'ne of Thebes,
rewarded
the patriotic deeds of Her-
?
?
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
(Bwgr.
Univ.
, vol.
20, p.
214.
)--XI.
\ native of Tarentum, celebrated for his medical
inowlcdge. He wrote on the Materia Medica, on poi-
son? , and on the virtues of plants. His works are
lost. (i'abr , Bibl. Gr. , vol. 13, p. 77. -- Compare
Sckwcifih. , ad Alhen. Intl. Auct. , vol. 9, p. 121, scqq )
He appears to have flourished about the 126th Olym-
piad, or B. C. 276. We have a dissertation on this
wr;ter by KuJtn (Opusc. Acad. , Lips. , 8vo, vol. 2, p.
150, scqq. ). --XII. A native of Cyme in . tolls, whose
work on the Persians (nepamu) is mentioned in
Alhenarus (2, p. 48, c. -- Id. , 4, p. 145, a. --Consult
Srhiccigh. , ad Alhen. Ind. Auct, vol. 9, p. 120. )--
XIII. Surnained Ponlicus Junior, a writer who flour-
ished during the first century of our era. (Allien. , 14,
p. 649, c. --Schiceigk, ad loc. )--XIV. A Macedonian
painter, who lived at the time of the overthrow of the
Macedonian empire. He at first painted ships. On
the defeat and captivity of Pcrses he retired to Athens,
according to Pliny, which would be 168 B. C. The
same writer also stales, that he attained to a degree of
reputation, but was yet entitled to only a cursory men-
tion. (Plin, 35, II. )--XV. An Ephesian sculptor,
son of Agasias, who made, in conjunction with Harma-
lius, the statue of Mars now in the Paris Museum. His
age is uncertain. (Clartxc, Deter, des Antiques du
Music Royal, nr. 411, p. 173. )
HtRACUTUs, a native of Ephesus, was surnamed
"the Naturalist" (o tpvaiKoc), and belongs to the dy-
namical school of the Ionian philosophy. He is said
to have been born about 500 B. C. , and, according to
Aristotle, died in the sixtieth year of his age. The
title he . . asumed of " self taught" (avToiiianToc), re-
futes at once the claims of the various masters whom
he is said to have had, and the distinguished position
that he held in political life attests the wealth and lus-
tre of his descent. The gloomy haughtiness and mel-
ancholy of his temperament led him to despise all hu-
man pursuits, and he expressed unqualified contempt
as well for the political sagacity of his fellow-citizens
as for the speculations of all other philosophers, which
? ? had mere learning, and rot wisdom, for their object.
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? HER
HERCULANEUM.
o>>us, O'icmcna of Alexandrea, and Sexlus Empincus,
and explained by Schleiermacher, in Wolf and Bult-
jnann's Museum dcr Attcrthumswisscnschaft, vol. 1,
p. 313-533. -- Consult also Brandis, Handbuch der
Geschichtc der Gricchuch. und Rom. Philos. , Berlin,
1835. --Kilter's History of Ancient Philosophy, vol.
1, p. 230, seqq. , Eng. transl. -- Encycl. Us. Knowi,
vol. 12, p. 137;)
Hkr-sa, I. a city of Arcadia, on the slope of a hill
lising gently above the right bank of the Alpheus, and
near the frontiers of Elis, which frequently disputed
its possession with Arcadia. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6, 5,
22. ) Before the Cleomenic war, this town had joined
the Achaean league, but was then taken by the . Kio-
lians, and recaptured by Antigonus Doson, who re-
stored it to the Achaeans. (Polyb. , 2, 54. --Id. , 4,
77. --Liv. , 28, 7. ) Id Strabo's time Heraea was great-
ly reduced; but when Pausanias visited Arcadia it ap-
pears to have recovered from this state of decay.
[Pausan. , 8, 26. --Compare Thucyd. , 5,67. ) Stepha-
nus remarks, that this place was also known by the
name of Sologorgus (s. v. 'Hpaia). Its site is now
occupied by the village of Agiani. (Gcll, llin. , p.
113. )--II A festival at Argos in honour of Juno, who
was the patroness of that city. It was also observed
by the colonies of the Argives, which had been planted
. at Samos and /Egina. There were always two pro-
cessions to the temple of the goddess without the city
walls. The first was of the men in armour, the sec-
ond of the women, among whom the priestess, a wom-
an of the first r. -nk, was drawn in a chariot by white
oxen. The Argives always reckoned their year from
ber priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, or
the Romans from their consuls. When tbey came to
the temple of the goddess, they offered a hecatomb of
oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often called E<<a:ii/ifoio,
and sometimes iexepva, from /. i\oi;, " bed, because
Juno presided over marriage, births, &c. There was
a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every
ifth year, at which sixteen matrons wove a garment
for the goddess.
Hf. r. cu>>, I. a temple and grove of Juno, situate
anout forty stadia from Argos, and ten from Mycenae.
The structure was embellished with a lofty statue of
Juno, made of ivory and gold; a golden peacock, en-
riched with precious stones, and other equally splendid
ornaments. --II. A large and magnificent temple of
Juno in the island of Samos, built by the architect
Khcecus, who is said to have invented the art of cast-
ing in brass. (Pausan. , 8, 14. --Herod. , 3, 60. --Plin. ,
35, 12. )
Hkrci'i. ankum, a city of Campania, on the coast,
and not far from Neapolis. Cicero writes the name
Hcrculanum (ad Alt, 7, 3). The situation of this
, place is no longer doubtful since the discovery of its
ruins. Cluverius was right in his correction of the
Tabula Theodosiana, which reckoned twelve miles
between this place and Neapolis instead of six, though
he removed it too far from Portici when he assigned
to it the position of Torre del Greco. Nothing is
known respecting the origin of Herculaneum, except
that fabulous accounts ascribed its foundation to Her-
cules on his return from Spain. (Dion. Hal. , 1, 44. )
It may be inferred, however, from a passage in Strabo,
:hat this U. vrn was of great antiquity. It may be rea-
sonably conjectured, too, that Herculaneum was a
Greek city, but that its name was altered to suit the
? ? Latin or Oscan pronunciation. At first it was only a
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? HLK
HERCULES.
spun music, by Philodemus the Epicurean. It was
ji rain that Mazocchi and Rosini wrote their learned
comments on this dull performance: the sedative was
100 strong; and the curiosity which had been so sud-
denly awakened, was as quickly lulled to repose. A
lew men of letters, indeed, lamented that no farther
search was made for some happier subjects, on which
leaned industry might have been employed; but the
time, the difficulty, and the expense which such an
snterprise required, and the uncertainty of producing
anything valuable, had apparently discouraged and
disgusted the academicians of Portici. Things were
in this state when the Prince of Wales, afterward
George IV. , proposed to the Neapolitan government
to defray the expenses of unrolling, deciphering, and
publishing tbe manuscripts. This offer was accepted
by the court of Naples; and it was consequently
judged necessary by his royal highness to select a
proper person to superintend the undertaking. The
reputation of Mr. Hayter as a classical scholar jus-
tified his appointment to the place which the munifi-
cence of the prince, and his taate for literature, had
created. This gentleman arrived at Naples in the
beginning of the year 1302, and was nominated one
of the directors for the development of the manuscripts.
During a period of several years, the workmen con-
tinued to open a great number of the papyri. Many,
indeed, of these frail substances were destroyed, and
bad crumbled into dust under the slightest touch of
the operator. When the French invaded the king-
dom of Naples in the year 1806, Mr. Hayter was
compelled to retire to Sicily. It is to be deeply re-
gretted that all the papyri were left behind. (Quar-
terly Review, voL 3, p. 2. ) An account of more re-
rent operations, including the interesting experiments
? f Sir Humphrey Davy, will be found in the latest edi-
tion of the Encyclopedia Britannica, under the article
Herculaneum.
Hercules, a celebrated hero, son of Jupiter and
Akmena, who, after death, was ranked among the
gods, and received divine honours. His reputed fa-
ther was Amphitryon, son of Alcieus, who, having ac-
cidentally killed his father-in-law Electryon, was com-
pelled to leave Mycense and take refuge in Thebes,
*here Hercules was born. While yet a mere infant,
or, according to others, before he had completed his
eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his de-
struction,. sent two snakes to devour him. The child,
not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized
tbem in both his hands, and squcezea them to death,
while his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his
shrieks. (Vid. Iphiclus. ) He was early instructed
in the liberal arts, and Castor, the son of Tyndarus,
taught him the use of arms, Eurytus how to shoot
. villi a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot,
Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing.
Like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, he soon
ilicr became the pupil of the centaur Chiron. Jn the
18th year of his age, he resolved to deliver the neigh-
bourhood of Mount Cithaeron from a huge lion which
preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon, his supposed father,
and which laid waste the adjacent country. After he
had destroyed the lion, he delivered his country from the
annual tribute of a hundred oxen which it paid to Ergi-
dus. (Vid. Erginus. ) Such public services became
universally known; and Crcon, who then sat on the
thr.
'ne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of Her-
? ? cules by giving him his daughter in marriage, and in-
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? HERCULES
HERCULES.
ner with an arrow, caught her, put her on his shoul-
der, and was going with his burden through An adia,
when he met Diana and Apollo. The goddess took
the hind from him, and reproached him for violating
her sacred animal. But the hero excusing himself on
the plea of necessity, and laying the blame on Eurys-
theus, Diana was mollified, and allowed him to take
the hind alive to Mycenae. --The fourth labour was to
bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged
the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition
he destroyed the Centaurs (vid. Centauri and Chiron),
and then caught the boar by driving him from his lair
with loud cries, and chasing him into a snow-drift,
where he seized and bound him, and then took him to
Mycenae. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of
the boar, that, accordiug to Diodorus, he hid himself in
his brazen apartment for several days. --In his fifth la-
bour Hercules was ordered to cleanse the stables of
Augeas, where numerous oxen had been confined for
many years. (Kid. Augeas. )--For his sixth labour he
was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which rav-
aged the country near the Lake Stymphalus in Arcadia.
While Hercules was deliberating how he should scare
them, Minerva brought him brazen rattles from Vulcan.
He took his station on a neighbouring hill, and sound-
ed the rattles: the birds, terrified, rose in the air, and
he then shot them with his arrows. --In his seventh
labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious
wild bull, which laid waste the island of Crete. --He
then let him go, and the bull roved over Sparta and
Arcadia, and, crossing the isthmus, came to Marathon
in Attica, where he did infinite mischief to the inhab-
itants. --In his eighth labour he was employed in ob-
taining the mares of Diomedes, the Thracian king,
which fed on human flesh. ( Vitl. Diomedes II. )--For
his ninth labour he was commanded to obtain the gir-
dle of the queen of the Amazons. (Vid. Hippolyta. )
--In h'<< tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon,
c:ng of Erythca, and brought his oxen to Eurystheus,
wh; <<acriftc<<d them to Jur. D. (Vid. Geryon. )--The
r. ? ventR i^bour was to obtain the apples from the gar-
den ot :hc ilcsneriuts. ;V*! (i. Hespcrides. )--The
vwelll'n, and isel, and most dangerous of his labours,
. vas to bring upon e>>? rh in,: tnrohesded doe Cerbe-
. M>>. When preparing lor thio expedition, Hercules
. vent to Eumolpus at Eteusis, JesirOis of being initia-
ted; but he could not be admitted, as i. ? ). . ? <! not been
purified of the blood of the centaurs. Esunolpus,
however, purified him. and he then sa. v <<? ? >> mysteries;
after which he proceeded to the Ttenarian pron. tnlory
in Laconia, where was the entrance to the lo . v. . w. Tlii,
and went down to it, accompanied by Mercury aid
Minerva. The moment the shades saw him the/ l'<<0
away in terror, all but Meleager and Medusa the Coi-
gon. (CM. , 11, 633. ) Ho was drawing his sword m
the latter, when Mercury reminded him that she wis
a mere phantom. Near the gates of the palace o. '
Hades he found Theseus and Pirithoiis, who had at-
tempted to carry off Proserpina, and had, in conse-
quence, been fixed on an enchanted rock by the offend-
ed monarch of Erebus. When they saw Hercules,
they stretched forth their hands, hoping to be relieved
by his might. He took Theseus by the hand and
raised him up; but when he would do tho same for
Pirithoiis, the earth quaked, and he left him. He then,
after several other acts of prowess, asked Pluto to give
him Cerberus; and the god consented, provided he
? ? would take him without using any weapons. He found
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? HERCULES.
HERCULES
,ne temple of Apollo at Pagasoe, he was opposed by
Uycnus. the son of Mars, who was in the habit of
plundering those that brought the sacrifices to Delphi.
i. 'vcnus fell in the combat; and when Mars, who had
witnessed the fate of his son, would avenge him, he
received a wound in the thigh from the spear of the
hero. Returning to Trachis, Hercules collected an
army, and made war on Eurytus, king of CEchalia,
whom he killed, together with his sons, and, plundering
the town, led away lole as a captive. At the Euboe-
>n promontory Caensum he raised an altar to Jupiter,
and, wishing to offer a sacrifice, sent to Ceyx for a
rplendid robe to wear. Deianira, hearing about lole
from the messenger, and fearing the effect of her
charms on the heart of her husband, resolved to try
the efficacy of the philtre of Nessus (vid. Deianira),
and tinged with it the tunic that was sent. Hercules,
suspecting nothing, put on the fatal garment, and pre-
pared to offer sacrifice. At first he felt no effect from
it; but when it warmed, the venom, of the hydra began
to consume his flesh. In his fury, he caught Liohas,
the ill-fated bearer of the tunic, by the foot, and hurled
him into the sea. He attempted to tear off the tunic,
but it adhered closely to his skin, and the flesh came
away with it. In this wretched state he got on ship-
board, where Deianira, on hearing the consequences
uf what she had done, hanged herself; and Hercules,
charging Hyllus, his eldest son by her, to marry lole
when he was of sufficient age, had himself carried to
the summit of Mount CEta, and there causing a pyre
to be erected, ascended it, and directed his followers
to set it on fire. But no one would venture to obey;
till Poeas, happening to arrive there in search uf his
stray cattle, complied with the desire of the hero, and
received his bow and arrows as his reward. While the
pyre was blazing, a thunder-cloud conveyed the suf-
ferer to heaven, where he was endowed with immor-
tality; and, being reconciled to Juno, he espoused her
daughter Hebe, by whom he had two children, Alexi-
ares(Aidcr-in-vcar) and Anicetus (Unsubdued). The"
legend of Hercules is given in full detail by Apollo-
dorus (2 4, 8, seqq). Other authorities on the sub-
ject are as follows: Diod. Sic, 4, 9, scqq. --Thcocrit. ,
Idyll. , 25 -- l'ind, Oi, 3, 55. -- Thcocrit. , Idyll. , 7,
H9. --l'herccydcs,ap. Schol. ailApoll. Wind. , 2, 1054.
--/(. , 8,867. --Phcrccyd. , ap. Schol. ad Od. , 21,23 --
Hesiod. , Sml. Herc. -- Ovtd, Met. , 9, 165, ct 217. --
Soph. , Trachin--Homer arms Hercules with a bow
and arrows. (II. , 5, 393--Od, 8, 224. ) Hesiod
describes him with shield and spear. Pisander and
Slesichorus were the first who gave him the club and
lion's skin. (Atheneeus, 18, p. 513. )--The mythology
of Hercules is of a very mixed character in the form in
which it has come down to us. There is in it the
identification of one or more Grecian heroes withMel-
carth, the sun-god of the Phoenicians. Hence we find
Hercules so frequently represented as the sun-god,
and his twelve labours regarded as the passage of the
sun through the twelve signs of the zodiac. He is the
powerful planet which animates and imparts fecundity
to the universe, whose divinity has been honoured in
every quarter by temples and altars, and consecrated
in the religious strains of all nations. From Meroe
in Ethiopia, and Thebes in Upper Egypt, even to
Britain, and the icy regions of Scythia; from the an
eitr. t Taprobana and Palibothra in India, to Cadiz
? od the shores of the Atlantic ; from the forests of
? ? Germany to the burning sands of Africa; everywhere,
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? HEKUUI. ES.
HERCULES.
. iij extended i jder the sign I. eo, and only ending at
t ie later degrees of the sign Virgo. On this is based
the fable of the continual reappearance of the mon-
ster's heads; the constellation being of so great a
length, that the stars of one part reappear after the
sun has passed onward to another part, and while the
stars ot this latter part are merged in the solar fires.
In the third month the sun enters the sign Libra, at
the beginning of autumn, when the constellation of the
rer. taur rises, represented as bearing a wine-skin full
of liquor, and a thyrsus adorned with vine-leaves and
grapes. Bayer represents him in his tables with a
thyrsur in one hand and a flask of wine in the other.
. Uran. laid. , 41. ) The Alphonsine tables depict him
with a cup or goblet in his hand. (Tab. , Alph. , p.
209. ) At this same period, what is termed by some
astronomers the constellation of the boar rises in the
evening; and in his third labour Hercules, after be-
ing hospitably entertained by a centaur, encountered
and slew the other centaurs who fought for a cask
of wine: he slew also, in this labour the Eryman-
thian boar. In tho fourth month the sun enters
the sign of Scorpio, when Cassiopeia rises, a con-
stellation in which anciently a stag was represented;
and in his fourth labour Hercules caught the famous
stag with golden horns and brazen feet. It is said
also to have breathed fire from its nostrils. (Quint.
Smyrn. , 6, 22fi. ) The horns of gold and the breath-
ing of flames are traits that harmonize well with a
constellation studded with blazing stars, and which,
in the summer season, unites itself to the solstitial
tires of the sun, by rising in the evening with its spouse
Cephcus. In the fifth month the sun enters the sign
Sagttlariut. . :onsecrated to Diana, who had a temple
at Stymphalus, in which were seen the birds called
Stymphahdes. At this same time rise tho three birds:
narnciv, the constellations of the vulture, swan, arid
eagle pierced with the arrows of Hercules; and in his
fifth labour Hercules destroyed the birds near Lake
Stymphalus, which are represented as three in number
in the medals of Perinthus. (Med. du Cardin. Allan. ,
vol. 2, p. 70, n. 1. ) In the sixth month the sun passes
into the sign Capricornus, who was, according to
some, a grandson of the luminary. At this period the
stream which flows from Aquarius sets; its source is
between the hands of Aristsus, son of the river Penc-
ils. In his sixth labour Hercules cleansed, bv means
of the Peneus, the stables of Augeas, son of Phoebus.
Augeas is made by some to have been a son of Nvc-
teus, a name which bears an evident reference to the
night (vi5f), and which contains, therefore, in the pres-
ent instance, an allusion to the long nights of the wili-
er solstice. In the seventh month the sun passes into
;he sign Aquarius. The constellation of the I. yre, or
celestial vulture, now sets, which is placed by the side
of the constellation called Prometheus, and at this
same period the celestial bull, called the bull of Pasi-
phae, the bull of Marathon, in fine, the bull of Europa,
passes the meridian. In his seventh labour, Hercules
brings alive into the Peloponnesus a wild bull, which
laid waste the island of Crete. Ho slays also the vul-
ture that preyed upon the liver of Prometheus. It is
to be remarked that, as the constellation sets at this
period, Hercules is said to have killed that bird;
whereas the bull, which crosses the meridian merely,
is made to have been brought alive into Greece. The
bull in question was also fabled to have vomited flames
? ? (Au. . Gell. , 1, I), an evident allusion to the celestial
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? HERCULES.
\ native of Tarentum, celebrated for his medical
inowlcdge. He wrote on the Materia Medica, on poi-
son? , and on the virtues of plants. His works are
lost. (i'abr , Bibl. Gr. , vol. 13, p. 77. -- Compare
Sckwcifih. , ad Alhen. Intl. Auct. , vol. 9, p. 121, scqq )
He appears to have flourished about the 126th Olym-
piad, or B. C. 276. We have a dissertation on this
wr;ter by KuJtn (Opusc. Acad. , Lips. , 8vo, vol. 2, p.
150, scqq. ). --XII. A native of Cyme in . tolls, whose
work on the Persians (nepamu) is mentioned in
Alhenarus (2, p. 48, c. -- Id. , 4, p. 145, a. --Consult
Srhiccigh. , ad Alhen. Ind. Auct, vol. 9, p. 120. )--
XIII. Surnained Ponlicus Junior, a writer who flour-
ished during the first century of our era. (Allien. , 14,
p. 649, c. --Schiceigk, ad loc. )--XIV. A Macedonian
painter, who lived at the time of the overthrow of the
Macedonian empire. He at first painted ships. On
the defeat and captivity of Pcrses he retired to Athens,
according to Pliny, which would be 168 B. C. The
same writer also stales, that he attained to a degree of
reputation, but was yet entitled to only a cursory men-
tion. (Plin, 35, II. )--XV. An Ephesian sculptor,
son of Agasias, who made, in conjunction with Harma-
lius, the statue of Mars now in the Paris Museum. His
age is uncertain. (Clartxc, Deter, des Antiques du
Music Royal, nr. 411, p. 173. )
HtRACUTUs, a native of Ephesus, was surnamed
"the Naturalist" (o tpvaiKoc), and belongs to the dy-
namical school of the Ionian philosophy. He is said
to have been born about 500 B. C. , and, according to
Aristotle, died in the sixtieth year of his age. The
title he . . asumed of " self taught" (avToiiianToc), re-
futes at once the claims of the various masters whom
he is said to have had, and the distinguished position
that he held in political life attests the wealth and lus-
tre of his descent. The gloomy haughtiness and mel-
ancholy of his temperament led him to despise all hu-
man pursuits, and he expressed unqualified contempt
as well for the political sagacity of his fellow-citizens
as for the speculations of all other philosophers, which
? ? had mere learning, and rot wisdom, for their object.
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? HER
HERCULANEUM.
o>>us, O'icmcna of Alexandrea, and Sexlus Empincus,
and explained by Schleiermacher, in Wolf and Bult-
jnann's Museum dcr Attcrthumswisscnschaft, vol. 1,
p. 313-533. -- Consult also Brandis, Handbuch der
Geschichtc der Gricchuch. und Rom. Philos. , Berlin,
1835. --Kilter's History of Ancient Philosophy, vol.
1, p. 230, seqq. , Eng. transl. -- Encycl. Us. Knowi,
vol. 12, p. 137;)
Hkr-sa, I. a city of Arcadia, on the slope of a hill
lising gently above the right bank of the Alpheus, and
near the frontiers of Elis, which frequently disputed
its possession with Arcadia. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6, 5,
22. ) Before the Cleomenic war, this town had joined
the Achaean league, but was then taken by the . Kio-
lians, and recaptured by Antigonus Doson, who re-
stored it to the Achaeans. (Polyb. , 2, 54. --Id. , 4,
77. --Liv. , 28, 7. ) Id Strabo's time Heraea was great-
ly reduced; but when Pausanias visited Arcadia it ap-
pears to have recovered from this state of decay.
[Pausan. , 8, 26. --Compare Thucyd. , 5,67. ) Stepha-
nus remarks, that this place was also known by the
name of Sologorgus (s. v. 'Hpaia). Its site is now
occupied by the village of Agiani. (Gcll, llin. , p.
113. )--II A festival at Argos in honour of Juno, who
was the patroness of that city. It was also observed
by the colonies of the Argives, which had been planted
. at Samos and /Egina. There were always two pro-
cessions to the temple of the goddess without the city
walls. The first was of the men in armour, the sec-
ond of the women, among whom the priestess, a wom-
an of the first r. -nk, was drawn in a chariot by white
oxen. The Argives always reckoned their year from
ber priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, or
the Romans from their consuls. When tbey came to
the temple of the goddess, they offered a hecatomb of
oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often called E<<a:ii/ifoio,
and sometimes iexepva, from /. i\oi;, " bed, because
Juno presided over marriage, births, &c. There was
a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every
ifth year, at which sixteen matrons wove a garment
for the goddess.
Hf. r. cu>>, I. a temple and grove of Juno, situate
anout forty stadia from Argos, and ten from Mycenae.
The structure was embellished with a lofty statue of
Juno, made of ivory and gold; a golden peacock, en-
riched with precious stones, and other equally splendid
ornaments. --II. A large and magnificent temple of
Juno in the island of Samos, built by the architect
Khcecus, who is said to have invented the art of cast-
ing in brass. (Pausan. , 8, 14. --Herod. , 3, 60. --Plin. ,
35, 12. )
Hkrci'i. ankum, a city of Campania, on the coast,
and not far from Neapolis. Cicero writes the name
Hcrculanum (ad Alt, 7, 3). The situation of this
, place is no longer doubtful since the discovery of its
ruins. Cluverius was right in his correction of the
Tabula Theodosiana, which reckoned twelve miles
between this place and Neapolis instead of six, though
he removed it too far from Portici when he assigned
to it the position of Torre del Greco. Nothing is
known respecting the origin of Herculaneum, except
that fabulous accounts ascribed its foundation to Her-
cules on his return from Spain. (Dion. Hal. , 1, 44. )
It may be inferred, however, from a passage in Strabo,
:hat this U. vrn was of great antiquity. It may be rea-
sonably conjectured, too, that Herculaneum was a
Greek city, but that its name was altered to suit the
? ? Latin or Oscan pronunciation. At first it was only a
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? HLK
HERCULES.
spun music, by Philodemus the Epicurean. It was
ji rain that Mazocchi and Rosini wrote their learned
comments on this dull performance: the sedative was
100 strong; and the curiosity which had been so sud-
denly awakened, was as quickly lulled to repose. A
lew men of letters, indeed, lamented that no farther
search was made for some happier subjects, on which
leaned industry might have been employed; but the
time, the difficulty, and the expense which such an
snterprise required, and the uncertainty of producing
anything valuable, had apparently discouraged and
disgusted the academicians of Portici. Things were
in this state when the Prince of Wales, afterward
George IV. , proposed to the Neapolitan government
to defray the expenses of unrolling, deciphering, and
publishing tbe manuscripts. This offer was accepted
by the court of Naples; and it was consequently
judged necessary by his royal highness to select a
proper person to superintend the undertaking. The
reputation of Mr. Hayter as a classical scholar jus-
tified his appointment to the place which the munifi-
cence of the prince, and his taate for literature, had
created. This gentleman arrived at Naples in the
beginning of the year 1302, and was nominated one
of the directors for the development of the manuscripts.
During a period of several years, the workmen con-
tinued to open a great number of the papyri. Many,
indeed, of these frail substances were destroyed, and
bad crumbled into dust under the slightest touch of
the operator. When the French invaded the king-
dom of Naples in the year 1806, Mr. Hayter was
compelled to retire to Sicily. It is to be deeply re-
gretted that all the papyri were left behind. (Quar-
terly Review, voL 3, p. 2. ) An account of more re-
rent operations, including the interesting experiments
? f Sir Humphrey Davy, will be found in the latest edi-
tion of the Encyclopedia Britannica, under the article
Herculaneum.
Hercules, a celebrated hero, son of Jupiter and
Akmena, who, after death, was ranked among the
gods, and received divine honours. His reputed fa-
ther was Amphitryon, son of Alcieus, who, having ac-
cidentally killed his father-in-law Electryon, was com-
pelled to leave Mycense and take refuge in Thebes,
*here Hercules was born. While yet a mere infant,
or, according to others, before he had completed his
eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his de-
struction,. sent two snakes to devour him. The child,
not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized
tbem in both his hands, and squcezea them to death,
while his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his
shrieks. (Vid. Iphiclus. ) He was early instructed
in the liberal arts, and Castor, the son of Tyndarus,
taught him the use of arms, Eurytus how to shoot
. villi a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot,
Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing.
Like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, he soon
ilicr became the pupil of the centaur Chiron. Jn the
18th year of his age, he resolved to deliver the neigh-
bourhood of Mount Cithaeron from a huge lion which
preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon, his supposed father,
and which laid waste the adjacent country. After he
had destroyed the lion, he delivered his country from the
annual tribute of a hundred oxen which it paid to Ergi-
dus. (Vid. Erginus. ) Such public services became
universally known; and Crcon, who then sat on the
thr.
'ne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of Her-
? ? cules by giving him his daughter in marriage, and in-
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? HERCULES
HERCULES.
ner with an arrow, caught her, put her on his shoul-
der, and was going with his burden through An adia,
when he met Diana and Apollo. The goddess took
the hind from him, and reproached him for violating
her sacred animal. But the hero excusing himself on
the plea of necessity, and laying the blame on Eurys-
theus, Diana was mollified, and allowed him to take
the hind alive to Mycenae. --The fourth labour was to
bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged
the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition
he destroyed the Centaurs (vid. Centauri and Chiron),
and then caught the boar by driving him from his lair
with loud cries, and chasing him into a snow-drift,
where he seized and bound him, and then took him to
Mycenae. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of
the boar, that, accordiug to Diodorus, he hid himself in
his brazen apartment for several days. --In his fifth la-
bour Hercules was ordered to cleanse the stables of
Augeas, where numerous oxen had been confined for
many years. (Kid. Augeas. )--For his sixth labour he
was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which rav-
aged the country near the Lake Stymphalus in Arcadia.
While Hercules was deliberating how he should scare
them, Minerva brought him brazen rattles from Vulcan.
He took his station on a neighbouring hill, and sound-
ed the rattles: the birds, terrified, rose in the air, and
he then shot them with his arrows. --In his seventh
labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious
wild bull, which laid waste the island of Crete. --He
then let him go, and the bull roved over Sparta and
Arcadia, and, crossing the isthmus, came to Marathon
in Attica, where he did infinite mischief to the inhab-
itants. --In his eighth labour he was employed in ob-
taining the mares of Diomedes, the Thracian king,
which fed on human flesh. ( Vitl. Diomedes II. )--For
his ninth labour he was commanded to obtain the gir-
dle of the queen of the Amazons. (Vid. Hippolyta. )
--In h'<< tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon,
c:ng of Erythca, and brought his oxen to Eurystheus,
wh; <<acriftc<<d them to Jur. D. (Vid. Geryon. )--The
r. ? ventR i^bour was to obtain the apples from the gar-
den ot :hc ilcsneriuts. ;V*! (i. Hespcrides. )--The
vwelll'n, and isel, and most dangerous of his labours,
. vas to bring upon e>>? rh in,: tnrohesded doe Cerbe-
. M>>. When preparing lor thio expedition, Hercules
. vent to Eumolpus at Eteusis, JesirOis of being initia-
ted; but he could not be admitted, as i. ? ). . ? <! not been
purified of the blood of the centaurs. Esunolpus,
however, purified him. and he then sa. v <<? ? >> mysteries;
after which he proceeded to the Ttenarian pron. tnlory
in Laconia, where was the entrance to the lo . v. . w. Tlii,
and went down to it, accompanied by Mercury aid
Minerva. The moment the shades saw him the/ l'<<0
away in terror, all but Meleager and Medusa the Coi-
gon. (CM. , 11, 633. ) Ho was drawing his sword m
the latter, when Mercury reminded him that she wis
a mere phantom. Near the gates of the palace o. '
Hades he found Theseus and Pirithoiis, who had at-
tempted to carry off Proserpina, and had, in conse-
quence, been fixed on an enchanted rock by the offend-
ed monarch of Erebus. When they saw Hercules,
they stretched forth their hands, hoping to be relieved
by his might. He took Theseus by the hand and
raised him up; but when he would do tho same for
Pirithoiis, the earth quaked, and he left him. He then,
after several other acts of prowess, asked Pluto to give
him Cerberus; and the god consented, provided he
? ? would take him without using any weapons. He found
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? HERCULES.
HERCULES
,ne temple of Apollo at Pagasoe, he was opposed by
Uycnus. the son of Mars, who was in the habit of
plundering those that brought the sacrifices to Delphi.
i. 'vcnus fell in the combat; and when Mars, who had
witnessed the fate of his son, would avenge him, he
received a wound in the thigh from the spear of the
hero. Returning to Trachis, Hercules collected an
army, and made war on Eurytus, king of CEchalia,
whom he killed, together with his sons, and, plundering
the town, led away lole as a captive. At the Euboe-
>n promontory Caensum he raised an altar to Jupiter,
and, wishing to offer a sacrifice, sent to Ceyx for a
rplendid robe to wear. Deianira, hearing about lole
from the messenger, and fearing the effect of her
charms on the heart of her husband, resolved to try
the efficacy of the philtre of Nessus (vid. Deianira),
and tinged with it the tunic that was sent. Hercules,
suspecting nothing, put on the fatal garment, and pre-
pared to offer sacrifice. At first he felt no effect from
it; but when it warmed, the venom, of the hydra began
to consume his flesh. In his fury, he caught Liohas,
the ill-fated bearer of the tunic, by the foot, and hurled
him into the sea. He attempted to tear off the tunic,
but it adhered closely to his skin, and the flesh came
away with it. In this wretched state he got on ship-
board, where Deianira, on hearing the consequences
uf what she had done, hanged herself; and Hercules,
charging Hyllus, his eldest son by her, to marry lole
when he was of sufficient age, had himself carried to
the summit of Mount CEta, and there causing a pyre
to be erected, ascended it, and directed his followers
to set it on fire. But no one would venture to obey;
till Poeas, happening to arrive there in search uf his
stray cattle, complied with the desire of the hero, and
received his bow and arrows as his reward. While the
pyre was blazing, a thunder-cloud conveyed the suf-
ferer to heaven, where he was endowed with immor-
tality; and, being reconciled to Juno, he espoused her
daughter Hebe, by whom he had two children, Alexi-
ares(Aidcr-in-vcar) and Anicetus (Unsubdued). The"
legend of Hercules is given in full detail by Apollo-
dorus (2 4, 8, seqq). Other authorities on the sub-
ject are as follows: Diod. Sic, 4, 9, scqq. --Thcocrit. ,
Idyll. , 25 -- l'ind, Oi, 3, 55. -- Thcocrit. , Idyll. , 7,
H9. --l'herccydcs,ap. Schol. ailApoll. Wind. , 2, 1054.
--/(. , 8,867. --Phcrccyd. , ap. Schol. ad Od. , 21,23 --
Hesiod. , Sml. Herc. -- Ovtd, Met. , 9, 165, ct 217. --
Soph. , Trachin--Homer arms Hercules with a bow
and arrows. (II. , 5, 393--Od, 8, 224. ) Hesiod
describes him with shield and spear. Pisander and
Slesichorus were the first who gave him the club and
lion's skin. (Atheneeus, 18, p. 513. )--The mythology
of Hercules is of a very mixed character in the form in
which it has come down to us. There is in it the
identification of one or more Grecian heroes withMel-
carth, the sun-god of the Phoenicians. Hence we find
Hercules so frequently represented as the sun-god,
and his twelve labours regarded as the passage of the
sun through the twelve signs of the zodiac. He is the
powerful planet which animates and imparts fecundity
to the universe, whose divinity has been honoured in
every quarter by temples and altars, and consecrated
in the religious strains of all nations. From Meroe
in Ethiopia, and Thebes in Upper Egypt, even to
Britain, and the icy regions of Scythia; from the an
eitr. t Taprobana and Palibothra in India, to Cadiz
? od the shores of the Atlantic ; from the forests of
? ? Germany to the burning sands of Africa; everywhere,
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? HEKUUI. ES.
HERCULES.
. iij extended i jder the sign I. eo, and only ending at
t ie later degrees of the sign Virgo. On this is based
the fable of the continual reappearance of the mon-
ster's heads; the constellation being of so great a
length, that the stars of one part reappear after the
sun has passed onward to another part, and while the
stars ot this latter part are merged in the solar fires.
In the third month the sun enters the sign Libra, at
the beginning of autumn, when the constellation of the
rer. taur rises, represented as bearing a wine-skin full
of liquor, and a thyrsus adorned with vine-leaves and
grapes. Bayer represents him in his tables with a
thyrsur in one hand and a flask of wine in the other.
. Uran. laid. , 41. ) The Alphonsine tables depict him
with a cup or goblet in his hand. (Tab. , Alph. , p.
209. ) At this same period, what is termed by some
astronomers the constellation of the boar rises in the
evening; and in his third labour Hercules, after be-
ing hospitably entertained by a centaur, encountered
and slew the other centaurs who fought for a cask
of wine: he slew also, in this labour the Eryman-
thian boar. In tho fourth month the sun enters
the sign of Scorpio, when Cassiopeia rises, a con-
stellation in which anciently a stag was represented;
and in his fourth labour Hercules caught the famous
stag with golden horns and brazen feet. It is said
also to have breathed fire from its nostrils. (Quint.
Smyrn. , 6, 22fi. ) The horns of gold and the breath-
ing of flames are traits that harmonize well with a
constellation studded with blazing stars, and which,
in the summer season, unites itself to the solstitial
tires of the sun, by rising in the evening with its spouse
Cephcus. In the fifth month the sun enters the sign
Sagttlariut. . :onsecrated to Diana, who had a temple
at Stymphalus, in which were seen the birds called
Stymphahdes. At this same time rise tho three birds:
narnciv, the constellations of the vulture, swan, arid
eagle pierced with the arrows of Hercules; and in his
fifth labour Hercules destroyed the birds near Lake
Stymphalus, which are represented as three in number
in the medals of Perinthus. (Med. du Cardin. Allan. ,
vol. 2, p. 70, n. 1. ) In the sixth month the sun passes
into the sign Capricornus, who was, according to
some, a grandson of the luminary. At this period the
stream which flows from Aquarius sets; its source is
between the hands of Aristsus, son of the river Penc-
ils. In his sixth labour Hercules cleansed, bv means
of the Peneus, the stables of Augeas, son of Phoebus.
Augeas is made by some to have been a son of Nvc-
teus, a name which bears an evident reference to the
night (vi5f), and which contains, therefore, in the pres-
ent instance, an allusion to the long nights of the wili-
er solstice. In the seventh month the sun passes into
;he sign Aquarius. The constellation of the I. yre, or
celestial vulture, now sets, which is placed by the side
of the constellation called Prometheus, and at this
same period the celestial bull, called the bull of Pasi-
phae, the bull of Marathon, in fine, the bull of Europa,
passes the meridian. In his seventh labour, Hercules
brings alive into the Peloponnesus a wild bull, which
laid waste the island of Crete. Ho slays also the vul-
ture that preyed upon the liver of Prometheus. It is
to be remarked that, as the constellation sets at this
period, Hercules is said to have killed that bird;
whereas the bull, which crosses the meridian merely,
is made to have been brought alive into Greece. The
bull in question was also fabled to have vomited flames
? ? (Au. . Gell. , 1, I), an evident allusion to the celestial
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? HERCULES.
