Magnus from
Ludovicus
I.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v9
[September6.
In art, St. Magnus or Magnoald is represented with a dragon,*? trans-
8
fixed by his pastoral staff, or with a bear at his side,* in allusion to
legends contained in his Acts.
Aft
—er the death of 4? Tozzo—
so far as was within his power gave protection to the monastery and its inmates, guarding their rights very carefully. To the last day of his life, also, the sacred remains of the Patron were preserved with honour, lights being placed around his shrine,
"
mentum. " The Bollandist editor considers,
Ermenrici Elewangensis monachi Supple-
that it has been improperly interpolated by a later writer.
50 St. Tozzo died about the year 66 1. The
"Vita Pseudo-Theodori " inserted " tres "
menses," instead of menses quatuor," for
such was the difference between the 6th of
September, the day of Magnus' death, and
the 16th of January, that assigned for the
death of Tozzo. The Ratisbon Acts have :
14
Post obitum B. Magni in pontificatu annos v. et menses VI. gerens, xvn. Kal. Feb. vitam praesentem finiit. "
51 See Goldast's " Alamanicarum Rerum Scriptores," tomus ii. , pars i. The writer
"
of our saint's Acts adds:
clero suo Augustensi sub testimonio in eadem hatred itate. "
differences. See L.
P. Anquetil's" Hisloire
5-! His death has been to
assigned Sep- 709.
"
Historic Francorum
Magnus, Bishop
and clerics reciting the Divine Of%e. Bishop Tozzo survived the death of his friend for five years, and four months, departing this life on the xvii. of
the February Kalends. s° He had previously bequeathed some property for maintenance of the shrine of Blessed Magnus, according to a bond and stipulation of the German laws. 51 Subsequent to the death of the glorious King Pippin,s2 however, his sons53 began to quarrel among themselves. 54 Utilo or Odiloss became Duke of Bavaria, and Godefredusor Godefrit s6 was King over the Germans. Their wars caused great devastation throughout those districts where. they were waged. No longer was Theodore and his monksabletobearthepersecutionsandlosseshesustained5? atthehands of the spoilers around Kempten. Wherefore, he left the place, and sought
refuge at St. Gall, where he found the Blessed Othmar,s8 then oppressed with the weight of ^ears. Theodore told him all about St. Magnus, as also what
going account in the text is considerably
abridged.
47 He is held to have banished such a
monster from the neighbourhood of Ffissen.
53 Namely, Charles, who, when twenty- four or twenty-five years of age, had been crowned at Noyon, King of Burgundy and Neustria ; and Carloman at the age of
was at of eighteen crowned, Soissons, King
Austrasia, which included a large part of
49 What follows purports to have been a
subsequent addition to the narrative of reign of four years, and the Austrasian
48SeeRev. S.
"Livesof
Baring-Gould's
the Saints," vol. ix. , September 6, p. 95.
Theodore. In Goldast's edition it is headed,
nobles, disregarding his two infant sons, offered the crown to Charles, who then became sole monarch of France. Sec an account of these events in Capefigue's " Charlemagne," chap, vii. , pp. 117 to 142.
54 Their mother, Bertha, or Bertrada, had
much in — to reconcile then- difficulty trying
sepultusque a
burgensis," tomus i. , lib. xxiii. , num. 102, Wurtzburg, 1727, fob
5(5 According to a fragment of Erchanbert, he shook off the French yoke, and died A. D.
See Duchesne's
tember 24th, A. D. 768. He ruled over Scriptores," tomus i. , p. 780, and tomus ii. ,
France very gloriously for forty-seven years,
having carried his arms against the Saracens,
and his conquests into Italy and Germany.
Before his death, which was caused by Theodori, at this portion of the narrative.
dropsy, at the age of fifty-three, he divided his dominions between his two sons, Charles
and Carloman ; a third son, Gilles, having
been educated in a monastery, became a "
58 This must have been intended for St. Othmar, whose feast is held on the 16th of November, and who became Abbot of St. Gall, A. D. 720, and who presided over it for
religious. See Henri Martin's Ilistoirede nearly forty years, having died A. D. 759. France," tome ii. , liv. xii. , pp. 250, 251. However, this statement in the text cannot
Germany. The latter died after a brief
de France," Deuxieme Race dite des Carlo*
vingiens, sect, i. , p. 60.
55 He died about the year 747. He was in rebellion against Carloman and Pepin, Majors-domi to the Kings of Franee, but he wasconqueredbythem. SeeJohnGeorge
"
Francise Orientalis et Episcopatus Virce-
Eckhart's
Commentarius de Rebus
P- 3-
57 Certain anachronisms are pointed out
by Father Suysken, in the Acta Pseudo-
September 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 155
he and his community suffered from the pagans and bad Christians. In
Othmar informed him about the losses himself had endured,5? owing to the action of the wicked Counts Ruadhard and Warin, the tyrants of Germany. ThenOthmarselectedagoodandprudentmemberofhiscom-
Affairs remained in this state of collision, until the great monarch,
turn,
named
Kempten, until peace should be restored. He permitted Theodore to remain at St. Gall, to the day of his death.
munity,
Peretgothus,
6° and four other monks, to take of charge
Charlemagne,
6 ' subdued the
of and the Saxons. 62 Germany
petty dynasts
Then hearing, that the religious establishments at Augsburg, Kempten, as
also the monasteries of St. Afra and of Magnus, had been utterly ruined,
that great monarch resolved on restoring them.
and St. Magnus 6* he also enlarged the limits of his diocese,65 so as to make . ;
it extend,66 on both banks of the River Lech. 6?
of 63 for the see of Sintpert
ruled that church for nearly thirty years. That prelate restored the monasteries of St. Afra
be historically accurate, as Theodore could not have survived even to the first year of
Othmar's incumbency.
59 See in Mabillon the " Acta S. Othmari,
at the 1 8th of November. He died A. D. 761. See J. C. L. Simonde de Sismondi's
cathedral of that city. See Charles Knight's
"English Cyclopaedia of Biography," vol. ii. , col. 169. It is strange, that no tradition
remains, regarding the spot . where this great Emperor's remains had been deposited in that venerable cathedral, although the marble sarcophagus, brought from Rome, and in which he desired to be buried, is
there preserved.
63 He is called Simpertus, by Matthew
"
"
Panie, chap, i. , p. 212.
Histoire de Francais," tome ii. , Seconde
60
Canisius has the name Berthgozus ;
Goldast Perechtgozus ; and the Ratisbon
Acts have Pertgozus.
ham's
posthaec Leopoldus
Augsburg.
Afterwards,
Sintpert
Bavaria Sancta," vol. iii.
64 See Mabillon's '• Annales Ordinis S. A. D. 771—, Charles—better known as Char- Benedicti," tomus ii. , lib. xxv. , sect, xiii. ,
lemagne became sole ruler of France, p. 255.
having taken possession of Burgundy and 63 The following Latin verses commemo-
"
South Gaul. See Eginhard's
Magni. " After Charlemagne had forced founders :
61 On the death of his brother Carloman
Rader, in
He procured the election
Vita Caroli rate Simpertus, together with other religious
the Saxon chiefs to give hostages for their
future obedience, "so far from observing the treaty, they poured their wild hordes into Franconia, burnt every church and
that fell in their — and monastery way, put
every creature to the sword. " A. S. Dun-
"
History of the Germanic Empire," vol. L, book i. , chap, i. , p. 28.
62 The Saxons, under their brave and able
leader, Witikind, had given him a strenuous
opposition from a. d. 772 to 780. After
several sanguinary campaigns, Witikind was
at length obliged to submit. Having re-
ceived baptism, his days were afterwards appended to the manuscript Life of our ended in peace on his domains in the north saint. Also, Velserus relates, that Char-
of Germany. Charlemagne had occasion to
wage war against Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria,
a feudatory of the Frankish monarchs, who
had assisted or connived at Witikind's in-
cursions. He was subdued and taken
prisoner, but his life was spared by Char- ad Oenum tantum, posterius ad Lycum lemagne, who had him confined in a usque pertingit. ''—" Rerum Augustanarum convent A. D. 794. In the year 800, this
renowned monarch was everywhere vic-
torious and master of the best part of the
European Continent. In January, 814, III. , whose pontificate began a. d. 795,
Charlemagne died of pleurisy at Aix-la-
Chapelle, after a reign of forty-seven years. He was buried with great pomp in the
authorised that extension of the diocese of Augsburg, and that it was confirmed by Charlemagne,
" Ccenobium Fuessen regali dote Pipinus Fundavit, sancti permotus numine Magni : Vastatum Caesar reparavit Carolus idem,
Atque Augustana Simpertus praesul in
urbe Austriacae terrae,
:
Suevorum dux tarunt. "
Guelpho
66 "
In the Acts of St. Magnus, parochia"
"
stated by Abbot Henry, in certain notes
is the word used for
dioecesis. " This is
lemagne made that extension in favour of
Bishop Simpertus. He adds
manuscripto codice legere memini, Simper- turn Augustanam dioecesim Novicorum finibus auxisse : antiquum Noricum * * *
Vindelicarum," lib. iv.
67 In the editions of our saint's Acts by
Canisius and Goldast, it is stated that Leo
marchio ampliter augmen-
:
" In vetusto
*5* LIVESOETHEIRISHSAINTS. [September6.
'-'
his sons
sequently of divisions among themselves. Fearing the designs and ambition of Lothaire, Ludovicus, in league with his step-brother, Charles le Chauve, raised an army, and in 841, a memorable battle was gained at Fontenoy over Lothaire and the
After the death of 68 it is stated ^ that he was succeeded Sintpert,
by Bishop Hatto,? who ruled for seven years, and who acquired much property for the church through his family connexions^1 but who was not able to effect any improvements in it during so short a term. ? a However, his successor, Nittarius," it is said, first commenced the building of a large church in honour of St. Magnus. A consultation had been held with the Archbishop
of Mayence, named Otgar,? 4 and his other suffragan Bishops, to know if it should be desirable, that the sac^pd remains might be translated to a more
ornate and conspicuous shrine. This project was approved of by all, and the permission of King Ludovicus was also obtained. 75 The work of church
building was prosecuted by other prelates, and especially by Lanto,'6 who finished the nave, in the fifth year of his episcopacy, through the aid afforded by the renowned King Ludovicus I. ,? 7 third son of the illustrious Emperor Ludovicus, surnamed Le Debonnaire. ? 8 That elegantly appointed church" was built over the spot, where the body of Magnus had been consigned to the tomb.
68 He is stated to have died about A. D. 818.
^ There is much uncertainty regarding the order of succession of Bishops over the
see of Augsburg, especially in the ninth century, and owing chiefly to the miscon- ceptions and opinions of writers in after
years. Their varying statements are pointed out and critically examined by Father
"'
Suysken in Acta Sanctorum, tomus ii. ,
Septembris vi. , De S. Magno, &c, Com- mentarius Praevius, sect, viii. , pp. 716 to 720.
70 Besides the " Acta Pseudo-Theodori"
of our saint, two other manuscript copies have Hatto, as in the text ; while the Ratis- bon and another copy have the name written Hanto ; Canisius and Goldast read Lanto. Hatto or Hauto is said to have belonged to the noble family of the Andecensian Counts.
habuit, quiedam bona ad episcopatum acquisivit. "
Krueger, Corbinian Khamm and others, who have allusion to Lanto, place the com- mencement of his episcopacy over the see of Augsberg at different dates : some have it at 869; others at 870 ; others again so late as A. D. 878, while none of those historic writers connect him in any way with Otmar, Arch- bishop of Mayence. The latter date is inconsistent with Lanto having received aid towards the church of St.
Magnus from Ludovicus I. , King of Germany, during the life-time of that monarch, who died at Frankfort, August 28th, A. D. 876.
77 He bears the surname of Le Pieu. \ or I. c Vieil. He was born A. D. 806, and was brother to Lothaire and Pepin of Aquitaine. His father, known as Louis le Dibonnaire, had three sons by his first wife, Ermengarde. After her death, he espoused Judith of Bavaria, by whom he had a fourth son, known under the of Charles U
remarkable for many and great disorders. Among these were unnatural rebellions of
writes the name Otkerus, and Goldast has
it Otkarius. He ruled over the sec of Francs. This gave Ludovicus supremacy
71 In the Ratisbon
tamen ex parentela, quam in Bagoaria
designation
Chavce. The reign of that monarch was
The saint's Acts stale,
"
minime
his and sub- authority,
7
in hiis rebus sublimari. "
manuscript :
73 He is also named Nitcarius, Nidgarius, and Nitkerus ; he is also called Witgarius
and Nitger.
74 The Ratisbon copy ofour saint's Acts
" Verum-
quivit
against
over Fiance and Germany.
7 = Henry, Abbot of Fuessan, states, that
this work w. is undertaken in the year 870,
with the consent and order of Pope Adrian
II. He filled the chair of St. Peter from
a. d. 867 to 872. However, in none of the year 817, by Ludovicus, and he had posses-
sionofallGermanytotheRhine,A. D. 843, according to the Annalist of Metz. He died in the seventieth year of his age, leaving
Mayence, from A. D. 825 or 826 to A. D. 827.
othermanuscriptaccountsofSt. Magnusis
such a statement to be found ; and, it is only
necessary to observe, that Otgai , the Arch-
bishop of Mayence, had died twenty years three sons, viz. , Carloman, Louis, and before Pope Adrian II. had been set over
the Universal Church.
76 The various writers, such as Bruschius,
Bucelin, Demochares, Stengel, Joannes
Gros. These divided the vast Empire of
Charlemagne between them. See Michaud's
"
1 of the Emperor Charlemagne, by
his second wife, Hildegarde. From this
father, by his first wife, Ermengarde, the kingdom of Bavaria was obtained in the
Charles, known under the designation of Lc
Biographie Universelle, Ancienne et
September 6J LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 157
At that time, a poor student,80 the son of respectable parents belonging to
of Durach,81 happened to be in the monastery, and in exchange for his manual labour, he acquired learning and a maintenance. He had been attacked with some kind of evil, which caused sores to break out over
one side of his body, and he was so afflicted as to become almost lame. Touched with his misfortunes, Bishop Lanto asked many of the priests in his
diocese to institute a Triduum, so that the Almighty would mercifully hear theirprayersforhisrecovery. Attheendofthreedays,whenthephysicians had tried their skill in vain, and all had cflspaired of the patient's cure; in his sleep, a venerable man appeared to him, and with a benign look and gentle tone of voice inquired the nature of his infirmity. This having been
the
village
M My son, ask from the Bishop, when to-day he shall have found my body, and taken it from the crypt in which it lies, that he would permit you to kiss that crypt, and when you shall have done so, that you take some dust from the place, mixing it with blessed water and oil. 82 Ask, that before the new altar you be allowed to prostrate
yourself, and moreover, that your sores be anointed. If all this you do, the Lord will restore you to former health. " Immediately awaking, the patient at early dawn went to the church, and told the care-taker what had happened during his sleep. Afterwards, as advised by the guardian, both went on their knees, relating what had occurred to the Bishop, whose assent
explained
to him, the senior said
:
was obtained to fulfil what had been directed in the vision.
The next process was that of unearthing the remains, and soon the workers reached that beautiful stone coffin, in which lay the relics of St. Magnus. On opening it, the body was found to be undecayed, but with the colour 8s Placed at the head was found that Life, written by Theodore, with some faded linen. In fulfilment of the permission given, the patient to whom allusion has been already made was brought to the tomb,
somewhat
Moderne,"
changed.
tome xxv. ,
148
to
150,
and
pp.
81 The anonymous writer of the German
294, 295-
79 Thus Father Stengel writes :
Life of St. Magnus thus identifies it although
" Cum Lanto episcopus templum restauraret et
ornaret, sacrum D. Magni corpus in medio Kempten. Book iii. , chap, v. , sect. 2.
sinens, sicut prius posi- tum fuerat, donee cum omni diligentia ac reverentia consensum ab Hadriano summo Pontifice expetisset : deinde venerabilis
proesul Lanto, Othgarium seu Otgerum S. Moguntinaeecclesias archiepiscopum accessit, suumque illi affectum aperuit. Turn Metro-
politanus omnes fratres suos episcopos ac suffraganeos convocavit, quatenus cum eis consultaret, si eum ausus esset ab illo loco
82
The use of oil —
regarded as a symbol of
eccleske
requiescere
St. Mark. vi. 13. Sometimes oil had been taken from the lamps which burned before the shrines of saints for the same purpose, as Mabillon in alium transferre. Concluserunt autem, shows, in his Prrefacio ad Sceeulum Bene-
dignum fore, pretiosum ac sanctum corpus dictinum piimum, sect, ix. , num. 101.
in meliorem
atque
: subiimiorum locum, si 8i In the saint's Acts we read " Pars vero
Deus vellet, transponere. Sicque revevsus corporis in vestimento corrupta apparebat,
est cum licentia piissimi regis Ludovici ad corpus vero tantum quasi colore mutato
'
- —"
This removal of the relics must have been at least one hundred and seventy years after the saint's death. How long the remains afterwards continued whole is not known ; but, the Abbot Henry believed, that while John Hesse was Abbot of Kussen, a skeleton was found, supposed to have been that of St. Magnus. According to Bucelin, John Hess was Abbot there to
the year 1480.
propria, &c. Monasteriologia," &c. jacebat candidum. " Rerum Augustanarum, pars ii. , cap. 14,
num. 2. This account, however, seems to
be inconsistent with comparative chron-
ology.
-"Although styled
"
Acts, Father Suysken understands the word
rather to be interpreted
from the tenor of this narrative.
discipulus," or scholar, in the house, and which is manifest
frater," in our saint's
"
— in the text written Duria—and he states, that the place is in the district, near
—
Divine Grace had been blessed to cure
diseases, in former ages of the Church ; and the practice was derived from that of the
disciples of Christ, who "cast out many devils, and anointed with oil many that
"—
were sick, and healed them
i5» LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [September 6.
which he was permitted to kiss, and the church guardian taking some dust from the coffin mixed it with water and oil, which were applied to the boy's sores. Next day, the Bishop asked the care-taker to inform him regarding the result, and on going to where the boy lodged, he Was able to report, that scarcely a trace of the sores remained. Then having been brought by the Bishop before the new altar of St. Magnus, the patient returned home quite healed. As a manifestation of his gratitude, for the rest of his life, the youth devoted himself as watchman in that monastery. The Bishop returned thanks to God for the performandfe of such a remarkable miracle. 8*
When the translation of the body of St. Magnus had thus been accom- plished, the next care of Bishop Lanto was to examine the Life which had been taken from his tomb. The tract was found to be almost decayed, through the effects of damp and age; yet, was it legible for the most part. To one Ermenricus,8* of the monastery of Elwanga,86 was afterwards com- mitted the task of reading and emending it, although protesting his inability and want of skill for the competent performance of that duty. After the translation of our saint's remains to the new shrine, many and great were the miracles wrought through his intercession. According to some accounts, Magnus was canonized by Pope Adrian II. 87 others have it by
;
Pope John VIII. 88 while others state that Pope John IX. 89 officiated on that ;
8* Father Suysken is of opinion, that this
translation should most probably be referred
to between the years 825 and 847 under
Bishop Lanto, who within the latter year is
thought to have assisted at the Council of
Mayence in September or October, as con-
vened by kaban Manr. In the first place, a retoucher, et de chatier les actes de vS. Bishop Lanto was present, but his see is not Magne premier Abbe de Fuessen au merne named. Again, that he was Bishop of diocese. * * * Ermenric executa sans doute ce
seems most — because Augsburg probable,
dessein en homme
none of the other bishops
d'esprit tel etoit. Mais il est
eleven in number—is styled bishop of that see, although it cannot be doubted such a
ou
les actes qu'il avoit revus et corriges, sont
perdus, ou qu'une main etrangere bien prelate had been present. Moreover, diffe'rente de la sienne, les a entierement
because among the other sees, that of Augs-
corrumpus dans la suite. "—Ibid. , p. 326.
87 He filled the chair of St. Peter from
A. D. 867 to 872. In his Vita S. Magni,
Martinus, under the title, De Translatione
et Canonizatione S. Magni, ascribes the
latter process to Tope Hadrian II. , probably because he had ivad in the Manuscript Life,
that Lanto, Bishop of Augsburg, had ob- tained permission from that Pontiff to have the saint's relics transferred. I lenry, Abbot of Pausen, also. Beems to be of opinion that the translation and canonization occurred during the episcopacy of bishop Lanto.
ruled from S72 to 882. The Bol- landisl Jesuits had in their Library a little Italian book, edited at Rome, A. D. 1726, on occasion Of the Canonization ol Saints
burg
seems most
likely
to have been
Bishop
Lanto's, and to him it has been attributed by
Eccard, in "Francia Orientalis," tomus ii. ,
P- 394-
85 In the saint's Acts we read : "Accer-
sivit quemdam monachum prudentem et industrium ex monasterio Elewanga, nomine
Ermenricum," &e. This passage betrays the interpolator's work, as Ermenricus would not be likely to indulge in such self-
glorification.
over the monastery of Elawangen, A. i>. S45. and held this position to A. D. . S62, according to the catalogue of the Abbots of Elewan-
gen. as given by Corbiuian Khamm, in ""
Ermenricus became Abbot
Hierarchia Augustana, pais i. , in
Auctario. An account of his Life and Aloysius and Stanislaus; and the anony-
Writings may be seen in
Abbe d'Elwangen, pp. 324 to 326.
Histoire Literaire de la France,'' tome v. , siecle ix. Ermcnric,
86
"
mous writer gives a double catalogue of saints canonized by the Sovereign Pontiffs, There he states, that St. Ampelius, Bishop, and St. Magnus, Abbot, were canonized A. D. 873. by Pope John VIII. However, this statement does not appear to be sub-
From the foregoing dates, it may be
seen, that the Emperor Ludovicus, Otger,
Archbishop of Mayence, and Ermenricus of
Elwangen, could have been contempora- stantiated.
neous, yet not with Lanto, Bishop of 89 I Ie was Pope only from A. D. 898 to 900.
Augsburg, the term of whose episcopacy, at the earliest, is placed at A. D. 869, This must invalidate the accuracy of chronology for the statement in the text. However, it is stated by the Benedictine writer: " Lanton
Ev&que d'Ausbourg chargea Ermenrtc de
et de qu'il arrive,
scavoir,
que
September 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 159 occasion. ? But great uncertainty attends the supposition, and it does not
1
by which we are to understand the principal one—was held on the viii. of the September Ides,9* which corresponds with the 6th of this month.
Many of those miracles recorded, and several seemingly well authenticated, as having occurred, owing to the merits and intercession of our saint, have beenenumeratedbyFatherLudovicusBabenstuber. Thedatesanddetails of those may be found, on referring to his work. Those records have also been re-produced by the Bollandists,»3 but must here be omitted ; the narrativeofSt. Magnushavingbeenalreadysomuchextended. Theyrefer to cases of Phrenesis, Rabies, Parturition, Plague among people and cattle, Demoniac Possession, Punishment for Irreverence, Expulsion of Vermin from Houses and Fields, Inundations suppressed, Healing from Dangerous Diseases, Evils averted from Men and Cattle, &c. Many of these benefits were obtained by the use of St. Magnus' staff and of his other relics. In the church of Fiissen, the staff of St. Magnoald is still preserved, and through its instrumentality several wonderful miracles have been wrought. It is carried about by the people, to chase destructive vermin from their fields. Through prayers and invocations offered to the saint, various benefits of a spiritual and temporal character have been obtained In latter times, the once celebrated Abbey of Fiissen has been sequestrated. 94
Towards the end of the ninth century, a nobleman, named Salomon Ramschwagius, who as a boy had been educated in the monastery of St. Gall, afterwards living near it as a. fraler conscriptus,^ and entering there as a
monk,atlengthhebecameAbbotoverthemonastery. As2,fraterconscriptus, he had exchanged a property of his own for one near the monastery of St. Gall. This was a pleasant site on a hill, and on the opposite bank of the river, formerly called Ira—at present known as the Steinach, an affluent of the Sitter. ^6 There he erected a church, in shape and honour of the Holy
appear to rest on any reliable or very ancient authority. 9
saint's cultus was well established—especially throughout Germany—in the ninth century. In Suabia, the commemorative Translation of Magnoald's remains is held on the 21st of March, as a festival. In concluding t—he account of St. Magnus, the Acta Pseudo-Theodori states, that his solemnity
An Office of St. Magnus which his Emi- nence the Cardinal Bishop Andreas of Austria caused to be printed A. D. 1599,
" miraculis clarum Joannes IX. Pont. Max. , qui creatus legitur anno Christi octingen- tessimo septuagessimo, Dantonis Augustani
episcopi precibus in Sanctos adscripsit. " It seems evident from the date, John VIII. must have been intended. An Office, issued A. D. 1671, and again printed a. d. 1687, ascribes the saint's canonization to Tope John IX. The Proper Office of St. Magnus for the Diocese of Constance, printed a. d. 1725, and re-issued a. d. 1739, reads :
miraculis clarum — "Quern Joannes IX.
In art, St. Magnus or Magnoald is represented with a dragon,*? trans-
8
fixed by his pastoral staff, or with a bear at his side,* in allusion to
legends contained in his Acts.
Aft
—er the death of 4? Tozzo—
so far as was within his power gave protection to the monastery and its inmates, guarding their rights very carefully. To the last day of his life, also, the sacred remains of the Patron were preserved with honour, lights being placed around his shrine,
"
mentum. " The Bollandist editor considers,
Ermenrici Elewangensis monachi Supple-
that it has been improperly interpolated by a later writer.
50 St. Tozzo died about the year 66 1. The
"Vita Pseudo-Theodori " inserted " tres "
menses," instead of menses quatuor," for
such was the difference between the 6th of
September, the day of Magnus' death, and
the 16th of January, that assigned for the
death of Tozzo. The Ratisbon Acts have :
14
Post obitum B. Magni in pontificatu annos v. et menses VI. gerens, xvn. Kal. Feb. vitam praesentem finiit. "
51 See Goldast's " Alamanicarum Rerum Scriptores," tomus ii. , pars i. The writer
"
of our saint's Acts adds:
clero suo Augustensi sub testimonio in eadem hatred itate. "
differences. See L.
P. Anquetil's" Hisloire
5-! His death has been to
assigned Sep- 709.
"
Historic Francorum
Magnus, Bishop
and clerics reciting the Divine Of%e. Bishop Tozzo survived the death of his friend for five years, and four months, departing this life on the xvii. of
the February Kalends. s° He had previously bequeathed some property for maintenance of the shrine of Blessed Magnus, according to a bond and stipulation of the German laws. 51 Subsequent to the death of the glorious King Pippin,s2 however, his sons53 began to quarrel among themselves. 54 Utilo or Odiloss became Duke of Bavaria, and Godefredusor Godefrit s6 was King over the Germans. Their wars caused great devastation throughout those districts where. they were waged. No longer was Theodore and his monksabletobearthepersecutionsandlosseshesustained5? atthehands of the spoilers around Kempten. Wherefore, he left the place, and sought
refuge at St. Gall, where he found the Blessed Othmar,s8 then oppressed with the weight of ^ears. Theodore told him all about St. Magnus, as also what
going account in the text is considerably
abridged.
47 He is held to have banished such a
monster from the neighbourhood of Ffissen.
53 Namely, Charles, who, when twenty- four or twenty-five years of age, had been crowned at Noyon, King of Burgundy and Neustria ; and Carloman at the age of
was at of eighteen crowned, Soissons, King
Austrasia, which included a large part of
49 What follows purports to have been a
subsequent addition to the narrative of reign of four years, and the Austrasian
48SeeRev. S.
"Livesof
Baring-Gould's
the Saints," vol. ix. , September 6, p. 95.
Theodore. In Goldast's edition it is headed,
nobles, disregarding his two infant sons, offered the crown to Charles, who then became sole monarch of France. Sec an account of these events in Capefigue's " Charlemagne," chap, vii. , pp. 117 to 142.
54 Their mother, Bertha, or Bertrada, had
much in — to reconcile then- difficulty trying
sepultusque a
burgensis," tomus i. , lib. xxiii. , num. 102, Wurtzburg, 1727, fob
5(5 According to a fragment of Erchanbert, he shook off the French yoke, and died A. D.
See Duchesne's
tember 24th, A. D. 768. He ruled over Scriptores," tomus i. , p. 780, and tomus ii. ,
France very gloriously for forty-seven years,
having carried his arms against the Saracens,
and his conquests into Italy and Germany.
Before his death, which was caused by Theodori, at this portion of the narrative.
dropsy, at the age of fifty-three, he divided his dominions between his two sons, Charles
and Carloman ; a third son, Gilles, having
been educated in a monastery, became a "
58 This must have been intended for St. Othmar, whose feast is held on the 16th of November, and who became Abbot of St. Gall, A. D. 720, and who presided over it for
religious. See Henri Martin's Ilistoirede nearly forty years, having died A. D. 759. France," tome ii. , liv. xii. , pp. 250, 251. However, this statement in the text cannot
Germany. The latter died after a brief
de France," Deuxieme Race dite des Carlo*
vingiens, sect, i. , p. 60.
55 He died about the year 747. He was in rebellion against Carloman and Pepin, Majors-domi to the Kings of Franee, but he wasconqueredbythem. SeeJohnGeorge
"
Francise Orientalis et Episcopatus Virce-
Eckhart's
Commentarius de Rebus
P- 3-
57 Certain anachronisms are pointed out
by Father Suysken, in the Acta Pseudo-
September 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 155
he and his community suffered from the pagans and bad Christians. In
Othmar informed him about the losses himself had endured,5? owing to the action of the wicked Counts Ruadhard and Warin, the tyrants of Germany. ThenOthmarselectedagoodandprudentmemberofhiscom-
Affairs remained in this state of collision, until the great monarch,
turn,
named
Kempten, until peace should be restored. He permitted Theodore to remain at St. Gall, to the day of his death.
munity,
Peretgothus,
6° and four other monks, to take of charge
Charlemagne,
6 ' subdued the
of and the Saxons. 62 Germany
petty dynasts
Then hearing, that the religious establishments at Augsburg, Kempten, as
also the monasteries of St. Afra and of Magnus, had been utterly ruined,
that great monarch resolved on restoring them.
and St. Magnus 6* he also enlarged the limits of his diocese,65 so as to make . ;
it extend,66 on both banks of the River Lech. 6?
of 63 for the see of Sintpert
ruled that church for nearly thirty years. That prelate restored the monasteries of St. Afra
be historically accurate, as Theodore could not have survived even to the first year of
Othmar's incumbency.
59 See in Mabillon the " Acta S. Othmari,
at the 1 8th of November. He died A. D. 761. See J. C. L. Simonde de Sismondi's
cathedral of that city. See Charles Knight's
"English Cyclopaedia of Biography," vol. ii. , col. 169. It is strange, that no tradition
remains, regarding the spot . where this great Emperor's remains had been deposited in that venerable cathedral, although the marble sarcophagus, brought from Rome, and in which he desired to be buried, is
there preserved.
63 He is called Simpertus, by Matthew
"
"
Panie, chap, i. , p. 212.
Histoire de Francais," tome ii. , Seconde
60
Canisius has the name Berthgozus ;
Goldast Perechtgozus ; and the Ratisbon
Acts have Pertgozus.
ham's
posthaec Leopoldus
Augsburg.
Afterwards,
Sintpert
Bavaria Sancta," vol. iii.
64 See Mabillon's '• Annales Ordinis S. A. D. 771—, Charles—better known as Char- Benedicti," tomus ii. , lib. xxv. , sect, xiii. ,
lemagne became sole ruler of France, p. 255.
having taken possession of Burgundy and 63 The following Latin verses commemo-
"
South Gaul. See Eginhard's
Magni. " After Charlemagne had forced founders :
61 On the death of his brother Carloman
Rader, in
He procured the election
Vita Caroli rate Simpertus, together with other religious
the Saxon chiefs to give hostages for their
future obedience, "so far from observing the treaty, they poured their wild hordes into Franconia, burnt every church and
that fell in their — and monastery way, put
every creature to the sword. " A. S. Dun-
"
History of the Germanic Empire," vol. L, book i. , chap, i. , p. 28.
62 The Saxons, under their brave and able
leader, Witikind, had given him a strenuous
opposition from a. d. 772 to 780. After
several sanguinary campaigns, Witikind was
at length obliged to submit. Having re-
ceived baptism, his days were afterwards appended to the manuscript Life of our ended in peace on his domains in the north saint. Also, Velserus relates, that Char-
of Germany. Charlemagne had occasion to
wage war against Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria,
a feudatory of the Frankish monarchs, who
had assisted or connived at Witikind's in-
cursions. He was subdued and taken
prisoner, but his life was spared by Char- ad Oenum tantum, posterius ad Lycum lemagne, who had him confined in a usque pertingit. ''—" Rerum Augustanarum convent A. D. 794. In the year 800, this
renowned monarch was everywhere vic-
torious and master of the best part of the
European Continent. In January, 814, III. , whose pontificate began a. d. 795,
Charlemagne died of pleurisy at Aix-la-
Chapelle, after a reign of forty-seven years. He was buried with great pomp in the
authorised that extension of the diocese of Augsburg, and that it was confirmed by Charlemagne,
" Ccenobium Fuessen regali dote Pipinus Fundavit, sancti permotus numine Magni : Vastatum Caesar reparavit Carolus idem,
Atque Augustana Simpertus praesul in
urbe Austriacae terrae,
:
Suevorum dux tarunt. "
Guelpho
66 "
In the Acts of St. Magnus, parochia"
"
stated by Abbot Henry, in certain notes
is the word used for
dioecesis. " This is
lemagne made that extension in favour of
Bishop Simpertus. He adds
manuscripto codice legere memini, Simper- turn Augustanam dioecesim Novicorum finibus auxisse : antiquum Noricum * * *
Vindelicarum," lib. iv.
67 In the editions of our saint's Acts by
Canisius and Goldast, it is stated that Leo
marchio ampliter augmen-
:
" In vetusto
*5* LIVESOETHEIRISHSAINTS. [September6.
'-'
his sons
sequently of divisions among themselves. Fearing the designs and ambition of Lothaire, Ludovicus, in league with his step-brother, Charles le Chauve, raised an army, and in 841, a memorable battle was gained at Fontenoy over Lothaire and the
After the death of 68 it is stated ^ that he was succeeded Sintpert,
by Bishop Hatto,? who ruled for seven years, and who acquired much property for the church through his family connexions^1 but who was not able to effect any improvements in it during so short a term. ? a However, his successor, Nittarius," it is said, first commenced the building of a large church in honour of St. Magnus. A consultation had been held with the Archbishop
of Mayence, named Otgar,? 4 and his other suffragan Bishops, to know if it should be desirable, that the sac^pd remains might be translated to a more
ornate and conspicuous shrine. This project was approved of by all, and the permission of King Ludovicus was also obtained. 75 The work of church
building was prosecuted by other prelates, and especially by Lanto,'6 who finished the nave, in the fifth year of his episcopacy, through the aid afforded by the renowned King Ludovicus I. ,? 7 third son of the illustrious Emperor Ludovicus, surnamed Le Debonnaire. ? 8 That elegantly appointed church" was built over the spot, where the body of Magnus had been consigned to the tomb.
68 He is stated to have died about A. D. 818.
^ There is much uncertainty regarding the order of succession of Bishops over the
see of Augsburg, especially in the ninth century, and owing chiefly to the miscon- ceptions and opinions of writers in after
years. Their varying statements are pointed out and critically examined by Father
"'
Suysken in Acta Sanctorum, tomus ii. ,
Septembris vi. , De S. Magno, &c, Com- mentarius Praevius, sect, viii. , pp. 716 to 720.
70 Besides the " Acta Pseudo-Theodori"
of our saint, two other manuscript copies have Hatto, as in the text ; while the Ratis- bon and another copy have the name written Hanto ; Canisius and Goldast read Lanto. Hatto or Hauto is said to have belonged to the noble family of the Andecensian Counts.
habuit, quiedam bona ad episcopatum acquisivit. "
Krueger, Corbinian Khamm and others, who have allusion to Lanto, place the com- mencement of his episcopacy over the see of Augsberg at different dates : some have it at 869; others at 870 ; others again so late as A. D. 878, while none of those historic writers connect him in any way with Otmar, Arch- bishop of Mayence. The latter date is inconsistent with Lanto having received aid towards the church of St.
Magnus from Ludovicus I. , King of Germany, during the life-time of that monarch, who died at Frankfort, August 28th, A. D. 876.
77 He bears the surname of Le Pieu. \ or I. c Vieil. He was born A. D. 806, and was brother to Lothaire and Pepin of Aquitaine. His father, known as Louis le Dibonnaire, had three sons by his first wife, Ermengarde. After her death, he espoused Judith of Bavaria, by whom he had a fourth son, known under the of Charles U
remarkable for many and great disorders. Among these were unnatural rebellions of
writes the name Otkerus, and Goldast has
it Otkarius. He ruled over the sec of Francs. This gave Ludovicus supremacy
71 In the Ratisbon
tamen ex parentela, quam in Bagoaria
designation
Chavce. The reign of that monarch was
The saint's Acts stale,
"
minime
his and sub- authority,
7
in hiis rebus sublimari. "
manuscript :
73 He is also named Nitcarius, Nidgarius, and Nitkerus ; he is also called Witgarius
and Nitger.
74 The Ratisbon copy ofour saint's Acts
" Verum-
quivit
against
over Fiance and Germany.
7 = Henry, Abbot of Fuessan, states, that
this work w. is undertaken in the year 870,
with the consent and order of Pope Adrian
II. He filled the chair of St. Peter from
a. d. 867 to 872. However, in none of the year 817, by Ludovicus, and he had posses-
sionofallGermanytotheRhine,A. D. 843, according to the Annalist of Metz. He died in the seventieth year of his age, leaving
Mayence, from A. D. 825 or 826 to A. D. 827.
othermanuscriptaccountsofSt. Magnusis
such a statement to be found ; and, it is only
necessary to observe, that Otgai , the Arch-
bishop of Mayence, had died twenty years three sons, viz. , Carloman, Louis, and before Pope Adrian II. had been set over
the Universal Church.
76 The various writers, such as Bruschius,
Bucelin, Demochares, Stengel, Joannes
Gros. These divided the vast Empire of
Charlemagne between them. See Michaud's
"
1 of the Emperor Charlemagne, by
his second wife, Hildegarde. From this
father, by his first wife, Ermengarde, the kingdom of Bavaria was obtained in the
Charles, known under the designation of Lc
Biographie Universelle, Ancienne et
September 6J LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 157
At that time, a poor student,80 the son of respectable parents belonging to
of Durach,81 happened to be in the monastery, and in exchange for his manual labour, he acquired learning and a maintenance. He had been attacked with some kind of evil, which caused sores to break out over
one side of his body, and he was so afflicted as to become almost lame. Touched with his misfortunes, Bishop Lanto asked many of the priests in his
diocese to institute a Triduum, so that the Almighty would mercifully hear theirprayersforhisrecovery. Attheendofthreedays,whenthephysicians had tried their skill in vain, and all had cflspaired of the patient's cure; in his sleep, a venerable man appeared to him, and with a benign look and gentle tone of voice inquired the nature of his infirmity. This having been
the
village
M My son, ask from the Bishop, when to-day he shall have found my body, and taken it from the crypt in which it lies, that he would permit you to kiss that crypt, and when you shall have done so, that you take some dust from the place, mixing it with blessed water and oil. 82 Ask, that before the new altar you be allowed to prostrate
yourself, and moreover, that your sores be anointed. If all this you do, the Lord will restore you to former health. " Immediately awaking, the patient at early dawn went to the church, and told the care-taker what had happened during his sleep. Afterwards, as advised by the guardian, both went on their knees, relating what had occurred to the Bishop, whose assent
explained
to him, the senior said
:
was obtained to fulfil what had been directed in the vision.
The next process was that of unearthing the remains, and soon the workers reached that beautiful stone coffin, in which lay the relics of St. Magnus. On opening it, the body was found to be undecayed, but with the colour 8s Placed at the head was found that Life, written by Theodore, with some faded linen. In fulfilment of the permission given, the patient to whom allusion has been already made was brought to the tomb,
somewhat
Moderne,"
changed.
tome xxv. ,
148
to
150,
and
pp.
81 The anonymous writer of the German
294, 295-
79 Thus Father Stengel writes :
Life of St. Magnus thus identifies it although
" Cum Lanto episcopus templum restauraret et
ornaret, sacrum D. Magni corpus in medio Kempten. Book iii. , chap, v. , sect. 2.
sinens, sicut prius posi- tum fuerat, donee cum omni diligentia ac reverentia consensum ab Hadriano summo Pontifice expetisset : deinde venerabilis
proesul Lanto, Othgarium seu Otgerum S. Moguntinaeecclesias archiepiscopum accessit, suumque illi affectum aperuit. Turn Metro-
politanus omnes fratres suos episcopos ac suffraganeos convocavit, quatenus cum eis consultaret, si eum ausus esset ab illo loco
82
The use of oil —
regarded as a symbol of
eccleske
requiescere
St. Mark. vi. 13. Sometimes oil had been taken from the lamps which burned before the shrines of saints for the same purpose, as Mabillon in alium transferre. Concluserunt autem, shows, in his Prrefacio ad Sceeulum Bene-
dignum fore, pretiosum ac sanctum corpus dictinum piimum, sect, ix. , num. 101.
in meliorem
atque
: subiimiorum locum, si 8i In the saint's Acts we read " Pars vero
Deus vellet, transponere. Sicque revevsus corporis in vestimento corrupta apparebat,
est cum licentia piissimi regis Ludovici ad corpus vero tantum quasi colore mutato
'
- —"
This removal of the relics must have been at least one hundred and seventy years after the saint's death. How long the remains afterwards continued whole is not known ; but, the Abbot Henry believed, that while John Hesse was Abbot of Kussen, a skeleton was found, supposed to have been that of St. Magnus. According to Bucelin, John Hess was Abbot there to
the year 1480.
propria, &c. Monasteriologia," &c. jacebat candidum. " Rerum Augustanarum, pars ii. , cap. 14,
num. 2. This account, however, seems to
be inconsistent with comparative chron-
ology.
-"Although styled
"
Acts, Father Suysken understands the word
rather to be interpreted
from the tenor of this narrative.
discipulus," or scholar, in the house, and which is manifest
frater," in our saint's
"
— in the text written Duria—and he states, that the place is in the district, near
—
Divine Grace had been blessed to cure
diseases, in former ages of the Church ; and the practice was derived from that of the
disciples of Christ, who "cast out many devils, and anointed with oil many that
"—
were sick, and healed them
i5» LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [September 6.
which he was permitted to kiss, and the church guardian taking some dust from the coffin mixed it with water and oil, which were applied to the boy's sores. Next day, the Bishop asked the care-taker to inform him regarding the result, and on going to where the boy lodged, he Was able to report, that scarcely a trace of the sores remained. Then having been brought by the Bishop before the new altar of St. Magnus, the patient returned home quite healed. As a manifestation of his gratitude, for the rest of his life, the youth devoted himself as watchman in that monastery. The Bishop returned thanks to God for the performandfe of such a remarkable miracle. 8*
When the translation of the body of St. Magnus had thus been accom- plished, the next care of Bishop Lanto was to examine the Life which had been taken from his tomb. The tract was found to be almost decayed, through the effects of damp and age; yet, was it legible for the most part. To one Ermenricus,8* of the monastery of Elwanga,86 was afterwards com- mitted the task of reading and emending it, although protesting his inability and want of skill for the competent performance of that duty. After the translation of our saint's remains to the new shrine, many and great were the miracles wrought through his intercession. According to some accounts, Magnus was canonized by Pope Adrian II. 87 others have it by
;
Pope John VIII. 88 while others state that Pope John IX. 89 officiated on that ;
8* Father Suysken is of opinion, that this
translation should most probably be referred
to between the years 825 and 847 under
Bishop Lanto, who within the latter year is
thought to have assisted at the Council of
Mayence in September or October, as con-
vened by kaban Manr. In the first place, a retoucher, et de chatier les actes de vS. Bishop Lanto was present, but his see is not Magne premier Abbe de Fuessen au merne named. Again, that he was Bishop of diocese. * * * Ermenric executa sans doute ce
seems most — because Augsburg probable,
dessein en homme
none of the other bishops
d'esprit tel etoit. Mais il est
eleven in number—is styled bishop of that see, although it cannot be doubted such a
ou
les actes qu'il avoit revus et corriges, sont
perdus, ou qu'une main etrangere bien prelate had been present. Moreover, diffe'rente de la sienne, les a entierement
because among the other sees, that of Augs-
corrumpus dans la suite. "—Ibid. , p. 326.
87 He filled the chair of St. Peter from
A. D. 867 to 872. In his Vita S. Magni,
Martinus, under the title, De Translatione
et Canonizatione S. Magni, ascribes the
latter process to Tope Hadrian II. , probably because he had ivad in the Manuscript Life,
that Lanto, Bishop of Augsburg, had ob- tained permission from that Pontiff to have the saint's relics transferred. I lenry, Abbot of Pausen, also. Beems to be of opinion that the translation and canonization occurred during the episcopacy of bishop Lanto.
ruled from S72 to 882. The Bol- landisl Jesuits had in their Library a little Italian book, edited at Rome, A. D. 1726, on occasion Of the Canonization ol Saints
burg
seems most
likely
to have been
Bishop
Lanto's, and to him it has been attributed by
Eccard, in "Francia Orientalis," tomus ii. ,
P- 394-
85 In the saint's Acts we read : "Accer-
sivit quemdam monachum prudentem et industrium ex monasterio Elewanga, nomine
Ermenricum," &e. This passage betrays the interpolator's work, as Ermenricus would not be likely to indulge in such self-
glorification.
over the monastery of Elawangen, A. i>. S45. and held this position to A. D. . S62, according to the catalogue of the Abbots of Elewan-
gen. as given by Corbiuian Khamm, in ""
Ermenricus became Abbot
Hierarchia Augustana, pais i. , in
Auctario. An account of his Life and Aloysius and Stanislaus; and the anony-
Writings may be seen in
Abbe d'Elwangen, pp. 324 to 326.
Histoire Literaire de la France,'' tome v. , siecle ix. Ermcnric,
86
"
mous writer gives a double catalogue of saints canonized by the Sovereign Pontiffs, There he states, that St. Ampelius, Bishop, and St. Magnus, Abbot, were canonized A. D. 873. by Pope John VIII. However, this statement does not appear to be sub-
From the foregoing dates, it may be
seen, that the Emperor Ludovicus, Otger,
Archbishop of Mayence, and Ermenricus of
Elwangen, could have been contempora- stantiated.
neous, yet not with Lanto, Bishop of 89 I Ie was Pope only from A. D. 898 to 900.
Augsburg, the term of whose episcopacy, at the earliest, is placed at A. D. 869, This must invalidate the accuracy of chronology for the statement in the text. However, it is stated by the Benedictine writer: " Lanton
Ev&que d'Ausbourg chargea Ermenrtc de
et de qu'il arrive,
scavoir,
que
September 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 159 occasion. ? But great uncertainty attends the supposition, and it does not
1
by which we are to understand the principal one—was held on the viii. of the September Ides,9* which corresponds with the 6th of this month.
Many of those miracles recorded, and several seemingly well authenticated, as having occurred, owing to the merits and intercession of our saint, have beenenumeratedbyFatherLudovicusBabenstuber. Thedatesanddetails of those may be found, on referring to his work. Those records have also been re-produced by the Bollandists,»3 but must here be omitted ; the narrativeofSt. Magnushavingbeenalreadysomuchextended. Theyrefer to cases of Phrenesis, Rabies, Parturition, Plague among people and cattle, Demoniac Possession, Punishment for Irreverence, Expulsion of Vermin from Houses and Fields, Inundations suppressed, Healing from Dangerous Diseases, Evils averted from Men and Cattle, &c. Many of these benefits were obtained by the use of St. Magnus' staff and of his other relics. In the church of Fiissen, the staff of St. Magnoald is still preserved, and through its instrumentality several wonderful miracles have been wrought. It is carried about by the people, to chase destructive vermin from their fields. Through prayers and invocations offered to the saint, various benefits of a spiritual and temporal character have been obtained In latter times, the once celebrated Abbey of Fiissen has been sequestrated. 94
Towards the end of the ninth century, a nobleman, named Salomon Ramschwagius, who as a boy had been educated in the monastery of St. Gall, afterwards living near it as a. fraler conscriptus,^ and entering there as a
monk,atlengthhebecameAbbotoverthemonastery. As2,fraterconscriptus, he had exchanged a property of his own for one near the monastery of St. Gall. This was a pleasant site on a hill, and on the opposite bank of the river, formerly called Ira—at present known as the Steinach, an affluent of the Sitter. ^6 There he erected a church, in shape and honour of the Holy
appear to rest on any reliable or very ancient authority. 9
saint's cultus was well established—especially throughout Germany—in the ninth century. In Suabia, the commemorative Translation of Magnoald's remains is held on the 21st of March, as a festival. In concluding t—he account of St. Magnus, the Acta Pseudo-Theodori states, that his solemnity
An Office of St. Magnus which his Emi- nence the Cardinal Bishop Andreas of Austria caused to be printed A. D. 1599,
" miraculis clarum Joannes IX. Pont. Max. , qui creatus legitur anno Christi octingen- tessimo septuagessimo, Dantonis Augustani
episcopi precibus in Sanctos adscripsit. " It seems evident from the date, John VIII. must have been intended. An Office, issued A. D. 1671, and again printed a. d. 1687, ascribes the saint's canonization to Tope John IX. The Proper Office of St. Magnus for the Diocese of Constance, printed a. d. 1725, and re-issued a. d. 1739, reads :
miraculis clarum — "Quern Joannes IX.
