Imprinted
at by the study of incorporeal existences, and espe-
London by Th.
London by Th.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
5), we learn that his
The details of this remarkable campaign are nar- ancestors traced their origin to the Gaulish tribe of
rated in the lives of 'Tiberius and Justinian. Jus- the Vocontii, that his grandfather received the
tinian obtained splendid victories, and sent 24 citizenship of Rome from Cn. Pompeius during the
elephants to Constantinople ; but he sustained in war against Sertorius, that his patemal uncle com-
his turn severe defeats, and was succeeded in the manded a squadron of cavalry in the army of the
supreme command by Mauricius, who, in 578, same general in the last struggle with Mithridates,
penetrated as far as the Tigris. The war was still and that his father served under C. Caesar (i. e.
raging with unabated fury, when Justin, whose the dictator), to whom he afterwards became
mental sufferings were increased by an ulcer on his private secretary. It is hence evident that the
leg, felt his dissolution approaching, and conse- son must have flourished under Augustus ; and
quently created Tiberius Augustus on the 26th of since the recovery of the standards of Crassus from
September, 578, and had him crowned and publicly the Parthians was recorded towards the close of
acknowledged as his successor. Justin died on the his history, it is probable that it may have been
5th of October following ; the best action of his published not long after that event, which took
life was the choice of his successor. (Corippus, De place B. c. 20. Our knowledge of this production
Land. Justini; Evagrius, v. 1--13; Theophan. p. is derived from three sources which, taken in com-
198, &c. ; Cedren. p. 388, &c. ; Zonaras, vol. ii. bination, afford a considerable amount of inform-
p. 70, &c. ; Glycas, p. 270, &c. ; Const. Manasses, ation with regard to the nature and extent of the
p. 68, &c. , Joel, p. 173, in the Paris edit. ; Paul. undertaking. 1. A few brief fragments quoted by
Diacon. ii. 5, &c. , iii. 11, 12 ; Theophylact. iii. 9, (Pliny? ), Vopiscus, Jerome, Augustin, Orosius,
&c. ; Menander, in Excerpt. Legation. ) (W. P. ] Priscian, Isidorus, and others down to John of
JUSTI'NUS, the elder son of Germanus (see Salisbury and Matthew of Westminster. 2. The
the genealogical table prefixed to the life of Jus- | Excerpts of Justin. 3. A sort of epitome found in
## p. 681 (#697) ############################################
JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS.
681
sereral MSS. , indicating, under the name of pro- | Alexander the Great formed in itself an almost
logues (prologi), the contents of each chapter in inexhaustible theme, while the ambitious schemes
regular order, bearing a close resemblance, in form of Pyrrhus were illustrated by a dissertation on
and substance, to the summaries prefixed to the the Sicilians and Carthaginians, which occupied no
books of Livy, and, like these, proceeding from less than six books. After the reduction of Mace-
some unknown pen.
donia to a Roman province, with which, as we
We thus ascertain that the original was com- have seen above, the thirty-third book closed,
prised in 44 books, that the title was Liber Histo- the following nine were devoted to the affairs of
riarum Philippicaruin, the additional words et Asia, Pontus, Syria, Egypt, and Boeotia, including
totius mundi origines et terrae silus, given by the the Parthinn monarchy; the forty-second and
anthor of the prologues, being in all probability an forty-third contained a sketch of the steps by which
inaccurate explanation appended by himself
. The the Romans had attained to supremacy; and in the
term Historiae Philippicue was employed because last were collected some scattered notices in refer-
the chief object proposed was to give a complete ence to the Ligurians, Massilians, and Spaniards, the
account of the origin, rise, progress, decline, and Greeks having been previously (lib. xxiv. ) discussed.
extinction of the Macedonian monarchy, with all To what period Justin (who is designated in one
its bronches ; but in the execution of this design, MS. as Justinus Frontinus, and in another as M.
Trogue permitted himself, in imitation of Hero Junianus Justinus, while the great majority exhibit
dotus and Theopompus, to indulge in so many ex- the simple appellation Justinus) belongs it is im-
cursions, that a very wide field of investigation possible to determine with certainty. The expres-
was embraced, although the designation Universal sion which he employs (viii. 4. $ 7), “ Graeciam
History is altogether inapplicable. In the first six etiam nunc et viribus et dignitate orbis terrarum
books, which served as a sort of introduction to principem” would in itself be scarcely sufficient to
the rest, while ostensibly examining into the re- prove that he flourished under the Eastern em-
cords of the period anterior to Philip I. , he took a perors, even if it related to the age in which he
survey of the various states which eventually be composed, and not, as it does in reality, to the
came subject to, or in any way connected with, the particular epoch of which he happened to be treat-
Macedonians. In this manner the empires of the ing in his narrative; while the words “ Imperator
Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, were passed Antonine," which appear in the preface, are to be
under review: the expedition of Cambyses against found in no MS. now extant, but are probably an
Egypt led to a delineation of that country and its interpolation foisted in by some of the earlier
people: the contest of Darius with the Scythians editors who followed Isidorus, Jornandes, and
was accompanied by a geographical sketch of the John of Salisbury, in confounding Justin the histo
nations which bordered on the northern and eastern rian with Justin the Christian father and martyr.
shores of the Euxine: the invasion of Xerxes The earliest writer by whom he is mentioned is
brought the Athenians and Thessalians on the Saint Jerome (Prooem. in Daniel), and therefore he
stage, who in turn called up the Spartans and other cannot, at all events, be later than the beginning of
Dorian clans. A narrative of the Peloponnesian the fifth century.
war naturally succeeded : with the fatal expedition Justin has been frequently censured by scholars
to Sicily was interwoven a description of that in no measured terms for the slovenly manner in
famous island, of its races, and of the colonies spread which he executed what they are pleased to con-
over its surface. The downfall of Athens was sider as an abridgment of Trogus. It is unques-
next recorded, followed by the enterprise of the tionable that many leading events are entirely
younger Cyrus, the campaigns of Agesilaus in Asia, omitted, that certain topics are dismissed with ex-
and various minor events, until the decay of the cessive brevity, that others not more weighty in
Lacedemonian and the rise of the Boeotian influence themselves are developed with great fulness, and
gradually introduced the history of Macedon, which, that in consequence of this apparent caprice an air
commencing with the seventh book, was continued of incoherence and inequality is diffused over the
down to the ruin of Perseus and the abortive whole performance. But before subscribing to the
attempt of the impostor Andriscus, which were de justice of these animadversions, it would be well to
tailed in the thirty-third. But even after the main ascertain if possible the real object of the compiler.
subject had been fairly commenced, it could only Now we are distinctly told by himself (Praef. )
be regarded in the same light as the argument of an that he had occupied his leisure during a residence
Epic poem, which admits of continual episodes and in the city by selecting those passages of Trogus
digressions—the guiding-thread of the discourse, which seemed most worthy of being generally
which, although often apparently lost, forms the known, passing over such as in his estimation were
connecting links by which the various portions of the not particularly interesting or instructive. Thus
complicated fabric are united and held together in it is clear that the pages of Justin are not to be
one piece. Thus the interference of Philip in the viewed in the light of a systematic compendium of
affairs of Greece suggested an exposition of the Trogus, but rather, in his own words, as an An-
causes which led to the Sacred War: his attacks thology (breve florum corpusculum), and that the
upon Perinthus and Byzantium involved a disqui- criticisms alluded to above are altogether inappli-
sition on the early fortunes of the cities in question : cable to what is professedly merely a collection of
his dispute with the Scythians and his relations Elegant Extracts. We may indeed lament that
with the Persians afforded an apology for resuming he should have thought fit to adopt a plan by
the chronicles of these nations : the transactions of which we have entirely lost, or at least very im-
Artaxerxes Mnemon produced an account of the perfectly retained, a mass of valuable information
Cyprians and Paphlagonians, while the exploits of on a great variety of topics, of which we are igno-
Alexander the Epirotan furnished a pretext for an rant; but on the other hand, we must feel grateful
essay on the Apulians, Sabines, and Samnites to the labours, which have preserved from oblivion
The strife which arose among the successors of many facts not recorded elsewhere.
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JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS.
To discover the sources from which a lost writer The fragments spoken of at the beginning of this
derived his materials would seem to be a hopeless article will be found in Plin. H. N. vii. 3, x. 33,
quest, when it is certain that most of these sources xi. 39, 52, xvii. 10, xxxi. sub fin. ; Vopisc. Aure-
have themselves disappeared. For not only did liun. 2, Prob. 2 ; Hieron. Prooem. in Daniel, Com-
Trogus enter upon large departments of historical ment. in Daniel. c. 5 ; Augustin, de Civ. Dei, iv.
research, where we can compare him with no au- 6 ; Oros. i. 8, 10, iv. 6, vii. 27, 34 ; Isidor, de
thority now extant; but even when he trod the N. R. 6; Priscian, v. 3. & 12, vii. 11. § 63 ; Vet.
ground previously travelled over by Herodotus, Interp. ad Virg. Aen. iii. 108, iv. 37 ; Jornandes,
Thucydides, Xenophon, and Polybius, we clearly de R. G. 6, 10. Every thing that is known or
perceive that far from confining himself to their can be conjectured with regard to Trogus, Justin,
statements, he frequently adopted accounts com- and their works, is contained in the * Commen-
pletely at variance with those which they followed. tationes de Trogi Pompeii eiusque epitomatoris
It is certain, however, that his guides were ex. Justini fontibus et auctoritate," by Heeren, printed
clusively Greek, and we have every reason to be originally in the 15th volume of the Gottingen
lieve that to no one did he owe more than to Transactions, and prefixed to the edition of Frot-
Theopompus, from whom he borrowed not only the scher.
[W. R. ]
title, but much of the general plan and execution of JUSTI'NUS ('lovotivos), ecclesiastical. 1.
his work. He was also, we may conjecture, largely Surnamed the Martyr (ó Mápovs), or the Phi-
indebted to Ephorus, Timacus, and Posidonius; Losopher (ó Dióoopos), one of the earliest of the
but our limits forbid us to enter upon an inquiry Christian writers, was a native of Flavia Neapolis,
which has been prosecuted with great learning by or the New City of Flavia (Justin. Apolog. Prina,
Heeren in the essay quoted below.
c. 1), which arose out of the ruins, and in the im-
We must not omit to remark that the quotations mediate vicinity of the ancient town, called She
from Trogus found in Pliny appear to be all taken chem in the Old Testament and Sychar in the
from a treatise De Animalibus mentioned by New. The year of his birth is not known: Dod-
Charisius (p. 79. ed. Putsch. ), and not from his well, Grabe (Spicileg. SS. Patrum, saec. ii. p. 147),
histories.
and the Bollandists (Acta Sanctorum, April. vol. ii.
The Editio Princeps of Justin was printed at p. 110, note c), conjecture from a passage of Epi-
Venice by Jenson, 4to. 1470, and another very phanius (Adv. Haeres. xlvi. 1), which, as it now
early impression which appeared at Rome without stands, is clearly erroneous, that he was born about
date or name of printer is ascribed by bibliogra- A. D. 89 ; but this conjecture (which is adopted by
phers to the same or the following year. The first Fabricius) is very uncertain, though sufficiently in
critical edition was that of Marcus Antonius Sabel-accordance with the known facts of his history,
licus, published along with Florus at Venice, fol. Tillemont and Ceillier place the birth of Justin in
1490, and again in 1497 and 1507 : it was super- A. D. 103, Maran in a. D. 114, Halloix in A. d. 118.
seded by that of Aldus, 8vo. Venet. 1522 ; the He was the son of Priscus Bacchius, or rather of
volume containing also Cornelius Nepos ; and this Priscus, the son of Bacchius, and was brought
in turn gave way to that of Bongarsius, 8vo. Paris, up as a heathen ; for though he calls himself a
1581, in which the text was revised with great Samaritan (-Apolog. Secunda, c. 15, Dialog. cum
care, and illustrated by useful commentaries; but | Tryphone, c. 120), he appears to mean no more
conjectural emendations were too freely admitted. than that he was born in the country of Samaria,
Superior in accuracy to any of the preceding is the not that he held that Semi-Judaism which was so
larger edition of Graevius, 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1683; prevalent among bis countrymen. (Comp. Apolog.
that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. 1705 ; and above all, Prima, c. 53, sub med. ) He devoted himself to
those of Gronovius, Lug. Bat. 1719 and 1760, be philosophy, and for a considerable time studied the
longing to the series of Variorum Classics, in 8vo. system of the Stoics, under a teacher of that sect;
The last of these is in a great measure followed by but not obtaining that knowledge of the Deity
Frotscher, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1827, whose labours which he desired, and finding that his teacher un-
exhibit this author under his best form.
dervalued such knowledge, he transferred himself
Numerous translations have from time to time to a Peripatetic, who plumed himself on his acute-
appeared in all the principal languages of Europe. ness, whom, however, he soon left, being disgusted
The earliest English version is that executed by at his avarice, and therefore judging him not to be
Arthur Goldinge, printed at London in 4to, by a philosopher at all. Still thirsting after phi-
Tho. Marshe, 1564, and again in 1570, with the losophical acquirements, he next resorted to a Py-
following title, “ Thabridge Mente of the Histo thagorean teacher of considerable reputation, but
ries of Trogus Pompeius, gathered and written in was rejected by him, as not having the requisite
the Laten tung, by the famous historiographer preliminary acquaintance with the sciences of mu-
Justine, and translated into English by Arthur sic, geometry, and astronomy. Though at first
Goldinge: a worke containing brefly great plentye disheartened and mortified by his repulse, he de
of moste delectable Historyes and notable exam- termined to try the Platonists, and attended the
ples, worthy not only to be read, but also to bee instructions of an eminent teacher of his native
embraced and followed of al men.
Newlie con-
town, under whom he became a proficient in the
ferred with the Latin copye, and corrected by the Platonic system. His mind was much puffed up
Translator. Anno Domini 1570.
Imprinted at by the study of incorporeal existences, and espe-
London by Th. Marshe. ” We have also transla- cially by the Platonic doctrine of ideas, so that he
tions by Codrington, 12mo. Lond. 1654; by soon conceived he had become wise ; and so greatly
Thomas Brown, 12mo. Lond. 1712; by Nicolas were his expectations raised, that, says he, “ I fool-
Bayley, 8vo. Lond. 1732 ; by John Clarke, 8vo. ishly hoped that I should soon behold the Deity. "
Lond. 1732 ; and by Turnbull, 12mo. Lond. Under the influence of these notions he soughe op-
1746; most of which have passed through several portunities for solitary meditation ; and one day,
editions.
going to a lone place near the sea, he met with an
## p. 683 (#699) ############################################
JUSTINUS.
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JUSTINUS.
al-
old man, of meek and venerable aspect, by whom ran in A. D. 168. Papebroche (Acta Sanctorum,
he was convinced that Plato, although the most April. vol. ii. p. 107), assigning the Apologia Se-
illustrious of the heathen philosophers, was either cunda of Justin to the year 171, contends that he
unacquainted with many things, or had erroneous must have lived to or beyond that time. Dodwell,
notions of them; and he was recommended to the on the contrary, following the erroneous statement
study of the Hebrew prophets, as being men who, of Eusebius in his Chronicon, places his death in
guided by the Spirit of God, had alone seen and the reign of Antoninus Pius ; and Epiphanius, ac-
revealed ihe truth, and had foretold the coming of cording to the present reading of the passage
the Christ. The conversation of this old man with ready referred to, which is most likely corrupt,
Justin, which is narrated with considerable fulness places it in the reign of the enperor lladrian or
by the latter (Dial, cum Tryph. c. 3, &c. ), led to Adrian, a manifest crror, as the Apologia Prima is
Justin's conversion. He had, while a Platonist, addressed to Antoninus Pius, the successor of Ila-
heard of the calumnies propagated against the drian, and the second probably to Marcus Aurelius
Christians, but had hardly been able to credit and L. Verus, who succeeded Antoninus. The
them. (Apolog. Secunda, c. 12. ) The date of his death of Justin has been very commonly ascribed
conversion is doubtful. The Bollandists place it (comp. Tatian. contra Gruecos, c. 19; Euseb.
in A. D. 119; Cave, Tillemont, Ceillier, and others, H. E. iv. 10, and Chron. Puschale), to the ma-
in A. D. 133; and Halloix about A. D. 140. chinations of the Cynic philosopher Cresccns. The
Whether Justin had lived wholly at Flavia ennuity of Crescens, and Justin's apprehension of
Neapolis before his conversion is not quite clear: injury from him, are mentioned by Justin himself
that it had been his chief place of abode we have (Apolog. Secunda, c. 3); but that Crescens really
every reason to believe. Otto conjectured, from a had any concern in his death is very doubtful.
passage in his works (Cohortat. ad Gracc. c. 13), (Crescens. ] Justin has been canonized by the
that he had studied at Alexandria ; but, from the Eastern and Western churches : the Greeks cele-
circumstance that while in that city he had seen brate his memory on the 1st June ; the Latins on
with interest the remains of the cells huilt, accord- the 13th April. At Rome the church of S. Lorenzo
ing to the Jewish tradition, for the authors of the without the walls, is believed to be the resting-
Septuagint version of the Old Testament, we are place of his remains ; but the church of the Jesuits
disposed to place his visit to Alexandria after his at Eystadt, in Germany, claims to possess bis
conversion. He appears to have had while yet a body ; there is, however, no reason to believe that
heathen an opportunity of seeing the firmness with either claim is well founded. The more common
which the Christians braved suffering and death epithet added to the name of Justin by the ancients
(Apol. Secunda, c. 12), but we have no means of is that of “ the philosopher " (Epiphan. l. c. ; Euseb.
knowing where or on what occasion.
Chronicon, lib. ii. ; Hieronym. de Vir. Ilust. c. xxiii. ;
Justin retained as a Christian the garb of a phi- Chron. Paschale, l. c. ; Georgius Syncellus, pp. 350,
losopher, and devoted himself to the propagation, 351, ed. Paris, p. 279, ed. Venice ; Glycas, Annal.
by writing and otherwise, of the faith which he pars iii. p. 241, ed. Paris, 186, ed. Venice, 449,
had embraced. Tillemont argues from the language ed. Bonn); that of the martyr," now in general
of Justin (Apolog. Prima, c. 61, 65) that he was a
use,
is employed by Tertullian (Adv. Valent. c. 5),
priest, but his inference is not borne out by the who calls him “philosophus et martyr; by Pho-
passage ; and though approved by Maran, is rejected tius (Biblioth. cod. 48, 125, 232), and by Joannes
by Otto, Neander, and Semisch. That he visited Damascenus (Sacra Parall. vol. ii. p. 754, ed. Le-
many places, in order to diffuse the knowledge of quien), who, like Tertullian, conjoins the two
the Christian religion, is probable (comp. Cohorlat. epithets.
ud Graec. cc. 13, 34), and he appears to have made In our notice of the works of Justin Martyr we
the profession of a philosopher subservient to this adopt the classification of his recent editor, J. C. T.
purpose. (Dialog. cum Tryphon. init. ; Euseb. Otto, by whom they are divided into four classes.
H. E. iv. 11 ; Phot. Bibl. cod. 125. ) According I. UNDISPUTED WORKS. 1. 'Afología nórn
to what is commonly deemed the ancient record of υπέρ Χριστιανών προς 'Αντωνίνον τον Ευσεβή.
his martyrdom (though Papebroche considers it to Apologia prima pro Christianis ad Antoninum Pium.
narrate the death of another Justin), he visited In the only two known MSS. of the Apologies, and
Rome twice. On his second visit he was appre. in the older editions of Justin, e. g. that of Stepha-
hended, and brought before the tribunal of Rus- nus, fol. Paris, 1551, and that of Syīburg, fol. Heidel-
ticus, who held the office of praefectus urbi ; and burg, 1593, this is described as his Second Apology.
as he refused to offer sacrifice to the gods, he was It is the longer of the two Apologies, and is one of
sentenced to be scourged and beheaded; which sen- the most interesting remains of Christian antiquity.
tence appears to have been jinmediately carried It is addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius and
into effect. Several other persons suffered with to his adopted sons - Verissimus the Philosopher,"
him. Papebroche rejects this account of his mar- afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius, and “ Lucius
tyrdom, and thinks his execution was secret, the Philosopher" (we follow the common reading,
80 that the date and manner of it were never not that of Eusebius), afterwards the emperor Verus,
known: the Greek Menaea (a d. 1 Junii) state colleague of M. Aurelius. From the circunstance
that he drank hemlock. His death is generally that " Verissimus” is not styled Caesar, which dig-
considered to have taken place in the persecution nity he acquired in the course of A. D. 139, it is
nnder the emperor Marcus Antoninus ; and the inferred by many critics, including Pagi, Neander,
Chronicon Paschale, (vol. i. p. 258, ed. Paris, 207, Otto, and Semisch, that the Apology was written
ed. Venice, 482, ed Bonn), which is followed by previously, and probably early in that year. Eu-
Tillemont, Baronius, Pagi, Otto, and other moderns, sebius places it in the fourth year of Antoninus, or
places it in the consulship of Orphitus and Pudens, the first year of the 230th Olympiad, A. D. 1+1,
A. D. 165 ; Dupin and Semisch place it in A. D. which is rather too late. Others contend for a
166, Fleury in A. D. 167, and Tillemont and Ma | later date still. Justin himself, in the course of
99
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684
JUSTINUS.
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the work (c. 46), states that Christ was born a describes himself as a Jew “Aying from the war
hundred and fifty years before he wrote, but he now raging," probably occasioned by the revolt
must be understood as speaking in round numbers. under Barchochebas, in the reign of Hadrian, A. D.
However, Tillemont, Grabe, Fleury, Ceillier, Maran, 132–134. But though the discussion probably
and others, fix the date of the work in A. d. 150. took place at this time, it was not committed to
To this Apology of Justin are commonly subjoined writing, at least not finished, till some years after,
three documents. (1. ) 'Adpravoù un èp Xplotlaw as Justin makes a reference to his first Apology,
ÈTIOTON), Adriani pro Christianis Epistola, or which is assigned as we have seen to a. D. 138
Exemplum Epistolae Imperatoris Adriani ad Minu- or 139. It has been conjectured that Trypho is
cium Fundanum, Procunsulem Asiae. This Greek the Rabbi Tarphon of the Talmudists, teacher
version of the emperor's letter was made and is or colleague of the celebrated Rabbi Akiba, but
given by Eusebius (II. E. iv. 9. ) Justin had sub- he does not appear as a rabbi in the dialogue.
joined to his work the Latin original (Euseb. II. E. The dialogue is, perhaps, founded upon the con-
iv. 8), which probably is still preserved by Rufinus versation of Justin with Trypho, rather than an
in his version of Eusebius, for which in the work of accurate record of it; but the notices of persons,
Justin the version of Eusebius was afterwards sube and especially the interesting account of Justin's
stituted. (2. ) 'Artwvivou & IOTO) apds to Kouvor own studies and conversion, are likely to be generally
This 'Aolas, Antonini Epistola ad Commune Asiae. correct. It appears to be mutilated, but to what
It is hardly likely that this document was inserted extent is a matter of dispute. Two fragments are
in its place by Justin himself ; it has probably been assigned to it by Grabe, Spicileg. Saec. ii. p.
The details of this remarkable campaign are nar- ancestors traced their origin to the Gaulish tribe of
rated in the lives of 'Tiberius and Justinian. Jus- the Vocontii, that his grandfather received the
tinian obtained splendid victories, and sent 24 citizenship of Rome from Cn. Pompeius during the
elephants to Constantinople ; but he sustained in war against Sertorius, that his patemal uncle com-
his turn severe defeats, and was succeeded in the manded a squadron of cavalry in the army of the
supreme command by Mauricius, who, in 578, same general in the last struggle with Mithridates,
penetrated as far as the Tigris. The war was still and that his father served under C. Caesar (i. e.
raging with unabated fury, when Justin, whose the dictator), to whom he afterwards became
mental sufferings were increased by an ulcer on his private secretary. It is hence evident that the
leg, felt his dissolution approaching, and conse- son must have flourished under Augustus ; and
quently created Tiberius Augustus on the 26th of since the recovery of the standards of Crassus from
September, 578, and had him crowned and publicly the Parthians was recorded towards the close of
acknowledged as his successor. Justin died on the his history, it is probable that it may have been
5th of October following ; the best action of his published not long after that event, which took
life was the choice of his successor. (Corippus, De place B. c. 20. Our knowledge of this production
Land. Justini; Evagrius, v. 1--13; Theophan. p. is derived from three sources which, taken in com-
198, &c. ; Cedren. p. 388, &c. ; Zonaras, vol. ii. bination, afford a considerable amount of inform-
p. 70, &c. ; Glycas, p. 270, &c. ; Const. Manasses, ation with regard to the nature and extent of the
p. 68, &c. , Joel, p. 173, in the Paris edit. ; Paul. undertaking. 1. A few brief fragments quoted by
Diacon. ii. 5, &c. , iii. 11, 12 ; Theophylact. iii. 9, (Pliny? ), Vopiscus, Jerome, Augustin, Orosius,
&c. ; Menander, in Excerpt. Legation. ) (W. P. ] Priscian, Isidorus, and others down to John of
JUSTI'NUS, the elder son of Germanus (see Salisbury and Matthew of Westminster. 2. The
the genealogical table prefixed to the life of Jus- | Excerpts of Justin. 3. A sort of epitome found in
## p. 681 (#697) ############################################
JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS.
681
sereral MSS. , indicating, under the name of pro- | Alexander the Great formed in itself an almost
logues (prologi), the contents of each chapter in inexhaustible theme, while the ambitious schemes
regular order, bearing a close resemblance, in form of Pyrrhus were illustrated by a dissertation on
and substance, to the summaries prefixed to the the Sicilians and Carthaginians, which occupied no
books of Livy, and, like these, proceeding from less than six books. After the reduction of Mace-
some unknown pen.
donia to a Roman province, with which, as we
We thus ascertain that the original was com- have seen above, the thirty-third book closed,
prised in 44 books, that the title was Liber Histo- the following nine were devoted to the affairs of
riarum Philippicaruin, the additional words et Asia, Pontus, Syria, Egypt, and Boeotia, including
totius mundi origines et terrae silus, given by the the Parthinn monarchy; the forty-second and
anthor of the prologues, being in all probability an forty-third contained a sketch of the steps by which
inaccurate explanation appended by himself
. The the Romans had attained to supremacy; and in the
term Historiae Philippicue was employed because last were collected some scattered notices in refer-
the chief object proposed was to give a complete ence to the Ligurians, Massilians, and Spaniards, the
account of the origin, rise, progress, decline, and Greeks having been previously (lib. xxiv. ) discussed.
extinction of the Macedonian monarchy, with all To what period Justin (who is designated in one
its bronches ; but in the execution of this design, MS. as Justinus Frontinus, and in another as M.
Trogue permitted himself, in imitation of Hero Junianus Justinus, while the great majority exhibit
dotus and Theopompus, to indulge in so many ex- the simple appellation Justinus) belongs it is im-
cursions, that a very wide field of investigation possible to determine with certainty. The expres-
was embraced, although the designation Universal sion which he employs (viii. 4. $ 7), “ Graeciam
History is altogether inapplicable. In the first six etiam nunc et viribus et dignitate orbis terrarum
books, which served as a sort of introduction to principem” would in itself be scarcely sufficient to
the rest, while ostensibly examining into the re- prove that he flourished under the Eastern em-
cords of the period anterior to Philip I. , he took a perors, even if it related to the age in which he
survey of the various states which eventually be composed, and not, as it does in reality, to the
came subject to, or in any way connected with, the particular epoch of which he happened to be treat-
Macedonians. In this manner the empires of the ing in his narrative; while the words “ Imperator
Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, were passed Antonine," which appear in the preface, are to be
under review: the expedition of Cambyses against found in no MS. now extant, but are probably an
Egypt led to a delineation of that country and its interpolation foisted in by some of the earlier
people: the contest of Darius with the Scythians editors who followed Isidorus, Jornandes, and
was accompanied by a geographical sketch of the John of Salisbury, in confounding Justin the histo
nations which bordered on the northern and eastern rian with Justin the Christian father and martyr.
shores of the Euxine: the invasion of Xerxes The earliest writer by whom he is mentioned is
brought the Athenians and Thessalians on the Saint Jerome (Prooem. in Daniel), and therefore he
stage, who in turn called up the Spartans and other cannot, at all events, be later than the beginning of
Dorian clans. A narrative of the Peloponnesian the fifth century.
war naturally succeeded : with the fatal expedition Justin has been frequently censured by scholars
to Sicily was interwoven a description of that in no measured terms for the slovenly manner in
famous island, of its races, and of the colonies spread which he executed what they are pleased to con-
over its surface. The downfall of Athens was sider as an abridgment of Trogus. It is unques-
next recorded, followed by the enterprise of the tionable that many leading events are entirely
younger Cyrus, the campaigns of Agesilaus in Asia, omitted, that certain topics are dismissed with ex-
and various minor events, until the decay of the cessive brevity, that others not more weighty in
Lacedemonian and the rise of the Boeotian influence themselves are developed with great fulness, and
gradually introduced the history of Macedon, which, that in consequence of this apparent caprice an air
commencing with the seventh book, was continued of incoherence and inequality is diffused over the
down to the ruin of Perseus and the abortive whole performance. But before subscribing to the
attempt of the impostor Andriscus, which were de justice of these animadversions, it would be well to
tailed in the thirty-third. But even after the main ascertain if possible the real object of the compiler.
subject had been fairly commenced, it could only Now we are distinctly told by himself (Praef. )
be regarded in the same light as the argument of an that he had occupied his leisure during a residence
Epic poem, which admits of continual episodes and in the city by selecting those passages of Trogus
digressions—the guiding-thread of the discourse, which seemed most worthy of being generally
which, although often apparently lost, forms the known, passing over such as in his estimation were
connecting links by which the various portions of the not particularly interesting or instructive. Thus
complicated fabric are united and held together in it is clear that the pages of Justin are not to be
one piece. Thus the interference of Philip in the viewed in the light of a systematic compendium of
affairs of Greece suggested an exposition of the Trogus, but rather, in his own words, as an An-
causes which led to the Sacred War: his attacks thology (breve florum corpusculum), and that the
upon Perinthus and Byzantium involved a disqui- criticisms alluded to above are altogether inappli-
sition on the early fortunes of the cities in question : cable to what is professedly merely a collection of
his dispute with the Scythians and his relations Elegant Extracts. We may indeed lament that
with the Persians afforded an apology for resuming he should have thought fit to adopt a plan by
the chronicles of these nations : the transactions of which we have entirely lost, or at least very im-
Artaxerxes Mnemon produced an account of the perfectly retained, a mass of valuable information
Cyprians and Paphlagonians, while the exploits of on a great variety of topics, of which we are igno-
Alexander the Epirotan furnished a pretext for an rant; but on the other hand, we must feel grateful
essay on the Apulians, Sabines, and Samnites to the labours, which have preserved from oblivion
The strife which arose among the successors of many facts not recorded elsewhere.
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JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS.
To discover the sources from which a lost writer The fragments spoken of at the beginning of this
derived his materials would seem to be a hopeless article will be found in Plin. H. N. vii. 3, x. 33,
quest, when it is certain that most of these sources xi. 39, 52, xvii. 10, xxxi. sub fin. ; Vopisc. Aure-
have themselves disappeared. For not only did liun. 2, Prob. 2 ; Hieron. Prooem. in Daniel, Com-
Trogus enter upon large departments of historical ment. in Daniel. c. 5 ; Augustin, de Civ. Dei, iv.
research, where we can compare him with no au- 6 ; Oros. i. 8, 10, iv. 6, vii. 27, 34 ; Isidor, de
thority now extant; but even when he trod the N. R. 6; Priscian, v. 3. & 12, vii. 11. § 63 ; Vet.
ground previously travelled over by Herodotus, Interp. ad Virg. Aen. iii. 108, iv. 37 ; Jornandes,
Thucydides, Xenophon, and Polybius, we clearly de R. G. 6, 10. Every thing that is known or
perceive that far from confining himself to their can be conjectured with regard to Trogus, Justin,
statements, he frequently adopted accounts com- and their works, is contained in the * Commen-
pletely at variance with those which they followed. tationes de Trogi Pompeii eiusque epitomatoris
It is certain, however, that his guides were ex. Justini fontibus et auctoritate," by Heeren, printed
clusively Greek, and we have every reason to be originally in the 15th volume of the Gottingen
lieve that to no one did he owe more than to Transactions, and prefixed to the edition of Frot-
Theopompus, from whom he borrowed not only the scher.
[W. R. ]
title, but much of the general plan and execution of JUSTI'NUS ('lovotivos), ecclesiastical. 1.
his work. He was also, we may conjecture, largely Surnamed the Martyr (ó Mápovs), or the Phi-
indebted to Ephorus, Timacus, and Posidonius; Losopher (ó Dióoopos), one of the earliest of the
but our limits forbid us to enter upon an inquiry Christian writers, was a native of Flavia Neapolis,
which has been prosecuted with great learning by or the New City of Flavia (Justin. Apolog. Prina,
Heeren in the essay quoted below.
c. 1), which arose out of the ruins, and in the im-
We must not omit to remark that the quotations mediate vicinity of the ancient town, called She
from Trogus found in Pliny appear to be all taken chem in the Old Testament and Sychar in the
from a treatise De Animalibus mentioned by New. The year of his birth is not known: Dod-
Charisius (p. 79. ed. Putsch. ), and not from his well, Grabe (Spicileg. SS. Patrum, saec. ii. p. 147),
histories.
and the Bollandists (Acta Sanctorum, April. vol. ii.
The Editio Princeps of Justin was printed at p. 110, note c), conjecture from a passage of Epi-
Venice by Jenson, 4to. 1470, and another very phanius (Adv. Haeres. xlvi. 1), which, as it now
early impression which appeared at Rome without stands, is clearly erroneous, that he was born about
date or name of printer is ascribed by bibliogra- A. D. 89 ; but this conjecture (which is adopted by
phers to the same or the following year. The first Fabricius) is very uncertain, though sufficiently in
critical edition was that of Marcus Antonius Sabel-accordance with the known facts of his history,
licus, published along with Florus at Venice, fol. Tillemont and Ceillier place the birth of Justin in
1490, and again in 1497 and 1507 : it was super- A. D. 103, Maran in a. D. 114, Halloix in A. d. 118.
seded by that of Aldus, 8vo. Venet. 1522 ; the He was the son of Priscus Bacchius, or rather of
volume containing also Cornelius Nepos ; and this Priscus, the son of Bacchius, and was brought
in turn gave way to that of Bongarsius, 8vo. Paris, up as a heathen ; for though he calls himself a
1581, in which the text was revised with great Samaritan (-Apolog. Secunda, c. 15, Dialog. cum
care, and illustrated by useful commentaries; but | Tryphone, c. 120), he appears to mean no more
conjectural emendations were too freely admitted. than that he was born in the country of Samaria,
Superior in accuracy to any of the preceding is the not that he held that Semi-Judaism which was so
larger edition of Graevius, 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1683; prevalent among bis countrymen. (Comp. Apolog.
that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. 1705 ; and above all, Prima, c. 53, sub med. ) He devoted himself to
those of Gronovius, Lug. Bat. 1719 and 1760, be philosophy, and for a considerable time studied the
longing to the series of Variorum Classics, in 8vo. system of the Stoics, under a teacher of that sect;
The last of these is in a great measure followed by but not obtaining that knowledge of the Deity
Frotscher, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1827, whose labours which he desired, and finding that his teacher un-
exhibit this author under his best form.
dervalued such knowledge, he transferred himself
Numerous translations have from time to time to a Peripatetic, who plumed himself on his acute-
appeared in all the principal languages of Europe. ness, whom, however, he soon left, being disgusted
The earliest English version is that executed by at his avarice, and therefore judging him not to be
Arthur Goldinge, printed at London in 4to, by a philosopher at all. Still thirsting after phi-
Tho. Marshe, 1564, and again in 1570, with the losophical acquirements, he next resorted to a Py-
following title, “ Thabridge Mente of the Histo thagorean teacher of considerable reputation, but
ries of Trogus Pompeius, gathered and written in was rejected by him, as not having the requisite
the Laten tung, by the famous historiographer preliminary acquaintance with the sciences of mu-
Justine, and translated into English by Arthur sic, geometry, and astronomy. Though at first
Goldinge: a worke containing brefly great plentye disheartened and mortified by his repulse, he de
of moste delectable Historyes and notable exam- termined to try the Platonists, and attended the
ples, worthy not only to be read, but also to bee instructions of an eminent teacher of his native
embraced and followed of al men.
Newlie con-
town, under whom he became a proficient in the
ferred with the Latin copye, and corrected by the Platonic system. His mind was much puffed up
Translator. Anno Domini 1570.
Imprinted at by the study of incorporeal existences, and espe-
London by Th. Marshe. ” We have also transla- cially by the Platonic doctrine of ideas, so that he
tions by Codrington, 12mo. Lond. 1654; by soon conceived he had become wise ; and so greatly
Thomas Brown, 12mo. Lond. 1712; by Nicolas were his expectations raised, that, says he, “ I fool-
Bayley, 8vo. Lond. 1732 ; by John Clarke, 8vo. ishly hoped that I should soon behold the Deity. "
Lond. 1732 ; and by Turnbull, 12mo. Lond. Under the influence of these notions he soughe op-
1746; most of which have passed through several portunities for solitary meditation ; and one day,
editions.
going to a lone place near the sea, he met with an
## p. 683 (#699) ############################################
JUSTINUS.
683
JUSTINUS.
al-
old man, of meek and venerable aspect, by whom ran in A. D. 168. Papebroche (Acta Sanctorum,
he was convinced that Plato, although the most April. vol. ii. p. 107), assigning the Apologia Se-
illustrious of the heathen philosophers, was either cunda of Justin to the year 171, contends that he
unacquainted with many things, or had erroneous must have lived to or beyond that time. Dodwell,
notions of them; and he was recommended to the on the contrary, following the erroneous statement
study of the Hebrew prophets, as being men who, of Eusebius in his Chronicon, places his death in
guided by the Spirit of God, had alone seen and the reign of Antoninus Pius ; and Epiphanius, ac-
revealed ihe truth, and had foretold the coming of cording to the present reading of the passage
the Christ. The conversation of this old man with ready referred to, which is most likely corrupt,
Justin, which is narrated with considerable fulness places it in the reign of the enperor lladrian or
by the latter (Dial, cum Tryph. c. 3, &c. ), led to Adrian, a manifest crror, as the Apologia Prima is
Justin's conversion. He had, while a Platonist, addressed to Antoninus Pius, the successor of Ila-
heard of the calumnies propagated against the drian, and the second probably to Marcus Aurelius
Christians, but had hardly been able to credit and L. Verus, who succeeded Antoninus. The
them. (Apolog. Secunda, c. 12. ) The date of his death of Justin has been very commonly ascribed
conversion is doubtful. The Bollandists place it (comp. Tatian. contra Gruecos, c. 19; Euseb.
in A. D. 119; Cave, Tillemont, Ceillier, and others, H. E. iv. 10, and Chron. Puschale), to the ma-
in A. D. 133; and Halloix about A. D. 140. chinations of the Cynic philosopher Cresccns. The
Whether Justin had lived wholly at Flavia ennuity of Crescens, and Justin's apprehension of
Neapolis before his conversion is not quite clear: injury from him, are mentioned by Justin himself
that it had been his chief place of abode we have (Apolog. Secunda, c. 3); but that Crescens really
every reason to believe. Otto conjectured, from a had any concern in his death is very doubtful.
passage in his works (Cohortat. ad Gracc. c. 13), (Crescens. ] Justin has been canonized by the
that he had studied at Alexandria ; but, from the Eastern and Western churches : the Greeks cele-
circumstance that while in that city he had seen brate his memory on the 1st June ; the Latins on
with interest the remains of the cells huilt, accord- the 13th April. At Rome the church of S. Lorenzo
ing to the Jewish tradition, for the authors of the without the walls, is believed to be the resting-
Septuagint version of the Old Testament, we are place of his remains ; but the church of the Jesuits
disposed to place his visit to Alexandria after his at Eystadt, in Germany, claims to possess bis
conversion. He appears to have had while yet a body ; there is, however, no reason to believe that
heathen an opportunity of seeing the firmness with either claim is well founded. The more common
which the Christians braved suffering and death epithet added to the name of Justin by the ancients
(Apol. Secunda, c. 12), but we have no means of is that of “ the philosopher " (Epiphan. l. c. ; Euseb.
knowing where or on what occasion.
Chronicon, lib. ii. ; Hieronym. de Vir. Ilust. c. xxiii. ;
Justin retained as a Christian the garb of a phi- Chron. Paschale, l. c. ; Georgius Syncellus, pp. 350,
losopher, and devoted himself to the propagation, 351, ed. Paris, p. 279, ed. Venice ; Glycas, Annal.
by writing and otherwise, of the faith which he pars iii. p. 241, ed. Paris, 186, ed. Venice, 449,
had embraced. Tillemont argues from the language ed. Bonn); that of the martyr," now in general
of Justin (Apolog. Prima, c. 61, 65) that he was a
use,
is employed by Tertullian (Adv. Valent. c. 5),
priest, but his inference is not borne out by the who calls him “philosophus et martyr; by Pho-
passage ; and though approved by Maran, is rejected tius (Biblioth. cod. 48, 125, 232), and by Joannes
by Otto, Neander, and Semisch. That he visited Damascenus (Sacra Parall. vol. ii. p. 754, ed. Le-
many places, in order to diffuse the knowledge of quien), who, like Tertullian, conjoins the two
the Christian religion, is probable (comp. Cohorlat. epithets.
ud Graec. cc. 13, 34), and he appears to have made In our notice of the works of Justin Martyr we
the profession of a philosopher subservient to this adopt the classification of his recent editor, J. C. T.
purpose. (Dialog. cum Tryphon. init. ; Euseb. Otto, by whom they are divided into four classes.
H. E. iv. 11 ; Phot. Bibl. cod. 125. ) According I. UNDISPUTED WORKS. 1. 'Afología nórn
to what is commonly deemed the ancient record of υπέρ Χριστιανών προς 'Αντωνίνον τον Ευσεβή.
his martyrdom (though Papebroche considers it to Apologia prima pro Christianis ad Antoninum Pium.
narrate the death of another Justin), he visited In the only two known MSS. of the Apologies, and
Rome twice. On his second visit he was appre. in the older editions of Justin, e. g. that of Stepha-
hended, and brought before the tribunal of Rus- nus, fol. Paris, 1551, and that of Syīburg, fol. Heidel-
ticus, who held the office of praefectus urbi ; and burg, 1593, this is described as his Second Apology.
as he refused to offer sacrifice to the gods, he was It is the longer of the two Apologies, and is one of
sentenced to be scourged and beheaded; which sen- the most interesting remains of Christian antiquity.
tence appears to have been jinmediately carried It is addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius and
into effect. Several other persons suffered with to his adopted sons - Verissimus the Philosopher,"
him. Papebroche rejects this account of his mar- afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius, and “ Lucius
tyrdom, and thinks his execution was secret, the Philosopher" (we follow the common reading,
80 that the date and manner of it were never not that of Eusebius), afterwards the emperor Verus,
known: the Greek Menaea (a d. 1 Junii) state colleague of M. Aurelius. From the circunstance
that he drank hemlock. His death is generally that " Verissimus” is not styled Caesar, which dig-
considered to have taken place in the persecution nity he acquired in the course of A. D. 139, it is
nnder the emperor Marcus Antoninus ; and the inferred by many critics, including Pagi, Neander,
Chronicon Paschale, (vol. i. p. 258, ed. Paris, 207, Otto, and Semisch, that the Apology was written
ed. Venice, 482, ed Bonn), which is followed by previously, and probably early in that year. Eu-
Tillemont, Baronius, Pagi, Otto, and other moderns, sebius places it in the fourth year of Antoninus, or
places it in the consulship of Orphitus and Pudens, the first year of the 230th Olympiad, A. D. 1+1,
A. D. 165 ; Dupin and Semisch place it in A. D. which is rather too late. Others contend for a
166, Fleury in A. D. 167, and Tillemont and Ma | later date still. Justin himself, in the course of
99
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684
JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS.
the work (c. 46), states that Christ was born a describes himself as a Jew “Aying from the war
hundred and fifty years before he wrote, but he now raging," probably occasioned by the revolt
must be understood as speaking in round numbers. under Barchochebas, in the reign of Hadrian, A. D.
However, Tillemont, Grabe, Fleury, Ceillier, Maran, 132–134. But though the discussion probably
and others, fix the date of the work in A. d. 150. took place at this time, it was not committed to
To this Apology of Justin are commonly subjoined writing, at least not finished, till some years after,
three documents. (1. ) 'Adpravoù un èp Xplotlaw as Justin makes a reference to his first Apology,
ÈTIOTON), Adriani pro Christianis Epistola, or which is assigned as we have seen to a. D. 138
Exemplum Epistolae Imperatoris Adriani ad Minu- or 139. It has been conjectured that Trypho is
cium Fundanum, Procunsulem Asiae. This Greek the Rabbi Tarphon of the Talmudists, teacher
version of the emperor's letter was made and is or colleague of the celebrated Rabbi Akiba, but
given by Eusebius (II. E. iv. 9. ) Justin had sub- he does not appear as a rabbi in the dialogue.
joined to his work the Latin original (Euseb. II. E. The dialogue is, perhaps, founded upon the con-
iv. 8), which probably is still preserved by Rufinus versation of Justin with Trypho, rather than an
in his version of Eusebius, for which in the work of accurate record of it; but the notices of persons,
Justin the version of Eusebius was afterwards sube and especially the interesting account of Justin's
stituted. (2. ) 'Artwvivou & IOTO) apds to Kouvor own studies and conversion, are likely to be generally
This 'Aolas, Antonini Epistola ad Commune Asiae. correct. It appears to be mutilated, but to what
It is hardly likely that this document was inserted extent is a matter of dispute. Two fragments are
in its place by Justin himself ; it has probably been assigned to it by Grabe, Spicileg. Saec. ii. p.
