he
Aduatici
of Caesar, and the first that crossed lie
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Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, 242.
-- Strata, 421.
-
lo Pindar, when they had finished the temple of Del- ! Liv. , 45, 27. )--The same trick related above in the
phi, they asked a reward of the god. He promised to case of I Km us, is said to have been played off or
give it on the seventh day, desiring them, meanwhile, Augeas, king of Elis, by Trophoniu>, the ttepiun o
to live cheerful and happy. On the seventh day they ; Agamedes, the Arcadian architect. (Charax, ap
died in their sleep. (Pmd. , ap. Plut. , de Cons. --Op. , . Schol. ad Arittoph. , tfub. , 509. ) It also formed as
vol. 7, p. 335, nl. HuHcii. ) There was a celebrated episode in the Telegonia; and there is likewise a very
oracle of Trophonius at Lebadea in Bo3otia. During | strong similarity between it and the legend related by
a great drought, the Boeotians were, it is said, directed Herodotus of the Egyptian king Rhampsinilus (2,121).
the god at Delphi lo seek aid of Trophonius in Leb-
adea. They came thither, but could find no oracle;
one of them, however, happening lo see a awarm of
bees, they foiU>>>ed them to a chasm in the earth, which
proved to be the place sought. (Pausan. , 9, 40. )
The writer just quoted gives a detailed account of the
mode of consulting this oracle, from his own personal
observation (9, 39). After going through certain cere-
monies, the individual who sought to inquire into fu-
turity was conducted to a chasm in the earth resem-
bling an oven, and a ladder was furnished him by which
to descend. After reaching the bottom of the chasm,
he lay down on the ground in a certain posture, and
was immediately drawn within a cavern, as if hurried
away by the vortex of a most rapid river. Then he ob-
tained the knowledge of which he was in quest. In
some cases this was given to the applicants through
the medium of the sight; at others through the hear-
ing; but all returned through the same opening, and
walked backward as they returned. It is a common
notion, which we meet with in many modern works,
that a visiter to the cave of Trophonius never smiled
after his return. The language of Pausanias, however,
expressly disproves this; for he observes that after-
ward the person recovers the use of his reason, and
laughs just the same as before (fiarepov pivroi ru re
iXAo ovdcv n fpovrjaei fielov rj irpiirtpov, KO. I ycfajf
hdvtioiv HI). It is probable that the gloom, the mo
phitic vapours, and perhaps some violence from the
priests, which the applicant encountered in his descent,
might seriously affect his constitution, and render
. him melancholy; and thus Aristophanes strongly ex-
presses terror by an observation in the Clouds (v. 507),
which became proverbial, cic iidoiit' tyu 'Eiaa KO. T-
afiaivuv uairep ? f TpoQuvtov. One man, indeed, is
noticed by Athenians (14, p. 614, a), who did not re-
cover his power of smiling until assisted by another
oracle. Parmeniscus of Metapontum, finding himself
thus wofully dispirited, went to Delphi for a remedy,
and Apollo answered that he would find a cure if he
resorted to his (Apollo's) mother. The hypochondriac
interpreted this response as relating to his own native
country; but, on being disappointed in his hope there,
he sought relief in travelling. Touching by accident at
Delos, he entered a temple of Latona; and, unexpected-
ly casting his eyes upon a statue of that goddess
(Apollo's mother) most grotesquely sculptured, he burst
into an involuntary fit of laughter. ---Of other recorded
descents into the cave of Trophonius, that ofTimar-
chus, described by Plutarch (De Socralis Gcnio. --
Op. , vol. 8, p. 332, cd. Reiske), is dismissed by the
writer himself as a mere fable (A jtiv Ti/uipxov fiiBof
oirof). That of Apollonius of Tyana (Phtloitrat. ,
Vit. Apollon. , 4, 8) was an irruption, not a legitimate
visit. The impostor appears to have bullied the priests,
and to have done exactly according to his pleasure both
above and below ground. (Encycl. lUctropol. , pt. 35,
p. 664. )--Trophonius was named Zeus-Trophonius,
? ? that is, the Nourishing or Sustaining Zeus or Jupiter
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? TIL
TUL
Iocca, Plautius, a friend of Horace and Virgil.
He and Variua were ordered by Augustus to revise
? he . lEncid after Virgil's death. (Vid. Virgilius. )
Tuder, a town of Umbria, northwest of Spoletium,
and near the Tiber. It was originally one of the most
important cities of Umbria, and famous for its worship
of Mars. Its situation on a lofty hill rendered it a
place of great strength. It is now Todi. (Sil. Ital. ,
4, 232. --Id. , 464. -- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p.
273. )
TtiLiNGt, a people of Gaul, reckoned among the
Helvetii by some, but more correctly their neigh-
bours, and of Germanic origin. (Cits. , B. G. , 1,5. )
Tho modern Stuhlingen is thought to preserve traces
of their name. (Oberlin. ad Cas. , I. c. )
Tui. ua, I. a daughter of Servius Tullius, king of
Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud after she had
made away with her first husband, Aruns Tarquinius.
(Vid. Servius Tullius. )--II. A daughter of Cicero by
Terentia. She was three times married. Her first
husband, Caius Piso, died a short time before Cicero's
return from exile. At the end of about a year, she
was married to a second husband, Furius Crassipes,
who appears to have been a patrician of rank and dig-
nity. She was afterward divorced from this second
husband, and united to P. Cornelius Dolabella. The
life and character, however, of this last-mentioned in-
dividual proved so contrary to the manners and tem-
per both of Cicero and his daughter, that a divorce
ensued in this case also. Cicero entertained the deep-
est affection for this his favourite child, and her death,
at the age of 32, proved to him a source of the bitter-
est sorrow. (Vid. remarks under the article Cicero,
page 345, column 2. )--Cnslius Khodiginus tells us,
that in the time of Sixtus IV. there was found near
Rome, on the Appian Way, over against the tomb of
Cicero, the body of a woman whose hair was dressed
up in network of gold, and which, from the inscrip-
tion, was thought to be the body of Tullia. It was
quite entire, and so well preserved by spices as to
have suffered no injury from time ; yet, when it was
removed into the city, it mouldered away in three days.
But this was only the hasty conjecture of some learn-
ed men of the time, which, for want of authority to
support it, soon vanished of itself; for no inscription
was ever produced to confirm it, nor has it been men-
tioned by any other author that there was any sepul-
chre of Cicero on the Appian Way. (Col. Rhod. ,
Led. Antiq. , 3, 24. --Middlcton's Life of Cicero, vol.
>>, p. 149, in not. )
Tuliia Lex, I. de Senatu, by M. Tullius Cicero,
A. U. C. 690, enacted that those who had a libera le-
gation granted them by the senate should hold it no
more than one year. Such senators as had a libera
legatio travelled through the provinces without any
expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of
the state. --II. Another, de Ambitu, by the same, the
same year. It forbade any person, two years before
he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show of gladi-
ators, unless that task had devolved upon him by will.
Senators guilty of the crime of Ambitus were punished
with the aqua et ignis interdictio tor ten years, and
the penalty inflicted on the commons was more severe
than that of the Calpurnian law. (Dio Cass. , 37, 29.
--Cic. , pro Mur. , 32, seqq. )
Tuluanom, a name given to part of the public
prison at Rome. The prison was originally built by
? ? Ancus Marcius, and was afterward enlarged by Servius
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? TUR
alliance WM formed between the Romans and the Lat-
ins. Tullus had now leisure to direct his attention to
the artsuof peace, in which, however, he did not equal-
ly excTM. The only public works ascribed to him
were the enclosing of a space for the Comitia, or as-
sembly of the people, and the building of a Curia, or
? enate house. Towards the end of his reign his mind
was disturbed by prodigies, indicating the wrath of
the gods for religion neglected and temples left des-
>ku'. A shower of stones fell from heaven on the
Alban Mount, and the awful accents of a supernatu-
ral voice were heard to issue from the consecrated
summit of the hill. A plague swept away numbers
~}i the Koinan people. The king himself sickened;
and, from having been neglectful of religion, became
the slave of superstitious terrors. In vain did he sup-
plicate the gods. He had disregarded them in the
days of his prosperity, and in his adversity no deity
regarded his prayers or sent relief. In his despair he
presumed to use the divinations of Nmna, by the rites
of Jupiter Elicius (vid. Elicius); but the only answer
returned was the lightning of the offended gods, by
which Tullus himself and his whole household were
smitten and consumed. Another account, however,
ascribed his death to an act of treachery and assassi-
nation on the part of Ancus Marcius, who could not
brook that he, a descendant of Numa, should be kept
from the throne by a man of private origin. Such is
the legend of Tullus Hostilius. This monarch is said
to have reigned two-and-thirty years. (Lie. , 1, 22,
xfi/y. --Dion. Hal. , 3, 1, scqq. --Hctheringtori's His-
tory of Rome, p. 13, scqq. )--As the reigns of Romu-
lus and Numa represent the establishment of two of
the tribes or constituent elements of the Roman peo-
ple, so the reign of Tullus Hostilius seems to compre-
hend the development of the third tribe, or Luceres.
To him, as to Romulus and Numa, is ascribed a di-
vision of lands, by which portions were assigned to
the needy citizens, who, as yet, possessed no property
in the soil. It has been conjectured that the Luceres
bad hitherto held their lands, not in absolute property,
and not as common proprietors of the public domain,
but as vassals or tenants of the state, which would
bo represented in the person of the king. That the
distribution of Tullus Hostilius effected the third tribe
is rendered probable by its being connected with the
assignment of ground for building on the Cn? lian
Mount, and the enclosure of that part of the city with-
in one line of fortification with the older town, if
there is any weight in the arguments that are adduced
to show that the town on the Caelian was the settle-
ment of the Luceres. From the circumstance that
Hostilius himself dwelt there, and that he derived his
origin from the Latin town Medullia (. Dion. Hal. , 3,
I), it may be conjectured that he himself was consid-
ered to belong to the Luceres, as Romulus to the
Kamnes, and Numa to the Titienses. (Maiden's
History of Rome, p. 137, seq. )
TUNBS (Twi/f, ijroc), a city of Africa, southwest of
and near to Carthage, being, according to Polybius
(1% HI), only 120 stadia from the latter place. The
Peutinger table, however, gives the distance more
correctly at ten miles. It first rose into consequence
after the fall of Carthage. It is now Tunis. Diodo-
rus Siculus calls it " White Tunis," perhaps from the
;halky cliffs that lie around it when viewed from the
sea. (Manncrt, Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 262. )
TUNOBI, a German tribe, probably the same with
? ? .
he Aduatici of Caesar, and the first that crossed lie
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? T VN
?
>yna, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. Slrabo says
it was built an what was called the causeway of Semir-
ings. (Strabo, 537. ) Cellariua is of opinion that
the town called Dana by Xenophon, in the Anabasis
(1, 2, 20), should be identified with Tyana (Geogr.
Aniiq. , vol. 2, p. 291), and this supposition has great
probability to recommend it. --The Greeks, always led
by a similarity of name to connect the origin of cities
? vith their fables, pretended that it owed its foundation
to Thoas, the king of the Tauric Chersonese, in Ins
pursuit thither of Pylades and Orestes. (Arrian,
Peripl. Evx. , p. 6. ) From him it was called Thoana,
and afterward Tuana. (Steph. Byz. , s. u. Tvava. )
Tyana was the native city of the impostor Apollonius.
At a later period it became the see of a Christian
bishop, and the metropolis of Cappadocia Secunda.
(Grtf- Naz. , Epist. , 33. --Id. , Oral. , 20, p. 355. )
This took place in the reign of Valens. Its capture
by the Saracens is recorded by Cedrcnus (p. 477).
The modern Kctch-histar, near the foot of the central
chain of Taurus and the Cilician Pass, is thought to
correspond to the ancient city. Captain Kinneir, in
one of his journeys, found considerable ruins here.
(Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 128, seqq. )
TYAniTis, a district in the southern part of Cappa-
docia, near the range of Taurus. Its capital was
Tyana, from which it derived its name. (Vid. Tyana. )
TYBRIS. Vid. Tiberis.
TYCHB, I. one of the Occanides. (Hesiod, Th. ,
i60. )--II. A part of the town of Syracuse. It con-
tained a temple of Fortune (Tv^), whence the name.
(Cie , Verr. , 4, 53. )
TYDEDS (two syllables), a son of CEneus, king of
Calydon. He fled from his country after the accidental
murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in
the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daugh-
ter, Deiphyle, he married. When Adrastus wished to
}lace his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes,
t'ydeus undertook to announce the war to Eteocles,
*ho usurped the crown. The reception he met with
jrovoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and
vis principal chieftains, and worsted them in conflict.
On leaving Thebes and entering upon his way home,
he fell into an ambuscade of fifty of the foe, purposely
planted to destroy him, and he slew all but one, who
was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings
if the fate of his companions. He was one of the
^even chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the
fheban war he signalized his valour in a marked de-
gree, and made great slaughter of the foe, till he was
it last mortally wounded by Melanippus. As he lay
expiring, Minerva hastened to him with a medicine
which she had obtained from Jupiter, and which would
make him immortal (Bacchyl. , ap. Sehol. ad Aris-
? aph. . An. , 1536); but Amphiaraus, who hated him as
a chief cause of the war, perceiving what the goddess
was about, cut off the head of Mclanippus, whom Ty-
deus, though wounded, had slain, and brought it to
him. The savage warrior opened it and devoured the
brain, and Minerva, in disgust, withheld her aid. His
remains were interred at Aiy ><. where a monument,
laid to be his, was still seen m the age of Pausanias.
(Ham. , II, 4, 365, seqq. --Apoltod. , 1, 8, 3. --JEsch. ,
Sept. C. Thcb. , 372, seqq. , ed. Scholef. --Pausan. ,
S, 18. )
TYDIDES, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Ty-
deus. (Virg. ,ASn. , 1, 101. --Horat. , Od. , 1, 15, 20 )
? ? 'I'vi. ns, an island in the Sinus Persicus, on the
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? T yH
TYRUS
3i<< legcndi about the Dioscuri '. n very early connexion
with I,ac. . iia. In all probability, his lameness was
only a satirical allusion u> his use of the elegiac meas-
? ire, or alternating hexameter and pentameter, the lat-
ter being shorter by a foot than the former. --Tyrtseus
came to the Lacedaemonians at a time when they were
not onlv brought into great straits from without by
the boldness of Aristomenes and the desperate cour-
age of the Messenians, b. it when tho state was also
rent with internal discord. In this condition of the
Spartan commonwealth Tyrtaeus composed the most
celebrated of his elegies, which, from its subject,
was called Eunomia, that is, "Justice" or "Good
Government" (also Politeia, or "the Constitution").
But the Eunomia was neither the only nor yet the first
elegy in which Tyrlseus stimulated the Lacedaemoni-
an. s to a bold defence against the Messenians. Ex-
hortations to bravery was the theme which this poet
look for many elegies, and wrote on it with unceasing
? pirit and ever new invention. Never was the duty
and the honour of bravery impressed on the youth of
a nation with so much beauty and force of language,
by such natural and touching motives. That these
poems breathed a truly Spartan spirit, and that the
Spartans knew how to value them, is proved by the
constant use made of them in the military expeditions.
When the Spartans were on a campaign, it was their
custom, after the evening meal, when the paean had
been sung in honour of the gods, to recite these ele-
gies. On these occasions the whole mass did not join
in the cuunt, but individuals vied with each other in
repeating the verses in a manner worthy of their sub-
ject. The successful competitor then received from
ihe wlrm. irt h or commander a larger portion of meat
than the others, a distinction suitable to the simple
taste of the Spartans. This kind of recitation was so
well adapted to the elegy, that it is highly probable that
TyrtsBus himself first published his elegies in this man-
ner. The elegies of Tyrtasus, however, were never
sun;: on the march of the army, and in the battle itself;
for these occasions a strain of another kind was com-
posed by the same poet, namely, the anapaestic march-
es. (Miiller, Hist. Gr. Lit. , p. 114, icqi]. )--"We have
several fragments remaining of the elegies of Tyrtaeus.
They are written in the Ionic dialect, though address-
ed to Dorians, and are full of enthusiastic and patriotic
feeling. The anapaestic marches, on the other hand
tin'. '. ii iro)t,e/iiaT7/pta), were written in Doric. Of these
only a single fragment has come down to us. --The
best editions of Tyrtaeus are that of Klotz, Brcma,
1764, 8vo, and that contained in Gaisford's Poetic JHi-
norei Grtzci, vol. 1, p. 429, scqq. )
TYRUS or TYROS, a very ancient city of Phosnicia,
built by the Sidonians. "The strong city of Tzor" is
mentioned in the book of Joshua (19, 29), and its situa-
tion is specified as being between *' great Zidon'1 and
Achzib. Yet learned men have contended that in
Joshua's time Tyre was not built. Homer, it has been
remarked, never speaks of Tyre, but only of Sidon;
and Josephus states that Tyre was built not above 210
years before the temple of Solomon, which would be
A. M. 2760, two hundred years after Joshua. That
there was such a city as Tyre, however, in the days
of Homer, is quite certain, seeing that, in the reign of
Solomon, there was a king of Tyre; and we appre-
hend that the Scripture text will be held a sufficient
proof of its having had an existence before the land of
? ? Canaan was conquered by the Israelites. Nor is Jo-
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? VAC
lie rubbish of Old Tyre, thirty furlongs off, that sup-
plied materials for the gigantic mole constructed by
Alexander, of 200 feet in breadth, extending all the
way from the continent to the island, a distance of three
cuarters of a mile. The sea that formerly separated
them was shallow near the shore, but towards the isl-
and it is said to have been three fathoms in depth.
The causeway has probably been enlarged by the sand
thrown up by the sea, which now covers the surface
cf the isthmus. Tyre was taken by the Macedonian
conqueror after a siege of eight months, B. C. 332,
two hundred and forty-one years after its destruction
by Nebuchadnezzar, and, consequently, about one hun-
dred and seventy after it had been rebuilt. Though
now subjugated, it was not, however, totally destroyed,
since, only thirty years after, it was an object of con-
tention to Alexander's successors. The fleet of An-
tigonus invested and blockaded it for thirteen months,
at the expiration of which it was compelled to surren-
der, and received a garrison of his troops for its de-
fence. About three years after it was invested by
Pompey in person, and, owing to a mutiny in the garri-
son, fell into his hsnds. Its history is, after this period,
identified with that of Syria. In the apostolic age it
seems to have regained some measure of its ancient
character as a trading town; and St. Paul, in touching
here on one occasion, in his way back from Macedonia,
found a number of Christian believers, with whom he
spent a week; so that the gospel must early have been
preached to the Tyrians. (Acts, 21, 3. ) Josephus,
in speaking of the city of Zabulon as of admirable
beauty, says that its houses were built like those in
Tyre, and Sidon, and Berytus. Strabo also speaks of
the loftiness and beauty of the buildings. In ecclesi-
astical history it is distinguished as the first archbishop-
ric under the patriarchate of Jerusalem. It shared the
fate of the country in the Saracen invasion in the be-
ginning of the seventh century. It was reconquered
by the crusaders in the twelfth, and formed a royal
domain of the kingdom of Jerusalem, as well as an
trchiepiscopal see. William of Tyre, the well-known
historian, an Englishman, was the first archbishop.
In 1289 it was retaken by the Saracens, the Christians
being permitted to remove with their effects. When
the sultan Selim divided Syria into pachalics, Tyre,
which had probably gone to decay with the depression
if commerce, was merged in the territory of Sidon.
In 1766 it was taken possession of by the Motoualies,
who repaired the port, and enclosed it, on the land
side, with a wall twenty feet high. The wall was
standing, but the repairs had gone to ruin, at the time
of Volney's visit (1784). He noticed, however, the
choir of the ancient church mentioned by Maundrell,
together with some columns of red granite, of a spe-
cies unknown in Syria, which Djezzar Pacha wanted
to remove to Acre, but could find no engineers able to
accomplish it. It was at that time a miserable vil-
lage: its exports consisted of a few sacks of corn and of
cotton; and the only merchant of which it could boast
was a solitary Greek, in the service of the French fac-
tory at Sidon, who could hardly gain a livelihood. It
is only within the past half century that it has
once more begun to lift up its head from the dust.
{Modern Traveller, pt. 3, p. 46, seqq. )
Tvsoros, a city of Africa Propria, not far from the
coast, below Turris Hannibalis. It is supposed to
coincide as to position with the modern el-Jem. (Plot.
--Auet. , Hist. Bell. Afr, c. 36, 76-- Plin. , 5, 4 )
? ? V.
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?
lo Pindar, when they had finished the temple of Del- ! Liv. , 45, 27. )--The same trick related above in the
phi, they asked a reward of the god. He promised to case of I Km us, is said to have been played off or
give it on the seventh day, desiring them, meanwhile, Augeas, king of Elis, by Trophoniu>, the ttepiun o
to live cheerful and happy. On the seventh day they ; Agamedes, the Arcadian architect. (Charax, ap
died in their sleep. (Pmd. , ap. Plut. , de Cons. --Op. , . Schol. ad Arittoph. , tfub. , 509. ) It also formed as
vol. 7, p. 335, nl. HuHcii. ) There was a celebrated episode in the Telegonia; and there is likewise a very
oracle of Trophonius at Lebadea in Bo3otia. During | strong similarity between it and the legend related by
a great drought, the Boeotians were, it is said, directed Herodotus of the Egyptian king Rhampsinilus (2,121).
the god at Delphi lo seek aid of Trophonius in Leb-
adea. They came thither, but could find no oracle;
one of them, however, happening lo see a awarm of
bees, they foiU>>>ed them to a chasm in the earth, which
proved to be the place sought. (Pausan. , 9, 40. )
The writer just quoted gives a detailed account of the
mode of consulting this oracle, from his own personal
observation (9, 39). After going through certain cere-
monies, the individual who sought to inquire into fu-
turity was conducted to a chasm in the earth resem-
bling an oven, and a ladder was furnished him by which
to descend. After reaching the bottom of the chasm,
he lay down on the ground in a certain posture, and
was immediately drawn within a cavern, as if hurried
away by the vortex of a most rapid river. Then he ob-
tained the knowledge of which he was in quest. In
some cases this was given to the applicants through
the medium of the sight; at others through the hear-
ing; but all returned through the same opening, and
walked backward as they returned. It is a common
notion, which we meet with in many modern works,
that a visiter to the cave of Trophonius never smiled
after his return. The language of Pausanias, however,
expressly disproves this; for he observes that after-
ward the person recovers the use of his reason, and
laughs just the same as before (fiarepov pivroi ru re
iXAo ovdcv n fpovrjaei fielov rj irpiirtpov, KO. I ycfajf
hdvtioiv HI). It is probable that the gloom, the mo
phitic vapours, and perhaps some violence from the
priests, which the applicant encountered in his descent,
might seriously affect his constitution, and render
. him melancholy; and thus Aristophanes strongly ex-
presses terror by an observation in the Clouds (v. 507),
which became proverbial, cic iidoiit' tyu 'Eiaa KO. T-
afiaivuv uairep ? f TpoQuvtov. One man, indeed, is
noticed by Athenians (14, p. 614, a), who did not re-
cover his power of smiling until assisted by another
oracle. Parmeniscus of Metapontum, finding himself
thus wofully dispirited, went to Delphi for a remedy,
and Apollo answered that he would find a cure if he
resorted to his (Apollo's) mother. The hypochondriac
interpreted this response as relating to his own native
country; but, on being disappointed in his hope there,
he sought relief in travelling. Touching by accident at
Delos, he entered a temple of Latona; and, unexpected-
ly casting his eyes upon a statue of that goddess
(Apollo's mother) most grotesquely sculptured, he burst
into an involuntary fit of laughter. ---Of other recorded
descents into the cave of Trophonius, that ofTimar-
chus, described by Plutarch (De Socralis Gcnio. --
Op. , vol. 8, p. 332, cd. Reiske), is dismissed by the
writer himself as a mere fable (A jtiv Ti/uipxov fiiBof
oirof). That of Apollonius of Tyana (Phtloitrat. ,
Vit. Apollon. , 4, 8) was an irruption, not a legitimate
visit. The impostor appears to have bullied the priests,
and to have done exactly according to his pleasure both
above and below ground. (Encycl. lUctropol. , pt. 35,
p. 664. )--Trophonius was named Zeus-Trophonius,
? ? that is, the Nourishing or Sustaining Zeus or Jupiter
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? TIL
TUL
Iocca, Plautius, a friend of Horace and Virgil.
He and Variua were ordered by Augustus to revise
? he . lEncid after Virgil's death. (Vid. Virgilius. )
Tuder, a town of Umbria, northwest of Spoletium,
and near the Tiber. It was originally one of the most
important cities of Umbria, and famous for its worship
of Mars. Its situation on a lofty hill rendered it a
place of great strength. It is now Todi. (Sil. Ital. ,
4, 232. --Id. , 464. -- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p.
273. )
TtiLiNGt, a people of Gaul, reckoned among the
Helvetii by some, but more correctly their neigh-
bours, and of Germanic origin. (Cits. , B. G. , 1,5. )
Tho modern Stuhlingen is thought to preserve traces
of their name. (Oberlin. ad Cas. , I. c. )
Tui. ua, I. a daughter of Servius Tullius, king of
Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud after she had
made away with her first husband, Aruns Tarquinius.
(Vid. Servius Tullius. )--II. A daughter of Cicero by
Terentia. She was three times married. Her first
husband, Caius Piso, died a short time before Cicero's
return from exile. At the end of about a year, she
was married to a second husband, Furius Crassipes,
who appears to have been a patrician of rank and dig-
nity. She was afterward divorced from this second
husband, and united to P. Cornelius Dolabella. The
life and character, however, of this last-mentioned in-
dividual proved so contrary to the manners and tem-
per both of Cicero and his daughter, that a divorce
ensued in this case also. Cicero entertained the deep-
est affection for this his favourite child, and her death,
at the age of 32, proved to him a source of the bitter-
est sorrow. (Vid. remarks under the article Cicero,
page 345, column 2. )--Cnslius Khodiginus tells us,
that in the time of Sixtus IV. there was found near
Rome, on the Appian Way, over against the tomb of
Cicero, the body of a woman whose hair was dressed
up in network of gold, and which, from the inscrip-
tion, was thought to be the body of Tullia. It was
quite entire, and so well preserved by spices as to
have suffered no injury from time ; yet, when it was
removed into the city, it mouldered away in three days.
But this was only the hasty conjecture of some learn-
ed men of the time, which, for want of authority to
support it, soon vanished of itself; for no inscription
was ever produced to confirm it, nor has it been men-
tioned by any other author that there was any sepul-
chre of Cicero on the Appian Way. (Col. Rhod. ,
Led. Antiq. , 3, 24. --Middlcton's Life of Cicero, vol.
>>, p. 149, in not. )
Tuliia Lex, I. de Senatu, by M. Tullius Cicero,
A. U. C. 690, enacted that those who had a libera le-
gation granted them by the senate should hold it no
more than one year. Such senators as had a libera
legatio travelled through the provinces without any
expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of
the state. --II. Another, de Ambitu, by the same, the
same year. It forbade any person, two years before
he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show of gladi-
ators, unless that task had devolved upon him by will.
Senators guilty of the crime of Ambitus were punished
with the aqua et ignis interdictio tor ten years, and
the penalty inflicted on the commons was more severe
than that of the Calpurnian law. (Dio Cass. , 37, 29.
--Cic. , pro Mur. , 32, seqq. )
Tuluanom, a name given to part of the public
prison at Rome. The prison was originally built by
? ? Ancus Marcius, and was afterward enlarged by Servius
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? TUR
alliance WM formed between the Romans and the Lat-
ins. Tullus had now leisure to direct his attention to
the artsuof peace, in which, however, he did not equal-
ly excTM. The only public works ascribed to him
were the enclosing of a space for the Comitia, or as-
sembly of the people, and the building of a Curia, or
? enate house. Towards the end of his reign his mind
was disturbed by prodigies, indicating the wrath of
the gods for religion neglected and temples left des-
>ku'. A shower of stones fell from heaven on the
Alban Mount, and the awful accents of a supernatu-
ral voice were heard to issue from the consecrated
summit of the hill. A plague swept away numbers
~}i the Koinan people. The king himself sickened;
and, from having been neglectful of religion, became
the slave of superstitious terrors. In vain did he sup-
plicate the gods. He had disregarded them in the
days of his prosperity, and in his adversity no deity
regarded his prayers or sent relief. In his despair he
presumed to use the divinations of Nmna, by the rites
of Jupiter Elicius (vid. Elicius); but the only answer
returned was the lightning of the offended gods, by
which Tullus himself and his whole household were
smitten and consumed. Another account, however,
ascribed his death to an act of treachery and assassi-
nation on the part of Ancus Marcius, who could not
brook that he, a descendant of Numa, should be kept
from the throne by a man of private origin. Such is
the legend of Tullus Hostilius. This monarch is said
to have reigned two-and-thirty years. (Lie. , 1, 22,
xfi/y. --Dion. Hal. , 3, 1, scqq. --Hctheringtori's His-
tory of Rome, p. 13, scqq. )--As the reigns of Romu-
lus and Numa represent the establishment of two of
the tribes or constituent elements of the Roman peo-
ple, so the reign of Tullus Hostilius seems to compre-
hend the development of the third tribe, or Luceres.
To him, as to Romulus and Numa, is ascribed a di-
vision of lands, by which portions were assigned to
the needy citizens, who, as yet, possessed no property
in the soil. It has been conjectured that the Luceres
bad hitherto held their lands, not in absolute property,
and not as common proprietors of the public domain,
but as vassals or tenants of the state, which would
bo represented in the person of the king. That the
distribution of Tullus Hostilius effected the third tribe
is rendered probable by its being connected with the
assignment of ground for building on the Cn? lian
Mount, and the enclosure of that part of the city with-
in one line of fortification with the older town, if
there is any weight in the arguments that are adduced
to show that the town on the Caelian was the settle-
ment of the Luceres. From the circumstance that
Hostilius himself dwelt there, and that he derived his
origin from the Latin town Medullia (. Dion. Hal. , 3,
I), it may be conjectured that he himself was consid-
ered to belong to the Luceres, as Romulus to the
Kamnes, and Numa to the Titienses. (Maiden's
History of Rome, p. 137, seq. )
TUNBS (Twi/f, ijroc), a city of Africa, southwest of
and near to Carthage, being, according to Polybius
(1% HI), only 120 stadia from the latter place. The
Peutinger table, however, gives the distance more
correctly at ten miles. It first rose into consequence
after the fall of Carthage. It is now Tunis. Diodo-
rus Siculus calls it " White Tunis," perhaps from the
;halky cliffs that lie around it when viewed from the
sea. (Manncrt, Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 262. )
TUNOBI, a German tribe, probably the same with
? ? .
he Aduatici of Caesar, and the first that crossed lie
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? T VN
?
>yna, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. Slrabo says
it was built an what was called the causeway of Semir-
ings. (Strabo, 537. ) Cellariua is of opinion that
the town called Dana by Xenophon, in the Anabasis
(1, 2, 20), should be identified with Tyana (Geogr.
Aniiq. , vol. 2, p. 291), and this supposition has great
probability to recommend it. --The Greeks, always led
by a similarity of name to connect the origin of cities
? vith their fables, pretended that it owed its foundation
to Thoas, the king of the Tauric Chersonese, in Ins
pursuit thither of Pylades and Orestes. (Arrian,
Peripl. Evx. , p. 6. ) From him it was called Thoana,
and afterward Tuana. (Steph. Byz. , s. u. Tvava. )
Tyana was the native city of the impostor Apollonius.
At a later period it became the see of a Christian
bishop, and the metropolis of Cappadocia Secunda.
(Grtf- Naz. , Epist. , 33. --Id. , Oral. , 20, p. 355. )
This took place in the reign of Valens. Its capture
by the Saracens is recorded by Cedrcnus (p. 477).
The modern Kctch-histar, near the foot of the central
chain of Taurus and the Cilician Pass, is thought to
correspond to the ancient city. Captain Kinneir, in
one of his journeys, found considerable ruins here.
(Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 128, seqq. )
TYAniTis, a district in the southern part of Cappa-
docia, near the range of Taurus. Its capital was
Tyana, from which it derived its name. (Vid. Tyana. )
TYBRIS. Vid. Tiberis.
TYCHB, I. one of the Occanides. (Hesiod, Th. ,
i60. )--II. A part of the town of Syracuse. It con-
tained a temple of Fortune (Tv^), whence the name.
(Cie , Verr. , 4, 53. )
TYDEDS (two syllables), a son of CEneus, king of
Calydon. He fled from his country after the accidental
murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in
the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daugh-
ter, Deiphyle, he married. When Adrastus wished to
}lace his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes,
t'ydeus undertook to announce the war to Eteocles,
*ho usurped the crown. The reception he met with
jrovoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and
vis principal chieftains, and worsted them in conflict.
On leaving Thebes and entering upon his way home,
he fell into an ambuscade of fifty of the foe, purposely
planted to destroy him, and he slew all but one, who
was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings
if the fate of his companions. He was one of the
^even chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the
fheban war he signalized his valour in a marked de-
gree, and made great slaughter of the foe, till he was
it last mortally wounded by Melanippus. As he lay
expiring, Minerva hastened to him with a medicine
which she had obtained from Jupiter, and which would
make him immortal (Bacchyl. , ap. Sehol. ad Aris-
? aph. . An. , 1536); but Amphiaraus, who hated him as
a chief cause of the war, perceiving what the goddess
was about, cut off the head of Mclanippus, whom Ty-
deus, though wounded, had slain, and brought it to
him. The savage warrior opened it and devoured the
brain, and Minerva, in disgust, withheld her aid. His
remains were interred at Aiy ><. where a monument,
laid to be his, was still seen m the age of Pausanias.
(Ham. , II, 4, 365, seqq. --Apoltod. , 1, 8, 3. --JEsch. ,
Sept. C. Thcb. , 372, seqq. , ed. Scholef. --Pausan. ,
S, 18. )
TYDIDES, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Ty-
deus. (Virg. ,ASn. , 1, 101. --Horat. , Od. , 1, 15, 20 )
? ? 'I'vi. ns, an island in the Sinus Persicus, on the
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? T yH
TYRUS
3i<< legcndi about the Dioscuri '. n very early connexion
with I,ac. . iia. In all probability, his lameness was
only a satirical allusion u> his use of the elegiac meas-
? ire, or alternating hexameter and pentameter, the lat-
ter being shorter by a foot than the former. --Tyrtseus
came to the Lacedaemonians at a time when they were
not onlv brought into great straits from without by
the boldness of Aristomenes and the desperate cour-
age of the Messenians, b. it when tho state was also
rent with internal discord. In this condition of the
Spartan commonwealth Tyrtaeus composed the most
celebrated of his elegies, which, from its subject,
was called Eunomia, that is, "Justice" or "Good
Government" (also Politeia, or "the Constitution").
But the Eunomia was neither the only nor yet the first
elegy in which Tyrlseus stimulated the Lacedaemoni-
an. s to a bold defence against the Messenians. Ex-
hortations to bravery was the theme which this poet
look for many elegies, and wrote on it with unceasing
? pirit and ever new invention. Never was the duty
and the honour of bravery impressed on the youth of
a nation with so much beauty and force of language,
by such natural and touching motives. That these
poems breathed a truly Spartan spirit, and that the
Spartans knew how to value them, is proved by the
constant use made of them in the military expeditions.
When the Spartans were on a campaign, it was their
custom, after the evening meal, when the paean had
been sung in honour of the gods, to recite these ele-
gies. On these occasions the whole mass did not join
in the cuunt, but individuals vied with each other in
repeating the verses in a manner worthy of their sub-
ject. The successful competitor then received from
ihe wlrm. irt h or commander a larger portion of meat
than the others, a distinction suitable to the simple
taste of the Spartans. This kind of recitation was so
well adapted to the elegy, that it is highly probable that
TyrtsBus himself first published his elegies in this man-
ner. The elegies of Tyrtasus, however, were never
sun;: on the march of the army, and in the battle itself;
for these occasions a strain of another kind was com-
posed by the same poet, namely, the anapaestic march-
es. (Miiller, Hist. Gr. Lit. , p. 114, icqi]. )--"We have
several fragments remaining of the elegies of Tyrtaeus.
They are written in the Ionic dialect, though address-
ed to Dorians, and are full of enthusiastic and patriotic
feeling. The anapaestic marches, on the other hand
tin'. '. ii iro)t,e/iiaT7/pta), were written in Doric. Of these
only a single fragment has come down to us. --The
best editions of Tyrtaeus are that of Klotz, Brcma,
1764, 8vo, and that contained in Gaisford's Poetic JHi-
norei Grtzci, vol. 1, p. 429, scqq. )
TYRUS or TYROS, a very ancient city of Phosnicia,
built by the Sidonians. "The strong city of Tzor" is
mentioned in the book of Joshua (19, 29), and its situa-
tion is specified as being between *' great Zidon'1 and
Achzib. Yet learned men have contended that in
Joshua's time Tyre was not built. Homer, it has been
remarked, never speaks of Tyre, but only of Sidon;
and Josephus states that Tyre was built not above 210
years before the temple of Solomon, which would be
A. M. 2760, two hundred years after Joshua. That
there was such a city as Tyre, however, in the days
of Homer, is quite certain, seeing that, in the reign of
Solomon, there was a king of Tyre; and we appre-
hend that the Scripture text will be held a sufficient
proof of its having had an existence before the land of
? ? Canaan was conquered by the Israelites. Nor is Jo-
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? VAC
lie rubbish of Old Tyre, thirty furlongs off, that sup-
plied materials for the gigantic mole constructed by
Alexander, of 200 feet in breadth, extending all the
way from the continent to the island, a distance of three
cuarters of a mile. The sea that formerly separated
them was shallow near the shore, but towards the isl-
and it is said to have been three fathoms in depth.
The causeway has probably been enlarged by the sand
thrown up by the sea, which now covers the surface
cf the isthmus. Tyre was taken by the Macedonian
conqueror after a siege of eight months, B. C. 332,
two hundred and forty-one years after its destruction
by Nebuchadnezzar, and, consequently, about one hun-
dred and seventy after it had been rebuilt. Though
now subjugated, it was not, however, totally destroyed,
since, only thirty years after, it was an object of con-
tention to Alexander's successors. The fleet of An-
tigonus invested and blockaded it for thirteen months,
at the expiration of which it was compelled to surren-
der, and received a garrison of his troops for its de-
fence. About three years after it was invested by
Pompey in person, and, owing to a mutiny in the garri-
son, fell into his hsnds. Its history is, after this period,
identified with that of Syria. In the apostolic age it
seems to have regained some measure of its ancient
character as a trading town; and St. Paul, in touching
here on one occasion, in his way back from Macedonia,
found a number of Christian believers, with whom he
spent a week; so that the gospel must early have been
preached to the Tyrians. (Acts, 21, 3. ) Josephus,
in speaking of the city of Zabulon as of admirable
beauty, says that its houses were built like those in
Tyre, and Sidon, and Berytus. Strabo also speaks of
the loftiness and beauty of the buildings. In ecclesi-
astical history it is distinguished as the first archbishop-
ric under the patriarchate of Jerusalem. It shared the
fate of the country in the Saracen invasion in the be-
ginning of the seventh century. It was reconquered
by the crusaders in the twelfth, and formed a royal
domain of the kingdom of Jerusalem, as well as an
trchiepiscopal see. William of Tyre, the well-known
historian, an Englishman, was the first archbishop.
In 1289 it was retaken by the Saracens, the Christians
being permitted to remove with their effects. When
the sultan Selim divided Syria into pachalics, Tyre,
which had probably gone to decay with the depression
if commerce, was merged in the territory of Sidon.
In 1766 it was taken possession of by the Motoualies,
who repaired the port, and enclosed it, on the land
side, with a wall twenty feet high. The wall was
standing, but the repairs had gone to ruin, at the time
of Volney's visit (1784). He noticed, however, the
choir of the ancient church mentioned by Maundrell,
together with some columns of red granite, of a spe-
cies unknown in Syria, which Djezzar Pacha wanted
to remove to Acre, but could find no engineers able to
accomplish it. It was at that time a miserable vil-
lage: its exports consisted of a few sacks of corn and of
cotton; and the only merchant of which it could boast
was a solitary Greek, in the service of the French fac-
tory at Sidon, who could hardly gain a livelihood. It
is only within the past half century that it has
once more begun to lift up its head from the dust.
{Modern Traveller, pt. 3, p. 46, seqq. )
Tvsoros, a city of Africa Propria, not far from the
coast, below Turris Hannibalis. It is supposed to
coincide as to position with the modern el-Jem. (Plot.
--Auet. , Hist. Bell. Afr, c. 36, 76-- Plin. , 5, 4 )
? ? V.
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?
