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The subtly changed expression of loyalty in his read- ing, though new, is also connected to his situation in the late Ming.

Word:

sinecure

Question:

How was he loyal before?

Answer (optional):

Before this change, he was loyal in a more passive state, which manifested itself through lament. This can be inferred from his previous commentary, which remains consistent with his new interpretation. This past loyalty was rooted in his understanding of Du Fu and personal re-experience during the period of social upheaval. His mode of expressing loyalty was subtly different, informed by his life reading first proposed in the Song and his experiences during the late Ming period.