" and an
advertisement
of Charles Mil-
ler in Bos.
ler in Bos.
Arthur Schlesinger - Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution
On the same day as Dickinson's speech, the Pennsylvania
Chronicle contained an able article entitled, "Causes of the American
Discontents before 1768," written by Benjamin Franklin under the
signature "F. and S. " This was a trenchant analysis covering many
of the same points, and had been published originally for Engl1sh con-
sumption in the London Chronicle, Jan. 7, 1768. Franklin, Writings
(Smyth), vol. v, pp. 78-89.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
words of the "Pennsylvania Farmer" to the effect that:
"A people is travelling fast to destruction, when indi-
viduals consider their interests as distinct from those of
the public. " The merchants were told that the eyes of
their customers, as well as of God, had been on them ex-
pectantly for a long time; and that eagerness for a few
pence or pounds should not deter them from joining
strength with Boston and New York. 1 A contributor in
the Pennsylvania Gasette of June 2 urged that the people
of the city take affairs into their own hands and agree
to buy only American manufactures. A few days later,
the merchants received a letter from the Committee of
Merchants at New York, reminding them that, unless they
adopted non-importation by June 14, the merchants of
New York and Boston would be absolved from their agree-
ments. 8 The Philadelphia merchants remainedujuaflyed;
the appointed day arr1ved and passefl! and the project of
a noj1-imprvrfa<1rm leofjpua -- of -- thp gjea*' trad1ng tOWnS
The delinquency of the merchants occasioned a most
virulent attack on their motives by John Dickinson in the
form of a broadside, entitled "A Copy of a Letter from
a Gentleman of Virginia to a Merchant in Philadelphia. "
The manuscript copy, which the printer used in getting
up the broadside, was in the handwriting of a third person,
making it evident, so the editor of Dickinson's Writings
thinks, that Dickinson desired to conceal his connection
with it. The writer did not mince words in charging that
the merchants were actuated by self-interest. During the
Stamp Act, when their " Patriotism and private Interests"
1 Pa. Gas. , May 12, 1768. Ford, op. cit. , vol. i, p. 435, ascribes the
pseudonym to Thomson.
1 Letter of June 6, 1768; N. Y. Journ. , June 28, 1770.
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? I2Q THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
were intimately connected, the merchants had entered into a
non-importation agreement, he said. But they had been able
to shift the burden of the Townshend taxes on their cus-
tomers, and the abstract question of right did not concern
them. The principle involved they considered of slight
importance as compared with their personal comfort and
profit. 1
The failure to bring about a non-importation union placed
the Boston merchants in the dilemma of either resigning
themselves nervelessly to business depression or pursuing
a vigorous course independently of the other great ports.
After one or two meetings for discussion, the merchants
chose the latter alternative in an agreement drawn up Au-
gust 1, 1768. 2 The preamble attributed the commercial
distress to money stringency--a condition growing daily
more severe because of "the large Sums collected by the
Officers of the Customs for Duties on Goods imported,"
to restrictions on trade laid by the recent acts of Parlia-
ment, to the heavy war taxes, and to bad success in the
cod and whale fisheries. All subscribers of the agreement
pledged themselves to send no further orders for fall goods,
to discontinue all importations from Great Britain for
one year beginning January 1, 1769,* except coal, wool-
cards, duck, cardwire, shot, and four or five articles neces-
sary for carrying on the fisheries, and to cease the im-
portation of tea, glass, paper and painters' colors until the
duties on them should be removed. Several days later,
1 Writings, voL i, pp. 433-445-
1 Mass. Gas. & News-Letter, Nov. 17, 1769; Bos. Gas. , July 25, Aug.
1, 8, 15, 1768; Bos. Post-Boy, May 8, 1769; Bos. Eve. Post, May 8, 1769;
Hosmer, Hutchinson, p. 432; Brown, John Hancock His Book, p. 163.
1 At a meeting on Oct. 17, 1769, the merchants removed the one-year
limitation and made the period of operation contingent upon the repeat
of the Townshend duties. Mass. Gas. & News-Letter, Nov. 9, 17, 1769.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM I21
Hutchinson informed an English friend that all the mer-
chants in town, save only sixteen, had signed the agreement.
The example of the Boston merchants stimulated the
other trading towns of the province to emulation. Within
the next few months, agreements were signed by the mer-
chants of Salem, Plymouth, Cape Ann and Nantucket.
Marblehead, somewhat belated, joined in October of the
following year. 1 New vigor was also injected into the
movement for the non-consumption of tea. The Boston
Gasette reported "from the best Authority" that fifteen
hundred families of Boston had relinquished the use of
tea, and that most of the inhabitants of Charlestown, Lex-
ington, Dedham, Weymouth and Hingham, as well as the
students at Harvard, had done likewise. 2 The Boston
town meeting revived its efforts to provide work for the
poor of the town, "whose Numbers and distresses are
dayly increasing by the loss of its Trade & Commerce. "
Rejecting the earlier plan of a popular subscription, the
town, on March 13, 1769, voted a subsidy out of town funds
for a free spinning school, and placed it under charge of
William Molineux. The venture proved sufficiently suc-
cessful for the town meeting, three years later, to vote
thanks to the manager for the faithful performance of his
duties. 8
Within a year of the date of the merchants' agreement,
TWrrm that the ministry was prepared, to
yield up all the Townshend duties except the tax on tea; *
and the merchants were forced to consider whether 1t was
1 Essex Gas. , Sept. 6, 1768; N. Y. Journ. , June 22, 1769; Mass. Gas.
& News-Letter, Nov. 2, 1769.
1 Issues of Oct. 24, 1768; Mch. 27, 1769.
1 Bos. Town Recs. (1758-1769), pp. 273-277; ibid. (1770-1777), p. 73.
4 Hillsborough's circular letter of May 13, 1769. N. Y. Col. Docs. ,
vol. viii, pp. 164-165.
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? 122 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
worth while to continue the controversy under the cir-
cumstances. On July 26, 1769, they voted unanimously
that such a partial repeal would by no means relieve the
trade situation and was designed to prevent the establish-
ment of colonial manufactures. At this meeting and a
succeeding one of August n, they materially strengthened
the enforcement feature of the non-importation agree-
ment by providing for a boycott of all vessels and all mer-
chants dealing in merchandise proscribed by the agree-
ment. At the same time, the list of articles which might
be imported was somewhat extended. 1 They agreed,
further, on October 17, that, if any British merchandise
should be consigned to them on commission, they would
either refuse to receive it or ship it back at the first oppor-
tunity. 2 A paper was also circulated among the inhabi-
tants of Boston, pledging them to buy no goods imported
contrary to the merchants' agreement, and to support the
merchants in any further efforts to render the measures
effectual. 8
Meantime, domestic manufacturing entered a new stage:
spinning was taken up by women's circles in churches all
over New England and thus popularized as a social diver-
sion. The atrabilious Peter Oliver declared: " The female
spinners kept on spinning six Days of the Week; and on the
seventh, the Parsons took their turns and spun out their
prayers and sermons to a long thread of Politics. " * From
1 Mass. Gas. , July 31, 1769; Bos. Gas. , Aug. 14. In a meeting on
April 27, the merchants had already resolved to buy of no one articles
which were imported, contrary to the agreement, from Great Britain or
any province. Ibid. , May 1.
1 Mass. Gas. & News Letter, Nov. 9, 17, 1769.
*M. H. S. Ms. : 151, 1, 15. With a similar purpose in view, the
venrlue-masters and brokers signed an agreement not to handle any
goods debarred by the merchants' agreement. Bos. Ga:. , Aug. 21, 1769.
4 Brit. Mus. , Egerton Mss. , no. 2671 (L. C. Transcripts).
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
123
January to September, 1769, twenty-eight spinning bees
were noted in the newspapers; and this probably represented
a fraction of the entire number held. Many instances of in-
dividual industry were cited; and the little town of Middle-
town, Mass. , established a record of weaving 20,522 yards
of doth in the year 1769, an average of more than forty
yards for every adult and child in the population. 1 Money
prizes were occasionally offered for the making of textiles;
and efforts were even made to foster silk culture in this way. 2
All this pother resulted in some progress toward a greater
independence of imported textiles. 8
Nevertheless, it is clear that the people were interested
only in tiding over a difficult period and not in laying the
foundations of permanent industries. It was an exceptional
case when men, like Upham and his associates at Brookfield,
Mass. , "erected a Building 50 Feet in Length and two
Stories high, for a Manufactory House," and installed
looms and collected workmen for the weaving of woolens. 4
Manufacturing pntprpri^ which would, in all probability,
collapse the moment trade with England was renewed,
did no! appeal as attract1ve 1nvestments to men of capital;
and as a class they refused to lend support. 11
1 Mass. Gas. & Post-Boy, Men. 12, 1770.
1 Bos. Gas. , Apr. 10, Oct. 16, 1769; May 1, 1770.
8 Note, for example, the articles offered for sale by John Gore, Jr. , in
the Boston Gaselle, June 12, 1769: "North-American Manufactures,
viz Blue, black, claret coloured and mix'd Cloths, Whilton mix'd Cotton
and Linnen, masqueraded ditto, superfine mix'd double Camblet for
Mens Summer or Womens Winter Ware, half-yard and 3 qr Diaper,
fine 7-8th Nutfield Linnen, fine Hatfield Thread, Mens ribb'd worsted
Hose, white cotton and linnen Tow-cloth, Lynn Shoes, Pole Combs,
Cards, &c, N. B. All sorts of Mens and Womens Ware manufactured
in New England, taken in Exchange for English Goods. "
4 Bos. Gas. , Oct. 3, 1768. For a similar enterprise, vide the advertise-
ment of Thomas Mewse in Bos. Post-Boy, Sept. 11, 1769.
5 E. g. , vide article by " A. Z.
" and an advertisement of Charles Mil-
ler in Bos. Gas. , Feb. 20, 1769.
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? THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
papers of New England and elsewhere made a great fuss
over local manufactures; and it was no doubt the propagan-
dist character of such notices that caused many Americans
to refer to them as "great puffs" and " newspaper manu-
factures. " *
Not many days elapsed after the
jnent of Boston hefnrp tfrp M,. . , v^rlr merchants decided
_take a similar stand. On August 27, 1768, an agreement
was signed by nearly 'all the merchants and traders, which
was more stringent in its terms than the Boston agreement.
The subscribers were obligated to countermand all orders
sent to England after August 1 5 and to cease the importation
of goods shipped from Great Britain after November 1,
until the Townshend duties should be repealed. 2 Some
concession was made to the criticism that the project was
promoted chiefly by smuggling merchants, by providing that
no goods should be imported from Hamburg and Holland,
directly or indirectly, other than had already been ordered,
except tiles and bricks. 8 Any goods sent over contrary to
the agreement were to be stored in a public warehouse until
the Townshend duties were repealed. Finally, it was pro-
vided that any subscribers who violated the agreement
should be deemed " Enemies to their Country. "
A few days later, the tradesmen of the city signed an
agreement to withhold patronage from all merchants, -who
refused to sign or to obey the merchants' agreement, and
1Franklin, Writings (Smyth), vol. v, p. 116; "True Patriot" in Bos.
Eve. Post, Nov. 23, 1767.
*N. Y. Gas. & Merc. , Mch. 13, 1769; also N. Y. Journ. , Sept. 8, 1768.
Excepted from this general prohibition were: coal, salt, sail cloth,
woolcards, card-wire, grindstones, chalk, lead, tin, sheet-copper and
German steel.
1 This list of exceptions was later extended to include corn-fans, mill-
stones, and all those articles which were permitted to be imported from.
Great Britain.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
125
from any European mercantile houses that imported con-
trary to the agreement. 1 The importers at Albany con-
curred in the New York merchants' agreement, not, how-
ever, without protest from some of the merchants on the
score that the importation of goods for the Indian trade
should be continued. 2 Some of the small inland towns re-
solved to buy no British or Scotch goods. * On April 10,
1769, the provincial House of Representatives, on motion
of Philip Livingston, an eminent merchant of the city,
passed a vote of thanks to the merchants of the city and
province for their patriotic conduct in declining importation
from Great Britain. 4 Andrew Oliver, of Boston, wrote
from New York on August 12, 1769, that, although his
business there led him to associate with the best citizens,
they universally approved of the non-importation combina-
tion, an attitude which appeared to him " little less than as-
suming a negative on all acts of parliament which they do
not like. "'
On September 1, 1768, the Committee of Merchants of
New York sent a copy of their agreement to the Philadel-
phia merchants, explaining that it was " widely different"
from the Boston plan, then in operation, in that its bind-
ing force extended to the repeal of the Townshend duties,
and trusting that they would now feel free to enter into a
similar compact. 2 Newspaper contributors at Philadelphia
1 N. Y. Journ. , Sept. 15, 1768. This agreement was dated September 5.
1 N. Y. Gas. & Merc. , Aug. 14, 1769.
* N. Y. Gas. & Post-Boy, July 31, 1769.
4 N. Y. Col. Docs. , vol. viii, pp. 194-195.
* N. Y. Journ. , July 29, 1773.
'Ms. in Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The original Boston
agreement was to last for one year beginning January 1, 1769. This
clause was changed to correspond with the New York provision on
October 17, 1769.
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? I26 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
were again fired by the example of the trading towns to the?
north; and "Tradesman," "Agricola" and others lent their
persuasive pens to pleas for non-importation and non-con-
sumption regulations. 1 Letters from correspondents in
London urged these steps, also. 2
The great Quaker merchants dominated the situation^
and they were determined not to resort to trade suspension
until all ordinary means of obtaining redress had been ex-
hausted. In accord with their wishes, the Pennsylvania As-
sembiyrbn September 22, 1768, sent petitions to the king
and to the nouses ot Parliament, praying for a repeal of
the Townshend Acts. TneyT1ased their plea on their claim
to constitutional exemption from parliamentary taxation;
it was not deemed necessary to include arguments against
the economic expediency of the British measures.
The merchants continnrd trr hrtriy ip outward signs of
activity. Their apparent callousness provoked a bitter
article in the New York Journal, October 10, 1768, signed
by "A North American," charging a few drygoods mer-
chants of Philadelphia with preventing an agreement there.
Shall a few selfish, dastardly merchants, it was asked, be
permitted to defy the desires of the vast majority of the
people and defeat a great public purpose? Under sting of
this attack, the merchants began to grow restive. An in-
spired contributor, "Philadelphus," disclosed to the public
the true condition of affairs. * As soon as they had been
informed of the Boston agreement, the Philadelphia mer-
chants had appointed a committee to canvass a similar pro-
posal. The committee labored in vain to obtain a general
concurrence, and then concentrated its efforts on enlisting
1 Pa. Chron. , Oct. 10, Nov. 28, 1768; Pa. Journ. , Jan. 26, 1769.
1 Pa. Journ. , Jan. 26, Apr. 6, 13, 1769.
? Pa. Gaz. , Oct. 20, 1768.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
the support of eight or ten mercantile firms, whose backing
would give prestige to the project. None of these firms
would go further than to recommend a non-importation of
dutied articles and certain luxuries; and this proposal was
rejected by the committee as unsatisfactory. On September
22, the committee had called a general meeting of merchants
and traders; but, as not one-fourth of the drygoods mer-
chants attended, this was deemed conclusive that the ma-
jority disapproved of a general non-importation.
The disposition of the merchants and of conservative-
thinking people generally was to await the result of the
legislative petitions. 1 But, within two weeks after " Phila-
delphus" spoke, the merchants were moved to send a
memorial of their own to the merchants and manufacturers
of Great Britain, representing the deplorable situation of
trade. The idea was to prod the British business interests
to bring pressure to bear upon Parliament. The memorial
was sent on November 1, 1768; it was'conservative in tone.
The British merchants and manufacturers were asked to
solicit a repeal of the statutes imposing the anti-commercial
and unconstitutional Townshend duties and to obtain
"further relief from the other Burthens which the Ameri-
can trade has long laboured under. " It was affirmed as
"a Solemn Truth" that, if the various discouragements
to trade continued unabated, the Americans must, "from
necessity if not from Motives of Interest," establish their
own manufactures and curtail importations. The memorial
further stated that many of the present trade restrictions
had been complained of by the Philadelphia merchants in
their petition of November, 1765. The chief grievances,
other than the Townshend duties, were declared to be: the
1 Letter of Philadelphia Merchants' Committee to London Merchants'
Committee, London Chron. , June 10, 1769; also Pa. Mag. , vol. xxvii,
pp. 84-87.
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? I28 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
prohibition of paper money as a legal tender; the heavy
duty on Madeira wine which barred it as an article of ex-
change with England; the unnecessary trouble and expense
incurred by the roundabout shipment of Portuguese wines
and fruit to America through England; the prohibition
against exporting American bar iron to continental Europe;
and the regulation which classified all sugars imported from
the American continent into England as foreign and thus
deprived the colonists of an advantageous remittance. 1
The transmission of the memorial was followed by a
lull in public interest in the non-importation question, for
the signers of the memorial pledged themselves to adopt
non-importation in the spring, provided their appeal met
with no success. 2 Early in February, 1769, various fire
companies in the city adopted resolutions to abstain from
buying mutton, as a measure to aid the woolen manufac-
tures; and a number of citizens asserted their independence
of English fashions by agreeing to wear leather jackets
thereafter. 8
Events now forced the commercial class to take more
decisive action. Several merchants were planning to send
orders for fall goods by a vessel which departed for England
in the middle of February. As no information had yet
been received of remedial measures by Parliament, the body
of merchants apprehended that these orders might seriously
complicate the non-importation agreement, to which they
were conditionally pledged for the spring. Meeting to-
gether on February 6, they resolved that all orders, already
sent for fall goods, should be cancelled unless the goods be
1 Pub. Rec. Office: C. O. 5, no. 114 (L. C. Transcripts), pp. 161-169.
1 Papers of the Merchants of Philadelphia ("Sparks Mss. ," vol. Ixii,
sub-vol. vii), pp. 1-2.
1 Pa. Journ. , Feb. 9, 16, Mch. 16, 1769; Pa. Chron. , Feb. 20.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
shipped before April 1, and that no further orders be sent
before March 10, by which time they expected to learn
definitely of the outcome of their memorial. 1 News soon
arrived that the hopes of the petitioners had been misplaced.
The London merchants professed to be willing to use their
influence for repeal; but, on the advice of Burke and other
of their friends in Parliament, they had been convinced that
it was an unpropitious time to press the matter. They re-
gretfully informed the Philadelphia merchants of their
determination. 2
Afercfo the tenth arrived and the merchants took the final
step. Justifying their action as a consequence of heavy
debts and the ruinous effects of the revenue acts, and as
the only means of stimulating their British creditors to
activity for repeal, thy^ adopted ap agreement tr> irnpnrt no
goods shipped after April T fmm Cr^r Ttn'rgfa j^fi1 r*>>>
Townshend duties should be repealed, except twenty-two
articles useful for local manufacturing, ship-ballast and
medicinal and educational purposes. With the apparent
purpose of denying special advantages to smugglers, these
conditions were extended to include imports from the rest
of Europe, except linens and provisions directly from Ire-
land. The subscribers of the agreement were pledged to
buy no goods imported contrary to the agreement, and to
discountenance " by all lawful and prudent measures" any
person who defied the agreement. The agreement was to
continue until the repeal of the Townshend duties or until
1 Papers of Phila. Merchants, pp.
Chronicle contained an able article entitled, "Causes of the American
Discontents before 1768," written by Benjamin Franklin under the
signature "F. and S. " This was a trenchant analysis covering many
of the same points, and had been published originally for Engl1sh con-
sumption in the London Chronicle, Jan. 7, 1768. Franklin, Writings
(Smyth), vol. v, pp. 78-89.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
words of the "Pennsylvania Farmer" to the effect that:
"A people is travelling fast to destruction, when indi-
viduals consider their interests as distinct from those of
the public. " The merchants were told that the eyes of
their customers, as well as of God, had been on them ex-
pectantly for a long time; and that eagerness for a few
pence or pounds should not deter them from joining
strength with Boston and New York. 1 A contributor in
the Pennsylvania Gasette of June 2 urged that the people
of the city take affairs into their own hands and agree
to buy only American manufactures. A few days later,
the merchants received a letter from the Committee of
Merchants at New York, reminding them that, unless they
adopted non-importation by June 14, the merchants of
New York and Boston would be absolved from their agree-
ments. 8 The Philadelphia merchants remainedujuaflyed;
the appointed day arr1ved and passefl! and the project of
a noj1-imprvrfa<1rm leofjpua -- of -- thp gjea*' trad1ng tOWnS
The delinquency of the merchants occasioned a most
virulent attack on their motives by John Dickinson in the
form of a broadside, entitled "A Copy of a Letter from
a Gentleman of Virginia to a Merchant in Philadelphia. "
The manuscript copy, which the printer used in getting
up the broadside, was in the handwriting of a third person,
making it evident, so the editor of Dickinson's Writings
thinks, that Dickinson desired to conceal his connection
with it. The writer did not mince words in charging that
the merchants were actuated by self-interest. During the
Stamp Act, when their " Patriotism and private Interests"
1 Pa. Gas. , May 12, 1768. Ford, op. cit. , vol. i, p. 435, ascribes the
pseudonym to Thomson.
1 Letter of June 6, 1768; N. Y. Journ. , June 28, 1770.
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? I2Q THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
were intimately connected, the merchants had entered into a
non-importation agreement, he said. But they had been able
to shift the burden of the Townshend taxes on their cus-
tomers, and the abstract question of right did not concern
them. The principle involved they considered of slight
importance as compared with their personal comfort and
profit. 1
The failure to bring about a non-importation union placed
the Boston merchants in the dilemma of either resigning
themselves nervelessly to business depression or pursuing
a vigorous course independently of the other great ports.
After one or two meetings for discussion, the merchants
chose the latter alternative in an agreement drawn up Au-
gust 1, 1768. 2 The preamble attributed the commercial
distress to money stringency--a condition growing daily
more severe because of "the large Sums collected by the
Officers of the Customs for Duties on Goods imported,"
to restrictions on trade laid by the recent acts of Parlia-
ment, to the heavy war taxes, and to bad success in the
cod and whale fisheries. All subscribers of the agreement
pledged themselves to send no further orders for fall goods,
to discontinue all importations from Great Britain for
one year beginning January 1, 1769,* except coal, wool-
cards, duck, cardwire, shot, and four or five articles neces-
sary for carrying on the fisheries, and to cease the im-
portation of tea, glass, paper and painters' colors until the
duties on them should be removed. Several days later,
1 Writings, voL i, pp. 433-445-
1 Mass. Gas. & News-Letter, Nov. 17, 1769; Bos. Gas. , July 25, Aug.
1, 8, 15, 1768; Bos. Post-Boy, May 8, 1769; Bos. Eve. Post, May 8, 1769;
Hosmer, Hutchinson, p. 432; Brown, John Hancock His Book, p. 163.
1 At a meeting on Oct. 17, 1769, the merchants removed the one-year
limitation and made the period of operation contingent upon the repeat
of the Townshend duties. Mass. Gas. & News-Letter, Nov. 9, 17, 1769.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM I21
Hutchinson informed an English friend that all the mer-
chants in town, save only sixteen, had signed the agreement.
The example of the Boston merchants stimulated the
other trading towns of the province to emulation. Within
the next few months, agreements were signed by the mer-
chants of Salem, Plymouth, Cape Ann and Nantucket.
Marblehead, somewhat belated, joined in October of the
following year. 1 New vigor was also injected into the
movement for the non-consumption of tea. The Boston
Gasette reported "from the best Authority" that fifteen
hundred families of Boston had relinquished the use of
tea, and that most of the inhabitants of Charlestown, Lex-
ington, Dedham, Weymouth and Hingham, as well as the
students at Harvard, had done likewise. 2 The Boston
town meeting revived its efforts to provide work for the
poor of the town, "whose Numbers and distresses are
dayly increasing by the loss of its Trade & Commerce. "
Rejecting the earlier plan of a popular subscription, the
town, on March 13, 1769, voted a subsidy out of town funds
for a free spinning school, and placed it under charge of
William Molineux. The venture proved sufficiently suc-
cessful for the town meeting, three years later, to vote
thanks to the manager for the faithful performance of his
duties. 8
Within a year of the date of the merchants' agreement,
TWrrm that the ministry was prepared, to
yield up all the Townshend duties except the tax on tea; *
and the merchants were forced to consider whether 1t was
1 Essex Gas. , Sept. 6, 1768; N. Y. Journ. , June 22, 1769; Mass. Gas.
& News-Letter, Nov. 2, 1769.
1 Issues of Oct. 24, 1768; Mch. 27, 1769.
1 Bos. Town Recs. (1758-1769), pp. 273-277; ibid. (1770-1777), p. 73.
4 Hillsborough's circular letter of May 13, 1769. N. Y. Col. Docs. ,
vol. viii, pp. 164-165.
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? 122 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
worth while to continue the controversy under the cir-
cumstances. On July 26, 1769, they voted unanimously
that such a partial repeal would by no means relieve the
trade situation and was designed to prevent the establish-
ment of colonial manufactures. At this meeting and a
succeeding one of August n, they materially strengthened
the enforcement feature of the non-importation agree-
ment by providing for a boycott of all vessels and all mer-
chants dealing in merchandise proscribed by the agree-
ment. At the same time, the list of articles which might
be imported was somewhat extended. 1 They agreed,
further, on October 17, that, if any British merchandise
should be consigned to them on commission, they would
either refuse to receive it or ship it back at the first oppor-
tunity. 2 A paper was also circulated among the inhabi-
tants of Boston, pledging them to buy no goods imported
contrary to the merchants' agreement, and to support the
merchants in any further efforts to render the measures
effectual. 8
Meantime, domestic manufacturing entered a new stage:
spinning was taken up by women's circles in churches all
over New England and thus popularized as a social diver-
sion. The atrabilious Peter Oliver declared: " The female
spinners kept on spinning six Days of the Week; and on the
seventh, the Parsons took their turns and spun out their
prayers and sermons to a long thread of Politics. " * From
1 Mass. Gas. , July 31, 1769; Bos. Gas. , Aug. 14. In a meeting on
April 27, the merchants had already resolved to buy of no one articles
which were imported, contrary to the agreement, from Great Britain or
any province. Ibid. , May 1.
1 Mass. Gas. & News Letter, Nov. 9, 17, 1769.
*M. H. S. Ms. : 151, 1, 15. With a similar purpose in view, the
venrlue-masters and brokers signed an agreement not to handle any
goods debarred by the merchants' agreement. Bos. Ga:. , Aug. 21, 1769.
4 Brit. Mus. , Egerton Mss. , no. 2671 (L. C. Transcripts).
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
123
January to September, 1769, twenty-eight spinning bees
were noted in the newspapers; and this probably represented
a fraction of the entire number held. Many instances of in-
dividual industry were cited; and the little town of Middle-
town, Mass. , established a record of weaving 20,522 yards
of doth in the year 1769, an average of more than forty
yards for every adult and child in the population. 1 Money
prizes were occasionally offered for the making of textiles;
and efforts were even made to foster silk culture in this way. 2
All this pother resulted in some progress toward a greater
independence of imported textiles. 8
Nevertheless, it is clear that the people were interested
only in tiding over a difficult period and not in laying the
foundations of permanent industries. It was an exceptional
case when men, like Upham and his associates at Brookfield,
Mass. , "erected a Building 50 Feet in Length and two
Stories high, for a Manufactory House," and installed
looms and collected workmen for the weaving of woolens. 4
Manufacturing pntprpri^ which would, in all probability,
collapse the moment trade with England was renewed,
did no! appeal as attract1ve 1nvestments to men of capital;
and as a class they refused to lend support. 11
1 Mass. Gas. & Post-Boy, Men. 12, 1770.
1 Bos. Gas. , Apr. 10, Oct. 16, 1769; May 1, 1770.
8 Note, for example, the articles offered for sale by John Gore, Jr. , in
the Boston Gaselle, June 12, 1769: "North-American Manufactures,
viz Blue, black, claret coloured and mix'd Cloths, Whilton mix'd Cotton
and Linnen, masqueraded ditto, superfine mix'd double Camblet for
Mens Summer or Womens Winter Ware, half-yard and 3 qr Diaper,
fine 7-8th Nutfield Linnen, fine Hatfield Thread, Mens ribb'd worsted
Hose, white cotton and linnen Tow-cloth, Lynn Shoes, Pole Combs,
Cards, &c, N. B. All sorts of Mens and Womens Ware manufactured
in New England, taken in Exchange for English Goods. "
4 Bos. Gas. , Oct. 3, 1768. For a similar enterprise, vide the advertise-
ment of Thomas Mewse in Bos. Post-Boy, Sept. 11, 1769.
5 E. g. , vide article by " A. Z.
" and an advertisement of Charles Mil-
ler in Bos. Gas. , Feb. 20, 1769.
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? THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
papers of New England and elsewhere made a great fuss
over local manufactures; and it was no doubt the propagan-
dist character of such notices that caused many Americans
to refer to them as "great puffs" and " newspaper manu-
factures. " *
Not many days elapsed after the
jnent of Boston hefnrp tfrp M,. . , v^rlr merchants decided
_take a similar stand. On August 27, 1768, an agreement
was signed by nearly 'all the merchants and traders, which
was more stringent in its terms than the Boston agreement.
The subscribers were obligated to countermand all orders
sent to England after August 1 5 and to cease the importation
of goods shipped from Great Britain after November 1,
until the Townshend duties should be repealed. 2 Some
concession was made to the criticism that the project was
promoted chiefly by smuggling merchants, by providing that
no goods should be imported from Hamburg and Holland,
directly or indirectly, other than had already been ordered,
except tiles and bricks. 8 Any goods sent over contrary to
the agreement were to be stored in a public warehouse until
the Townshend duties were repealed. Finally, it was pro-
vided that any subscribers who violated the agreement
should be deemed " Enemies to their Country. "
A few days later, the tradesmen of the city signed an
agreement to withhold patronage from all merchants, -who
refused to sign or to obey the merchants' agreement, and
1Franklin, Writings (Smyth), vol. v, p. 116; "True Patriot" in Bos.
Eve. Post, Nov. 23, 1767.
*N. Y. Gas. & Merc. , Mch. 13, 1769; also N. Y. Journ. , Sept. 8, 1768.
Excepted from this general prohibition were: coal, salt, sail cloth,
woolcards, card-wire, grindstones, chalk, lead, tin, sheet-copper and
German steel.
1 This list of exceptions was later extended to include corn-fans, mill-
stones, and all those articles which were permitted to be imported from.
Great Britain.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
125
from any European mercantile houses that imported con-
trary to the agreement. 1 The importers at Albany con-
curred in the New York merchants' agreement, not, how-
ever, without protest from some of the merchants on the
score that the importation of goods for the Indian trade
should be continued. 2 Some of the small inland towns re-
solved to buy no British or Scotch goods. * On April 10,
1769, the provincial House of Representatives, on motion
of Philip Livingston, an eminent merchant of the city,
passed a vote of thanks to the merchants of the city and
province for their patriotic conduct in declining importation
from Great Britain. 4 Andrew Oliver, of Boston, wrote
from New York on August 12, 1769, that, although his
business there led him to associate with the best citizens,
they universally approved of the non-importation combina-
tion, an attitude which appeared to him " little less than as-
suming a negative on all acts of parliament which they do
not like. "'
On September 1, 1768, the Committee of Merchants of
New York sent a copy of their agreement to the Philadel-
phia merchants, explaining that it was " widely different"
from the Boston plan, then in operation, in that its bind-
ing force extended to the repeal of the Townshend duties,
and trusting that they would now feel free to enter into a
similar compact. 2 Newspaper contributors at Philadelphia
1 N. Y. Journ. , Sept. 15, 1768. This agreement was dated September 5.
1 N. Y. Gas. & Merc. , Aug. 14, 1769.
* N. Y. Gas. & Post-Boy, July 31, 1769.
4 N. Y. Col. Docs. , vol. viii, pp. 194-195.
* N. Y. Journ. , July 29, 1773.
'Ms. in Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The original Boston
agreement was to last for one year beginning January 1, 1769. This
clause was changed to correspond with the New York provision on
October 17, 1769.
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? I26 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
were again fired by the example of the trading towns to the?
north; and "Tradesman," "Agricola" and others lent their
persuasive pens to pleas for non-importation and non-con-
sumption regulations. 1 Letters from correspondents in
London urged these steps, also. 2
The great Quaker merchants dominated the situation^
and they were determined not to resort to trade suspension
until all ordinary means of obtaining redress had been ex-
hausted. In accord with their wishes, the Pennsylvania As-
sembiyrbn September 22, 1768, sent petitions to the king
and to the nouses ot Parliament, praying for a repeal of
the Townshend Acts. TneyT1ased their plea on their claim
to constitutional exemption from parliamentary taxation;
it was not deemed necessary to include arguments against
the economic expediency of the British measures.
The merchants continnrd trr hrtriy ip outward signs of
activity. Their apparent callousness provoked a bitter
article in the New York Journal, October 10, 1768, signed
by "A North American," charging a few drygoods mer-
chants of Philadelphia with preventing an agreement there.
Shall a few selfish, dastardly merchants, it was asked, be
permitted to defy the desires of the vast majority of the
people and defeat a great public purpose? Under sting of
this attack, the merchants began to grow restive. An in-
spired contributor, "Philadelphus," disclosed to the public
the true condition of affairs. * As soon as they had been
informed of the Boston agreement, the Philadelphia mer-
chants had appointed a committee to canvass a similar pro-
posal. The committee labored in vain to obtain a general
concurrence, and then concentrated its efforts on enlisting
1 Pa. Chron. , Oct. 10, Nov. 28, 1768; Pa. Journ. , Jan. 26, 1769.
1 Pa. Journ. , Jan. 26, Apr. 6, 13, 1769.
? Pa. Gaz. , Oct. 20, 1768.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
the support of eight or ten mercantile firms, whose backing
would give prestige to the project. None of these firms
would go further than to recommend a non-importation of
dutied articles and certain luxuries; and this proposal was
rejected by the committee as unsatisfactory. On September
22, the committee had called a general meeting of merchants
and traders; but, as not one-fourth of the drygoods mer-
chants attended, this was deemed conclusive that the ma-
jority disapproved of a general non-importation.
The disposition of the merchants and of conservative-
thinking people generally was to await the result of the
legislative petitions. 1 But, within two weeks after " Phila-
delphus" spoke, the merchants were moved to send a
memorial of their own to the merchants and manufacturers
of Great Britain, representing the deplorable situation of
trade. The idea was to prod the British business interests
to bring pressure to bear upon Parliament. The memorial
was sent on November 1, 1768; it was'conservative in tone.
The British merchants and manufacturers were asked to
solicit a repeal of the statutes imposing the anti-commercial
and unconstitutional Townshend duties and to obtain
"further relief from the other Burthens which the Ameri-
can trade has long laboured under. " It was affirmed as
"a Solemn Truth" that, if the various discouragements
to trade continued unabated, the Americans must, "from
necessity if not from Motives of Interest," establish their
own manufactures and curtail importations. The memorial
further stated that many of the present trade restrictions
had been complained of by the Philadelphia merchants in
their petition of November, 1765. The chief grievances,
other than the Townshend duties, were declared to be: the
1 Letter of Philadelphia Merchants' Committee to London Merchants'
Committee, London Chron. , June 10, 1769; also Pa. Mag. , vol. xxvii,
pp. 84-87.
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? I28 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
prohibition of paper money as a legal tender; the heavy
duty on Madeira wine which barred it as an article of ex-
change with England; the unnecessary trouble and expense
incurred by the roundabout shipment of Portuguese wines
and fruit to America through England; the prohibition
against exporting American bar iron to continental Europe;
and the regulation which classified all sugars imported from
the American continent into England as foreign and thus
deprived the colonists of an advantageous remittance. 1
The transmission of the memorial was followed by a
lull in public interest in the non-importation question, for
the signers of the memorial pledged themselves to adopt
non-importation in the spring, provided their appeal met
with no success. 2 Early in February, 1769, various fire
companies in the city adopted resolutions to abstain from
buying mutton, as a measure to aid the woolen manufac-
tures; and a number of citizens asserted their independence
of English fashions by agreeing to wear leather jackets
thereafter. 8
Events now forced the commercial class to take more
decisive action. Several merchants were planning to send
orders for fall goods by a vessel which departed for England
in the middle of February. As no information had yet
been received of remedial measures by Parliament, the body
of merchants apprehended that these orders might seriously
complicate the non-importation agreement, to which they
were conditionally pledged for the spring. Meeting to-
gether on February 6, they resolved that all orders, already
sent for fall goods, should be cancelled unless the goods be
1 Pub. Rec. Office: C. O. 5, no. 114 (L. C. Transcripts), pp. 161-169.
1 Papers of the Merchants of Philadelphia ("Sparks Mss. ," vol. Ixii,
sub-vol. vii), pp. 1-2.
1 Pa. Journ. , Feb. 9, 16, Mch. 16, 1769; Pa. Chron. , Feb. 20.
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? COMMERCIAL REFORM
shipped before April 1, and that no further orders be sent
before March 10, by which time they expected to learn
definitely of the outcome of their memorial. 1 News soon
arrived that the hopes of the petitioners had been misplaced.
The London merchants professed to be willing to use their
influence for repeal; but, on the advice of Burke and other
of their friends in Parliament, they had been convinced that
it was an unpropitious time to press the matter. They re-
gretfully informed the Philadelphia merchants of their
determination. 2
Afercfo the tenth arrived and the merchants took the final
step. Justifying their action as a consequence of heavy
debts and the ruinous effects of the revenue acts, and as
the only means of stimulating their British creditors to
activity for repeal, thy^ adopted ap agreement tr> irnpnrt no
goods shipped after April T fmm Cr^r Ttn'rgfa j^fi1 r*>>>
Townshend duties should be repealed, except twenty-two
articles useful for local manufacturing, ship-ballast and
medicinal and educational purposes. With the apparent
purpose of denying special advantages to smugglers, these
conditions were extended to include imports from the rest
of Europe, except linens and provisions directly from Ire-
land. The subscribers of the agreement were pledged to
buy no goods imported contrary to the agreement, and to
discountenance " by all lawful and prudent measures" any
person who defied the agreement. The agreement was to
continue until the repeal of the Townshend duties or until
1 Papers of Phila. Merchants, pp.
