the Scriptures he rejected the alle-
Meletius, the bishop of Antioch, was sent into gorical explanation, and adhered to the literal
exile in the reign of the emperor Valens, Diodorus meaning of the text. (Suidas, l. c. ; Socrat. vi. 2;
too had to suffer for a time; but he continued to Sozomen. viii. 2; Hieronym. Catal. 119. ) The
exert himself in what he thought the good cause, work is frequently referred to by ecclesiastical
and frequently preached to his flock in the open writers, and many fragments of it have thus been
fields in the neighbourhood of Antioch. In A. D. preserved. (Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 217, ed. London ;
378 Melerius was allowed to return to his see, Fabric. Bill. Gr. iv. p. 380, ix. p. 277, &c. )
and one of his first acts was to make Diodorus 4. Of Ascalon, a Greek grammarian, who
bishop of Tarsus. In A. D. 381 Diodorus attended wrote a work on the poet Antiphanes. (Ilep. 'AVTo-
the council of Constantinople, at which the general φάνους και της παρά τους νεωτέροις ματτύης ;
superintendence of the Eastern churches was en- Athen. xiv. p. 662. )
trusted to him and Pelagius of Laodiceia. (Socrat. 5. Of ASPENDUS, a Pythagorean philosopher,
v. 8. ) How long he held his bishopric, and in who probably lived after the time of Plato, and
what year he died, are questions which cannot be must have been still alive in Ol. 104, for he was
answered with certainty, though his death appears an acquaintance of Stratonicus, the musician, who
to have occurred previous to A. D. 394, in which lived at the court of Ptolemy Lagi. Diodorus is
year his successor, Phalereus, was present at a said to have adopted the Cynic mode of living.
council at Constantinople. Diodorus was a man of (lamblich. V'it. Pythag. 36; Athen. iv. p. 163;
great learning (Facund. iv. 2); but some of his Bentley, Phalar. p. 62, ed. London, 1777. )
writings were not considered quite orthodox, and 6. Surnamed CRONUS, a son of Ameinias of
are said to have favoured the views which were Jasus in Caria, lived at the court of Alexan-
afterwards promulgated by his disciple, Nestorius. dria in the reign of Ptolemy Soter, who is said
His style is praised by Photius (Bibl. Cod. 223, to have given him the surname of Cronus on
where he is called Theodorus) for its purity and account of his inability to solve at once some
simplicity. Respecting his life, see Tillemont, dialectic problem proposed by Stilpo, when the
Hist
. des Emp. viii. p. 558, &c. , and p. 802, &c. , two philosophers were dining with the king.
ed. Paris.
Diodorus is said to have taken that disgrace so
Diodorus was the author of a numerous series of much to heart, that after his return from the re-
works, all of which are now lost, at least in their past, and writing a treatise on the problem,
original language, for many are said to be still ex- he died in despair. (Diog. Laërt. ii. 111. ) Ac-
tant in Syriac versions. The following deserve to cording to an account in Strabo (xiv. p. 658,
be noticed: 1. Kard eiuapuévns, in 8 books or xvii. p. 838), Diodorus himself adopted the surname
53 chapters, was written against the theories of of Cronus from his teacher, Apollonius Cronus.
the astrologers, heretics, Bardesanes, and others. Further particulars respecting his life are not
The whole work is said to be still extant in Syriac, known. He belonged to the Megaric school of
and considerable Excerpta from it are preserved in philosophy, and was the fourth in the succession
Photius. (. c. ) 2. A work against Photinus, of the heads of that school. He was particularly
Malchion, Sabellius, Marcellus, and Ancyranus. celebrated for his great dialectic skill, for which
(Theodoret de Haeret. Fub. ii. in fin. ) 3. A work he is called ó dialektikós, or bladeKTIKÚTATOS.
against the Pagans and their idols (Facund. iv. 2), (Strab. l. c. ; Sext. Empir. adv. Gram. i. p. 310 ;
which is perhaps the same as the Kard nadtwvos Plin. H. N. vii. 54. ) This epithet afterwards
Tepi Seoû kal Jewv. (Hieronym. Catal. 119. ) 4. assumed the character of a surname, and de-
Χρονικόν διορθούμενον το σφάλμα Ευσεβίου του scended even to his five daughters, who were like-
Maupinou nepl Twv Xpóvwv, that is, on chronolo | wise distinguished as dialecticians. Respecting
## p. 1016 (#1036) ##########################################
1016
DIODORUS.
DIODORUS.
SO
the doctrines of Djvdorus we possess only frag- Siculus, was a contemporary of Caesar and 11-
mentary information, and not even the titles of gusins. (Suid. s. 1'. Achowpos; Euseb. Chron. un
his works are known. It appears, however, cer- Ann. 1907. ) lle was born in the town of Arvrium
tain that it was he wlio fully developed the in Sicily, where he became acquainted with the
dialectic art of the Megarics, which fre- Latin language through the great intercourse be-
quently dexonerated into mere shallow soplistry: tween the Romans and Sicilians. Respecting his
(Cic. Acad. ii. 24, 47. ) He seems to have been life we know no more than what lie himself tells
much occupied with the theory of proof and of us (i. 4). Ile sociis to have made it the business
hypothetical propositions. In the same manner as of liis life to write an universal history from the
he rejected in logic the divisibility of the funda- earliest down to liis own time. With this object
mental notion, he also maintained, in his physical in view, he travelled over a great part of Europe
doctrines, that space was indivisible, and conse- and Asia to gain a more accurate knowledge of
quently that motion was a thing impossible. He nations and countries than he could obtain from
further denied the corning into existence and all previous historians and geographers. For a long
multiplicity both in time and in space; but he time he lived it Rome, and there also he made
considered the things that fill up space as one large collections of materials for his work by study-
whole composed of an infinite number of indivisilile | ing the ancient documents. lle states, that he
particles. In this latter respect he approached the spent thirty years upon his work, which period
atomistic doctrines of Democritus and Diagoras. probably includes the time he spent in travelling
In regard to things possible, he maintained ibat and collecting materials. As it embraced the his-
only those things are possible which actually are or i tory of all ages and countries, and thus supplied
will be; possible was, further, with him identical ! she place, as it were, of a whole library, he called
with necessary; hence everything which is not it B. € 4100*kn, or, as Eusebius ( Pruup. Erung. i. 6)
going to be cannot be, and all that is, or is going says, B. 6Aloonien Lo Topiń. The time at which
to be, is necessary; so that the future is as certain he wrote his history may be determined pretty
and defined as the past. This theory approached accurately from internal evidence: he not only
the doctrine of fate maintained by the Stoics, mentions Caesar's invasion of Britain and his
and Chrysippus is said to have written a work, crossing the Rhine, but also his death and apo-
nepi Ouratwv, against the views of Diodorus. theosis (i. 4, iv. 19, v. 21, 25): he further states
(Diog. Laëri, vii. 191 ; Cic. de Fato, 6, 7. 9, ad (i. 44, comp. 83), that he was in Egypt in Ol. 190,
Fum. ix. 4. ) He made use of the false syllogism that is, B. C. 20; and Scaliger ( Animaur. od Euscb.
called Sorites, and is said to have invented two p. 156) has made it highly probable that Diodorus
others of the same kind, viz.
167. ) His name implies that he was a Greek, Carinus was hotly pursuing the flying foe be was
and had obtained the Ronan ciritas. Reiske sup- slain by his own officers [CARINUS). His troops,
posed hiin to be the same person as the rhetorician left without a leader, fraternized with their late
Diocles of Carystus, who is often mentioned by enemies, Diocletian was acknowledged by the
Others suppose him to be the same as conjoined armies, and no one appeared prepared to
the physician. The name of the poet himself is dispute his claims. The conqueror used his victory
variously written in the titles to liis epigrams. with praiseworthy and politic moderation. There
(Jacobs, xiii. 882, 883. )
[P. S. ] were no proscriptions, no confiscations, no banish-
Seneca.
3T 2
## p. 1012 (#1032) ##########################################
1012
DIOCLETIANTS.
DIOCLETLANI'S.
mients.
Nearly the whole of the ministrss and | lates, a certain fixed and definite portion being
attendants of the deceased monarch were permitted assigned to each, within which, in the absence of
10 retain their offices, and even the practorian the rest, his jurisdiction should be absolute. All,
praefect Aristobulus was continued in his com- however, being considered as colleagues working
mand. There was little prospect, however, of a together for the accomplishment of the same ohject,
peaceful reign. In addition to the insubordinate the decrces of one were to be binding upon the
spirit which prerailed universally among the rest ; and while cach Caesar was, in a certain de-
soldiery, who had been accustomed for a long grec, subordinate to the Angusti, the three junior
series of years to create and dethrone their rulers members of this mighty partnership were required
according to the suggestions of interest, passion, or distinctly to recognise Diocletian as the head and
caprice, the empire was threatened in the West hy guide of the whole. Accordingly, on the 1st of
a formidable insurrection of the Bagaudae under March 292, Constantius Chlorus and Galerius
Aclianus and Amandus (AELIANUS), in the East were proclaimed Caesars at Nicomedein, and to knit
hy the Persians, and in the North by the turbu- more firmly the connecting bonds, they were both
lent movements of the wild tribes upon the Danube. called upon to repudiate their wives ; upon which
Feeling himself unable to cope single-handed with the former received in marriage Theodoran
, the
80 many difficulties, Diocletian resolved to assume step-daughter of Maximian ; the litter l'aleria, the
a colleague who should enjoy, nominally at least, daughter of Diocletian. In the partition of the pro-
equal rank and power with himself, and relieve vinces the two younger princes were appointed to the
him from the burden of undertaking in person posts of greatest labour and hazard. To Constan-
distant wars. His choice fell upon the brave tius were assigned Britain, Gaul, and Spain, the
and experienced, but rough and unlettered sol- chief seat of governinent being fixed at Treves; to
dier Maximianus [MAXIMIANUS HERCULIUS], Galerius were intrusted Illyricum, and the whole
whom he invested with the title of Augistus, at line of the Danube, with Sirmium for a capital ;
Nicomedeia, in 286. At the same time the asso- Maximian resided at Milan, as governor of Italyand
ciated rulers adopted respectively the epithets of Africa, together with Sicily and the islands of the
Jorius and Herculius, either from some super-Tyrrhenian Sea; while Diocletian retained Thrace,
stitious motire, or, according to the explanation of Egypt, Syria, and Asia in his own hands, and
one of the panegyrists, in order to declare to the established his court at Nicomedein. The immediate
world that while the elder possessed supreme results of this arrangement were most auspicious.
wisdom to devise and direct, the younger could Maximianus routed the Mauritanian hordes. and
exert irresistible might in the execution of all drove them back to their mountain fastnesses,
projects.
while Julian being defeated perished by his own
The new emperor hastened to quell, by his hands ; Divcletian invested Alexandria, which was
presence, the disturbances in Gaul, and succeeded captured after a siege of eight months, and many
without difficulty in chastising the rebellious boors. thousands of the seditious citizens were slain,
But this achievement was but a poor consolation Busiris and Coptos were levelled with the ground,
for the loss of Britain, and the glory of the two and all Egypt, struck with terror by the success
Augusti was dimmed by their forced acquiescence and severity of the emperor, sank into abject submis-
in the insolent usurpation of Carausius. (CARAU- sion. In Gaul an invading host of the Alemanni
SIUS. )
was repulsed with great slaughter after an obstinate
Meanwhile, dangers which threatened the very resistance, Boulogne, the naval arsenal of Carausius,
existence of the Roman dominion became daily was forced to surrender, and the usurper having
more imminent. The Egyptians, ever factious, soon after been murdered by his chosen friend and
had now risen in open insurrection, and their minister, Allectus, the troops of Constantius ef-
leader, Achilleus, had made himself master of fected a landing in Britain in two divisions, and the
Alexandria ; the savage Blemmyes were ravaging whole island was speedily recovered, after it had
the upper valley of the Nile ; Julianus had as- been dismembered from the empire for a space of
sumed imperial ornaments at Carthage; a confed- nearly ten years. In the East the struggle was
eracy of five rude but warlike clans of Atlas, more severe; but the victory, although deferred for
known as the Quinquegentanar (or Quinquegentiuni), a while, was even more complete and more glorious.
was spreading terror throughout the more peaceful | Galerius, who had quitted his own province to
districts of Africa ; Tiridates, again expelled from prosecute this war, sustained in his first campaign,
Ancenia, had been compelled once more to seek a terrible defeat in the plains of Carrhae. The
refuge in the Roman court ; and Narses having shattered army, however, was speedily recruited by
crossed the Tigris, bad recovered Mesopotamia, and large drafts from the veterans of Illyria, Moesia-
openly announced his determination to re-unite and Dacia, and the Roman general, taught caution
all Asia under the swar of Persia ; while the Ger- by experience, advanced warily through the moun-
mans, Goths, and Sarmatians were ready to pour tains of Armenia, carefully avoiding the open coun-
down upon any unguarded point of the long line try where cavalry might act with advantage. Per-
of frontier stretching from the mouths of the Rhine serering steadily in this course, he at length, with
to the Euxine. In this emergency, in order that 25,000 men, fell unexpectedly upon the careless
a vigorous resistance might be opposed to these and confident foe. They were coinpletely routed,
numerous and formidable attacks in quarters of the and the harem of Narses, who con manded in per-
world so distant from each other, and that the son and escaped with great difficulty, fell into the
loyalty of the generals commanding all the great bands of the conquerors. The full fruits of this vic-
arnies might be firmly secured, Diocletian resolved | tory were secured by the wise policy of Diocletian,
to introduce a new system of government. It was who resolved to seize the opportunity of offering a
determined that, in addition to the two Augusti, peace by which he might receive a modemte but
there should be two Caesars also, that the whole certain advantage. A treaty was concluded, by
empire should be divided among these four poten- / which the independence of Armenia was guarana
## p. 1013 (#1033) ##########################################
DIOCLETLANUS.
1013
DIOCLETIANUS.
tred, and all Mesopotamin, tngriher with five pins | writers of the same stamp. llence. from sources
vinces beyond the Tigris and the command of the so scanty and so impure, it is extremely difficult to
detiles of Caucasus, were ceded to the Romans. For derive such knowledge as may enable us to form a
forty years the conditions of this compact wore just conception of the real character of this remark-
observed with good faith, and the repose of the able man.
Last remained undisturbed.
It is certain that he revolutionized the whole
The long series of brilliant achievements, by political system of the empire, and introduced a
which the barbarians had been driven back from scheme of government, afterwards fully carried out
every frontier, were completed when Diocletian and perfected by Constantinc, as much at variance
entered upon the twentieth year of his reign, and with that pursued by his predecessors as the power
the games common at each decennial period were exercised by Octavianus and those who followed
combined with a triumph the most gorgeous which him differed from the authority of the constitu-
Rome had witnessed since the days of Aurelian. tional magistrates of the republic. The object of
But neither the mind nor the body of Diocle- this new and important change, and the means by
tinn, who was now fifty-nine years old, was able which it was songht to attain that ohject, may be
any longer to support the unceasing anxiety and explained in a few words. The grand object was
toil to which he was exposed. On his journey to to protect the person of the sovercign from vio-
Nicomedeia he was attacked by an illness, from lence, and to insure a regular legitimate succession,
which, after protracted suffering, he scarcely escaped thus putting an end to the rebellions and civil
with life, and, even when immediate danger was wars, by which the world had been torn to pieces
past, found himself so exhausted and depressed, ever since the extinction, in Nero, of the Julian
that he resolved to abdicate the purple. This re- blood. To accomplish what was sought, it was
bolution seems to have been soon formed, and it necessary to guard against insubordination among
was speedily executed. On the 1st of May, A. the powerful bodies of troops maintained on the
305, in a plain three miles from the city where he more exposed frontiers, against mutiny among the
had first assumed the purple, in the presence of the praetorians at home, and against the faint spark of
army and the people, he solemnly divested himself free and independent feeling among the senate and
of his royal robes. A similar scene was enacted on populace of Rome. Little was to be apprehended
the same day at Milan by his reluctant colleague. from the soldiery at a distance, unless led on by
Constantius Chiorus and Galerius being now, ac- some favourite general ; hence, by placing at the
cording to the principles of the new constitution, head of the four great armies four commanders all
raised to the dignity of Augusti, Flavius Severus directly interested in preserving the existing order of
and Maximinus Daza were created Caesars. Dio- things, it was believed that one great source of danger
cletian returned to his native Dalmatia, and passed was removed, while two of these being marked out
the remaining eight years of his life near Salona in as heirs apparent to the throne long before their
philosophic retirement, devoted to rural pleasures actual accession, it seemed probable that on the
and the cultiration of his garden. Aurelius Victor death of the Augusti they would advance to the
has preserved the well-known anecdote, that when higher grade as a matter of course, without ques-
solicited at a subsequent period, by the ambitious tion or commotion, their places being supplied by
and discontented Maximian, to resume the honours two new Caesars. Jealousies might undoubtedly
which he had voluntarily resigned, his reply was, arise, but these were guarded against by rendering
“ Would yon could see the vegetables planted by each of the four jurisdictions as distinct and ab-
my hands at Salona, you would then never think solute as possible, while it was imagined that an
of urging such an attempt. ” His death took place attempt on the part of any one member of the
at the age of sixty-seven. The story in the Epitome confederacy to render himself supreme, would
of Victor, that he put himself to death in order to certainly be checked at once by the cordial combi-
escape the violence which he apprehended from nation of the remaining three, in self-defence. It
Constantine and Licinius, seems to be unsupported was resolved to treat the praetorians with litile
by external evidence or internal probability. ceremony; but, to prevent any outbreak, which
Although little doubt can be entertained with despair might have rendered formidable, they were
regard to the general accuracy of the leading facis gradually dispersed, and then deprived of their
enumerated in the above outline, the greatest con- privileges, while their former duties were dis-
fusion and embarrassment prevail with regard to charged by the Jovian and Herculian battalions
the more minute details of this reign and the chro- from Illyria, who were firm in their allegiance to
nological arrangement of the events. Medals af their native princes. The degradation of Rome
ford little or no aid, the biographies of the Au- by the removal of the court, and the creation of
gustan historians end with Carinus, no contem- four new capitals, was a death-blow to the in-
porary record bas been preserved, and those por- fluence of the Senate, and led quickly to the de-
cious of Ammianus Iarcellinus and Zosimus struction of all old patriotic associations. Nor was
which must have been devoted to this epoch have less care and forethought bestowed on matters ap-
disappeared from their works, purposely omitted parently trivial. The robe of cloth of gold, the
or destroyed, as some have imagined, by Christian slippers of silk dyed in purple, and embroidered
transcribers, who were determined if possible to with gems, the regal diadem wreathed around the
prevent any fiattering picture of their persecutor or brow, the titles of Lord and Master and God, the
any chronicle of his glories from being transmitted lowly prostrations, and the thousand intricacies of
to posterity. Hence we are thrown entirely upon complicated etiquette which fenced round the im-
the meagre and unsatisfactory compendiums of Eu- perial presence, were all attributed by short-sighted
tropius, the Victors, and Festus ; the vague and observers to the insolent pride of a Dalmatian slave
lying hyperboles of the panegyrists, and the avows intoxicated with unlooked-for prosperity, but were
cdly hostile declamations of the author of the work, in reality part and parcel of a sagacions and well
Di Mortibus Persecutorum [CaecilIUS], and other meditated plan, which sought to encircle the person
## p. 1014 (#1034) ##########################################
1914
DIOCLETIANUS.
DIODORUS.
of the sovereign with a sort of sacred and mystc- which must finally establish or destroy their su-
rious grandeur.
premacy. This faction found an organ in the
Passing over the military skill of Diocletian, we relentless Galerius, stimulated partly by his own
can scarcely refuse to acknowledge that the man passions, but especially by the fanaticism of his
who formed the scheme of reconstructing a great mother, who was notorious for her devotion to
empire, and executed his plan within so brief a some of the wildest and most revolting rites of
space of time, must have combined a bold and Eastern superstition. As the health of Diocletian
capacious intellect with singular prudence and declined, his mind sunk in some degree under the
practical dexterity. That his plans were such as pressure of disease, while the intiuence of his
a profound statesman would approve may fairly be associate Augustus became every day more strong.
questioned, for it needed but little knowledge of At length, after repeated and most urgent repre-
human nature to foresee, that the ingenious but sentations, Galerius succeeded in extorting from
coinplicated machine would never work with his colleague-for even the most hostile accounts
smoothness after the regulating hand of the admit that the consent of Diocletinn was given
inventor was withdrawn; and, accordingly, his with the greatest reluctance, the first edict which,
death was the signal for a succession of furious although stem and tyrannical in its ordinances,
struggles among the rival Caesars and Augusti, positively forbad all personal violence. But when
which did not terminate until the whole empire the proclamation was torn down by an indignant
was reunited under Constantine. Still the great believer, and when this act of contumacy was
social change was accomplished ; a new order of followed by a conflagration in the palace, occurring
things was introduced which determined the rela- under the most suspicious circumstances, and
tion between the sovereign and the subject, until unhesitatingly ascribed by Galerius to the Chris-
the final downfall of the Roman sway, upon prin- tians, the emperor considered that the grand prin-
ciples not before recognized in the Western world, ciple for which he had been 80 strenuously con-
and which to this day exercise no small influence tending, the supreme majesty and inviolability of
upon the political condition of Europe.
the royal person, was openly assailed, and thus
One of the worst effects, in the first instance, of was persuaded without further resistance to give
the revolution, was the vast increase of the public his assent to those sanguinary decrees which for
expenditure, caused by the necessity of supporting years deluged the world with innocent blood.
two imperial and two vice-regal courts upon a It is not improbable that the intellects of Diocle
scale of oriental splendour, and by the magnificent tian were seriously affected, and that his malady
edifices reared by the vanity or policy of the may have amounted to absolute in sanity. (Aurel.
different rulers for the embellishment of their Victor. de Caes. 39, Epit. 39; Eutrop. ix. 13, &c. ;
capitals or favourite residences. The amount of Zonar. xii. 31. )
(W. R. ]
revenue required could be raised only by increased
taxation, and we find that all classes of the com-
munity complained bitterly of the merciless exac-
tions to which they were exposed. Yet, on the
whole, Diocletian was by no means indifferent to
the comfort and prosperity of his people. Various
monopolies were abolished, trade was encouraged,
a disposition was manifested to advance merit and
to repress corruption in every department. The
COIN OF DIOCLETIANUS.
views entertained upon subjects connected with
political economy are well illustrated by the singular DIO'CORUS or DIO'SCORUS (Aló kopos or
edict lately discovered at Stratoniceia, by Colonel A160kopos), a commentator on the orations of De-
Leake, fixing the wages of labourers and artizans, mosthenes. (Ulpian, ad Dem. Phil. iv. init. ) [L. S. ]
together with the maximum price, throughout the DIODO’RUS (416dwpos), historical. l. A
world, of all the necessaries and commodities of commander of Amphipolis in the reign of king Per-
life. It is not possible to avoid being struck by the seus of Macedonia. When the report of the king's
change wrought upon the general aspect of public defeat at Pella reached Amphipolis, and Diodorus
affairs during the years, not many in number, which feared lest the 2000 Thracians who were stationed
elapsed between the accession and abdication of as garrison at Amphipolis should revolt and plun-
Diocletian. He found the empire weak and shat- der the place, he induced them by a cunning
tered, threatened with immediate dissolution, from stratagem to leave the town and go to Emathia,
intestine discord and external violence. He left it where they might obtain rich plunder. After they
strong and compact, at peace within, and triumph. had left the town, and crossed the river Strymon,
ant abroad, stretching from the Tigris to the Nile, he closed the gates, and Perseus soon after took
from the shores of Holland to the Euxine.
refuge there. (Liv. xliv. 44. )
By far the worst feature of this reign was the 2. The tutor of Demetrius. When Demetrius
terrible persecution of the Christians. The con- was kept in captivity at Rome, Diodorus came to
duct of the prince upon this occasion is the more him from Syria, and persuaded him that he would
remarkable, because we are at first sight unable to be received with open arms by the people of Syria
detect any motive which could have induced him if he would but escape and make his appearance
to permit such atrocities, and one of the most among them. Demetrius readily listened to him,
marked features in his character was his earnest and sent him to Syria to prepare everything and
avoidance of harsh measures. The history of the to explore the disposition of the people. (Polyb.
attair seems briefly this: The pagans of the old xxxi. 20, 21. )
[L. S. )
school had formed a close alliance with the scep- DIODOʻRUS(1165wpos), literary. 1. Of Add-
Lical philosophers, and both perceived that the AYTTIUM, a rhetorician and Academic philosopher,
time was now arrived for a desperate struggle | He lived at the time of Mithridates, under whom
$7096
BLOGENE
## p. 1015 (#1035) ##########################################
DIODORUS.
1015
DIODORUS.
he commanded an army. In order to please the gical errors committed by Eusebius. (Suid. s. v.
king, he caused all the senators of his native place | Διόδωρος. ) 5. Περί του είς Θεός εν Τριάδι, w18
to be massacred. He afterwards accompanied directed against the Arians or Eunomians, and is
Mithridates to Pontus, and, after the fall of the said to be still extant in Syriac. 6. Tipos Iparia-
king, Diodorus received the punishment for his vov Kepárara. (Facund. iv. 2. ) 7. Tepl tñs 'It-
cruelty. Charges were brought against him at Tápxou opalpas. This Hipparchus is the Bithy-
Adramyttium, and as he felt that he could not. nian of whom Pliny (11. X. 1. 26) speaks. 3.
clear himself, he starved himself to death in des- Iepi #povoias, or on Providence, is said to exist
pair. (Strub. xiii. p. 614. )
still in Syriac. 9. Προς Ευφρόνιον φιλόσοφος,
2. Of ALEXANDRIA, surnamed Valerius Pollio, in the form of a dialogue. (Basil. Epist. 167;
was a son of Pollio and a disciple of Telecles. He Facund. iv. 2. ) 10. Kata Mavixaiwv, in 24 books,
wrote, according to Suidas (s. e. Mw. iwv) and Eu- of which some account is given by Photius. (Bill.
docia (p. 136), a work entitled i kunnois TWv Cori. 85 ; comp. Theodoret. i. in fin. ) The work
ζητουμένων παρά τοις ί ρήτορσιν, and another is believed to be extant in Syriac. 11. Περί του
'Αττική λέξις. He lived in the time of the emáyiou atveduatos. (Phot. Bill. Cod. 102; Leontius,
peror Hadrian, and is perhaps the same as the de Sectis, pp. 418. ) 12.
Mpòs tous Eurovolaotás,
Theodorus who is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiv. a work directed against the Apollinaristae. Some
p. 646, comp. xv. pp. 677, 678, 691; Phot. Bill. fragments of the first book are preserved in Leon-
Cod. 149) as the author of 'Attikal riwarai. tius. (Bibl. Putr. ix. p. 704, ed. Lugdun. ) This
3. Of ANTIOCH, an ecclesiastical writer who work, which is still extant in Syrinc, seems to
lived during the latter part of the fourth century have been the principal cause of Diodorus being
after Christ, and belonged to a noble family. Dur- looked upon as heretical ; for the Nestorians
ing the time that he was a presbyter and archi- appealed io it in support of their tenets, and Cy-
mandrita at Antioch, he exerted himself much in rillus wrote against it. 13. A commentary on
introducing a better discipline among the monks, most of the books of the Old and New Testament.
and also wrote several works, which shewed that This was one of his principal works, and in his in-
he was a man of extensive acquirements. When terpretation of the Scriptures he rejected the alle-
Meletius, the bishop of Antioch, was sent into gorical explanation, and adhered to the literal
exile in the reign of the emperor Valens, Diodorus meaning of the text. (Suidas, l. c. ; Socrat. vi. 2;
too had to suffer for a time; but he continued to Sozomen. viii. 2; Hieronym. Catal. 119. ) The
exert himself in what he thought the good cause, work is frequently referred to by ecclesiastical
and frequently preached to his flock in the open writers, and many fragments of it have thus been
fields in the neighbourhood of Antioch. In A. D. preserved. (Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 217, ed. London ;
378 Melerius was allowed to return to his see, Fabric. Bill. Gr. iv. p. 380, ix. p. 277, &c. )
and one of his first acts was to make Diodorus 4. Of Ascalon, a Greek grammarian, who
bishop of Tarsus. In A. D. 381 Diodorus attended wrote a work on the poet Antiphanes. (Ilep. 'AVTo-
the council of Constantinople, at which the general φάνους και της παρά τους νεωτέροις ματτύης ;
superintendence of the Eastern churches was en- Athen. xiv. p. 662. )
trusted to him and Pelagius of Laodiceia. (Socrat. 5. Of ASPENDUS, a Pythagorean philosopher,
v. 8. ) How long he held his bishopric, and in who probably lived after the time of Plato, and
what year he died, are questions which cannot be must have been still alive in Ol. 104, for he was
answered with certainty, though his death appears an acquaintance of Stratonicus, the musician, who
to have occurred previous to A. D. 394, in which lived at the court of Ptolemy Lagi. Diodorus is
year his successor, Phalereus, was present at a said to have adopted the Cynic mode of living.
council at Constantinople. Diodorus was a man of (lamblich. V'it. Pythag. 36; Athen. iv. p. 163;
great learning (Facund. iv. 2); but some of his Bentley, Phalar. p. 62, ed. London, 1777. )
writings were not considered quite orthodox, and 6. Surnamed CRONUS, a son of Ameinias of
are said to have favoured the views which were Jasus in Caria, lived at the court of Alexan-
afterwards promulgated by his disciple, Nestorius. dria in the reign of Ptolemy Soter, who is said
His style is praised by Photius (Bibl. Cod. 223, to have given him the surname of Cronus on
where he is called Theodorus) for its purity and account of his inability to solve at once some
simplicity. Respecting his life, see Tillemont, dialectic problem proposed by Stilpo, when the
Hist
. des Emp. viii. p. 558, &c. , and p. 802, &c. , two philosophers were dining with the king.
ed. Paris.
Diodorus is said to have taken that disgrace so
Diodorus was the author of a numerous series of much to heart, that after his return from the re-
works, all of which are now lost, at least in their past, and writing a treatise on the problem,
original language, for many are said to be still ex- he died in despair. (Diog. Laërt. ii. 111. ) Ac-
tant in Syriac versions. The following deserve to cording to an account in Strabo (xiv. p. 658,
be noticed: 1. Kard eiuapuévns, in 8 books or xvii. p. 838), Diodorus himself adopted the surname
53 chapters, was written against the theories of of Cronus from his teacher, Apollonius Cronus.
the astrologers, heretics, Bardesanes, and others. Further particulars respecting his life are not
The whole work is said to be still extant in Syriac, known. He belonged to the Megaric school of
and considerable Excerpta from it are preserved in philosophy, and was the fourth in the succession
Photius. (. c. ) 2. A work against Photinus, of the heads of that school. He was particularly
Malchion, Sabellius, Marcellus, and Ancyranus. celebrated for his great dialectic skill, for which
(Theodoret de Haeret. Fub. ii. in fin. ) 3. A work he is called ó dialektikós, or bladeKTIKÚTATOS.
against the Pagans and their idols (Facund. iv. 2), (Strab. l. c. ; Sext. Empir. adv. Gram. i. p. 310 ;
which is perhaps the same as the Kard nadtwvos Plin. H. N. vii. 54. ) This epithet afterwards
Tepi Seoû kal Jewv. (Hieronym. Catal. 119. ) 4. assumed the character of a surname, and de-
Χρονικόν διορθούμενον το σφάλμα Ευσεβίου του scended even to his five daughters, who were like-
Maupinou nepl Twv Xpóvwv, that is, on chronolo | wise distinguished as dialecticians. Respecting
## p. 1016 (#1036) ##########################################
1016
DIODORUS.
DIODORUS.
SO
the doctrines of Djvdorus we possess only frag- Siculus, was a contemporary of Caesar and 11-
mentary information, and not even the titles of gusins. (Suid. s. 1'. Achowpos; Euseb. Chron. un
his works are known. It appears, however, cer- Ann. 1907. ) lle was born in the town of Arvrium
tain that it was he wlio fully developed the in Sicily, where he became acquainted with the
dialectic art of the Megarics, which fre- Latin language through the great intercourse be-
quently dexonerated into mere shallow soplistry: tween the Romans and Sicilians. Respecting his
(Cic. Acad. ii. 24, 47. ) He seems to have been life we know no more than what lie himself tells
much occupied with the theory of proof and of us (i. 4). Ile sociis to have made it the business
hypothetical propositions. In the same manner as of liis life to write an universal history from the
he rejected in logic the divisibility of the funda- earliest down to liis own time. With this object
mental notion, he also maintained, in his physical in view, he travelled over a great part of Europe
doctrines, that space was indivisible, and conse- and Asia to gain a more accurate knowledge of
quently that motion was a thing impossible. He nations and countries than he could obtain from
further denied the corning into existence and all previous historians and geographers. For a long
multiplicity both in time and in space; but he time he lived it Rome, and there also he made
considered the things that fill up space as one large collections of materials for his work by study-
whole composed of an infinite number of indivisilile | ing the ancient documents. lle states, that he
particles. In this latter respect he approached the spent thirty years upon his work, which period
atomistic doctrines of Democritus and Diagoras. probably includes the time he spent in travelling
In regard to things possible, he maintained ibat and collecting materials. As it embraced the his-
only those things are possible which actually are or i tory of all ages and countries, and thus supplied
will be; possible was, further, with him identical ! she place, as it were, of a whole library, he called
with necessary; hence everything which is not it B. € 4100*kn, or, as Eusebius ( Pruup. Erung. i. 6)
going to be cannot be, and all that is, or is going says, B. 6Aloonien Lo Topiń. The time at which
to be, is necessary; so that the future is as certain he wrote his history may be determined pretty
and defined as the past. This theory approached accurately from internal evidence: he not only
the doctrine of fate maintained by the Stoics, mentions Caesar's invasion of Britain and his
and Chrysippus is said to have written a work, crossing the Rhine, but also his death and apo-
nepi Ouratwv, against the views of Diodorus. theosis (i. 4, iv. 19, v. 21, 25): he further states
(Diog. Laëri, vii. 191 ; Cic. de Fato, 6, 7. 9, ad (i. 44, comp. 83), that he was in Egypt in Ol. 190,
Fum. ix. 4. ) He made use of the false syllogism that is, B. C. 20; and Scaliger ( Animaur. od Euscb.
called Sorites, and is said to have invented two p. 156) has made it highly probable that Diodorus
others of the same kind, viz.
