Cornelius Lentulus, been an eye-witness, be derived,
according
to the
consul, B.
consul, B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
297, 298.
) We are ex- the event, to his own; and he sent presents to
pressly told that he was made satrap of Adramyt- cach of the Delphians, who in return granted to
tium and the plain of Thebe about B. c. 574 or him and his people the privileges of priority in
572. (Nicol. Damasc. p. 243, ed. Cor. , supposed consulting the oracle, exemption from charges, and
10 be taken from the Lvdian history of Xanthus ; the chief seat at festivals (apouavininy kad ate
Fischer, Griechische Zeittafeln, s. a. 572 B. c. ) neinu kai #poedpinv), and that any one of them
lle made war first on the Ephesians, and after might at any time obtain certain rights of citizen-
## p. 897 (#917) ############################################
CROESUS.
897
CRONIUS.
his own.
ship (yevéolai Acapov). Croesus, having now | broken a long silence with a groan, he thrice
the most unbounded confidence in the oracle, con- uttered the name of Solon. Cyrus inquired who
sulted it for the third time, asking whether his it was that he called on, and, upon hearing the
monarchy would last long. The Pythia replied story, repented of his purpose, and ordered the
that he should face along the Hermus, when a fire to be quenched. When this could not be
mule became king over the Medes. By this mule done, Croesus prayed aloud with tears to Apollo,
was signified Cyrus, who was descended of two by all the presents he had given him, to save him
different nations, his father being a Persian, but now, and immediately the fire was quenched by a
his mother a Mede. Croesis, however, thought storm of rain. Believing that Croesus was under
that a mule would never be king over thc Medes, a special divine protection, and no doubt also
and proceeded confidently to follow the advice of struck by the warning of Solon, Cyrus took
the oracle about making allies of the Greeks. Croesus for his friend and counsellor, and gave him
Upon inquiry, he found that the Lacedaemonians for an abode the city of Barene, near Ecbatana.
and Athenians were the most powerful of the In his expedition against the Massagetae, Cyrus bad
Greeks; but that the Athenians were distracted Croesus with him, and followed his advice about
by the civil dissensions between Peisistratus and the passage of the Araxes. Before passing the
the Alcmaeonidne, while the Lacedaemonians had | river, however, he sent him back to Persia, with
just come off victorious from a long and dangerous his own son Cambyses, whom he charged to ho-
war with the people of Tegea. Crocsus therefore nour Crocsus, and Croesus to advise his son.
sent presents to the Lacedaemonians, with a re- When Cambyses came to the throne, and invaded
quest for their alliance, and his request was grant Egypt, Croesus accompanied him. In the affair
ed by the Lacedaemonians, on whom he had pre- of Prexaspes and his son, Croesus at first acted
viously conferred a favour. All that they did for the part of a flattering courtier, though not, as it
him, however, was to send a present, which never seems, without a touch of irony (Herod. iii. 31);
reached him. Croesus, having now fully deter- but, after Cambyses had murdered the youth,
mined on the war, in spite of the good advice of a Croesus boldly admonished him, and was obliged
Lydian named Sandanis (Herod. i. 71), and hav- to fly for his life from the presence of the king.
ing some time before made a league with Amasis, The servants of Cambyses concealed him, thinking
king of Egypt, and Labynetus, king of the Baby- that their master would repent of haring wished
lonians, marched across the Halys, which was the to kill him. And so it happened; but when
boundary betweeen the Medo-Persian empire and Cambyses heard that Croesus was alive, he said
The pretext for his aggression was to that he was glad, but he ordered those who had
avenge the wrongs of his brother-in-law Astyages, saved him to be put to death for their disobedience.
whom Cyrus had deposed from the throne of Media. Of the time and circumstances of Croesus's death
He wasted the country of the Cappadocians (whom we know nothing. A few additional, but unim-
the Greeks called also Syrians) and took their portant incidents in his life, are mentioned by
strongest town, that of the Pterii, near Sinope, in Herodotus. Ctesias's account of the taking of
the neighbourhood of which he was met by Cyrus, Sardis is somewhat different from that of Hero-
and they fought an indecisive battle, which was dotus. (Herod. i. 6, 7, 26–94, 130, 155, 207,
broken off by night. (B. C. 546. ) The following 208, iii. 14, 34-36, v. 36, vi. 37, 125, viii.
day, as Cyrus did not offer battle, and as his own 35; Ctesias, Persica, 4, ed. Lion, ap. Phot. Cod.
army was much inferior to the Persian in num- 72, p. 36, Bekker ; Ptol. Hephaest, ap. Phot. Cod.
bers, Croesus marched back to Sardis, with the 190, p. 146, b. 21, 148, b. 31; Plut. Sol. 27;
intention of summoning his allies and recruiting Diod. ix. 2, 25—27, 29, 31—34, xvi. 56;
his own forces, and then renewing the war on the Justin i. 7. ) Xenophon, in his historical romance,
return of spring. Accordingly, he sent heralds to gives some further particulars about Croesus which
the Aegyptians, Babylonians, and Lacedaemonians, are unsupported by any other testimony and
requesting their aid at Sardis in five months, and opposed to that of Herodotus, with whom, how-
in the meantime he disbanded all his mercenary ever, be for the most part agrees. (Cyrop j. 5,
troops. Cyrus, howerer, pursued him with a ii. 1, iv. 1, 2, vi. 2, vii. Î-4, viii. 2. ) (P. S. )
rapidity which he had not expected, and appeared CROMUS (KpWuos), a son of Poseidon, from
before Sardis before his approach could be an- whom Cromyon in the territory of Corinth was
nounced. Croesus led out his Lydian cavalry to believed to have derived its name. (Paus. ii. 1.
battle, and was totally defeated. In this battle $ 3. ) A son of Lycaon likewise bore this name.
Cyrus is said to have employed the stratagem of (Paus. viii. 3. & 1. )
(L. S. ]
opposing his camels to the enemy's horses, which CRONIDES or CRONI'ON (Kpovíons or
could not endure the noise or odour of the camels. Kpoviwr), a patronymic from Cronus, and very
Croesus, being now shut up in Sardis, sent again commonly given to Zeus, the son of Cronus. (Hom.
to hasten his allies. One of his emissaries, named Il. i. 528, i. 111, &c. )
[L. S. ]
Eury batus, betrayed his counsels to Cyrus (Eu- CROʻNIUS (Kpovios), the name of two mythi-
RYBATUS), and before any help could arrive, cal personages, the one a son of Zeus by the
Sardis was taken by the boldness of a Mardian, nymph Himalia (Diod. v. 55), and the other a
who found an unprotected point in its defences, suitor of Hippodameia, who was killed by Oeno-
after Croesus had reigned 14 years, and had been maus. (Paus. vi. 21. $ 7. )
[L. S. )
besieged 14 days. (Near the end of 546, B. c. ) CRONIUS (Kpórios), a Pythagorean philoso-
Croesus was taken alive, and devoted to the flames pher. (Porphyr. l'it. Plot. 20; Euseb. Hist. Eccles.
by Cyrus, together with 14 Lydian youths, vi. 19. ) Nemesius (de Anim. 2, p. 35) mentions
probably as a thanksgiving sacrifice to the god a work of his repl maliyyeveglas, and Origen is
whom the Persians worship in the symbol of fire. said to have diligently studied the works of Cro-
But as Croesus stood in fetters upon the pyre, the nius. (Suid. s. v. 'npıyevms. ) Porphyrius also states,
warning of Solon came to his mind. and having that he endeavoured to explain the fables of the
3 м
## p. 898 (#918) ############################################
8. 98
CTESIAS.
CTESLAS.
tarus.
Homeric poenis in a philosophical manner. This mere probability. There are two accounts res-
is all we know about Cronius, although he appears pecting his return to Cnidus. It took place at the
to have been very distinguished among the later time when Conon was in Cyprus. Cresins himself
Pythagorcans.
(L. S. ] had simply stated, that he asked Artaxerxes and
CRONICS, an engraver of gems, who lived obtained from him the permission to return. Ac-
between the times of Alexander and Augustus. cording to the other account, Conon sent a letter
(Plin. II. N. xxxvii. 4; Visconti, Ocur. div. ii. to the king, in which he gave him advice as to the
p. 123. )
[L. U. ] mcans of humbling the Lacedaemonians. Conon
CRONUS (Kpóvos), a son of Uranus and Ge, requested the bearer to get the letter delivered to
and the youngest among the Titans.
He was
the king hy some of the Greeks who were staying
married to Rhca, by whom he became the father of at his court. When the letter was given for this
Destin, Demeter, llcra, Hades, Poscidon, and purpose to Ctesias, the latter inserted a passage in
Zeus. Cheiron is also called a son of Cronus. which he made Conon desire the king to send
(Llesiod. Thicog. 137, 452, dic. ; Apollod. i. 1. 83, Ctesias to the west, as he would be a very useful
&c. ) At the instigation of liis mother, Cronus un- person there. (Plut. Artur. 21. ) The latter ac-
manned his father for having thrown the Cyclopes, count is not recommended by any strong internal
who were likewise his children by Ge, into Tar- probability, and the simple statement of Ctesias
Out of the blood thus shed sprang up the himself seems to be more entitled to credit. How
Erinnres. When the Cyclopes were delivered long Ctesias survived his return to Cnidus is un-
from Tartarus, the government of the world was known.
taken from l'ranus and given to Cronus, who in During his stay in Persia, Ctesias gathered all
his turn lost it through Zeus, as was predicted to the information that was attinable in that coun-
him by Ge and Uranus. [Zeus. ] The Romans try, and wrote - 1. A great work on the history
identified their Saturnus with the Cronus of the of Persia (Tepoika) with the view of giving his
Grecks. (SATURNUS. ]
[L. S. ] countrymen a more accurate knowledge of that
CROTUS (Kpótos), a son of Pan by Eupheme, empire than they possessed, and to refute the
the nurse of the Muses, with whom he was brought errors current in Greece, which had arisen partly
up, and at whose request he was placed among the from ignorance and partly from the national vanity
stars as Sagittarius, as he had been a skilful shooter. of the Greeks. The materials for his history, so
(Hygin. Ful. 224 ; Poët. Astr. q. 77. ) [L. S. ] far as be did not describe events of which he had
CRUS, an agnomen of L.
Cornelius Lentulus, been an eye-witness, be derived, according to the
consul, B. C. 49. (LENTULUS. ]
testimony of Diodorus, from the Persian archives
CTEATUS. (MOLIONES. ]
(διφθέραι βασιλικαί), or the official history of the
CTE'SIAS (Konoras). 1. Of Cnidus in Caria, Persian empire, wbich was written in accordance
and a son of Ctesiochus or Ctesiarchus. (Suid. with a law of the country. This important work
5. 1. Konotas; Eudocia, p. 268; Tzetz. Chil. i. 82. ) of Ctesias, wbich, like that of Herodotus, was
Cnidus was celebrated from carly times as a seat written in the Ionic dialect, consisted of twenty-
of medical knowledge, and Ciesias, who himself three books. The first six contained the history
belonged to the family of the Asclepiadae, was a of the great Assyrian monarchy down to the foun.
physician by profession. He was a contemporary dation of the kingdom of Persia. It is for this
of Xenophon ; and if Herodotus lived till B. C. 423, reason that Strabo (xiv. p. 656) speaks of Ctesias as
or, according to some, even till B. C. 408, Ctesias oryypávas od ’Acoupard kai tà llepouká. The
may be called a contemporary of Herodotus. next seven books contained the history of Persia
He lived for a number of years in Persia at the down to the end of the reign of Xerxes, and the
court of king Artaxerxes Mnemon, as private phy- remaining ten carried the history down to the time
sician to the king. (Strab. xiv. p. 656. ) Diodorus when Ctesias left Persia, i. e. to the year B. C. 398.
(ii. 32) states, that Ctesias was made prisoner by (Diod. xiv. 46. ) The form and style of this work
the king, and that owing to his great skill in me- were of considerable merit, and its loss may be
dicine, he was afterwards drawn to the court, and regarded as one of the most serious for the history
was highly honoured there.
This statement, of the East. (Dionys. Hal. De Comp. Verb. 10;
which contains nothing to suggest the time when Demetr. Phal. De Elocut. $S 212, 215. ) All that
(tesias was made prisoner, has been referred by is now extant of it is a meagre abridgment in
some critics to the war between Artaxerxes | Photius (Cod. 72), and a number of fragments
and his brother, Cyrus the Younger, B. C. 401. which are preserved in Diodorus, Athenaeus, Plu-
But, in the first place, Ctesias is already men- tarch, and others. Of the first portion, which
tioned, during that war, as accompanying the king. contained the history of Assyria, there is no
(Sen. Anal. i. 8. $ 27. ) Moreover, if as Diodorus abridgment in Photius, and all we possess of that
and Tzetzes state, Ctesias remained seventeen part is contained in the second book of Diodorus,
years at the court of Persia, and returned to his which seems to be taken almost entirely from Cte-
native country in B. C. 398 (Diod. xir. 46; comp. sias. There we find that the accounts of Ctesias,
Plut. Artar. 21), it follows, that he must hare especially in their chronology, differ considerably
gone to Persia long before the battle of Cunaxa, from those of Berosus, who likewise derived his
that is, about B. C. 415. The statement, that information from eastern sources. These discre-
Ctesias entered Persia as a prisoner of war, has pancies can only be explained by the fact, that the
heen doubted; and if we consider the favour with annals used bp the two historians were written in
which other Greek physicians, such as Democedes different places and under different circumstances.
and Hippocrates were treated and how they were The chronicles used by Ctesias were written by
songht for at the court of Persia, it is not impro- official persons, and those used by Berosus were
lable that Ctesias may have been invited to the the work of priests; both therefore were written
court; but the express statement of Diodorus, that from a different point of view, and neither was per-
he was made a prisoner canun: be npset big such a haps strictly true in all its details. The part of
||
!
1
1
1
## p. 899 (#919) ############################################
(TESIAS.
8. 99
CTESICLES.
Ctesias's work which contained the history of P'errica and Indica of Ctesias were printed sepa-
Persin, that is, from the sixth book to the end, is rately by 11. Stephens, Paris, 1557 and 1594, 810. ,
somewhat better known from the extracts which and were also added to his edition of Ilerodotus.
Photius made from it, and which are still extant. After his time it became customary to print the
Here agiin Ctesis is frequently at variance with remains of Ctesins as an appendix to lerodotus.
other Greek writers, especially with lIerodotus. The first separate edition of thosc abridgments,
To account for this, we must remember, that he is together with the fragments preserved in other
expressly reported to have written his work with writers, is that of A. Lion, Göttingen, 1823, 8vo. ,
the intention of correcting the erroneous notions with critical notes and a Latin iranslation. A
about Persia in Greece; and if this was the case, more complete edition, with an introductory essay
the reader must naturally be prepared to find the on the life and writings of Ctesias, is that of Bähr,
accounts of Ctesias differing from those of others. Frankfort, 1824, 8vo. (Compare Fabric. Bibl.
It is moreover not improbable, that the Persian | Gracc. ii. p. 740, &c. ; Rettig, Ctesiae Cnidi Vita
chronicles were as partial to the Persians, if not cum appendice de libris Ctesiac, Hanov. 1827, 8vo. ;
more so, as the accounts written by Greeks were K. L. Blum, Ilerodot und Ctesias, lleidelb. 1836,
to the Greeks. These considerations sufficiently 8vo. )
account, in our opinion, for the differences existing 2. Or Ephesus, an epic poet, who is mentioned
between the statements of Ctesias and other writ- by Plutarch (de Flur. 18) as the author of an epic
ers; and there appears to be no reason for charging poem, lieponts. Ilis age is quite unknown. Welcker
him, as some have done, with wilfully falsifying (Der Episch. Cycl. p. 50) considers this Ctesias to
history. It is at least certain, that there can be be the same as the Musaeus (which he regards as
no positive evidence for such a serious charge. a fictitious name) of Ephesus to whom Suidas and
The court chronicles of Persia appear to have con- Eudocia ascribe an epic poem, Perseis, in ten books.
tained chiefly the history of the royal family, the But this is a mere conjecture, in support of which
occurrences at the court and the seraglio, the in- little can be said.
(L. S. )
trigues of the women and eunuchs, and the insur- CTESI'BIUS (Kanoibios). 1. A Greek histo-
rections of satraps to make themselves independent rian, who probably lived at the time of the first
of the great monarch. Suidas (s. v. Tiáupina) | Ptolemies, or at least after the time of Demosthenes,
mentions, that Pamphila made an abridgment of for we learn from Plutarch (Dem. 5), that Hernip-
the work of Ctesias, probably the Persica, in three pus of Smyrna referred to him as his authority for
books.
some statement respecting Demosthenes. Accord-
Another work, for which Ctesias also collected ing to Apollodorus (ap. Phlegon. de Longaev. 2),
his materials during his stay in Persia, was-2. A Ctesibius died during a walk at the age of 104,
treatise on India ('Ivõlká) in one book, of which and according to Lucian (Macrob. 22), at the age
we likewise possess an 'abridgment in Photius, of 124 years. Whether he was the author of a
and a great number of fragments preserved in other work, Mepi $120copias, referred to by Plutarch
writers. The description refers chiefly to the (Pit. & Orut. p. 814, c. ) is uncertain.
north-western part of India, and is principally 2. A Cynic philosopher, a native of Chalcis and
confined to a description of the natural history, the a friend of Menedemus. According to Athenaeus,
produce of the soil, and the animals and men of who relates an anecdote about him, he lived in the
India. In this description truth is to a great reign of Antigonus, king of Macedonia. (Athen, i.
extent mixed up with fables, and it seems to be p. 15, ir. p. 162. )
(L. S. ]
mainly owing to this work that Ctesias was looked CTESI'BIUS (KTNO16los), celebrated for his
upon in later times as an author who deserved no mechanical inventions, was born at Alexandria,
credit. But if his account of India is looked upon and lived probably about B. c. 250, in the reigns
from a proper point of view, it does not in any way of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Euergetes, though
deserve to be treated with contempt. Ctesias him- Athenaeus (iv. p. 174) says, that he flourished in
self nerer visited India, and his work was the first the time of the second Euergetes. His father was
in the Greek language that was written upon that a barber, but his own taste led him to devote him-
country: he could do nothing more than lay before self to mechanics. He is said to have invented a
his countrymen that which was known or beliered clepsydra or water-clock, a hydraulic organ (ü&pav-
about India among the Persians. His Indica must nos) and other machines, and to have been the first
therefore be regarded as a picture of India, such as to discover the elastic force of air and apply it as a
it was conceived by the Persians. Many things moring power. Vitruvius (lib. vii. praef. ) men-
in his description which were formerly looked upon tions him as an author, but none of his works re-
as fabulous, have been proved by the more recent main. He was the teacher, and has been supposed
discoveries in India to be founded on facts. to have been the father, of Hero Alexandrinus, whose
Ctesias also wrote several other works, of which, treatise called BeActolčká has also sometimes been
however, we know little more than their titles: attributed to him. (Vitruv. ix. 9, x, 12; Plin. H.
they were—3. Tepl 'Opôv, which consisted of at N. vii. 37; Athen. iv. p. 174, xi. p. 497; Philo
least two books. (Plut. de Flur. 21; Stob. Frori! . Byzant. ap. l'et. Math. pp. 56, 67, 72; Fabric.
C. 18. )
4. Teplo novs 'Aglas (Steph. Byz. s. r. | Bill.
pressly told that he was made satrap of Adramyt- cach of the Delphians, who in return granted to
tium and the plain of Thebe about B. c. 574 or him and his people the privileges of priority in
572. (Nicol. Damasc. p. 243, ed. Cor. , supposed consulting the oracle, exemption from charges, and
10 be taken from the Lvdian history of Xanthus ; the chief seat at festivals (apouavininy kad ate
Fischer, Griechische Zeittafeln, s. a. 572 B. c. ) neinu kai #poedpinv), and that any one of them
lle made war first on the Ephesians, and after might at any time obtain certain rights of citizen-
## p. 897 (#917) ############################################
CROESUS.
897
CRONIUS.
his own.
ship (yevéolai Acapov). Croesus, having now | broken a long silence with a groan, he thrice
the most unbounded confidence in the oracle, con- uttered the name of Solon. Cyrus inquired who
sulted it for the third time, asking whether his it was that he called on, and, upon hearing the
monarchy would last long. The Pythia replied story, repented of his purpose, and ordered the
that he should face along the Hermus, when a fire to be quenched. When this could not be
mule became king over the Medes. By this mule done, Croesus prayed aloud with tears to Apollo,
was signified Cyrus, who was descended of two by all the presents he had given him, to save him
different nations, his father being a Persian, but now, and immediately the fire was quenched by a
his mother a Mede. Croesis, however, thought storm of rain. Believing that Croesus was under
that a mule would never be king over thc Medes, a special divine protection, and no doubt also
and proceeded confidently to follow the advice of struck by the warning of Solon, Cyrus took
the oracle about making allies of the Greeks. Croesus for his friend and counsellor, and gave him
Upon inquiry, he found that the Lacedaemonians for an abode the city of Barene, near Ecbatana.
and Athenians were the most powerful of the In his expedition against the Massagetae, Cyrus bad
Greeks; but that the Athenians were distracted Croesus with him, and followed his advice about
by the civil dissensions between Peisistratus and the passage of the Araxes. Before passing the
the Alcmaeonidne, while the Lacedaemonians had | river, however, he sent him back to Persia, with
just come off victorious from a long and dangerous his own son Cambyses, whom he charged to ho-
war with the people of Tegea. Crocsus therefore nour Crocsus, and Croesus to advise his son.
sent presents to the Lacedaemonians, with a re- When Cambyses came to the throne, and invaded
quest for their alliance, and his request was grant Egypt, Croesus accompanied him. In the affair
ed by the Lacedaemonians, on whom he had pre- of Prexaspes and his son, Croesus at first acted
viously conferred a favour. All that they did for the part of a flattering courtier, though not, as it
him, however, was to send a present, which never seems, without a touch of irony (Herod. iii. 31);
reached him. Croesus, having now fully deter- but, after Cambyses had murdered the youth,
mined on the war, in spite of the good advice of a Croesus boldly admonished him, and was obliged
Lydian named Sandanis (Herod. i. 71), and hav- to fly for his life from the presence of the king.
ing some time before made a league with Amasis, The servants of Cambyses concealed him, thinking
king of Egypt, and Labynetus, king of the Baby- that their master would repent of haring wished
lonians, marched across the Halys, which was the to kill him. And so it happened; but when
boundary betweeen the Medo-Persian empire and Cambyses heard that Croesus was alive, he said
The pretext for his aggression was to that he was glad, but he ordered those who had
avenge the wrongs of his brother-in-law Astyages, saved him to be put to death for their disobedience.
whom Cyrus had deposed from the throne of Media. Of the time and circumstances of Croesus's death
He wasted the country of the Cappadocians (whom we know nothing. A few additional, but unim-
the Greeks called also Syrians) and took their portant incidents in his life, are mentioned by
strongest town, that of the Pterii, near Sinope, in Herodotus. Ctesias's account of the taking of
the neighbourhood of which he was met by Cyrus, Sardis is somewhat different from that of Hero-
and they fought an indecisive battle, which was dotus. (Herod. i. 6, 7, 26–94, 130, 155, 207,
broken off by night. (B. C. 546. ) The following 208, iii. 14, 34-36, v. 36, vi. 37, 125, viii.
day, as Cyrus did not offer battle, and as his own 35; Ctesias, Persica, 4, ed. Lion, ap. Phot. Cod.
army was much inferior to the Persian in num- 72, p. 36, Bekker ; Ptol. Hephaest, ap. Phot. Cod.
bers, Croesus marched back to Sardis, with the 190, p. 146, b. 21, 148, b. 31; Plut. Sol. 27;
intention of summoning his allies and recruiting Diod. ix. 2, 25—27, 29, 31—34, xvi. 56;
his own forces, and then renewing the war on the Justin i. 7. ) Xenophon, in his historical romance,
return of spring. Accordingly, he sent heralds to gives some further particulars about Croesus which
the Aegyptians, Babylonians, and Lacedaemonians, are unsupported by any other testimony and
requesting their aid at Sardis in five months, and opposed to that of Herodotus, with whom, how-
in the meantime he disbanded all his mercenary ever, be for the most part agrees. (Cyrop j. 5,
troops. Cyrus, howerer, pursued him with a ii. 1, iv. 1, 2, vi. 2, vii. Î-4, viii. 2. ) (P. S. )
rapidity which he had not expected, and appeared CROMUS (KpWuos), a son of Poseidon, from
before Sardis before his approach could be an- whom Cromyon in the territory of Corinth was
nounced. Croesus led out his Lydian cavalry to believed to have derived its name. (Paus. ii. 1.
battle, and was totally defeated. In this battle $ 3. ) A son of Lycaon likewise bore this name.
Cyrus is said to have employed the stratagem of (Paus. viii. 3. & 1. )
(L. S. ]
opposing his camels to the enemy's horses, which CRONIDES or CRONI'ON (Kpovíons or
could not endure the noise or odour of the camels. Kpoviwr), a patronymic from Cronus, and very
Croesus, being now shut up in Sardis, sent again commonly given to Zeus, the son of Cronus. (Hom.
to hasten his allies. One of his emissaries, named Il. i. 528, i. 111, &c. )
[L. S. ]
Eury batus, betrayed his counsels to Cyrus (Eu- CROʻNIUS (Kpovios), the name of two mythi-
RYBATUS), and before any help could arrive, cal personages, the one a son of Zeus by the
Sardis was taken by the boldness of a Mardian, nymph Himalia (Diod. v. 55), and the other a
who found an unprotected point in its defences, suitor of Hippodameia, who was killed by Oeno-
after Croesus had reigned 14 years, and had been maus. (Paus. vi. 21. $ 7. )
[L. S. )
besieged 14 days. (Near the end of 546, B. c. ) CRONIUS (Kpórios), a Pythagorean philoso-
Croesus was taken alive, and devoted to the flames pher. (Porphyr. l'it. Plot. 20; Euseb. Hist. Eccles.
by Cyrus, together with 14 Lydian youths, vi. 19. ) Nemesius (de Anim. 2, p. 35) mentions
probably as a thanksgiving sacrifice to the god a work of his repl maliyyeveglas, and Origen is
whom the Persians worship in the symbol of fire. said to have diligently studied the works of Cro-
But as Croesus stood in fetters upon the pyre, the nius. (Suid. s. v. 'npıyevms. ) Porphyrius also states,
warning of Solon came to his mind. and having that he endeavoured to explain the fables of the
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8. 98
CTESIAS.
CTESLAS.
tarus.
Homeric poenis in a philosophical manner. This mere probability. There are two accounts res-
is all we know about Cronius, although he appears pecting his return to Cnidus. It took place at the
to have been very distinguished among the later time when Conon was in Cyprus. Cresins himself
Pythagorcans.
(L. S. ] had simply stated, that he asked Artaxerxes and
CRONICS, an engraver of gems, who lived obtained from him the permission to return. Ac-
between the times of Alexander and Augustus. cording to the other account, Conon sent a letter
(Plin. II. N. xxxvii. 4; Visconti, Ocur. div. ii. to the king, in which he gave him advice as to the
p. 123. )
[L. U. ] mcans of humbling the Lacedaemonians. Conon
CRONUS (Kpóvos), a son of Uranus and Ge, requested the bearer to get the letter delivered to
and the youngest among the Titans.
He was
the king hy some of the Greeks who were staying
married to Rhca, by whom he became the father of at his court. When the letter was given for this
Destin, Demeter, llcra, Hades, Poscidon, and purpose to Ctesias, the latter inserted a passage in
Zeus. Cheiron is also called a son of Cronus. which he made Conon desire the king to send
(Llesiod. Thicog. 137, 452, dic. ; Apollod. i. 1. 83, Ctesias to the west, as he would be a very useful
&c. ) At the instigation of liis mother, Cronus un- person there. (Plut. Artur. 21. ) The latter ac-
manned his father for having thrown the Cyclopes, count is not recommended by any strong internal
who were likewise his children by Ge, into Tar- probability, and the simple statement of Ctesias
Out of the blood thus shed sprang up the himself seems to be more entitled to credit. How
Erinnres. When the Cyclopes were delivered long Ctesias survived his return to Cnidus is un-
from Tartarus, the government of the world was known.
taken from l'ranus and given to Cronus, who in During his stay in Persia, Ctesias gathered all
his turn lost it through Zeus, as was predicted to the information that was attinable in that coun-
him by Ge and Uranus. [Zeus. ] The Romans try, and wrote - 1. A great work on the history
identified their Saturnus with the Cronus of the of Persia (Tepoika) with the view of giving his
Grecks. (SATURNUS. ]
[L. S. ] countrymen a more accurate knowledge of that
CROTUS (Kpótos), a son of Pan by Eupheme, empire than they possessed, and to refute the
the nurse of the Muses, with whom he was brought errors current in Greece, which had arisen partly
up, and at whose request he was placed among the from ignorance and partly from the national vanity
stars as Sagittarius, as he had been a skilful shooter. of the Greeks. The materials for his history, so
(Hygin. Ful. 224 ; Poët. Astr. q. 77. ) [L. S. ] far as be did not describe events of which he had
CRUS, an agnomen of L.
Cornelius Lentulus, been an eye-witness, be derived, according to the
consul, B. C. 49. (LENTULUS. ]
testimony of Diodorus, from the Persian archives
CTEATUS. (MOLIONES. ]
(διφθέραι βασιλικαί), or the official history of the
CTE'SIAS (Konoras). 1. Of Cnidus in Caria, Persian empire, wbich was written in accordance
and a son of Ctesiochus or Ctesiarchus. (Suid. with a law of the country. This important work
5. 1. Konotas; Eudocia, p. 268; Tzetz. Chil. i. 82. ) of Ctesias, wbich, like that of Herodotus, was
Cnidus was celebrated from carly times as a seat written in the Ionic dialect, consisted of twenty-
of medical knowledge, and Ciesias, who himself three books. The first six contained the history
belonged to the family of the Asclepiadae, was a of the great Assyrian monarchy down to the foun.
physician by profession. He was a contemporary dation of the kingdom of Persia. It is for this
of Xenophon ; and if Herodotus lived till B. C. 423, reason that Strabo (xiv. p. 656) speaks of Ctesias as
or, according to some, even till B. C. 408, Ctesias oryypávas od ’Acoupard kai tà llepouká. The
may be called a contemporary of Herodotus. next seven books contained the history of Persia
He lived for a number of years in Persia at the down to the end of the reign of Xerxes, and the
court of king Artaxerxes Mnemon, as private phy- remaining ten carried the history down to the time
sician to the king. (Strab. xiv. p. 656. ) Diodorus when Ctesias left Persia, i. e. to the year B. C. 398.
(ii. 32) states, that Ctesias was made prisoner by (Diod. xiv. 46. ) The form and style of this work
the king, and that owing to his great skill in me- were of considerable merit, and its loss may be
dicine, he was afterwards drawn to the court, and regarded as one of the most serious for the history
was highly honoured there.
This statement, of the East. (Dionys. Hal. De Comp. Verb. 10;
which contains nothing to suggest the time when Demetr. Phal. De Elocut. $S 212, 215. ) All that
(tesias was made prisoner, has been referred by is now extant of it is a meagre abridgment in
some critics to the war between Artaxerxes | Photius (Cod. 72), and a number of fragments
and his brother, Cyrus the Younger, B. C. 401. which are preserved in Diodorus, Athenaeus, Plu-
But, in the first place, Ctesias is already men- tarch, and others. Of the first portion, which
tioned, during that war, as accompanying the king. contained the history of Assyria, there is no
(Sen. Anal. i. 8. $ 27. ) Moreover, if as Diodorus abridgment in Photius, and all we possess of that
and Tzetzes state, Ctesias remained seventeen part is contained in the second book of Diodorus,
years at the court of Persia, and returned to his which seems to be taken almost entirely from Cte-
native country in B. C. 398 (Diod. xir. 46; comp. sias. There we find that the accounts of Ctesias,
Plut. Artar. 21), it follows, that he must hare especially in their chronology, differ considerably
gone to Persia long before the battle of Cunaxa, from those of Berosus, who likewise derived his
that is, about B. C. 415. The statement, that information from eastern sources. These discre-
Ctesias entered Persia as a prisoner of war, has pancies can only be explained by the fact, that the
heen doubted; and if we consider the favour with annals used bp the two historians were written in
which other Greek physicians, such as Democedes different places and under different circumstances.
and Hippocrates were treated and how they were The chronicles used by Ctesias were written by
songht for at the court of Persia, it is not impro- official persons, and those used by Berosus were
lable that Ctesias may have been invited to the the work of priests; both therefore were written
court; but the express statement of Diodorus, that from a different point of view, and neither was per-
he was made a prisoner canun: be npset big such a haps strictly true in all its details. The part of
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(TESIAS.
8. 99
CTESICLES.
Ctesias's work which contained the history of P'errica and Indica of Ctesias were printed sepa-
Persin, that is, from the sixth book to the end, is rately by 11. Stephens, Paris, 1557 and 1594, 810. ,
somewhat better known from the extracts which and were also added to his edition of Ilerodotus.
Photius made from it, and which are still extant. After his time it became customary to print the
Here agiin Ctesis is frequently at variance with remains of Ctesins as an appendix to lerodotus.
other Greek writers, especially with lIerodotus. The first separate edition of thosc abridgments,
To account for this, we must remember, that he is together with the fragments preserved in other
expressly reported to have written his work with writers, is that of A. Lion, Göttingen, 1823, 8vo. ,
the intention of correcting the erroneous notions with critical notes and a Latin iranslation. A
about Persia in Greece; and if this was the case, more complete edition, with an introductory essay
the reader must naturally be prepared to find the on the life and writings of Ctesias, is that of Bähr,
accounts of Ctesias differing from those of others. Frankfort, 1824, 8vo. (Compare Fabric. Bibl.
It is moreover not improbable, that the Persian | Gracc. ii. p. 740, &c. ; Rettig, Ctesiae Cnidi Vita
chronicles were as partial to the Persians, if not cum appendice de libris Ctesiac, Hanov. 1827, 8vo. ;
more so, as the accounts written by Greeks were K. L. Blum, Ilerodot und Ctesias, lleidelb. 1836,
to the Greeks. These considerations sufficiently 8vo. )
account, in our opinion, for the differences existing 2. Or Ephesus, an epic poet, who is mentioned
between the statements of Ctesias and other writ- by Plutarch (de Flur. 18) as the author of an epic
ers; and there appears to be no reason for charging poem, lieponts. Ilis age is quite unknown. Welcker
him, as some have done, with wilfully falsifying (Der Episch. Cycl. p. 50) considers this Ctesias to
history. It is at least certain, that there can be be the same as the Musaeus (which he regards as
no positive evidence for such a serious charge. a fictitious name) of Ephesus to whom Suidas and
The court chronicles of Persia appear to have con- Eudocia ascribe an epic poem, Perseis, in ten books.
tained chiefly the history of the royal family, the But this is a mere conjecture, in support of which
occurrences at the court and the seraglio, the in- little can be said.
(L. S. )
trigues of the women and eunuchs, and the insur- CTESI'BIUS (Kanoibios). 1. A Greek histo-
rections of satraps to make themselves independent rian, who probably lived at the time of the first
of the great monarch. Suidas (s. v. Tiáupina) | Ptolemies, or at least after the time of Demosthenes,
mentions, that Pamphila made an abridgment of for we learn from Plutarch (Dem. 5), that Hernip-
the work of Ctesias, probably the Persica, in three pus of Smyrna referred to him as his authority for
books.
some statement respecting Demosthenes. Accord-
Another work, for which Ctesias also collected ing to Apollodorus (ap. Phlegon. de Longaev. 2),
his materials during his stay in Persia, was-2. A Ctesibius died during a walk at the age of 104,
treatise on India ('Ivõlká) in one book, of which and according to Lucian (Macrob. 22), at the age
we likewise possess an 'abridgment in Photius, of 124 years. Whether he was the author of a
and a great number of fragments preserved in other work, Mepi $120copias, referred to by Plutarch
writers. The description refers chiefly to the (Pit. & Orut. p. 814, c. ) is uncertain.
north-western part of India, and is principally 2. A Cynic philosopher, a native of Chalcis and
confined to a description of the natural history, the a friend of Menedemus. According to Athenaeus,
produce of the soil, and the animals and men of who relates an anecdote about him, he lived in the
India. In this description truth is to a great reign of Antigonus, king of Macedonia. (Athen, i.
extent mixed up with fables, and it seems to be p. 15, ir. p. 162. )
(L. S. ]
mainly owing to this work that Ctesias was looked CTESI'BIUS (KTNO16los), celebrated for his
upon in later times as an author who deserved no mechanical inventions, was born at Alexandria,
credit. But if his account of India is looked upon and lived probably about B. c. 250, in the reigns
from a proper point of view, it does not in any way of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Euergetes, though
deserve to be treated with contempt. Ctesias him- Athenaeus (iv. p. 174) says, that he flourished in
self nerer visited India, and his work was the first the time of the second Euergetes. His father was
in the Greek language that was written upon that a barber, but his own taste led him to devote him-
country: he could do nothing more than lay before self to mechanics. He is said to have invented a
his countrymen that which was known or beliered clepsydra or water-clock, a hydraulic organ (ü&pav-
about India among the Persians. His Indica must nos) and other machines, and to have been the first
therefore be regarded as a picture of India, such as to discover the elastic force of air and apply it as a
it was conceived by the Persians. Many things moring power. Vitruvius (lib. vii. praef. ) men-
in his description which were formerly looked upon tions him as an author, but none of his works re-
as fabulous, have been proved by the more recent main. He was the teacher, and has been supposed
discoveries in India to be founded on facts. to have been the father, of Hero Alexandrinus, whose
Ctesias also wrote several other works, of which, treatise called BeActolčká has also sometimes been
however, we know little more than their titles: attributed to him. (Vitruv. ix. 9, x, 12; Plin. H.
they were—3. Tepl 'Opôv, which consisted of at N. vii. 37; Athen. iv. p. 174, xi. p. 497; Philo
least two books. (Plut. de Flur. 21; Stob. Frori! . Byzant. ap. l'et. Math. pp. 56, 67, 72; Fabric.
C. 18. )
4. Teplo novs 'Aglas (Steph. Byz. s. r. | Bill.
