L ord N evil was very
desirous
that Mr.
Madame de Stael - Corinna, or Italy
org/access_use#pd-google
? CO B I N N E ; O B I TA L Y . 99
They have no fear of ridicule: many are so ignorant that
they cannot even write, and confess it without scruple.
They engage a Paglietto to answer letters for them, which
he does on paper large enough for a petition; but among
the better classes you see professors from the academies in
their Mack scarfs, giving lessons publicly. I f you are in-
clined to laugh at them, they ask you, ' I s there any harm
in understanding Greek , or living by our own ex ertions?
H ow can you deride so matter-of-course a proceeding? '
Dare I , my L ord, touch on a more delicate subj ect?
reason why our men so seldom display a military spirit.
They readily ex pose their lives for love or hate: in such
causes, the wounds given and received neither astonish nor
alarm their witnesses. F earless of death, when natural
passions command them to defy it, they still, I must con-
fess, value life above the political interests which slightly
affect those who can scarcely be said to have a country.
Chivalrous honour has little influence over a people among
whom the opinions that nourish it are dead; naturally
enough, in such a disorganisation of public affairs, women
-- the
gain a great ascendency; perhaps too much so for them to
respect or admire their lovers, who, nevertheless, treat
them with the most delicate devotion. Domestic virtue
constitutes the welfare and the pride of E nglishwomen; but
in no land, where love dispenses with its sacred bonds is
the happiness of women watched over as in I taly. I f our
men cannot mak e a moral code for immorality, they are at
least j ust and generous in their participation of cares and
duties. They consider themselves more culpable than
their mistresses when they break their chains: they k now
that women mak e the heaviest sacrifice; and believe, that
before the tribunal of the heart the greatest criminals are
those who have done most wrong. Men err from selfish-
ness; women because they are weak . W here society is at
once vigorous and corrupt, that is, most merciless to the
faults that are followed by the worst misfortunes, women
of course are used with more severity; but where we have
no established etiq uettes, natural charity has a greater
power. S pite all that has been said of I talian perfidy, I
will assert, that there is as much real good-nature here at
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? 100 corinne; or italy.
in any other country of the world; and that, slandered as
it is by strangers, they will no where meet with a k inder
reception. I talians are reproached as flatterers; it is with
no premeditated plan, but in mere eagerness to please, that
they lavish ex pressions of affection, not often belied by
their conduct. W ould they be ever-faithful friends, if
called on to prove so in danger or adversity? -- A very
small number, I allow, might be capable of such friend-
ship; but it is not to I taly alone that this observation is
applicable. I have previously admitted their O riental in-
dolence. Y et the very women, who appear lik e so many
beauties of a harem, may surprise you by traits of gener-
osity or of revenge: as for the mc; n, give them but an ob-
j ect, and, in six months, you might find that they would
have learned and understood whatever was req uired of
them; but, while they are untaught, why should females
be instructed? A n I talian girl would soon become worthy
of an intelligent husband, provided that she loved him;
but in a country where all great interests are suppressed, a
careless repose is more noble than a vain agitation about
trifles. L iterature itself must languish, where thoughts
are not renewed by vigorous and varied action. Y et in
what land have arts and letters been more worshipped? *
H istory shows us, that the popes, princes, and people have
at all times done homage to distinguished painters, sculp-
tors, poets, and other writers. (15) This zeal was, I own,
my L ord, one of the first motives which attached me to this
country. I did not find here those seared imaginations,
that discouraging spirit, nor that despotic mediocrity,
which, elsewhere, can so soon stifle innate ability. H ere a
felicitous phrase tak es fire, as it were, among its auditors.
A s genius is the gift which rank s highest amongst us, it
inevitably ex cites much envy. Peregolese was assassin-
ated: Giorgione wore a cuirass, when obliged to paint in
any public place; but the violent j ealousy to which talent
gives birth here, is such as in other realms is created by
power; it seek s not to depreciate the obj ect it can hate, or
even k ill, from the very fanaticism of admiration. F inally,
when we see so much life in a circle so contracted, in the
midst of so many obstacles and oppressions, we can hardly
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? corinne; or italy. 101
forbear from a vivid solicitude for those who respire with
such avidity the little air that F ancy breathes through the
boundaries which confine them. These are so limited,
that men of our day can rarely acq uire the pride and firm-
ness which mark those of freer and more military states.
I will even confess, if you desire it, my L ord, that such a
national character must inspire a woman with more en-
thusiasm; but is it not possible that a man may be brave,
honourable, nay, unite all the attributes which can teach us
to love, without possessing those that might promise us
content?
" Corinne. "
CH A PTE R I V .
This letter revived all O swald' s remorse at having even
thought of detaching himself from his love. The com-
manding intellectual mildness of its reproof affected him
deeply. A superiority so vast, so real, yet so simple, ap-
peared to him out of all ordinary rule. H e was never
insensible that this was not the tender creature his fancy
had chosen for the partner of his life: all he remembered
of L ucy E dgarmond, at twelve years of age, better ac-
corded with that ideal. B ut who could be compared with
Corinne? S he was a miracle formed by nature, in his
behalf, he dared believe; since he might flatter himself
that he was dear to her. Y et what would be his pros-
pects if he declared his inclination to mak e her his wife?
S uch, he thought, would be his decision; yet the idea that
her past life had not been entirely irreproachable, and that
such an union would assuredly have been condemned by
his father, again overwhelmed him with painful anx iety.
H e was not so subdued by grief, as he had been ere he
met Corinne; but he no longer felt the calm which may
accompany repentance, when a whole life is devoted to
ex piate our faults. F ormerly he did not fear yielding to
his saddest memories, but now he dreaded the meditations
which revealed to him the secrets of his heart. H e was
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? 102CO R I N N E ; O B I TA L Y .
preparing to seek Corinne, to thank her for her letter, and
obtain pardon for his own, when his apartment was sud-
denly entered by Mr. E dgarmond, the young L ucy' s near
relation.
This gentleman had lived chiefly on his estate in W ales;
lie possessed j ust the principles and the prej udice that
serve to k eep things as they are; and this is an advantage
where things are as well arranged as human reason per-
mits. I n such a case, the partisans of established order, even
though stubbornly bigoted to their own way of think ing,
deserve to be regarded as rational and enlightened men.
L ord N evil shuddered as this name was announced.
' A ll the past seemed to rise before him in an instant;
and his nex t idea was, that L ady E dgarmond, the mother
of L ucy, had charged her k insman with reproaches.
This thought restored his self-command: he received his
countryman with ex cessive coldness; though not a single
aim of the good man' s j ourney concerned our hero. H e
was travelling for his health, ex ercising himself fn the
chase, and drink ing " S uccess to K ing George and old
E ngland! " H e was one of the best fellows in the world,
with more wit and education than would have been sup-
posed: ultra-E nglish, even on points where it would have
been advisable to be less so; k eeping up, in all countries,
the habits of his own, and avoiding their natives, not from
contempt, but a reluctance to speak in foreign tongues,
and a timidity which, at the age of fifty, rendered him
ex tremely shy of new acq uaintance.
' ' I
go to N
wish I
am delighted to see you," he said to N evil. " I
aples in a fortnight: shall I find you there? I
may! having but little time to stay in I taly, as my
regiment embark s shortly. " -- ' ' Y our regiment! " repeated
O swald, colouring, not that he had forgotten that, having a
year' s leave of absence, his presence would not be so soon
req uired; but he blushed to think that Corinne might
banish even duty from his mind. " Y our corps," con-
tinued Mr. E dgarmond, " will leave you more leisure for
the q uiet necessary to restore your strength. J ust before
I left E ngland I saw a little cousin of mine in whom you
are interested: she is a charming girl! and, by the time
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 108
you return, nex t year, I don' t doubt that she will be the
finest woman in E ngland. " N evil was silent, and Mr. E d-
garmond too. F or some time after this, they addressed each
other very laconically, though with k ind politeness, and the
guest rose to depart; but, turning from the door, said, ab-
ruptly, " A propos, my L ord, you can do me a favour. I am
told that you k
generally shrink
her. " -- " I
house, then,"
now the celebrated Corinne; and, though I
from foreigners, I am really curious to see
her, some day when she ex
" Corinne," returned N
will ask
replied O
her permission to tak e you to her
swald. " Do, I beg: let me see
temporises, dances, and sings. " --
evil, " does not thus display her
accomplishments before strangers: she is every way your
eq ual and mine. " -- " F orgive my mistak e," cried his
friend; " but as she is merely called Corinne, and, at six
and twenty, lives unprotected by any one of her family, I
thought that she subsisted by her talents, and might gladly
seize any opportunity of mak ing them k nown. " --
" H er
her s
fortune is independent," replied O swald, hastily;
mind still more so. " Mr. E dgarmond regretted . that
he had mentioned her, seeing that the topic interested
L ord N evil.
N o people on earth deal more considerately with true
"
affections than do the E nglish. H e departed; O swald re-
mained alone, ex claiming to himself, " I ought to marry
Corinne! I must secure her against future misinterpret-
ation. I will offer her the little I can, rank and name, in
return for the felicity which she alone can grant me. " I n
this mood, full of hope and love, he hastened to her house;
yet, by a natural impulse of diffidence, began by reassuring
himself with conversation on indifferent themes: among
them was the req uest of Mr. E dgarmond. S he was evi-
dently discomposed by that name, and, in a trembling
voice, refused his visit. O swald was greatly astonished.
" I should have thought that with you, who receive so
much company," he said, " the title of my friend would
be no motive for ex clusion. " -- "
L ord," she said; " believe me, I
Do not be offended, my
must have powerful reasons
for denying any wish of yours. " -- " W ill you tell me those
reasons? " he ask ed. " I mpossible I " she answered. " B e
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? 104-CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
it so, then," he articulated. The vehemence of his feelings
check ed his speech; he would have left her, but Corinne,
through her tears, ex claimed in E nglish, " F or God'
stay, if you would not break my heart! "
These words and accents thrilled N evil to the soul;
he reseated himself at some distance from her, leaning his
head against an alabaster vase, and murmuring, " Cruel
woman! you see I love you, and am twenty times a day
ready to offer you my hand; yet you will not tell me who
s sak e
you are, Corinne! Tell me now! " -- " O swald," she
sighed, " you k now not how you pain me: were I rash
enough to obey, you would cease to love me. " -- " Great
God! " hecried," whathaveyoutoreveal? " -- " N othing
that renders me unworthy of you: but do not ex act it.
S ome day, perhaps, when you love me better-- if-- ah-! I
k now not what I say-- you shall k now all, but do not
abandon me unheard. Promise it in the name of your
now sainted father! "
" N amehimnot! " ravedO swald. " K nowyouifhe
would unite or part us? I f you believe he would consent,
say so, and I shall surmount this anguish. I will one day
tell you the sad story of my life;
to which you have reduced me!
Cold dews stood on his pale brow;
but now, behold the state
"
lips could utter no more. Corinne seated herself beside
him; and, holding his hands in hers tenderly, recalled
him to himself. " My dear O swald! " she said, " ask
Mr. E dgarmond if he was ever in N orthumberland, or,
at least, if he has been there only within the last five
years: if so, you may bring him hither. " O swald gazed
fix edly on her; she cast down her eyes in silence. " 1
will do what you desire," he said, and departed. S ecluded
in his chamber, he ex hausted his conj ectures on the secrets
of Corinne. I t appeared evident that she had passed some
time in E ngland, and that her family name must be k nown
there: but what was her motive for concealment, and why
had she left his country? H e was convinced that no stain
could attach to her life; but he feared that a combination
of circumstances might have made her seem blamable in
the eyes of others. H e was armed against the disappio-
his trembling
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 105
bation of every country save E ngland. The memory of
his father was so entwined with that of his native land,
that each sentiment strengthened the other. O swald learned
from E dgarmond that he had visited N orthumberland for
the first time a year ago; and therefore promised to in-
troduce him at Corinne' s that evening. H e was the first
to arrive there, in order to warn her against the miscon-
ceptions of his friend, and beg her, by a cold reserve of
manner, to show him how much he was deceived.
" I f you permit me," she observed, " I would rather
treat him as I do every one else. I f he wishes to hear the
improvisatrice, he shall; I will show myself to him such
as I am; for I think he will as easily perceive my rightful
pride through this simple conduct, as if I behaved with an
affected constraint. " -- " Y ou are right, Corinne," said
O swald: " how wrong were he who would attempt to\
change you from your admirable self! " The rest of the
party now j oined them. N evil placed himself near his love,
with an added air of deference, rather to command that of
others than to satisfy himself; he had soon the j oy of
finding thi3 effort needless. S he captivated E dgarmond,
not only by her charms and conversation, but by inspiring
that esteem which sterling characters, however contrasted,
naturally feel for each other; and when he ventured on
ask ing her to ex temporise for him, he aspired to this honour
with the most revering earnestness. S he consented without
delay; for she k new how to give her favours a value beyond
that of difficult attainment. S he was anx ious to please the
countryman of N evil, -- a man whose report of her ought
to have some weight, -- but these thoughts occasioned her
so sudden, a tremor, that she k new not how to begin.
O swald, grieved that she should not shine her best before
an E nglishman, turned away his eyes, in obvious em-
barrassment; and Corinne, think ing of no one but himself,
lost all her presence of mind; nor ideas, nor even words,
were at her call; and, suddenly giving up the attempt, she
said to Mr. E dgarmond, " F orgive me, sir; fear robs me
of all power. ' Tis the first time, my friends k now, that
I was ever thus beside myself; but," she added, with a sigh,
" it may not be the last. "
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? 106 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
Till now, O swald had seen her genius triumph over her
affections; but now feeling had entirely subdued her mind:
yet so identified was he with her glory, that he suffered
beneath this failure, instead of enj oying it. Certain, how-
ever, that she would ex cel on a future interview with his
friend, he gave himself up to the sweet pledge of his own
power which he had j ust received; and the image of his
beloved reigned more securely in his heart than ever.
BOOKVII.
I TA L I A N L I TE R A TUR E .
CH A PTE R I .
L ord N evil was very desirous that Mr. E dgarmond should
partak e the conversation of Corinne, which far surpassed
her improvised verses. O n the following day, the same
party assembled at her house; and, to elicit her remark s,
he turned the discourse on I talian literature, provok ing her
natural vivacity by affirming that E ngland could boast a
greater number of true poets than I taly. " I n the first
place," said Corinne, " foreigners usually k now none but
our first-rate poets: Dante, Petrarch, A riosto, Guarini, Tasso,
and Metastasio; but we have many others, such as Chiabrera,
Guidi, F ilicaj a, and Parini, without reck oning S annazer
Politian, who wrote in L atin. A ll their verses are har-
moniously coloured; all more or less k new how to in-
troduce the wonders of nature and art into their verbal'
pictures. Doubtless they want the melancholy grandeur
of your bards, and their k nowledge of the human heart;
but does not this k ind of superiority become the philosopher
better than the poet? The brilliant melody of our lan-
guage is rather adapted to describe ex ternal obj ects than
abstract meditation: it is more competent to depict fury
than sadness; for reflection calls for metaphysic ex pressions;
while revenge ex cites the fancy, and banishes the thought
of grief. Cesarotti has translated O ssian in the most
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? corinne; O R I TA L Y . 107
, elegant manner; but, in reading him, we feel that hig
words are in themselves too j oyous for the gloomy ideas
they would recall; we yield to the charm of our soft
phrases, as to the murmur of waves or the tints of flowers.
W hat more would you ex act of poetry? I f you ask the
nightingale the meaning of his song, he can ex plain but by
recommencing it: we can only appreciate its music by
giving way to the impression it mak es on us. O ur measured
lines, with rapid terminations, composed of two brief syl.
lables, glide along as their name (S druccioli) denotes, some-
times imitating the light steps of a dance; sometimes, with
graver tone, realising the tumult of a tempest, or the clash of
arms. O ur poetry is a wonder of imagination; you ought
not there to seek for every species of pleasure. " -- " I
admit," returned N evil, " that you account as well as
possible for the beauties and defects of your national
poetry: but when these faults, without these graces, are
found in prose, how can you defend it? what is but vague
in the one becomes unmeaning in the other. The crowd
of common ideas, that your poets embellish by melody and
by figures, is served up cold in your prose, with the most
fatiguing pertinacity. The greatest portion of your present
prose writers use a language so declamatory, so diffuse, so
abounding in superlatives, that one would think they all
dealt out the same accepted phrases by word of command,
or by a k ind of convention. Their style is a tissue, a piece
of mosaic. They possess in its highest degree the art of
inflating an idea, or frothing up a sentiment: one is tempted
to ask them a similar q uestion to that put by the negress
to the F renchwoman, in the days of hoop-petticoats,
' Pray, Madam, is all that yourself? ' N ow, how much
is real beneath this pomp of words, which one true ex -
pression might dissipate lik e an idle dream? " -- " Y ou
forget," interrupted Corinne, " first Machiavel and B oc-
caccio, then Gravina, F ilangieri, and even, in our own
days, Cesarotti, V erri, B ettinelli, and many others, who
k newbothhowtowriteandhowtothink . (16 )I agree
with you, that, for the last century or two, unhappy cir-
cumstances having deprived I taly of her independence, all
zeal for truth has been so lost, that it is often impossible to
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? 108 corinne; or italy.
speak it in any way. The result is, a habit of resting
content with words, and never daring to approach a thought.
A uthors, too sure that they can effect no change in the
state of things, write but to show their wit,-- the surest way
of soon concluding with no wit at all; for it is only by
directing our efforts to a nobly useful aim that we can aug-
ment our stock of ideas. W hen writers can do nothing for
the welfare of their country; when, indeed, their means
constitute their end, from leading to no better, they double
in a thousand windings, without advancing one step. The
I talians are afraid of new ideas, rather because they are in-
dolent than from literary servility. B y nature they have
much originality; but they give themselves no time to
reflect. Their eloq uence, so vivid in conversation, chills as
they work ; besides this, the S outherns feel hampered by
prose, and can only ex press themselves fully in verse. I t
is not thus with F
d' E rfeuil: "
your versifiers. "
rench literature," added Corinne to
your prose writers are often more poetical than
-- " That is a truth established by classic
authorities," replied the Count. " B ossuet, L a B
Montesq uieu, and B uffon can never be surpassed;
ruyere,
espe-
I V . :
cially the first two, who belonged to the age of L
they are perfect models for all to imitate who can;
as important to foreigners as to ourselves. " -- "
ouis X
think ," returned Corinne, " that it were desirable for dis-
tinct countries to lose their peculiarities; and I dare to tell
you, Count, that, in your own land, the national orthodox y
which opposes all felicitous innovations must render your
I literature very barren. Genius is essentially creative: it
bears the character of the individual who possesses it.
N ature, who permits no two leaves to be ex actly alik e, has
given a still greater diversity to human minds. I mitation,
then, is a double murder; for it deprives both copy and
original of their primitive ex istence. " -- " W ould you wish
us," ask
Y oung'
Concetti?
ed d' E rfeuil, " to admit such Gothic barbarisms as
s ' N ight Thoughts,' or the S panish and I talian
W hat would become of our tasteful and elegant
style after such a mix ture? " The Prince Castel F orte now
remark ed, " I think that we all are in want of each other' s
aid. The literature of every country offers a new sphere
-- a hint
I can hardly
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA I . Y . 109
of ideas to those familiar with it. Charles V . said, ' The
man who understands four languages is worth four men. '
W hat that great genius applied to politics is as true in the
state of letters. Most foreigners understand F rench; their
views, therefore, are more ex tended than those of F rench-
men, who k now no language but their own. W hy do they
not oftener learn other tongues? They would preserve
what distinguishes themselves, and might acq uire some
things in which they still are wanting. "
CH A PTE R I I .
" Y ou will confess, at least," replied the Count, " that
there is one department in which we have nothing to learn
from any one. O ur theatre is decidedly the first in
E urope. I cannot suppose that the E nglish themselves
would think of placing their S hak speare above us. " --
" Pardon me, they do think of it," answered Mr. E dgar-
mond; and having said this, resumed his previous silence.
" O h! " ex claimed the Count, with civil contempt, " let
every man think as he pleases; but I persist in believing
that, without presumption, we may call ourselves the
highest of all dramatic artists. A s for the I talians, if I
may speak frank ly, they are in doubt whether there is
such an art in the world. Music is every thing with them;
the piece nothing: if a second act possesses a better scena
than a first, they begin with that; nay, they will play por-
tions of different operas on the same night, and between
them an act from some prose comedy, containing nothing
but moral sentences, such as our ancestors turned over to
the use of other countries, as worn too threadbare for
their own. Y our famed musicians do what they will with
your poets. O ne won' t sing a certain air, unless the word
F elicita be introduced; the tenor demands his Tomba; a
third can' t shak e unless it be upon Catene. The poor poet
must do his best to harmonise these varied tastes with his
dramatic situations. N or is this the worst: some of
them will not deign to walk on the stage; they must
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? 110 corinne; or italy.
appear surrounded by clouds, or descend from the top of
a palace stair-case, in order to give their entrance due
effect. L et an air be sung in ever so tender or so furious
a passage, the actor must needs bow his thank s for the ap-
plause it draws down. I n S emiramis, the other night,
the spectre of N inus paid his respects to the pit with an
obseq uiousness q uite neutralising the awe his costume
should have created. I n I taly, the theatre is look ed on
merely as a rendezvous, where you need listen to nothing
but the songs and the ballet. I may well say they listen
to the ballet, for they are never q uiet till after its com-
mencement; in itself it is the chef-d' amvre of bad taste;
ex cept its grotesq ues, who are true caricaturists of dancing,
I k now not what there is to amuse in your ballet beyond
its absurdity. I have seen Gengis K han, clothed in ermine
and magnanimity, give up his crown to the child of his
conq uered rival, and lift him into the air upon his foot, a
new way of raising a monarch to the throne; I have seen
the self-devotion of Curtius, in three acts, full of diver-
tisements. The hero, dressed lik e an A rcadian shepherd,
had a long dance with his mistress, ere he mounted a real
horse upon the stage, and threw himself into a fiery gulf,
lined with orange satin and gold paper. I n fact, I have
seen an abridgement of the R oman history, turned into
ballets, from R omulus down to Caesar. " -- " A ll that is very
true," mildly replied the Prince of Castel F orte; " but
you speak only of our O pera, which is in no country con-
sidered the dramatic theatre. " -- " O h, it is still worse
when they represent tragedies, or dramas not included
under the head of those with happy catastrophes; they
crowd more horrors into five acts than human imagination
ever conceived. I n one of these pieces a lover k ills his
mistress' brother, and burns her brains before the audience.
The fourth act is occupied by the funeral, and ere the
fifth begins, the lover, with the utmost composure, gives
out the nex t night' s harleq uinade; then resumes his cha-
racter, in order to end the play by shooting himself. The
tragedians are perfect counterparts of the cold ex agger-
ations in which they perform, committing the greatest
atrocities with the most ex emplary indifference. I f an
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? corinne; or I taly, 111
actor becomes impassioned, he is called a preacher, so
much more emotion is betrayed in the pulpit than on the
stage; and it is luck y that these heroes are so peacefully
pathetic, since, as there is nothing interesting in your plays,
the more fuss they made, the more ridiculous they would
become: it were well if they were divertingly so; but it
is all too monotonous to laugh at. I taly has neither tragedy
nor comedy; the only drama truly her own is the harle-
q uinade. A thievish, cowardly glutton; an amorous or
avaricious old dupe of a guardian, are the materials. Y ou
will own that such inventions cost no very great efforts, and
that the ' Tartuffe' and the ' Misanthrope' called for some
ex ertion of genius. " This attack displeased the I talians,
though they laughed at it. I n conversation the Count
preferred displaying his wit to his good-humour. N atural
benevolence prompted his actions, but self-love his words.
Castel F orte and others longed to refute his accusations,
but they thought the cause would be better defended by
Corinne; and as they rarely sought to shine themselves,
they were content, after citing such names as Maffei, Me-
tastasio, Goldoni, A lfleri, and Monti, with begging her to
answer Monsieur d' E rfeuil. Corinne agreed with him that
the I talians had no national theatre; but she sought to
prove that circumstances, and not want of talent, had
caused this deficiency. " Comedy," she said, " as de-
pending on observation of manners, can only ex ist in a
country accustomed to a great and varied population.
I taly is animated but by violent passions or effeminate
enj oyments. S uch passions give birth to crimes that con-
found all shades of character. B ut that ideal comedy,
which suits all times, all countries, was invented here.
H arleq uin, pantaloon, and clown are to be found in every
piece of that description. E very where they have rather
mask s than faces; that is, they wear the physiognomy of
their class, and not of individuals. Doubtless our modern
authors found these parts all made to their hands, lik e the
pawns of a chess-board; but these fantastic creations, which,
from one end of E urope to the other, still amuse not only
children, but men whom fancy renders childish, surely
give the I talians some claim on the art of comedy. O bser-
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? 112CO B I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
vation of the human heart is an inex haustible source of lite-
rature; but nations rather romantic than reflective yield
themselves more readily to the delirium of j oy than to phi-
losophic satire. S omething of sadness lurk s beneath the
pleasantry founded on a k nowledge of mank ind; the most
truly inoffensive gaiety is that which is purely imaginative.
N ot that I talians do not shrewdly study those with whom
they are concerned. They detect the most private thoughts,
as subtly as others; but they are not wont to mak e a lite-
rary use of the acuteness which mark s their conduct.
Perhaps they are reluctant to generalise and to publish their
discoveries. Prudence may forbid their wasting on mere
plays what may serve to guide their behaviour, or con-
verting into witty fictions that which they find so useful in
real life. N evertheless Machiavel, who has made k nown all
the secrets of criminal policy, may serve to show of what
terrible sagacity the I talian mind is capable. Goldoni,
who lived in V enice, where society is at its best, introduced
more observation into his work s than is commonly
found. Y et his numerous comedies want variety both of
character and situation. They seem modelled not on
life, but on the generality of theatrical pieces. I rony is not
the true character of I talian wit. I t is A riosto, and not
Moliere, who can amuse us here. Gozzi, the rival of
Goldoni, had much more irregular originality. H e gave
himself up freely to his genius; mingling buffoonery with
magic, imitating nothing in nature, but dealing with
those fairy chimeras that bear the mind beyond the
boundaries of this world. H e had a prodigious success in
his day, and perhaps is the best specimen of I talian comic
fancy; but, to ascertain what our tragedy and comedy
might become, they must be allowed a theatre, and a
company. A host of small towns dissipate the few re-
sources that might be collected. That division of states,
usually so favourable to public welfare, is destructive of it
here. W e want a centre of light and power, to pierce the
mists of surrounding prej udice. The authority of a go-
vernment would be a blessing, if it contended with the
ignorance of men, isolated among themselves, in separate
provinces, and, by awak ening emulation, gave life to a
people now content with a dream. "
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? CO H I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 113
These and other discussions were spiritedly put forth
by Corinne; she eq ually understood the art of that light
and rapid style, which insists on nothing; in her wish to
please, adopting each by turns, though freq uently abandon-
ing herself to the talent which had rendered her so cele-
brated as an improvisatrice. O ften did she call on Castel
F orte to support her opinions by his own; but she spok e
so well, that all her auditors listened with delight, and could
not have endured an interruption. Mr. E dgarmond, above
all, could never have wearied of seeing and hearing her:
he hardly dared ex plain to himself the admiration she
ex cited; and whispered some words of praise, trusting that
she would understand, without obliging him to repeat them.
H e felt, however, so anx ious to hear her sentiments on
tragedy, that, in spite of his timidity, he risk ed the q uestion.
" Madame," he said, " it appears to me that tragedies are
what your literature wants most. I think that yours come
less near an eq uality with our own, than children do to
men: for childish sensibility, if light, is genuine; while
your serious dramas are so stilted and unnatural, that they
stifle all emotion. A m I not right, my lord? " he added,
turning his eyes towards N evil, with an appeal for assist-
ance, and astonished at himself for having dared to say so
much before so large a party. -- " I think j ust as you do,"
returned O swald: " Metastasio, whom they vaunt as the
bard of love, gives that passion the same colouring in all
countries and situations. H is songs, indeed, abound with
grace, harmony, and lyric beauty, especially when detached
from the dramas to which they belong; but it is impossible
for us, whose S hak speare is indisputably the poet who has
most profoundly fathomed the depths of human passions,
to bear with the fond pairs who fill nearly all the scenes of
Metastasio, and, whether called A chilles or Thyrsis, B rutus
or Corilas, all sing in the same strain, the martyrdom
they endure, and depict, as a species of insipid idiotcy, the
most stormy impulse that can wreck the heart of man. I t
is with real respect for A lfieri that I venture a few com-
ments on his work s, their aim is so noble! The sentiments
of the author so well accord with the life of the man, that
his tragedies ought always to be praised as so many great
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? 114 corinne; or italy.
actions, even though they may be criticised in a literary
sense. I t strik es me, that some of them have a monotony
in their vigour, as Metastasio' s have in their sweetness.
A lfieri gives us such a profusion of energy and worth, or
such an ex aggeration of violence and guilt, that it is im-
possible to recognise one human being among his heroes.
Men are never either so vile or so generous as he describes
them. The obj ect is to contrast vice with virtue; but
these contrasts lack the gradations of truth. I f tyrants
were obliged to put up with half he mak es their victims
say to their faces, one would really feel tempted to pity
them. I n the tragedy of ' O ctavia,' this outrage of proba-
bility is most apparent. S eneca lectures N ero, as if the
one were the bravest, and the other the most patient of
men. The master of the world allows himself to be in-
sulted, and put in a rage, scene after scene, as if it were
not in his own power to end all this by a single word. I t
is certain, that, in these continual dialogues, S eneca utters
max ims which one might pride to hear in a harangue or
read in a dissertation; but is this the way to give an idea
of tyranny ?
? CO B I N N E ; O B I TA L Y . 99
They have no fear of ridicule: many are so ignorant that
they cannot even write, and confess it without scruple.
They engage a Paglietto to answer letters for them, which
he does on paper large enough for a petition; but among
the better classes you see professors from the academies in
their Mack scarfs, giving lessons publicly. I f you are in-
clined to laugh at them, they ask you, ' I s there any harm
in understanding Greek , or living by our own ex ertions?
H ow can you deride so matter-of-course a proceeding? '
Dare I , my L ord, touch on a more delicate subj ect?
reason why our men so seldom display a military spirit.
They readily ex pose their lives for love or hate: in such
causes, the wounds given and received neither astonish nor
alarm their witnesses. F earless of death, when natural
passions command them to defy it, they still, I must con-
fess, value life above the political interests which slightly
affect those who can scarcely be said to have a country.
Chivalrous honour has little influence over a people among
whom the opinions that nourish it are dead; naturally
enough, in such a disorganisation of public affairs, women
-- the
gain a great ascendency; perhaps too much so for them to
respect or admire their lovers, who, nevertheless, treat
them with the most delicate devotion. Domestic virtue
constitutes the welfare and the pride of E nglishwomen; but
in no land, where love dispenses with its sacred bonds is
the happiness of women watched over as in I taly. I f our
men cannot mak e a moral code for immorality, they are at
least j ust and generous in their participation of cares and
duties. They consider themselves more culpable than
their mistresses when they break their chains: they k now
that women mak e the heaviest sacrifice; and believe, that
before the tribunal of the heart the greatest criminals are
those who have done most wrong. Men err from selfish-
ness; women because they are weak . W here society is at
once vigorous and corrupt, that is, most merciless to the
faults that are followed by the worst misfortunes, women
of course are used with more severity; but where we have
no established etiq uettes, natural charity has a greater
power. S pite all that has been said of I talian perfidy, I
will assert, that there is as much real good-nature here at
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? 100 corinne; or italy.
in any other country of the world; and that, slandered as
it is by strangers, they will no where meet with a k inder
reception. I talians are reproached as flatterers; it is with
no premeditated plan, but in mere eagerness to please, that
they lavish ex pressions of affection, not often belied by
their conduct. W ould they be ever-faithful friends, if
called on to prove so in danger or adversity? -- A very
small number, I allow, might be capable of such friend-
ship; but it is not to I taly alone that this observation is
applicable. I have previously admitted their O riental in-
dolence. Y et the very women, who appear lik e so many
beauties of a harem, may surprise you by traits of gener-
osity or of revenge: as for the mc; n, give them but an ob-
j ect, and, in six months, you might find that they would
have learned and understood whatever was req uired of
them; but, while they are untaught, why should females
be instructed? A n I talian girl would soon become worthy
of an intelligent husband, provided that she loved him;
but in a country where all great interests are suppressed, a
careless repose is more noble than a vain agitation about
trifles. L iterature itself must languish, where thoughts
are not renewed by vigorous and varied action. Y et in
what land have arts and letters been more worshipped? *
H istory shows us, that the popes, princes, and people have
at all times done homage to distinguished painters, sculp-
tors, poets, and other writers. (15) This zeal was, I own,
my L ord, one of the first motives which attached me to this
country. I did not find here those seared imaginations,
that discouraging spirit, nor that despotic mediocrity,
which, elsewhere, can so soon stifle innate ability. H ere a
felicitous phrase tak es fire, as it were, among its auditors.
A s genius is the gift which rank s highest amongst us, it
inevitably ex cites much envy. Peregolese was assassin-
ated: Giorgione wore a cuirass, when obliged to paint in
any public place; but the violent j ealousy to which talent
gives birth here, is such as in other realms is created by
power; it seek s not to depreciate the obj ect it can hate, or
even k ill, from the very fanaticism of admiration. F inally,
when we see so much life in a circle so contracted, in the
midst of so many obstacles and oppressions, we can hardly
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? corinne; or italy. 101
forbear from a vivid solicitude for those who respire with
such avidity the little air that F ancy breathes through the
boundaries which confine them. These are so limited,
that men of our day can rarely acq uire the pride and firm-
ness which mark those of freer and more military states.
I will even confess, if you desire it, my L ord, that such a
national character must inspire a woman with more en-
thusiasm; but is it not possible that a man may be brave,
honourable, nay, unite all the attributes which can teach us
to love, without possessing those that might promise us
content?
" Corinne. "
CH A PTE R I V .
This letter revived all O swald' s remorse at having even
thought of detaching himself from his love. The com-
manding intellectual mildness of its reproof affected him
deeply. A superiority so vast, so real, yet so simple, ap-
peared to him out of all ordinary rule. H e was never
insensible that this was not the tender creature his fancy
had chosen for the partner of his life: all he remembered
of L ucy E dgarmond, at twelve years of age, better ac-
corded with that ideal. B ut who could be compared with
Corinne? S he was a miracle formed by nature, in his
behalf, he dared believe; since he might flatter himself
that he was dear to her. Y et what would be his pros-
pects if he declared his inclination to mak e her his wife?
S uch, he thought, would be his decision; yet the idea that
her past life had not been entirely irreproachable, and that
such an union would assuredly have been condemned by
his father, again overwhelmed him with painful anx iety.
H e was not so subdued by grief, as he had been ere he
met Corinne; but he no longer felt the calm which may
accompany repentance, when a whole life is devoted to
ex piate our faults. F ormerly he did not fear yielding to
his saddest memories, but now he dreaded the meditations
which revealed to him the secrets of his heart. H e was
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? 102CO R I N N E ; O B I TA L Y .
preparing to seek Corinne, to thank her for her letter, and
obtain pardon for his own, when his apartment was sud-
denly entered by Mr. E dgarmond, the young L ucy' s near
relation.
This gentleman had lived chiefly on his estate in W ales;
lie possessed j ust the principles and the prej udice that
serve to k eep things as they are; and this is an advantage
where things are as well arranged as human reason per-
mits. I n such a case, the partisans of established order, even
though stubbornly bigoted to their own way of think ing,
deserve to be regarded as rational and enlightened men.
L ord N evil shuddered as this name was announced.
' A ll the past seemed to rise before him in an instant;
and his nex t idea was, that L ady E dgarmond, the mother
of L ucy, had charged her k insman with reproaches.
This thought restored his self-command: he received his
countryman with ex cessive coldness; though not a single
aim of the good man' s j ourney concerned our hero. H e
was travelling for his health, ex ercising himself fn the
chase, and drink ing " S uccess to K ing George and old
E ngland! " H e was one of the best fellows in the world,
with more wit and education than would have been sup-
posed: ultra-E nglish, even on points where it would have
been advisable to be less so; k eeping up, in all countries,
the habits of his own, and avoiding their natives, not from
contempt, but a reluctance to speak in foreign tongues,
and a timidity which, at the age of fifty, rendered him
ex tremely shy of new acq uaintance.
' ' I
go to N
wish I
am delighted to see you," he said to N evil. " I
aples in a fortnight: shall I find you there? I
may! having but little time to stay in I taly, as my
regiment embark s shortly. " -- ' ' Y our regiment! " repeated
O swald, colouring, not that he had forgotten that, having a
year' s leave of absence, his presence would not be so soon
req uired; but he blushed to think that Corinne might
banish even duty from his mind. " Y our corps," con-
tinued Mr. E dgarmond, " will leave you more leisure for
the q uiet necessary to restore your strength. J ust before
I left E ngland I saw a little cousin of mine in whom you
are interested: she is a charming girl! and, by the time
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 108
you return, nex t year, I don' t doubt that she will be the
finest woman in E ngland. " N evil was silent, and Mr. E d-
garmond too. F or some time after this, they addressed each
other very laconically, though with k ind politeness, and the
guest rose to depart; but, turning from the door, said, ab-
ruptly, " A propos, my L ord, you can do me a favour. I am
told that you k
generally shrink
her. " -- " I
house, then,"
now the celebrated Corinne; and, though I
from foreigners, I am really curious to see
her, some day when she ex
" Corinne," returned N
will ask
replied O
her permission to tak e you to her
swald. " Do, I beg: let me see
temporises, dances, and sings. " --
evil, " does not thus display her
accomplishments before strangers: she is every way your
eq ual and mine. " -- " F orgive my mistak e," cried his
friend; " but as she is merely called Corinne, and, at six
and twenty, lives unprotected by any one of her family, I
thought that she subsisted by her talents, and might gladly
seize any opportunity of mak ing them k nown. " --
" H er
her s
fortune is independent," replied O swald, hastily;
mind still more so. " Mr. E dgarmond regretted . that
he had mentioned her, seeing that the topic interested
L ord N evil.
N o people on earth deal more considerately with true
"
affections than do the E nglish. H e departed; O swald re-
mained alone, ex claiming to himself, " I ought to marry
Corinne! I must secure her against future misinterpret-
ation. I will offer her the little I can, rank and name, in
return for the felicity which she alone can grant me. " I n
this mood, full of hope and love, he hastened to her house;
yet, by a natural impulse of diffidence, began by reassuring
himself with conversation on indifferent themes: among
them was the req uest of Mr. E dgarmond. S he was evi-
dently discomposed by that name, and, in a trembling
voice, refused his visit. O swald was greatly astonished.
" I should have thought that with you, who receive so
much company," he said, " the title of my friend would
be no motive for ex clusion. " -- "
L ord," she said; " believe me, I
Do not be offended, my
must have powerful reasons
for denying any wish of yours. " -- " W ill you tell me those
reasons? " he ask ed. " I mpossible I " she answered. " B e
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? 104-CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
it so, then," he articulated. The vehemence of his feelings
check ed his speech; he would have left her, but Corinne,
through her tears, ex claimed in E nglish, " F or God'
stay, if you would not break my heart! "
These words and accents thrilled N evil to the soul;
he reseated himself at some distance from her, leaning his
head against an alabaster vase, and murmuring, " Cruel
woman! you see I love you, and am twenty times a day
ready to offer you my hand; yet you will not tell me who
s sak e
you are, Corinne! Tell me now! " -- " O swald," she
sighed, " you k now not how you pain me: were I rash
enough to obey, you would cease to love me. " -- " Great
God! " hecried," whathaveyoutoreveal? " -- " N othing
that renders me unworthy of you: but do not ex act it.
S ome day, perhaps, when you love me better-- if-- ah-! I
k now not what I say-- you shall k now all, but do not
abandon me unheard. Promise it in the name of your
now sainted father! "
" N amehimnot! " ravedO swald. " K nowyouifhe
would unite or part us? I f you believe he would consent,
say so, and I shall surmount this anguish. I will one day
tell you the sad story of my life;
to which you have reduced me!
Cold dews stood on his pale brow;
but now, behold the state
"
lips could utter no more. Corinne seated herself beside
him; and, holding his hands in hers tenderly, recalled
him to himself. " My dear O swald! " she said, " ask
Mr. E dgarmond if he was ever in N orthumberland, or,
at least, if he has been there only within the last five
years: if so, you may bring him hither. " O swald gazed
fix edly on her; she cast down her eyes in silence. " 1
will do what you desire," he said, and departed. S ecluded
in his chamber, he ex hausted his conj ectures on the secrets
of Corinne. I t appeared evident that she had passed some
time in E ngland, and that her family name must be k nown
there: but what was her motive for concealment, and why
had she left his country? H e was convinced that no stain
could attach to her life; but he feared that a combination
of circumstances might have made her seem blamable in
the eyes of others. H e was armed against the disappio-
his trembling
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 105
bation of every country save E ngland. The memory of
his father was so entwined with that of his native land,
that each sentiment strengthened the other. O swald learned
from E dgarmond that he had visited N orthumberland for
the first time a year ago; and therefore promised to in-
troduce him at Corinne' s that evening. H e was the first
to arrive there, in order to warn her against the miscon-
ceptions of his friend, and beg her, by a cold reserve of
manner, to show him how much he was deceived.
" I f you permit me," she observed, " I would rather
treat him as I do every one else. I f he wishes to hear the
improvisatrice, he shall; I will show myself to him such
as I am; for I think he will as easily perceive my rightful
pride through this simple conduct, as if I behaved with an
affected constraint. " -- " Y ou are right, Corinne," said
O swald: " how wrong were he who would attempt to\
change you from your admirable self! " The rest of the
party now j oined them. N evil placed himself near his love,
with an added air of deference, rather to command that of
others than to satisfy himself; he had soon the j oy of
finding thi3 effort needless. S he captivated E dgarmond,
not only by her charms and conversation, but by inspiring
that esteem which sterling characters, however contrasted,
naturally feel for each other; and when he ventured on
ask ing her to ex temporise for him, he aspired to this honour
with the most revering earnestness. S he consented without
delay; for she k new how to give her favours a value beyond
that of difficult attainment. S he was anx ious to please the
countryman of N evil, -- a man whose report of her ought
to have some weight, -- but these thoughts occasioned her
so sudden, a tremor, that she k new not how to begin.
O swald, grieved that she should not shine her best before
an E nglishman, turned away his eyes, in obvious em-
barrassment; and Corinne, think ing of no one but himself,
lost all her presence of mind; nor ideas, nor even words,
were at her call; and, suddenly giving up the attempt, she
said to Mr. E dgarmond, " F orgive me, sir; fear robs me
of all power. ' Tis the first time, my friends k now, that
I was ever thus beside myself; but," she added, with a sigh,
" it may not be the last. "
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? 106 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
Till now, O swald had seen her genius triumph over her
affections; but now feeling had entirely subdued her mind:
yet so identified was he with her glory, that he suffered
beneath this failure, instead of enj oying it. Certain, how-
ever, that she would ex cel on a future interview with his
friend, he gave himself up to the sweet pledge of his own
power which he had j ust received; and the image of his
beloved reigned more securely in his heart than ever.
BOOKVII.
I TA L I A N L I TE R A TUR E .
CH A PTE R I .
L ord N evil was very desirous that Mr. E dgarmond should
partak e the conversation of Corinne, which far surpassed
her improvised verses. O n the following day, the same
party assembled at her house; and, to elicit her remark s,
he turned the discourse on I talian literature, provok ing her
natural vivacity by affirming that E ngland could boast a
greater number of true poets than I taly. " I n the first
place," said Corinne, " foreigners usually k now none but
our first-rate poets: Dante, Petrarch, A riosto, Guarini, Tasso,
and Metastasio; but we have many others, such as Chiabrera,
Guidi, F ilicaj a, and Parini, without reck oning S annazer
Politian, who wrote in L atin. A ll their verses are har-
moniously coloured; all more or less k new how to in-
troduce the wonders of nature and art into their verbal'
pictures. Doubtless they want the melancholy grandeur
of your bards, and their k nowledge of the human heart;
but does not this k ind of superiority become the philosopher
better than the poet? The brilliant melody of our lan-
guage is rather adapted to describe ex ternal obj ects than
abstract meditation: it is more competent to depict fury
than sadness; for reflection calls for metaphysic ex pressions;
while revenge ex cites the fancy, and banishes the thought
of grief. Cesarotti has translated O ssian in the most
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? corinne; O R I TA L Y . 107
, elegant manner; but, in reading him, we feel that hig
words are in themselves too j oyous for the gloomy ideas
they would recall; we yield to the charm of our soft
phrases, as to the murmur of waves or the tints of flowers.
W hat more would you ex act of poetry? I f you ask the
nightingale the meaning of his song, he can ex plain but by
recommencing it: we can only appreciate its music by
giving way to the impression it mak es on us. O ur measured
lines, with rapid terminations, composed of two brief syl.
lables, glide along as their name (S druccioli) denotes, some-
times imitating the light steps of a dance; sometimes, with
graver tone, realising the tumult of a tempest, or the clash of
arms. O ur poetry is a wonder of imagination; you ought
not there to seek for every species of pleasure. " -- " I
admit," returned N evil, " that you account as well as
possible for the beauties and defects of your national
poetry: but when these faults, without these graces, are
found in prose, how can you defend it? what is but vague
in the one becomes unmeaning in the other. The crowd
of common ideas, that your poets embellish by melody and
by figures, is served up cold in your prose, with the most
fatiguing pertinacity. The greatest portion of your present
prose writers use a language so declamatory, so diffuse, so
abounding in superlatives, that one would think they all
dealt out the same accepted phrases by word of command,
or by a k ind of convention. Their style is a tissue, a piece
of mosaic. They possess in its highest degree the art of
inflating an idea, or frothing up a sentiment: one is tempted
to ask them a similar q uestion to that put by the negress
to the F renchwoman, in the days of hoop-petticoats,
' Pray, Madam, is all that yourself? ' N ow, how much
is real beneath this pomp of words, which one true ex -
pression might dissipate lik e an idle dream? " -- " Y ou
forget," interrupted Corinne, " first Machiavel and B oc-
caccio, then Gravina, F ilangieri, and even, in our own
days, Cesarotti, V erri, B ettinelli, and many others, who
k newbothhowtowriteandhowtothink . (16 )I agree
with you, that, for the last century or two, unhappy cir-
cumstances having deprived I taly of her independence, all
zeal for truth has been so lost, that it is often impossible to
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? 108 corinne; or italy.
speak it in any way. The result is, a habit of resting
content with words, and never daring to approach a thought.
A uthors, too sure that they can effect no change in the
state of things, write but to show their wit,-- the surest way
of soon concluding with no wit at all; for it is only by
directing our efforts to a nobly useful aim that we can aug-
ment our stock of ideas. W hen writers can do nothing for
the welfare of their country; when, indeed, their means
constitute their end, from leading to no better, they double
in a thousand windings, without advancing one step. The
I talians are afraid of new ideas, rather because they are in-
dolent than from literary servility. B y nature they have
much originality; but they give themselves no time to
reflect. Their eloq uence, so vivid in conversation, chills as
they work ; besides this, the S outherns feel hampered by
prose, and can only ex press themselves fully in verse. I t
is not thus with F
d' E rfeuil: "
your versifiers. "
rench literature," added Corinne to
your prose writers are often more poetical than
-- " That is a truth established by classic
authorities," replied the Count. " B ossuet, L a B
Montesq uieu, and B uffon can never be surpassed;
ruyere,
espe-
I V . :
cially the first two, who belonged to the age of L
they are perfect models for all to imitate who can;
as important to foreigners as to ourselves. " -- "
ouis X
think ," returned Corinne, " that it were desirable for dis-
tinct countries to lose their peculiarities; and I dare to tell
you, Count, that, in your own land, the national orthodox y
which opposes all felicitous innovations must render your
I literature very barren. Genius is essentially creative: it
bears the character of the individual who possesses it.
N ature, who permits no two leaves to be ex actly alik e, has
given a still greater diversity to human minds. I mitation,
then, is a double murder; for it deprives both copy and
original of their primitive ex istence. " -- " W ould you wish
us," ask
Y oung'
Concetti?
ed d' E rfeuil, " to admit such Gothic barbarisms as
s ' N ight Thoughts,' or the S panish and I talian
W hat would become of our tasteful and elegant
style after such a mix ture? " The Prince Castel F orte now
remark ed, " I think that we all are in want of each other' s
aid. The literature of every country offers a new sphere
-- a hint
I can hardly
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA I . Y . 109
of ideas to those familiar with it. Charles V . said, ' The
man who understands four languages is worth four men. '
W hat that great genius applied to politics is as true in the
state of letters. Most foreigners understand F rench; their
views, therefore, are more ex tended than those of F rench-
men, who k now no language but their own. W hy do they
not oftener learn other tongues? They would preserve
what distinguishes themselves, and might acq uire some
things in which they still are wanting. "
CH A PTE R I I .
" Y ou will confess, at least," replied the Count, " that
there is one department in which we have nothing to learn
from any one. O ur theatre is decidedly the first in
E urope. I cannot suppose that the E nglish themselves
would think of placing their S hak speare above us. " --
" Pardon me, they do think of it," answered Mr. E dgar-
mond; and having said this, resumed his previous silence.
" O h! " ex claimed the Count, with civil contempt, " let
every man think as he pleases; but I persist in believing
that, without presumption, we may call ourselves the
highest of all dramatic artists. A s for the I talians, if I
may speak frank ly, they are in doubt whether there is
such an art in the world. Music is every thing with them;
the piece nothing: if a second act possesses a better scena
than a first, they begin with that; nay, they will play por-
tions of different operas on the same night, and between
them an act from some prose comedy, containing nothing
but moral sentences, such as our ancestors turned over to
the use of other countries, as worn too threadbare for
their own. Y our famed musicians do what they will with
your poets. O ne won' t sing a certain air, unless the word
F elicita be introduced; the tenor demands his Tomba; a
third can' t shak e unless it be upon Catene. The poor poet
must do his best to harmonise these varied tastes with his
dramatic situations. N or is this the worst: some of
them will not deign to walk on the stage; they must
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? 110 corinne; or italy.
appear surrounded by clouds, or descend from the top of
a palace stair-case, in order to give their entrance due
effect. L et an air be sung in ever so tender or so furious
a passage, the actor must needs bow his thank s for the ap-
plause it draws down. I n S emiramis, the other night,
the spectre of N inus paid his respects to the pit with an
obseq uiousness q uite neutralising the awe his costume
should have created. I n I taly, the theatre is look ed on
merely as a rendezvous, where you need listen to nothing
but the songs and the ballet. I may well say they listen
to the ballet, for they are never q uiet till after its com-
mencement; in itself it is the chef-d' amvre of bad taste;
ex cept its grotesq ues, who are true caricaturists of dancing,
I k now not what there is to amuse in your ballet beyond
its absurdity. I have seen Gengis K han, clothed in ermine
and magnanimity, give up his crown to the child of his
conq uered rival, and lift him into the air upon his foot, a
new way of raising a monarch to the throne; I have seen
the self-devotion of Curtius, in three acts, full of diver-
tisements. The hero, dressed lik e an A rcadian shepherd,
had a long dance with his mistress, ere he mounted a real
horse upon the stage, and threw himself into a fiery gulf,
lined with orange satin and gold paper. I n fact, I have
seen an abridgement of the R oman history, turned into
ballets, from R omulus down to Caesar. " -- " A ll that is very
true," mildly replied the Prince of Castel F orte; " but
you speak only of our O pera, which is in no country con-
sidered the dramatic theatre. " -- " O h, it is still worse
when they represent tragedies, or dramas not included
under the head of those with happy catastrophes; they
crowd more horrors into five acts than human imagination
ever conceived. I n one of these pieces a lover k ills his
mistress' brother, and burns her brains before the audience.
The fourth act is occupied by the funeral, and ere the
fifth begins, the lover, with the utmost composure, gives
out the nex t night' s harleq uinade; then resumes his cha-
racter, in order to end the play by shooting himself. The
tragedians are perfect counterparts of the cold ex agger-
ations in which they perform, committing the greatest
atrocities with the most ex emplary indifference. I f an
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? corinne; or I taly, 111
actor becomes impassioned, he is called a preacher, so
much more emotion is betrayed in the pulpit than on the
stage; and it is luck y that these heroes are so peacefully
pathetic, since, as there is nothing interesting in your plays,
the more fuss they made, the more ridiculous they would
become: it were well if they were divertingly so; but it
is all too monotonous to laugh at. I taly has neither tragedy
nor comedy; the only drama truly her own is the harle-
q uinade. A thievish, cowardly glutton; an amorous or
avaricious old dupe of a guardian, are the materials. Y ou
will own that such inventions cost no very great efforts, and
that the ' Tartuffe' and the ' Misanthrope' called for some
ex ertion of genius. " This attack displeased the I talians,
though they laughed at it. I n conversation the Count
preferred displaying his wit to his good-humour. N atural
benevolence prompted his actions, but self-love his words.
Castel F orte and others longed to refute his accusations,
but they thought the cause would be better defended by
Corinne; and as they rarely sought to shine themselves,
they were content, after citing such names as Maffei, Me-
tastasio, Goldoni, A lfleri, and Monti, with begging her to
answer Monsieur d' E rfeuil. Corinne agreed with him that
the I talians had no national theatre; but she sought to
prove that circumstances, and not want of talent, had
caused this deficiency. " Comedy," she said, " as de-
pending on observation of manners, can only ex ist in a
country accustomed to a great and varied population.
I taly is animated but by violent passions or effeminate
enj oyments. S uch passions give birth to crimes that con-
found all shades of character. B ut that ideal comedy,
which suits all times, all countries, was invented here.
H arleq uin, pantaloon, and clown are to be found in every
piece of that description. E very where they have rather
mask s than faces; that is, they wear the physiognomy of
their class, and not of individuals. Doubtless our modern
authors found these parts all made to their hands, lik e the
pawns of a chess-board; but these fantastic creations, which,
from one end of E urope to the other, still amuse not only
children, but men whom fancy renders childish, surely
give the I talians some claim on the art of comedy. O bser-
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? 112CO B I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
vation of the human heart is an inex haustible source of lite-
rature; but nations rather romantic than reflective yield
themselves more readily to the delirium of j oy than to phi-
losophic satire. S omething of sadness lurk s beneath the
pleasantry founded on a k nowledge of mank ind; the most
truly inoffensive gaiety is that which is purely imaginative.
N ot that I talians do not shrewdly study those with whom
they are concerned. They detect the most private thoughts,
as subtly as others; but they are not wont to mak e a lite-
rary use of the acuteness which mark s their conduct.
Perhaps they are reluctant to generalise and to publish their
discoveries. Prudence may forbid their wasting on mere
plays what may serve to guide their behaviour, or con-
verting into witty fictions that which they find so useful in
real life. N evertheless Machiavel, who has made k nown all
the secrets of criminal policy, may serve to show of what
terrible sagacity the I talian mind is capable. Goldoni,
who lived in V enice, where society is at its best, introduced
more observation into his work s than is commonly
found. Y et his numerous comedies want variety both of
character and situation. They seem modelled not on
life, but on the generality of theatrical pieces. I rony is not
the true character of I talian wit. I t is A riosto, and not
Moliere, who can amuse us here. Gozzi, the rival of
Goldoni, had much more irregular originality. H e gave
himself up freely to his genius; mingling buffoonery with
magic, imitating nothing in nature, but dealing with
those fairy chimeras that bear the mind beyond the
boundaries of this world. H e had a prodigious success in
his day, and perhaps is the best specimen of I talian comic
fancy; but, to ascertain what our tragedy and comedy
might become, they must be allowed a theatre, and a
company. A host of small towns dissipate the few re-
sources that might be collected. That division of states,
usually so favourable to public welfare, is destructive of it
here. W e want a centre of light and power, to pierce the
mists of surrounding prej udice. The authority of a go-
vernment would be a blessing, if it contended with the
ignorance of men, isolated among themselves, in separate
provinces, and, by awak ening emulation, gave life to a
people now content with a dream. "
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? CO H I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 113
These and other discussions were spiritedly put forth
by Corinne; she eq ually understood the art of that light
and rapid style, which insists on nothing; in her wish to
please, adopting each by turns, though freq uently abandon-
ing herself to the talent which had rendered her so cele-
brated as an improvisatrice. O ften did she call on Castel
F orte to support her opinions by his own; but she spok e
so well, that all her auditors listened with delight, and could
not have endured an interruption. Mr. E dgarmond, above
all, could never have wearied of seeing and hearing her:
he hardly dared ex plain to himself the admiration she
ex cited; and whispered some words of praise, trusting that
she would understand, without obliging him to repeat them.
H e felt, however, so anx ious to hear her sentiments on
tragedy, that, in spite of his timidity, he risk ed the q uestion.
" Madame," he said, " it appears to me that tragedies are
what your literature wants most. I think that yours come
less near an eq uality with our own, than children do to
men: for childish sensibility, if light, is genuine; while
your serious dramas are so stilted and unnatural, that they
stifle all emotion. A m I not right, my lord? " he added,
turning his eyes towards N evil, with an appeal for assist-
ance, and astonished at himself for having dared to say so
much before so large a party. -- " I think j ust as you do,"
returned O swald: " Metastasio, whom they vaunt as the
bard of love, gives that passion the same colouring in all
countries and situations. H is songs, indeed, abound with
grace, harmony, and lyric beauty, especially when detached
from the dramas to which they belong; but it is impossible
for us, whose S hak speare is indisputably the poet who has
most profoundly fathomed the depths of human passions,
to bear with the fond pairs who fill nearly all the scenes of
Metastasio, and, whether called A chilles or Thyrsis, B rutus
or Corilas, all sing in the same strain, the martyrdom
they endure, and depict, as a species of insipid idiotcy, the
most stormy impulse that can wreck the heart of man. I t
is with real respect for A lfieri that I venture a few com-
ments on his work s, their aim is so noble! The sentiments
of the author so well accord with the life of the man, that
his tragedies ought always to be praised as so many great
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? 114 corinne; or italy.
actions, even though they may be criticised in a literary
sense. I t strik es me, that some of them have a monotony
in their vigour, as Metastasio' s have in their sweetness.
A lfieri gives us such a profusion of energy and worth, or
such an ex aggeration of violence and guilt, that it is im-
possible to recognise one human being among his heroes.
Men are never either so vile or so generous as he describes
them. The obj ect is to contrast vice with virtue; but
these contrasts lack the gradations of truth. I f tyrants
were obliged to put up with half he mak es their victims
say to their faces, one would really feel tempted to pity
them. I n the tragedy of ' O ctavia,' this outrage of proba-
bility is most apparent. S eneca lectures N ero, as if the
one were the bravest, and the other the most patient of
men. The master of the world allows himself to be in-
sulted, and put in a rage, scene after scene, as if it were
not in his own power to end all this by a single word. I t
is certain, that, in these continual dialogues, S eneca utters
max ims which one might pride to hear in a harangue or
read in a dissertation; but is this the way to give an idea
of tyranny ?
