, who died
before attaining his majority.
before attaining his majority.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
II, 1875.
His works include the monographs: Life of
St. Louis, Landgrave of Thuringia) (1850), and
(Brother Philip, of the Order of the Chartreux)
(1855); also‘Annals of German History' (1850);
(History of the Middle Ages) (1852); and (His-
tory of German Civilization at the Period of
Transition from Pagan to Christian Times)
(1853-54).
Rückert, (Johann Michael] Friedrich. A
distinguished German poet and Orientalist;
born at Schweinfurt, Bavaria, May 16, 1788;
died at Neuses, near Coburg, Jan. 31, 1866.
He published his (German Poems) (1814),
containing the famous Panoplied Sonnets,' -
directed against Napoleon,- under the pen.
name of “Freimund Raimar"); that is, the
poet of the free mouth. ” His poetry is much
admired for the ingenuity of its workmanship,
its strength and imaginative grace, and is full
of inspiration drawn from his patriotism and
his studies of the legends of the Orient; but is
philosophic rather than spontaneous. He pub-
lished many translations from the Arabic, and
wrote many original poems dealing with Ori-
ental subjects; among them being : "Oriental
Roses) (1822); (Songs and Legends of the
Orient) (1837); Rostem and Suhrab: A Heroic
Tale) (1838); and (Brahman Tales) (1839).
The most elaborate of all his works is (The
Wisdom of the Brahmans) (1836-39). *
Rudagi, Farid-Addin Muhammad (rö-dä'jë).
A Persian poet of the tenth century; born in
the village of Rudag (whence he derived his
name), in the region of Bokhara or Samar-
kand, toward the end of the ninth century;
died about 954. Tradition makes him a sort
of blind Homer, but regarding his blindness
there is doubt. His literary activity was great.
Of his very numerous verses only a very few
are now extant, but the fragments show great
literary merit.
Rudel, Gauffre or Godefroy, Prince of
Blaye (rü-del'). A French troubadour of the
twelfth century, who attached himself to the
suite of Geoffrey, Count of Bretagne, son of
Henry II. of England. He went to Syria in
search of a fair countess of Tripoli, rumors of
whose beauty had reached him; and was so
overcome when he finally saw her and heard
her voice that he fell dead at her feet. She
buried him with great pomp, and retired to a
convent to mourn him all her days. Petrarch
makes mention of Rudel; and several bits of
verse by him are extant in the MSS. of Pro-
vençal literature, now in the great libraries of
Paris, Venice, and Rome. One of them has
been published by Raynouard, as the (Gem
of the Original Poems of the Troubadours.
Rueda, Lope de (rö-ā'dä). A Spanish
dramatist of the sixteenth century; born at
Seville; died at Cordova. He was leader of
a troupe of actors; and in the elementary state
of the stage in his day, himself undertook
four rôles, - those of the negress, the brig.
and, the fool, and the Biscayan. He composed
for his company a number of short pieces.
His Works) (1567) comprise four comedies,
notably Deceptions) and (Eufemia); seven
pasos in prose; two colloquies; and “The
.
Wages of Love. )
Ruffini, Giovanni Domenico (rö-fē'ne). An
Italian littérateur; born at Genoa, September
1807; died at Taggia, Nov. 2, 1881. Obliged
to flee his native land for political reasons, he
resided in France, Switzerland, and England,
and later returned to Italy. He published in
London his first romance, Lorenzo Benoni,
a sort of autobiography, related in a very
>
## p. 472 (#488) ############################################
RUGE- RUMOHR
472
engaging style. He also published (Doctor
Antonio (1858), his best-known book; Les
Paragreens) (1860); Lavinia (1863); and oth-
ers. Many of his works have been translated
into French. *
Ruge, Arnold (rö'gė). A German publicist;
born at Bergen, Island of Rügen, Sept. 13,
1802 or 1803; died at Brighton, England, Dec.
31, 1880. He embraced with ardor the doctrines
of Hegel, and attracted considerable attention
by his philosophical criticisms in the Halle
Year-Book. He joined Karl Marx in Paris,
and published with him the 'German-French
Year-Books) (1843-45). After the suppression
of the paper which he started in Berlin, called
Reform, he went to London and formed, in
connection with Ledru-Rollin and Mazzini, the
European Democratic Committee. Among his
works are: (Two Years in Paris) (1845); Poetic
Pictures) (1847); Political Pictures) (1848);
(Our System) (1850); 'In Former Times)
(1862–67); and Manifesto to the German
People) (1886).
Ruiz, Juan (rö-eth'). A Spanish poet of the
fourteenth century, known as Archpriest of Hita;
born at Alcala or Guadalajara, in 1300; died
about 1351. He is the most original of mediæval
Spanish poets, and has left a poem on love
and women, which, while purporting to treat of
morality and the follies of earthly love, is in
reality a text-book for the man who wishes to
become a successful lover. He quotes from
Ovid's (Art of Love, gives translations from the
apologues of Latin and French fabulists, and
relates his own experience as well. It is mingled
rather incongruously with censures of the cap-
ital sins, and with philosophic maxims and
verses on the Passion, ending with high praise
of the Virgin Mary. It is interspersed with
songs, the best of which are the “Song of Schol-
ars) and (Song of the Blind.
Rulhière, Claude Carloman de la (rül-yâr').
A French historian and poet; born at Bondy
near Paris, in 1735; died at Paris, Jan. 30, 1791.
While aide-de-camp to Richelieu, he composed
his (Discourse upon Disputes, a witty poem
which Voltaire inserted in his Philosophic
Dictionary. In 1771 he was named political
writer to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and
visited London and Poland in that capacity.
His historical works are noted for their strict
honesty and justice, and his poetry for its ease
and freedom of expression. He excels in short
tales and epigrams. His historical works in-
clude : (Explanations of the Causes of the Rev.
ocation of the Edict of Nantes) (1788); (Anec-
dotes the Russian Revolution in 1762) (1797);
and History of the Anarchy of Poland? (4
vols. , 1807; 4th ed. 1862), his finest work. His
poetry includes (Rough Play) (1808 ), and
many small fragments.
Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson).
An American scientist, statesman, and philos-
opher; born at Woburn, Mass. , March 26, 1753 ;
died in Auteuil near Paris, Aug. 21, 1814. He
was one of the many conservatives at the
outbreak of the Revolution who were driven
into the British ranks outright by the patriotic
harrying of impatient neighbors. After serv-
ing England for a time, he entered the service
of the Elector of Bavaria, rose to the position
of Minister of War, and was finally created
a count of the Holy Roman Empire. He took
the title Rumford from the village of that
name (now Concord, N. H. ), where he had
married. He spent the last years of his life at
Auteuil, busily engaged in scientific researches,
- particularly on the nature and effects of
heat, studies with which his name is generally
associated. As an administrator, military or
civil, he showed immense practical capacity in
improving the conditions of life for the lower
ranks. His works include : Essays : Political,
Economical, and Philosophical) (1797-1806);
and studies in domestic economy, particularly
of cookery.
Rūmi, Maulana Jalál-ad-din (rö-me'). A
Persian Súfic poet and philosophic teacher ;
born at Balkh in Khorásán, Sept. 30, 1207;
died Sept. 17, 1273. His great work is the
Masnawi) or (Mathnawi,' ---a collection of
precepts and tales, interwoven with comments
on the Koran and sayings of the Prophet,
comprising between thirty and forty thousand
rhymed couplets; composed in honor of the
Maulawi sect of dervishes, of which he was
the founder. A versified translation of the first
book was published by J. W. Redhouse (1881).
He wrote also many spiritual and mystic odes,
full of inspiration. His teachings and doctrines
are still faithfully adhered to by this order,
and studied and revered by the whole Eastern
world as the guide to eternal bliss. *
Rumohr, Karl Friedrich Ludwig Felix von
(rö'mör). A German historian, antiquary, and
poet; born on his family estate of Reinhards-
grimme, near Dresden, in 1785; died at Dres.
den, July 25, 1843. A most industrious worker,
he wrote books on almost every conceivable
subject. The most interesting of them are :
(Explanations of Some Assertions regarding
the Wealth of Greece in Objects of Plastic
Art) (1811); Magazine of Art and History)
(1816); (Italian Researches) (1826-31), a pro-
found history of art in Italy, and consulted
to this day by students of the subject; "The
Spirit of Culinary Art (1832); «School of
Good Breeding) (1834), where he lays down
rules of etiquette for all classes and conditions
of men, from the minister to the postilion
and waiter; and Researches upon Maso di
Finiguerra, Inventor of the Art of Printing
upon Wet Paper,' etc. (1841).
Rumohr, Theodor Wilhelm. A Danish
novelist; born at Copenhagen, Aug. 2, 1807,
His many romances deal with the national
heroes of Denmark, and include: Jacob Dan-
neford) (1840); Niels Juel (1877); and (Peter
Tordenskjold) (1877). His collected works
appeared as Historical Pictures of the Father-
land) (1863).
## p. 473 (#489) ############################################
RUNDELL- RYAN
473
Rundell, Elizabeth (now Mrs. Andrew
Charles). An English painter, musician, poet,
and author; born at Tavistock, Devonshire,
1826 or 1828. All her writings, whether poems
or romances, have a deep religious tone. Her first
and most widely read book is (The Chronicles
of the Schönberg-Cotta Family) (1863), pub-
lished anonymously; and all that have followed
have appeared as the works of “The Author-
ess of the Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta
Family. ) They include: (Diary of Mrs. Kitty
Trevylyan) (1864); (The Cripple of Antioch)
(1864); (Winifred Bertram (1865); “The Dray-
tons and the Davenants) (1866); Against the
Stream) (1873); (Joan the Maid: Deliverer of
England and France) (1879); (Three Martyrs
of the Nineteenth Century) (1885); and By
Thy Glorious Resurrection and Ascension
(1888).
Runeberg, Johan Ludvig (rö'nė-berg). A
Swedish poet; born in Jakobsstad, Finland, Feb.
5, 1804; died at Borgå, May 6, 1877. Although
his whole life was spent in his native country,
he wrote in Swedish. The most celebrated of
his writings is (Ensign Stål's Tales) (1848-60),
a collection of ballads on the war between Swe-
den and Russia, and taking the Swedish side.
Among his many poems, lyrics, and dramas,
all of which are immensely popular in both
Sweden and Finland, are the idyls (Hanna)
(1836), and ‘Christmas Eve (1841); (The Elk-
Hunter) (1832), and Nadeschda) (1841), two
tales in verse; and (The Kings at Salamis)
(1863), a tragedy in antique form.
happiest in the lyrical epic, and his style is
characterized by a delicate and harmonious
grace. *
Rusden, George William. An English his-
torian (of Australia); born in Surrey in 1819.
He removed to New South Wales in 1834, and
made elaborate researches on the history and
languages of the Island Continent. He has
published : Moyarra : An Australian Legend
(1851); (Discovery, Survey, and Settlement of
Port Philip) (1872); “Translations and Frag-
ments) (1874); History of New Zealand)
(1883); and History of Australia) (1883), a
most careful and detailed work.
Ruskin, John. The great English critic and
essayist; born in London, Feb. 8, 1819. His
books on art comprise : Modern Painters)
(1843); (The Seven Lamps of Architecture)
(1849); “The Stones of Venice) (1851-53); (Pre-
Raphaelitism (1851); "Giotto and his Works
in Padua) (1853-60); Elements of Drawing)
(1857); (Political Economy of Art) (1857);
(The Two Paths) (1859); Elements of Per-
spective) (1859); "Lectures on Art) (1870);
Aratra Pentelici? (1872); Relation between
Michael Angelo and Tintoret) (1872); (The
Laws of Fésole) (1877–78); (The Art of Eng-
land? (1883); Verona, and Other Lectures)
(1893); and numerous notes and reports. His
many miscellaneous works on ethics, social
science, political economy, mythology, botany,
etc. , published under fanciful titles, include
He was
among others : Munera Pulveris ) (1862–63);
(Sesame and Lilies) (1865), one of his most
popular books; (The Ethics of the Dust)
(1866); (The Crown of Wild Olive) (1866);
(The Queen the Air) (1869); (The Eagle's
Nest' (1872); Love's Meinie' ( 1873); Proser-
pina(1875–86); Deucalion (1875-83); and
(St. Mark's Rest' (1874-84). He also wrote a
popular fairy tale, «The King of the Golden
River) (1851); (Arrows of the Chace) (1880),
letters to newspapers; Præterita,' autobio.
graphical (1885-89); Fors Clavigera) (1871-84),
miscellaneous counsels, moral, religious, eco-
nomic, literary, etc. *
Russell, Addison Peale. An American jour-
nalist and essayist; born in Wilmington, O. , in
1826. He has published: (Half-Tints) (1867);
Library Notes) (1875); (Thomas Corwin: A
Sketch) (1881); Characteristics) (1884); (A
Club of One) (1887); In a Club Corner); and
(Sub Cælum.
Russell, Dora. An English novelist; born
in 18–. Her romances include: (The Miner's
Oath) (1872); (Footprints in the Snow) (1877);
(Annabel's Rival (1881); (The Broken Seal)
(1886); “The Track of the Storm (1888); and
many others.
Russell, Irwin. An American verse-writer;
born at Port Gibson, Miss. , June 3, 1853; died
at New Orleans, La. , Dec. 23, 1879. He was
among the first to put the negro character to
literary account. His dialect and other verse
was collected after his death and published as
(Poems) (1888).
Russell, W. Clark. An English-American
novelist; born (of English parentage) in New
York city, Feb. 24, 1844. He spent much of his
early life at sea, and afterwards settled at Rams-
gate, England. He has published a great num-
ber of sea stories and novels, among which
are : (The Wreck of the Grosvenor) (1878);
(A Sailor's Sweetheart) (1880); My Watch
Below) (1883); A Sea Queen) (1883); (Jack's
Courtship’ (1884); (A Strange Voyage) (1885);
(The Frozen Pirate) (1887); (The Death Ship)
(1888); (Marooned' (1889); (The Romance of
Jenny Harlowe) (1889); and (The Good Ship
Mohock) (1895). *
Russell, William Howard, Sir. An Eng.
lish journalist ; born at Lilywater near Dublin,
March 28, 1821. He was special correspondent
of the London Times in the Crimea (1854-55);
in India during the Sepoy Mutiny (1857-59);
in the United States during the Civil War,
and known as “Bull Run Russell »); and its
war correspondent in the Franco-German War
of 1870. Ile published: (Extraordinary Men'
(1853); (The Crimean War) (1855-56); My
Diary in India); (My Diary during the Last
Great War) (1873); (The Prince of Wales's
Tour? (1877); Hesperothen' (1882); and
others. He was knighted in 1895, in recog-
nition of his services to journalism.
Ryan, Abram Joseph. An American priest
and verse-writer: born at Norfolk, Va. , Aug.
(
## p. 474 (#490) ############################################
474
RYAN-SACCHETTI
15, 1839; died at Louisville, Ky. , April 22, 1886.
It was while chaplain in the Confederate army
that he wrote his well-known poem (The Con-
quered Banner, composed shortly after Lee's
surrender. Later he went North for the pur.
poses of lecturing and publishing his works,
which have appeared as “The Conquered Ban-
ner, and Other Poems) (1880); Poems, Patri-
otic, Religious, and Miscellaneous) (1880); and
A Crown for Our Queen. Other poems of
his which are popular are: (The Lost Cause,
(The Sword of Lee, (The Flag of Erin,' and
the epic (Their Story Runneth Thus. At the
time of his death he was engaged upon a Life
of Christ.
Ryan, William Thomas Carroll. A Cana-
dian author ; born in Toronto, Ont. , Feb. 3,
1839. Upon leaving the army, where he served
during the Crimean War, he devoted himself
to journalism and literature. He has edited
and published a number of Canadian news.
papers, has contributed articles and poems to
magazines, and has lectured on the Liberal
side. His published works, which he signs
“Carroll Ryan,” are: “Oscar, and Other Poems)
(1857); (Songs of a Wanderer) (1867); (The
Canadian Northwest and the Canadian Pacific
Railway) (1875); and Picture Poems) (1884).
Rydberg, Abraham Viktor (rid'berg). A
Swedish man of letters; born at Jönköping,
Dec. 18, 1829. He is regarded as one of the
best littérateurs of Sweden, and the translator
seems to turn more often to his books than to
any other modern Swedish writer. He has
produced several translations, among them
Goethe's Faust); a novel, «The Last of the
Athenians' (1859), a picture of the last conflict
between Paganism and Christianity - trans-
lated into English, German, and Danish; many
poems; a number of æsthetic and historical
studies; and a series of works on the philoso-
phy of religion, including "The Doctrines of
Christ according to the Bible (1862), Magic
of the Middle Ages) (1864), “Romish Legends
of the Apostles Peter and Paul (1871), and
(The Primitive Patriarchs' Genealogies in Gen-
esis) (1873). His (Teutonic Mythology' (1886)
is a brilliant piece of work, but useless from a
scientific standpoint.
Rymer or Rhymer, Thomas the (Thomas
Lermont of Erceldoune). A Scotch poet and
prophet of the thirteenth century, who occupies
an important place in the mythical and legend.
ary literature of Scotland. His name is asso-
ciated with many fragments of rhymed or
alliterative verse, many of which have been
collected and published as "The Prophecies)
(1691); and “Sir Tristem: A Metrical Romance
Edited by Sir Walter Scott from the Auchin-
leck MSS. (1804).
S
Saar, Ferdinand von (sär). An Austrian
poet; born at Vienna, Sept. 30, 1833. Among
his works are the tragedies Hildebrand
(1865) and (The Death of Henry' (1867)— these
being united under the title (The Emperor
Henry IV. (1872); “Tales from Austria)
(1877); Vienna Elegies); Poems! (1882);
Three New Novels) (1883); (The Two De
Witts); (Thassilo) (1886); (The Castle of Kost-
enitz) (1893). He excels as a lyric poet and a
story-writer. His lyrics are in a tone of melan-
choly, but the feeling is genuine and the ex-
pression unaffected.
Saavedra, Angel de, Duque de Rivas (sä-
vā'drä). A Spanish statesman and poet; born
in Cordova, March 10, 1791; died in Madrid,
(1598), in 20 cantos, describing the glories of
the Aztec court and the conquest of Mexico.
Prescott has given him the name of the poet-
chronicler. )
Saavedra y Faxardo, Diego de (sä-vā'drä ē
fä-här'do). A Spanish moralist; born at Al-
gezarez in Murcia, 1584; died at Madrid, Aug.
24, 1648. His most notable work is (The Type
of a Christian Prince) (1640), written for the
instruction of the son of Philip IV.
, who died
before attaining his majority. He wrote also
the poem (The Republic of Letters) (1670); a
dialogue between Mercury and Lucian on the
follies of European statesmen (first printed
1787); and (The Gothic, Castilian, and Aus-
trian Crown (reprinted 1887).
June 22, 1805. He was the author of Poetica, Sabin, Joseph. An American publisher and
(2 vols. , )()
an epic on the Moorish conquest of Spain;
(The Moorish Foundling) (1834), a national
epic; many dramas; a life of Masaniello (1860);
and a history of the Neapolitan revolution (2
vols. , 1848; new ed. 1881).
Saavedra Guzman, Antonio (sä-vā'drä göth'.
män). A Mexican poet; born about 1550 ; died
in Spain about 1620. He gave seven years'
special study to the poetical and historical
literature of his own country ; utilizing the facts
in his historical poem (The Indian Pilgrim
bibliophile; born in Bramston, England, 1821 ;
died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , 1881. His store on
Nassau Street, New York, was noted for rare
books. He was famous for his knowledge of
books, and his reprints of old and curious
works. He edited the American Bibliographist;
and published a 'Dictionary of Books relating
to America) and a Bibliography of Biblio-
graphies.
Sacchetti, Franco (sä-ket'ē). An Italian
poet; born at Florence about 1330; died about
## p. 475 (#491) ############################################
SACHER-MASOCH-SAINT-AMANT
475
1400. His most important work is the (Three
Hundred Stories ) - of which only 223 remain,
and some of these are mutilated : they give a
faithful picture of life in those days, with many
satiric allusions. Among his poems the best
are the ballads and the madrigals.
Sacher-Masoch (säch'er-mäs'och), Leopold
Ritter von. An Austrian novelist; born at
Lemberg, Jan. 27, 1835; died at Lindheim in
Hesse, March 9, 1895. His very numerous
stories show great powers of realistic descrip-
tion; among them are: (Love) (1870); (False
Hermelin,' stories of theatrical life (1873);
(Love Stories from Divers Centuries) (1874);
(The Ideals of our Time) (1876); Property
(1877); (The New Job) (1878); “The Serpent
in Paradise) (1890); (The Solitaries) (1891);
(Merry Tales from the East) (1893); (The
Filled and the Hungry) ( 1894). His wife, Au-
rora von Rümelin, born at Gratz, 1846, wrote:
(Romance of a Virtuous Woman' (1873); “The
True Hermelin (1879); ( Ladies in Furs) (1881).
Sachs, Hans (sächs). The German meister-
singer; born at Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1494 ; died
Jan. 19 or 20, 1576. A complete collection of
his works has never been published. See
"Hans Sachs) (1765); I. L. Hoffman, Hans
Sachs) (1847); Kawerau, Hans Sachs und die
Reformation) (1889); and E. Götze, Hans
Sachs) (1891). *
Sachs, Julius von. A celebrated German
botanist; born in Breslau, Oct. 2, 1832. He has
paid special attention to the effects of light
and heat upon plants. His great work (His-
tory of Botany) (1875) covers the period 1500-
1860. He has also published Lectures on
Plant Physiology) (1882), and a series of
"Treatises) (1892) on the same subject; also a
Manual of Botany) (English eds. 1875 and
1892).
Saco, José Antonio (sä'ko). A Cuban his-
torical writer and publicist; born at Bayamo,
1797; died at Madrid, 1879. He wrote: (A
Parallel between Cuba and Certain English
Colonies) (1838); (Suppression of the Slave
Trade in Cuba) (1845); Ideas on the Incorpo-
ration of Cuba into the United States) (1848);
(The Political Situation in Cuba and Its Rem-
edy) (1851); “History of Slavery from the Most
Remote Times) (several volumes published in
1876 and years following; but the work was
not completed).
Så de Miranda, Francisco de (sä dā mē.
rän'dä). A poet who wrote in Spanish and
Portuguese ; born at Coimbra, Oct. 27, 1495;
died there, March 15, 1558. He traveled in Spain
and Italy, and on his return home devoted
himself to poetical composition, taking for his
model Petrarch's lyrics. He made his first
essay in hendecasyllabic verse with the Story
of Mondego) (1528); and then wrote a number
of sonnets, epistles, and idyls in octaves and
other Italian measures, in Spanish and Portu-
guese. Though he affected these Italian forms
of verse, he was in feeling and sentiment en-
tirely national.
Sa'di (sä'dē). One of the celebrated Persian
poets; born at Shiraz, 1184; died 1291 (? ).
Besides his "Divan) he wrote Bustān' or The
Fruit Garden (1257), and (Gulistān) or The
Rose Garden (1258), his two masterpieces.
The (Bustān) is a didactic poem in ten cantos
of double rhymed verse, treating of the highest
questions of philosophy and religion : it abounds
in sound ethical maxims and noble passages
of philosophical speculation. The (Gulistān)
is in prose, with verses interspersed. *
Sadlier, Anna Teresa An American writer
and translator; born in Montreal, Canada, 1856.
She has written much for the Roman Catholic
press, has translated poems and tales from the
French and Italian, and published: Ethel Ham-
ilton, and Other Tales) (1877); (The King's
Page) (1877); “Seven Years and Mair) (1878);
(Women of Catholicity) (1885); “The Silent
Woman of Alood) (1887); and a compilation,
(Gems of Catholic Thought) (1882).
Sæmund the Learned (sā'mönd). An Ice-
landic scholar of the 12th century. He trav-
eled widely in pursuit of learning, visiting Paris
and Rome, and afterward was a priest at Oddi.
He was unknown to scholars till about 1643,
when the then newly discovered Elder Edda
was ascribed to him by Brynjulf Sveinsson,
though the poems of that collection date in all
probability back to the 8th or to the 9th cen-
tury. Sæmund had in his day a great reputa.
tion for learning, and was regarded, like Friar
Bacon, as a magician. He wrote a Book
of the Kings) from Harold Fairhair to Mag-
nus the Good. * See Library) article (The
Eddas.
Sagard, Théodat Gabriel (sä-gär'). A French
missionary to the Hurons in the 17th century.
He wrote: (Travels to the Huron Country,
situate in America, toward the Freshwater
Sea and the Uttermost Limits of New France,
called Canada ; wherein is treated of all matters
touching the country, the manners and char-
acter of the savages, their government and their
ways, as well in their own country as when
roaming; of their faith and belief; with a dic-
tionary of the Huron language) (1632); also a
(History of Canada and the journey made
by the Friars Minor Recollets thither for the
conversion of the unbelievers) (1836). A new
edition of both works was published at Paris
in 4 vols. , 1866.
Saint-Aldegonde (san-täl-de-gond). See
Marnix.
Saint-Amand, Imbert de (sant-ä-män'). See
Imbert.
Saint-Amant, Marc Antoine Gerard, Sieur
de (sant-ä-män'). A noted French writer of
bacchanalian verses; born at Rouen, 1594; died
at Paris, 1660. He wrote Moses Saved' (1653),
an epic of the school of Tasso; and a number
of short miscellaneous poems, among which
those on bacchanalian scenes are the best,
(The Revel) is one of the most remarkable of
convivial poems.
## p. 476 (#492) ############################################
476
SAINTE-BEUVE-SAINT-LAMBERT
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (sant-bėv').
A great French literary critic; born at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer, Dec. 23, 1804; died at Paris,
Oct. 13, 1869. His first work, Picture of French
Poetry in the 16th Century) (1828), made him
famous. Then followed, anonymously, a volume
of Poems) and two other volumes of verse,
(Consolations) (1829) and Meditations in
August (1837): in these are seen the influence
of Goethe's (Werther) and Châteaubriand's
(René. His work in the field of the history
of literature was resumed in 1837; and in 1840
began to appear his great work, “History of
Port-Royal (6 vols. , 1840-48; 4th ed. 7 vols.
1878). His celebrated Monday Talks) on
books and authors were commenced in 1849, and
were continued with brief intermissions till his
death : they were reprinted in two series, Mon-
days) (15 vols. , 1862) and New Mondays)
(13 vols. ). He wrote also : (Literary Critiques
and Portraits) (5 vols. , 1832-39); Literary
Portraits) (2 vols. , 1844; 3 vols. , 1864); Con-
temporary Portraits) (2 vols. , 1846; 5 vols. , 1871).
His autobiography, (Recollections and Indis-
cretions,' was published in 1872, and 4 volumes
of his “Correspondence) in 1877-80. *
Saint-Évremond, Charles Marguetel de
Saint-Denis, Seigneur de (sant-evr-môn'). A
French satirist and literary critic; born at St.
Denis near Coutances, in Normandy, April 1,
1613; died at London, Sept. 29, 1703.
His
chief fame is due to his ability as a literary
critic; and his judgments were accepted as de-
cisive on both sides of the Channel. His best
works in this department are the satirical
sketches (Comedy of the Academicians) (1644),
and his (Letters. ) He was buried in West-
minster Abbey.
Saint Francis de Sales (säl or sāles). A
French ecclesiastic and devotional writer ; born
1567; died 1622. He founded the Order of the
Visitation. He wrote : Introduction to the
Devout Life); (A Treatise on the Love of
God”; etc. *
Saint-Gelais, Melin or Merlin de (san-zhe-
lā'). A French lyric poet; born at Angou-
lême, Nov. 3, 1487; died at Paris, 1558. He
affected the Italian forms of poetry, — the terza
rima and sonnet, - and was the first French
poet to write madrigals.
Saint-Hilaire, Barthélemy. See Barthé-
lemy-Saint-Hilaire.
Saint-Hilaire, Marco de, pseudonym of
Émile Marc Hilaire (sant-ê-lår'). A French
miscellaneous writer; born about 1796; died
Nov. 5, 1887. A literary trifier of small suc-
cess, he later adopted the line of glorifying
Napoleon as the hero of democracy, and con-
tributed in no small degree to foster (Napole-
onic ideas and to prepare the way for the
second empire. Among his works of this kind
are : (Recollections of the Private Life of Na-
poleon) ( 1838); (The Emperor's Aides-de-
Camp) (1841); Popular History of Napoleon
(1842); History of the Russian Campaign
(1846-48).
Saintine, originally Joseph Xavier Boniface
(sant-en'). A French littérateur and dramatist;
born in Paris, July 10, 1798; died there, Jan.
21, 1865. He wrote about 200 plays. His story
Picciola) ran through forty editions. *
St. John, Bayle. An English miscellaneous
writer, son of James A. ; born at London, Aug.
9, 1822; died Aug. I, 1859. Among his works
are : Eccentric Love: A Novel (1845); (Ad.
ventures in the Libyan Desert) (1849); (Views
of the Oasis of Siwah) (1850); Purple Tints
of Paris) (1854); (Travels of an Arab Mer-
chant in Soudan) (1854); (The Sub-Alpine
Kingdom (1856); Martineto: A Story of
Adventure) (1856); Legends of the Christian
East) (1856).
St. John, James Augustus. An English Ori-
entalist and miscellaneous author; born in
Caermarthenshire, Wales, Sept. 24, 1801; died
Sept. 22, 1875. He was an extensive traveler.
Among his numerous works are: (Egypt and
Mohammed Ali (1834); Description of Egypt
and Nubia) (1844); "Isis : An Egyptian Pil.
grimage' (1853); (The Nemesis of Power)
(1854); a treatise on (The Education of the
People) (1858).
St. John, Percy Bolingbroke. An English
novelist and miscellaneous writer, son of James
A. ; born at Plymouth, March 4, 1821; died
March 1889. He published among others : (The
Young Naturalist's Book of Birds) (1844 );
(Three Days of the French Revolution (1848);
(An Arctic Crusoe) (1854); "Quadroona!
(1861); (The Creole Bride) (1864); (The Snow
Ship) (1865); “The North Pole) (1875); and
(A Daughter of the Sea) (1884).
St. John, Spenser, Sir. An English diplo-
matist, and writer of books embodying the
knowledge so gained; son of James A. ; born
in London, Dec. 22, 1826. He was private
secretary to Rajah Brooke (1848), consul-
general to Siam (1850), Borneo (1855), etc. ;
and published "Life in the Forests of the Far
East! (explorations of Borneo, Sarawak, Suluk
Islands, etc. : 2 vols. , 1862), and Life of Sir
James Brooke) (2 vols. , 1879). Later he was
consul-general to Hayti (1861-62), and many
years in the West Indies in different positions;
and wrote Hayti; or, The Black Republic)
(1884), an awful picture of the retrogression of
the negro State toward savagery. He was also
minister to Peru in 1874 and 1881, and to Mex-
ico in 1884.
St. John-Brennon, Edward. An Irish poet;
born at Dublin, Feb. 21, 1847. He wrote:
(Bianca, the Flower Girl of Bologna) (1866);
(Ambrosia Amoris) (1869); "Two Gallian La-
ments"; "The Witch of Nemi); (The Tribune
Reflects.
Saint-Lambert, Jean François, Marquis de
(san-läm-băr'). A French philosopher and
poet; born at Nancy, Dec. 26, 1716; died at
Paris, Feb. 9, 1803. He won fame by his poem
(The Seasons) (1769), for which the encyclo.
pedists and Voltaire prophesied immortality;
3
## p. 477 (#493) ############################################
SAINT-MARC-SAINT-VICTOR
477
but it has little merit either in style or in sub-
stance. Far better are his Fugitive Poems)
(1759); and his (Stories,' republished 1883.
His Universal Catechism,' despite its materi-
alistic principles, was approved by the Institute
in 1810, as a text-book on ethics.
Saint-Marc-Girardin, François Auguste
(san-mark' zhe-rär-dan'). A French literary
critic; born at Paris, Feb. 12, 1801 ; died April
II, 1873. With Philarète Chasles he wrote
(View of French Literature in the 16th Cen-
tury) (1828), which won the first prize of the
Academy. He wrote also : (Political and Lit-
erary Notes on Germany) (1835); (Intermediate
Education in Germany) (2 vols. , 1835-38);
(Essay on Literature and Morals) (2 vols. ,
1845); (Course of Dramatic Literature; or,
The Use of the Passions in the Drama) (1843;
with ed. 5 vols. , 1875-77); (Recollections and
Political Reflections of a Journalist) (1859);
(Lafontaine and the Fabulists) (2 vols. , 1867);
J. J. Rousseau, his Life and Works) (2 vols. ,
1875).
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de (san-piar'). The
celebrated author of (Paul and Virginia';
born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737 ; died at Eragny-
sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. His works include : 'Voy-
age to the Isle of France (1773); (Studies of
Nature (1784); Vows of a Solitary) (1789);
«The Indian Cottage) (1790); Harmonies of
Nature (179-);(On Nature and Morality) (1798);
(Voyage to Silesia) (1807); (The Death of Soc-
rates) (1808); “Essay on Newspapers) (1808);
(Essay on J. J. Rousseau) (1809? ); “Stories of
Travel (1809-12); etc.
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé
de. A French philanthropist; born at St.
His works include the monographs: Life of
St. Louis, Landgrave of Thuringia) (1850), and
(Brother Philip, of the Order of the Chartreux)
(1855); also‘Annals of German History' (1850);
(History of the Middle Ages) (1852); and (His-
tory of German Civilization at the Period of
Transition from Pagan to Christian Times)
(1853-54).
Rückert, (Johann Michael] Friedrich. A
distinguished German poet and Orientalist;
born at Schweinfurt, Bavaria, May 16, 1788;
died at Neuses, near Coburg, Jan. 31, 1866.
He published his (German Poems) (1814),
containing the famous Panoplied Sonnets,' -
directed against Napoleon,- under the pen.
name of “Freimund Raimar"); that is, the
poet of the free mouth. ” His poetry is much
admired for the ingenuity of its workmanship,
its strength and imaginative grace, and is full
of inspiration drawn from his patriotism and
his studies of the legends of the Orient; but is
philosophic rather than spontaneous. He pub-
lished many translations from the Arabic, and
wrote many original poems dealing with Ori-
ental subjects; among them being : "Oriental
Roses) (1822); (Songs and Legends of the
Orient) (1837); Rostem and Suhrab: A Heroic
Tale) (1838); and (Brahman Tales) (1839).
The most elaborate of all his works is (The
Wisdom of the Brahmans) (1836-39). *
Rudagi, Farid-Addin Muhammad (rö-dä'jë).
A Persian poet of the tenth century; born in
the village of Rudag (whence he derived his
name), in the region of Bokhara or Samar-
kand, toward the end of the ninth century;
died about 954. Tradition makes him a sort
of blind Homer, but regarding his blindness
there is doubt. His literary activity was great.
Of his very numerous verses only a very few
are now extant, but the fragments show great
literary merit.
Rudel, Gauffre or Godefroy, Prince of
Blaye (rü-del'). A French troubadour of the
twelfth century, who attached himself to the
suite of Geoffrey, Count of Bretagne, son of
Henry II. of England. He went to Syria in
search of a fair countess of Tripoli, rumors of
whose beauty had reached him; and was so
overcome when he finally saw her and heard
her voice that he fell dead at her feet. She
buried him with great pomp, and retired to a
convent to mourn him all her days. Petrarch
makes mention of Rudel; and several bits of
verse by him are extant in the MSS. of Pro-
vençal literature, now in the great libraries of
Paris, Venice, and Rome. One of them has
been published by Raynouard, as the (Gem
of the Original Poems of the Troubadours.
Rueda, Lope de (rö-ā'dä). A Spanish
dramatist of the sixteenth century; born at
Seville; died at Cordova. He was leader of
a troupe of actors; and in the elementary state
of the stage in his day, himself undertook
four rôles, - those of the negress, the brig.
and, the fool, and the Biscayan. He composed
for his company a number of short pieces.
His Works) (1567) comprise four comedies,
notably Deceptions) and (Eufemia); seven
pasos in prose; two colloquies; and “The
.
Wages of Love. )
Ruffini, Giovanni Domenico (rö-fē'ne). An
Italian littérateur; born at Genoa, September
1807; died at Taggia, Nov. 2, 1881. Obliged
to flee his native land for political reasons, he
resided in France, Switzerland, and England,
and later returned to Italy. He published in
London his first romance, Lorenzo Benoni,
a sort of autobiography, related in a very
>
## p. 472 (#488) ############################################
RUGE- RUMOHR
472
engaging style. He also published (Doctor
Antonio (1858), his best-known book; Les
Paragreens) (1860); Lavinia (1863); and oth-
ers. Many of his works have been translated
into French. *
Ruge, Arnold (rö'gė). A German publicist;
born at Bergen, Island of Rügen, Sept. 13,
1802 or 1803; died at Brighton, England, Dec.
31, 1880. He embraced with ardor the doctrines
of Hegel, and attracted considerable attention
by his philosophical criticisms in the Halle
Year-Book. He joined Karl Marx in Paris,
and published with him the 'German-French
Year-Books) (1843-45). After the suppression
of the paper which he started in Berlin, called
Reform, he went to London and formed, in
connection with Ledru-Rollin and Mazzini, the
European Democratic Committee. Among his
works are: (Two Years in Paris) (1845); Poetic
Pictures) (1847); Political Pictures) (1848);
(Our System) (1850); 'In Former Times)
(1862–67); and Manifesto to the German
People) (1886).
Ruiz, Juan (rö-eth'). A Spanish poet of the
fourteenth century, known as Archpriest of Hita;
born at Alcala or Guadalajara, in 1300; died
about 1351. He is the most original of mediæval
Spanish poets, and has left a poem on love
and women, which, while purporting to treat of
morality and the follies of earthly love, is in
reality a text-book for the man who wishes to
become a successful lover. He quotes from
Ovid's (Art of Love, gives translations from the
apologues of Latin and French fabulists, and
relates his own experience as well. It is mingled
rather incongruously with censures of the cap-
ital sins, and with philosophic maxims and
verses on the Passion, ending with high praise
of the Virgin Mary. It is interspersed with
songs, the best of which are the “Song of Schol-
ars) and (Song of the Blind.
Rulhière, Claude Carloman de la (rül-yâr').
A French historian and poet; born at Bondy
near Paris, in 1735; died at Paris, Jan. 30, 1791.
While aide-de-camp to Richelieu, he composed
his (Discourse upon Disputes, a witty poem
which Voltaire inserted in his Philosophic
Dictionary. In 1771 he was named political
writer to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and
visited London and Poland in that capacity.
His historical works are noted for their strict
honesty and justice, and his poetry for its ease
and freedom of expression. He excels in short
tales and epigrams. His historical works in-
clude : (Explanations of the Causes of the Rev.
ocation of the Edict of Nantes) (1788); (Anec-
dotes the Russian Revolution in 1762) (1797);
and History of the Anarchy of Poland? (4
vols. , 1807; 4th ed. 1862), his finest work. His
poetry includes (Rough Play) (1808 ), and
many small fragments.
Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson).
An American scientist, statesman, and philos-
opher; born at Woburn, Mass. , March 26, 1753 ;
died in Auteuil near Paris, Aug. 21, 1814. He
was one of the many conservatives at the
outbreak of the Revolution who were driven
into the British ranks outright by the patriotic
harrying of impatient neighbors. After serv-
ing England for a time, he entered the service
of the Elector of Bavaria, rose to the position
of Minister of War, and was finally created
a count of the Holy Roman Empire. He took
the title Rumford from the village of that
name (now Concord, N. H. ), where he had
married. He spent the last years of his life at
Auteuil, busily engaged in scientific researches,
- particularly on the nature and effects of
heat, studies with which his name is generally
associated. As an administrator, military or
civil, he showed immense practical capacity in
improving the conditions of life for the lower
ranks. His works include : Essays : Political,
Economical, and Philosophical) (1797-1806);
and studies in domestic economy, particularly
of cookery.
Rūmi, Maulana Jalál-ad-din (rö-me'). A
Persian Súfic poet and philosophic teacher ;
born at Balkh in Khorásán, Sept. 30, 1207;
died Sept. 17, 1273. His great work is the
Masnawi) or (Mathnawi,' ---a collection of
precepts and tales, interwoven with comments
on the Koran and sayings of the Prophet,
comprising between thirty and forty thousand
rhymed couplets; composed in honor of the
Maulawi sect of dervishes, of which he was
the founder. A versified translation of the first
book was published by J. W. Redhouse (1881).
He wrote also many spiritual and mystic odes,
full of inspiration. His teachings and doctrines
are still faithfully adhered to by this order,
and studied and revered by the whole Eastern
world as the guide to eternal bliss. *
Rumohr, Karl Friedrich Ludwig Felix von
(rö'mör). A German historian, antiquary, and
poet; born on his family estate of Reinhards-
grimme, near Dresden, in 1785; died at Dres.
den, July 25, 1843. A most industrious worker,
he wrote books on almost every conceivable
subject. The most interesting of them are :
(Explanations of Some Assertions regarding
the Wealth of Greece in Objects of Plastic
Art) (1811); Magazine of Art and History)
(1816); (Italian Researches) (1826-31), a pro-
found history of art in Italy, and consulted
to this day by students of the subject; "The
Spirit of Culinary Art (1832); «School of
Good Breeding) (1834), where he lays down
rules of etiquette for all classes and conditions
of men, from the minister to the postilion
and waiter; and Researches upon Maso di
Finiguerra, Inventor of the Art of Printing
upon Wet Paper,' etc. (1841).
Rumohr, Theodor Wilhelm. A Danish
novelist; born at Copenhagen, Aug. 2, 1807,
His many romances deal with the national
heroes of Denmark, and include: Jacob Dan-
neford) (1840); Niels Juel (1877); and (Peter
Tordenskjold) (1877). His collected works
appeared as Historical Pictures of the Father-
land) (1863).
## p. 473 (#489) ############################################
RUNDELL- RYAN
473
Rundell, Elizabeth (now Mrs. Andrew
Charles). An English painter, musician, poet,
and author; born at Tavistock, Devonshire,
1826 or 1828. All her writings, whether poems
or romances, have a deep religious tone. Her first
and most widely read book is (The Chronicles
of the Schönberg-Cotta Family) (1863), pub-
lished anonymously; and all that have followed
have appeared as the works of “The Author-
ess of the Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta
Family. ) They include: (Diary of Mrs. Kitty
Trevylyan) (1864); (The Cripple of Antioch)
(1864); (Winifred Bertram (1865); “The Dray-
tons and the Davenants) (1866); Against the
Stream) (1873); (Joan the Maid: Deliverer of
England and France) (1879); (Three Martyrs
of the Nineteenth Century) (1885); and By
Thy Glorious Resurrection and Ascension
(1888).
Runeberg, Johan Ludvig (rö'nė-berg). A
Swedish poet; born in Jakobsstad, Finland, Feb.
5, 1804; died at Borgå, May 6, 1877. Although
his whole life was spent in his native country,
he wrote in Swedish. The most celebrated of
his writings is (Ensign Stål's Tales) (1848-60),
a collection of ballads on the war between Swe-
den and Russia, and taking the Swedish side.
Among his many poems, lyrics, and dramas,
all of which are immensely popular in both
Sweden and Finland, are the idyls (Hanna)
(1836), and ‘Christmas Eve (1841); (The Elk-
Hunter) (1832), and Nadeschda) (1841), two
tales in verse; and (The Kings at Salamis)
(1863), a tragedy in antique form.
happiest in the lyrical epic, and his style is
characterized by a delicate and harmonious
grace. *
Rusden, George William. An English his-
torian (of Australia); born in Surrey in 1819.
He removed to New South Wales in 1834, and
made elaborate researches on the history and
languages of the Island Continent. He has
published : Moyarra : An Australian Legend
(1851); (Discovery, Survey, and Settlement of
Port Philip) (1872); “Translations and Frag-
ments) (1874); History of New Zealand)
(1883); and History of Australia) (1883), a
most careful and detailed work.
Ruskin, John. The great English critic and
essayist; born in London, Feb. 8, 1819. His
books on art comprise : Modern Painters)
(1843); (The Seven Lamps of Architecture)
(1849); “The Stones of Venice) (1851-53); (Pre-
Raphaelitism (1851); "Giotto and his Works
in Padua) (1853-60); Elements of Drawing)
(1857); (Political Economy of Art) (1857);
(The Two Paths) (1859); Elements of Per-
spective) (1859); "Lectures on Art) (1870);
Aratra Pentelici? (1872); Relation between
Michael Angelo and Tintoret) (1872); (The
Laws of Fésole) (1877–78); (The Art of Eng-
land? (1883); Verona, and Other Lectures)
(1893); and numerous notes and reports. His
many miscellaneous works on ethics, social
science, political economy, mythology, botany,
etc. , published under fanciful titles, include
He was
among others : Munera Pulveris ) (1862–63);
(Sesame and Lilies) (1865), one of his most
popular books; (The Ethics of the Dust)
(1866); (The Crown of Wild Olive) (1866);
(The Queen the Air) (1869); (The Eagle's
Nest' (1872); Love's Meinie' ( 1873); Proser-
pina(1875–86); Deucalion (1875-83); and
(St. Mark's Rest' (1874-84). He also wrote a
popular fairy tale, «The King of the Golden
River) (1851); (Arrows of the Chace) (1880),
letters to newspapers; Præterita,' autobio.
graphical (1885-89); Fors Clavigera) (1871-84),
miscellaneous counsels, moral, religious, eco-
nomic, literary, etc. *
Russell, Addison Peale. An American jour-
nalist and essayist; born in Wilmington, O. , in
1826. He has published: (Half-Tints) (1867);
Library Notes) (1875); (Thomas Corwin: A
Sketch) (1881); Characteristics) (1884); (A
Club of One) (1887); In a Club Corner); and
(Sub Cælum.
Russell, Dora. An English novelist; born
in 18–. Her romances include: (The Miner's
Oath) (1872); (Footprints in the Snow) (1877);
(Annabel's Rival (1881); (The Broken Seal)
(1886); “The Track of the Storm (1888); and
many others.
Russell, Irwin. An American verse-writer;
born at Port Gibson, Miss. , June 3, 1853; died
at New Orleans, La. , Dec. 23, 1879. He was
among the first to put the negro character to
literary account. His dialect and other verse
was collected after his death and published as
(Poems) (1888).
Russell, W. Clark. An English-American
novelist; born (of English parentage) in New
York city, Feb. 24, 1844. He spent much of his
early life at sea, and afterwards settled at Rams-
gate, England. He has published a great num-
ber of sea stories and novels, among which
are : (The Wreck of the Grosvenor) (1878);
(A Sailor's Sweetheart) (1880); My Watch
Below) (1883); A Sea Queen) (1883); (Jack's
Courtship’ (1884); (A Strange Voyage) (1885);
(The Frozen Pirate) (1887); (The Death Ship)
(1888); (Marooned' (1889); (The Romance of
Jenny Harlowe) (1889); and (The Good Ship
Mohock) (1895). *
Russell, William Howard, Sir. An Eng.
lish journalist ; born at Lilywater near Dublin,
March 28, 1821. He was special correspondent
of the London Times in the Crimea (1854-55);
in India during the Sepoy Mutiny (1857-59);
in the United States during the Civil War,
and known as “Bull Run Russell »); and its
war correspondent in the Franco-German War
of 1870. Ile published: (Extraordinary Men'
(1853); (The Crimean War) (1855-56); My
Diary in India); (My Diary during the Last
Great War) (1873); (The Prince of Wales's
Tour? (1877); Hesperothen' (1882); and
others. He was knighted in 1895, in recog-
nition of his services to journalism.
Ryan, Abram Joseph. An American priest
and verse-writer: born at Norfolk, Va. , Aug.
(
## p. 474 (#490) ############################################
474
RYAN-SACCHETTI
15, 1839; died at Louisville, Ky. , April 22, 1886.
It was while chaplain in the Confederate army
that he wrote his well-known poem (The Con-
quered Banner, composed shortly after Lee's
surrender. Later he went North for the pur.
poses of lecturing and publishing his works,
which have appeared as “The Conquered Ban-
ner, and Other Poems) (1880); Poems, Patri-
otic, Religious, and Miscellaneous) (1880); and
A Crown for Our Queen. Other poems of
his which are popular are: (The Lost Cause,
(The Sword of Lee, (The Flag of Erin,' and
the epic (Their Story Runneth Thus. At the
time of his death he was engaged upon a Life
of Christ.
Ryan, William Thomas Carroll. A Cana-
dian author ; born in Toronto, Ont. , Feb. 3,
1839. Upon leaving the army, where he served
during the Crimean War, he devoted himself
to journalism and literature. He has edited
and published a number of Canadian news.
papers, has contributed articles and poems to
magazines, and has lectured on the Liberal
side. His published works, which he signs
“Carroll Ryan,” are: “Oscar, and Other Poems)
(1857); (Songs of a Wanderer) (1867); (The
Canadian Northwest and the Canadian Pacific
Railway) (1875); and Picture Poems) (1884).
Rydberg, Abraham Viktor (rid'berg). A
Swedish man of letters; born at Jönköping,
Dec. 18, 1829. He is regarded as one of the
best littérateurs of Sweden, and the translator
seems to turn more often to his books than to
any other modern Swedish writer. He has
produced several translations, among them
Goethe's Faust); a novel, «The Last of the
Athenians' (1859), a picture of the last conflict
between Paganism and Christianity - trans-
lated into English, German, and Danish; many
poems; a number of æsthetic and historical
studies; and a series of works on the philoso-
phy of religion, including "The Doctrines of
Christ according to the Bible (1862), Magic
of the Middle Ages) (1864), “Romish Legends
of the Apostles Peter and Paul (1871), and
(The Primitive Patriarchs' Genealogies in Gen-
esis) (1873). His (Teutonic Mythology' (1886)
is a brilliant piece of work, but useless from a
scientific standpoint.
Rymer or Rhymer, Thomas the (Thomas
Lermont of Erceldoune). A Scotch poet and
prophet of the thirteenth century, who occupies
an important place in the mythical and legend.
ary literature of Scotland. His name is asso-
ciated with many fragments of rhymed or
alliterative verse, many of which have been
collected and published as "The Prophecies)
(1691); and “Sir Tristem: A Metrical Romance
Edited by Sir Walter Scott from the Auchin-
leck MSS. (1804).
S
Saar, Ferdinand von (sär). An Austrian
poet; born at Vienna, Sept. 30, 1833. Among
his works are the tragedies Hildebrand
(1865) and (The Death of Henry' (1867)— these
being united under the title (The Emperor
Henry IV. (1872); “Tales from Austria)
(1877); Vienna Elegies); Poems! (1882);
Three New Novels) (1883); (The Two De
Witts); (Thassilo) (1886); (The Castle of Kost-
enitz) (1893). He excels as a lyric poet and a
story-writer. His lyrics are in a tone of melan-
choly, but the feeling is genuine and the ex-
pression unaffected.
Saavedra, Angel de, Duque de Rivas (sä-
vā'drä). A Spanish statesman and poet; born
in Cordova, March 10, 1791; died in Madrid,
(1598), in 20 cantos, describing the glories of
the Aztec court and the conquest of Mexico.
Prescott has given him the name of the poet-
chronicler. )
Saavedra y Faxardo, Diego de (sä-vā'drä ē
fä-här'do). A Spanish moralist; born at Al-
gezarez in Murcia, 1584; died at Madrid, Aug.
24, 1648. His most notable work is (The Type
of a Christian Prince) (1640), written for the
instruction of the son of Philip IV.
, who died
before attaining his majority. He wrote also
the poem (The Republic of Letters) (1670); a
dialogue between Mercury and Lucian on the
follies of European statesmen (first printed
1787); and (The Gothic, Castilian, and Aus-
trian Crown (reprinted 1887).
June 22, 1805. He was the author of Poetica, Sabin, Joseph. An American publisher and
(2 vols. , )()
an epic on the Moorish conquest of Spain;
(The Moorish Foundling) (1834), a national
epic; many dramas; a life of Masaniello (1860);
and a history of the Neapolitan revolution (2
vols. , 1848; new ed. 1881).
Saavedra Guzman, Antonio (sä-vā'drä göth'.
män). A Mexican poet; born about 1550 ; died
in Spain about 1620. He gave seven years'
special study to the poetical and historical
literature of his own country ; utilizing the facts
in his historical poem (The Indian Pilgrim
bibliophile; born in Bramston, England, 1821 ;
died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , 1881. His store on
Nassau Street, New York, was noted for rare
books. He was famous for his knowledge of
books, and his reprints of old and curious
works. He edited the American Bibliographist;
and published a 'Dictionary of Books relating
to America) and a Bibliography of Biblio-
graphies.
Sacchetti, Franco (sä-ket'ē). An Italian
poet; born at Florence about 1330; died about
## p. 475 (#491) ############################################
SACHER-MASOCH-SAINT-AMANT
475
1400. His most important work is the (Three
Hundred Stories ) - of which only 223 remain,
and some of these are mutilated : they give a
faithful picture of life in those days, with many
satiric allusions. Among his poems the best
are the ballads and the madrigals.
Sacher-Masoch (säch'er-mäs'och), Leopold
Ritter von. An Austrian novelist; born at
Lemberg, Jan. 27, 1835; died at Lindheim in
Hesse, March 9, 1895. His very numerous
stories show great powers of realistic descrip-
tion; among them are: (Love) (1870); (False
Hermelin,' stories of theatrical life (1873);
(Love Stories from Divers Centuries) (1874);
(The Ideals of our Time) (1876); Property
(1877); (The New Job) (1878); “The Serpent
in Paradise) (1890); (The Solitaries) (1891);
(Merry Tales from the East) (1893); (The
Filled and the Hungry) ( 1894). His wife, Au-
rora von Rümelin, born at Gratz, 1846, wrote:
(Romance of a Virtuous Woman' (1873); “The
True Hermelin (1879); ( Ladies in Furs) (1881).
Sachs, Hans (sächs). The German meister-
singer; born at Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1494 ; died
Jan. 19 or 20, 1576. A complete collection of
his works has never been published. See
"Hans Sachs) (1765); I. L. Hoffman, Hans
Sachs) (1847); Kawerau, Hans Sachs und die
Reformation) (1889); and E. Götze, Hans
Sachs) (1891). *
Sachs, Julius von. A celebrated German
botanist; born in Breslau, Oct. 2, 1832. He has
paid special attention to the effects of light
and heat upon plants. His great work (His-
tory of Botany) (1875) covers the period 1500-
1860. He has also published Lectures on
Plant Physiology) (1882), and a series of
"Treatises) (1892) on the same subject; also a
Manual of Botany) (English eds. 1875 and
1892).
Saco, José Antonio (sä'ko). A Cuban his-
torical writer and publicist; born at Bayamo,
1797; died at Madrid, 1879. He wrote: (A
Parallel between Cuba and Certain English
Colonies) (1838); (Suppression of the Slave
Trade in Cuba) (1845); Ideas on the Incorpo-
ration of Cuba into the United States) (1848);
(The Political Situation in Cuba and Its Rem-
edy) (1851); “History of Slavery from the Most
Remote Times) (several volumes published in
1876 and years following; but the work was
not completed).
Så de Miranda, Francisco de (sä dā mē.
rän'dä). A poet who wrote in Spanish and
Portuguese ; born at Coimbra, Oct. 27, 1495;
died there, March 15, 1558. He traveled in Spain
and Italy, and on his return home devoted
himself to poetical composition, taking for his
model Petrarch's lyrics. He made his first
essay in hendecasyllabic verse with the Story
of Mondego) (1528); and then wrote a number
of sonnets, epistles, and idyls in octaves and
other Italian measures, in Spanish and Portu-
guese. Though he affected these Italian forms
of verse, he was in feeling and sentiment en-
tirely national.
Sa'di (sä'dē). One of the celebrated Persian
poets; born at Shiraz, 1184; died 1291 (? ).
Besides his "Divan) he wrote Bustān' or The
Fruit Garden (1257), and (Gulistān) or The
Rose Garden (1258), his two masterpieces.
The (Bustān) is a didactic poem in ten cantos
of double rhymed verse, treating of the highest
questions of philosophy and religion : it abounds
in sound ethical maxims and noble passages
of philosophical speculation. The (Gulistān)
is in prose, with verses interspersed. *
Sadlier, Anna Teresa An American writer
and translator; born in Montreal, Canada, 1856.
She has written much for the Roman Catholic
press, has translated poems and tales from the
French and Italian, and published: Ethel Ham-
ilton, and Other Tales) (1877); (The King's
Page) (1877); “Seven Years and Mair) (1878);
(Women of Catholicity) (1885); “The Silent
Woman of Alood) (1887); and a compilation,
(Gems of Catholic Thought) (1882).
Sæmund the Learned (sā'mönd). An Ice-
landic scholar of the 12th century. He trav-
eled widely in pursuit of learning, visiting Paris
and Rome, and afterward was a priest at Oddi.
He was unknown to scholars till about 1643,
when the then newly discovered Elder Edda
was ascribed to him by Brynjulf Sveinsson,
though the poems of that collection date in all
probability back to the 8th or to the 9th cen-
tury. Sæmund had in his day a great reputa.
tion for learning, and was regarded, like Friar
Bacon, as a magician. He wrote a Book
of the Kings) from Harold Fairhair to Mag-
nus the Good. * See Library) article (The
Eddas.
Sagard, Théodat Gabriel (sä-gär'). A French
missionary to the Hurons in the 17th century.
He wrote: (Travels to the Huron Country,
situate in America, toward the Freshwater
Sea and the Uttermost Limits of New France,
called Canada ; wherein is treated of all matters
touching the country, the manners and char-
acter of the savages, their government and their
ways, as well in their own country as when
roaming; of their faith and belief; with a dic-
tionary of the Huron language) (1632); also a
(History of Canada and the journey made
by the Friars Minor Recollets thither for the
conversion of the unbelievers) (1836). A new
edition of both works was published at Paris
in 4 vols. , 1866.
Saint-Aldegonde (san-täl-de-gond). See
Marnix.
Saint-Amand, Imbert de (sant-ä-män'). See
Imbert.
Saint-Amant, Marc Antoine Gerard, Sieur
de (sant-ä-män'). A noted French writer of
bacchanalian verses; born at Rouen, 1594; died
at Paris, 1660. He wrote Moses Saved' (1653),
an epic of the school of Tasso; and a number
of short miscellaneous poems, among which
those on bacchanalian scenes are the best,
(The Revel) is one of the most remarkable of
convivial poems.
## p. 476 (#492) ############################################
476
SAINTE-BEUVE-SAINT-LAMBERT
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (sant-bėv').
A great French literary critic; born at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer, Dec. 23, 1804; died at Paris,
Oct. 13, 1869. His first work, Picture of French
Poetry in the 16th Century) (1828), made him
famous. Then followed, anonymously, a volume
of Poems) and two other volumes of verse,
(Consolations) (1829) and Meditations in
August (1837): in these are seen the influence
of Goethe's (Werther) and Châteaubriand's
(René. His work in the field of the history
of literature was resumed in 1837; and in 1840
began to appear his great work, “History of
Port-Royal (6 vols. , 1840-48; 4th ed. 7 vols.
1878). His celebrated Monday Talks) on
books and authors were commenced in 1849, and
were continued with brief intermissions till his
death : they were reprinted in two series, Mon-
days) (15 vols. , 1862) and New Mondays)
(13 vols. ). He wrote also : (Literary Critiques
and Portraits) (5 vols. , 1832-39); Literary
Portraits) (2 vols. , 1844; 3 vols. , 1864); Con-
temporary Portraits) (2 vols. , 1846; 5 vols. , 1871).
His autobiography, (Recollections and Indis-
cretions,' was published in 1872, and 4 volumes
of his “Correspondence) in 1877-80. *
Saint-Évremond, Charles Marguetel de
Saint-Denis, Seigneur de (sant-evr-môn'). A
French satirist and literary critic; born at St.
Denis near Coutances, in Normandy, April 1,
1613; died at London, Sept. 29, 1703.
His
chief fame is due to his ability as a literary
critic; and his judgments were accepted as de-
cisive on both sides of the Channel. His best
works in this department are the satirical
sketches (Comedy of the Academicians) (1644),
and his (Letters. ) He was buried in West-
minster Abbey.
Saint Francis de Sales (säl or sāles). A
French ecclesiastic and devotional writer ; born
1567; died 1622. He founded the Order of the
Visitation. He wrote : Introduction to the
Devout Life); (A Treatise on the Love of
God”; etc. *
Saint-Gelais, Melin or Merlin de (san-zhe-
lā'). A French lyric poet; born at Angou-
lême, Nov. 3, 1487; died at Paris, 1558. He
affected the Italian forms of poetry, — the terza
rima and sonnet, - and was the first French
poet to write madrigals.
Saint-Hilaire, Barthélemy. See Barthé-
lemy-Saint-Hilaire.
Saint-Hilaire, Marco de, pseudonym of
Émile Marc Hilaire (sant-ê-lår'). A French
miscellaneous writer; born about 1796; died
Nov. 5, 1887. A literary trifier of small suc-
cess, he later adopted the line of glorifying
Napoleon as the hero of democracy, and con-
tributed in no small degree to foster (Napole-
onic ideas and to prepare the way for the
second empire. Among his works of this kind
are : (Recollections of the Private Life of Na-
poleon) ( 1838); (The Emperor's Aides-de-
Camp) (1841); Popular History of Napoleon
(1842); History of the Russian Campaign
(1846-48).
Saintine, originally Joseph Xavier Boniface
(sant-en'). A French littérateur and dramatist;
born in Paris, July 10, 1798; died there, Jan.
21, 1865. He wrote about 200 plays. His story
Picciola) ran through forty editions. *
St. John, Bayle. An English miscellaneous
writer, son of James A. ; born at London, Aug.
9, 1822; died Aug. I, 1859. Among his works
are : Eccentric Love: A Novel (1845); (Ad.
ventures in the Libyan Desert) (1849); (Views
of the Oasis of Siwah) (1850); Purple Tints
of Paris) (1854); (Travels of an Arab Mer-
chant in Soudan) (1854); (The Sub-Alpine
Kingdom (1856); Martineto: A Story of
Adventure) (1856); Legends of the Christian
East) (1856).
St. John, James Augustus. An English Ori-
entalist and miscellaneous author; born in
Caermarthenshire, Wales, Sept. 24, 1801; died
Sept. 22, 1875. He was an extensive traveler.
Among his numerous works are: (Egypt and
Mohammed Ali (1834); Description of Egypt
and Nubia) (1844); "Isis : An Egyptian Pil.
grimage' (1853); (The Nemesis of Power)
(1854); a treatise on (The Education of the
People) (1858).
St. John, Percy Bolingbroke. An English
novelist and miscellaneous writer, son of James
A. ; born at Plymouth, March 4, 1821; died
March 1889. He published among others : (The
Young Naturalist's Book of Birds) (1844 );
(Three Days of the French Revolution (1848);
(An Arctic Crusoe) (1854); "Quadroona!
(1861); (The Creole Bride) (1864); (The Snow
Ship) (1865); “The North Pole) (1875); and
(A Daughter of the Sea) (1884).
St. John, Spenser, Sir. An English diplo-
matist, and writer of books embodying the
knowledge so gained; son of James A. ; born
in London, Dec. 22, 1826. He was private
secretary to Rajah Brooke (1848), consul-
general to Siam (1850), Borneo (1855), etc. ;
and published "Life in the Forests of the Far
East! (explorations of Borneo, Sarawak, Suluk
Islands, etc. : 2 vols. , 1862), and Life of Sir
James Brooke) (2 vols. , 1879). Later he was
consul-general to Hayti (1861-62), and many
years in the West Indies in different positions;
and wrote Hayti; or, The Black Republic)
(1884), an awful picture of the retrogression of
the negro State toward savagery. He was also
minister to Peru in 1874 and 1881, and to Mex-
ico in 1884.
St. John-Brennon, Edward. An Irish poet;
born at Dublin, Feb. 21, 1847. He wrote:
(Bianca, the Flower Girl of Bologna) (1866);
(Ambrosia Amoris) (1869); "Two Gallian La-
ments"; "The Witch of Nemi); (The Tribune
Reflects.
Saint-Lambert, Jean François, Marquis de
(san-läm-băr'). A French philosopher and
poet; born at Nancy, Dec. 26, 1716; died at
Paris, Feb. 9, 1803. He won fame by his poem
(The Seasons) (1769), for which the encyclo.
pedists and Voltaire prophesied immortality;
3
## p. 477 (#493) ############################################
SAINT-MARC-SAINT-VICTOR
477
but it has little merit either in style or in sub-
stance. Far better are his Fugitive Poems)
(1759); and his (Stories,' republished 1883.
His Universal Catechism,' despite its materi-
alistic principles, was approved by the Institute
in 1810, as a text-book on ethics.
Saint-Marc-Girardin, François Auguste
(san-mark' zhe-rär-dan'). A French literary
critic; born at Paris, Feb. 12, 1801 ; died April
II, 1873. With Philarète Chasles he wrote
(View of French Literature in the 16th Cen-
tury) (1828), which won the first prize of the
Academy. He wrote also : (Political and Lit-
erary Notes on Germany) (1835); (Intermediate
Education in Germany) (2 vols. , 1835-38);
(Essay on Literature and Morals) (2 vols. ,
1845); (Course of Dramatic Literature; or,
The Use of the Passions in the Drama) (1843;
with ed. 5 vols. , 1875-77); (Recollections and
Political Reflections of a Journalist) (1859);
(Lafontaine and the Fabulists) (2 vols. , 1867);
J. J. Rousseau, his Life and Works) (2 vols. ,
1875).
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de (san-piar'). The
celebrated author of (Paul and Virginia';
born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737 ; died at Eragny-
sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. His works include : 'Voy-
age to the Isle of France (1773); (Studies of
Nature (1784); Vows of a Solitary) (1789);
«The Indian Cottage) (1790); Harmonies of
Nature (179-);(On Nature and Morality) (1798);
(Voyage to Silesia) (1807); (The Death of Soc-
rates) (1808); “Essay on Newspapers) (1808);
(Essay on J. J. Rousseau) (1809? ); “Stories of
Travel (1809-12); etc.
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé
de. A French philanthropist; born at St.
