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ENALLAGE OR VARIATION OF WORDS.
In the composition of Latin verse, it will often be found-
necessary not only to change the prosaic arrangement of
the words, but to substitute, for some of the expressions,
other phrases of the same signification, but of different
length and quantity.
The language of poetry differs in so many respects from the lan-
guage of prose, that any attempt to form rules, by which the one
may be changed into the other, would be vain and absurd. This
change can be effected only by an intimate acquaintance with the
beauties of composition, united with a poetical and active imagi-
nation. It is not consequently the object of this chapter to point
out any method of changing prose into poetry, but simply to fur-
nish observations and exercises, which may be of some assistance
in forming language, that is already poetical, into regular verse. '
Enallage is the substitution of one word for another.
The singular number may frequently be changed into
the plural, and the plural into the singular; as Mella,
nostri, flore, for mel, mei, floribus:
Fervet opus, <<jdolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
Nil nostrl miserVe? mori me denique coges?
Quotque in floreTrjvo pomis se fertilis arbos
Induerat, totidem autumno matura tenebat. ViRG.
This change of number is not confined to substantives, but is
equally frequent in pronouns and verbs, when they are of the first
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person. The substitution of Noster for meus is also a common
irregularity.
Adverbs are often changed into adjectives, which are
most commonly made to agree with a noun, but which
are sometimes put in the neuter gender singular or plural;
as Ardentes, recens, transversa, for ardenter, recenter,
transverse:
Instant ardentes Tyrii; pars ducere murtos.
Sole recens orto, aut noctem ducentibus astris.
Novimus et qui, te, transversa tuentibus hircis. Virg.
A substantive of the genitive case may frequently be
changed into an adjective agreeing with the preceding
noun, and a noun in the genitive may sometimes be used
instead of an adjective; as Humanis for hominum, and
Hominum for humanis:
Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda.
Aut deus ille malis hominum mitescere discat. Virg.
A participle may sometimes be substituted for a verb,
for a relative and verb, and for a conjunction and verb;
as Fassus, spretae portans, for passus est, qua; spreta erat,
et portat:
Multa quoque et bello passus dum conderet urbem.
Nec dum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores
Exciderant animo: manet alta mente repostum
Judicium Paridis, spretaeque injuria formae.
Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,
Ilium in Italiam portans, victosque Penates. Virg.
A compound is often used instead of its simple word,
and the simple word instead of its compound; as Mittite,
consequitur, evinctus, for omittite, sequitur, vinctus:
Experti, revocate animo6, mcestumque timorem
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? VERSIFICATION. 77
Mittite; forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit.
Quem modo navali Mnestheus certatnine victor
Consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva. Virg.
A repetition of a word or of several words may some-
times be used, instead of a conjunction, to connect the
parts of a sentence; as Nunc and super multa foret:
Nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos;
Nunc frondent sylvae; nunc formosissimus annus.
Multa super Priamo rogitans, superHectoremulta.
Virg.
The verb Sum may sometimes be elegantly changed
into a verb neuter; as Horrent for sunt:
Namque aliae turpes horrent, ceu pulvere ab alto
Cum venit, et terram sicco spuit ore viator. Virg.
The verb Sum, with a dative expressed or understood,
is often elegantly used for habeo; as Sunt nobis poma for
habemus poma:
Hie tamen hanc mecum poteris requiescere noctem
Fronde super viridi. Sunt nobis mitia poma. Virg.
An active verb may sometimes be changed into the
passive voice, and a neuter verb into a verb impersonal, by
altering the construction of the sentence; as Insidiis ca-
piere and discumbitur, for insidiae capient te and discum-
bunt:
Si ver6 solem ad rapidum lunasque sequentes
Ordine respicies, nunquam te crastina fallet
Hora, neque insidiis noctis capiere serenae.
Jam pater iEneas et jam Trojana juventus
Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur astro. Virg.
The case of a substantive may often be changed without
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violating the rules of syntax; as Delphinum for delphini-
bus:
Delphinum similes, qui per maria humida nando
Carpathium Libycumque secant, luduntque per undas.
Virg.
Any word may be changed into a synonymous term or
a word of the same signification: that word, however, is
always to be preferred in versification, which expresses
the idea most clearly, most forcibly, and most poetically.
All the preceding changes of words cannot strictly he referred
to enallage, neither have all the changes been specified, which the
introduction of this figure often occasions; those only have been
mentioned, which are of the most frequent assistance in versifica-
tion, and which do not require of the young student any consider-
able knowledge of the idiom of the language, or of the usage of
the poets.
The situation of one word is required to be changed in
each verse of the following exercises, except in those lines
which are designed to exemplify the foregoing observations.
EXERCISES.
Singular and Plural.
l.
Time passes on; and we in the silently fleeting years
grow old; And the days glide away, no curb restraining
them.
Tempus labor; tacitusque senesco annus;
Et fugio, hon frauium remorans, dies.
2.
My father sways the sceptre of Asia, than which there
is not a happier land, Scarcely is it possible to pass over
its extensive boundaries.
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? VERSIFICATION. 79
Sceptrum parens Asia, qui nullus beatior ora,
Finibus immensis vix, teneo, obeunda.
i
3.
Jove had nodded his assent; each pole was made to
tremble by his nod; And Atlas felt the weight of the
heaven.
Jupiter annuo; tremefactus uterque nutus
Sum polus; et caelum pondus sentiu Atlas.
4.
If there was any one, who to chaplets made of the
flowers of the field Could add violets, he was considered
rich.
Si quis sum, factus pratum ieflos corona
Qui addo possum viola, dives sum.
5.
He shall give you wine, made on those mountains,
From which he himself came, under the brow of which
he has played.
Hie tu vinum do, difFusus in mons ille,
A qui ipse venio, qui ludo sub vertex.
6.
My mother held me fast, and added also these words
with her rosy lips; "O my son, what great provocation
thus excites your ungoverned anger? Why are you thus
enraged? or whither has your regard for me fled? "
Contineo, roseusque ore hie insuper addo;
"Natus, quis indomitus tantus dolor excito ira f
Quid furo? aut quonam ego tibi cura recedo? "
7.
All the grove is shattered; the storms tear off the an-
cient Branches of the trees ? , and though for ages pene-
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trated by no Sun, the bowers of shady Lycaeus have been
laid open.
Omnia nemus frangor; rapio antiquus procella
Brachia sylva; nullusque aspectus per tcvum
Sol, umbrosus pateo aestiva Lycseus.
8.
There let the spices, which fertile Panchaia sends forth,
And the Eastern Arabians, and rich Assyria, And there
also let tears be poured forth in remembrance of me.
Thus do I wish verses to be composed on my remains.
Illuc merx, qui mitto pinguis Panchaia,
Eousque Arabes, et Assyria dives,
Et ego memor lacrymae fundor eddem.
Sic ego componor velim versus in'os.
9.
Seek, O master of the feast, for other guests, Whom
the regal splendors of your table may captivate. Me let
my friend invite to meals that are quickly dressed. That
feast only pleases me, which I am able to give in return.
Conviva alius, aena, quaero^ magibter,
Qui mensa regnum superbus tuus capio.
Ego meus amicus ad subitus invito ofella.
Hie ego placeo, qui possum reddo, ccena.
10.
His natal day is c$me, let us utter before the altars pro-
pitious words. Thou, O man, and thou, O woman, who-
soever thou art that drawest near, refrain from every ad-
verse sound. Let sacred incense be burned; let the
odors be burned, Which the soft Arabians send from their
fertile land.
Bonus verbum dico, venio natalis, ad ara.
Quisquis adsum, vir mulierque, lingua fave.
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? VERSIFICATION. ? 81
Uror pius thus focus; uror odor,
Qui tener e terra dives mitto Arabs.
11.
I desire not riches, nor yet would I be so meanly poor,
That a rich man may disdain to enter my house. May a
friendly circle also, before my spacious fire, Delight to
beguile with me the dulness of a winter night with amus-
ing tales.
Divitiae non pcto, nec sim tam sordide egenus,
Nauseo ut dives tectum subeo meus.
Quin egocum historia ad largus ignis circulus
Decipio hybernus tedium nox amo.
12.
Lo my locks lie dishevelled without order on my neck,
Nor do glittering jewels encircle my joints; I am clothed
in a miserable dress; no gold is in my tresses; My hair is
not perfumed with Arabian dew.
Ecce collum sparsus sine lex capillus jaceo,
Nee premo articulus lucidus gemma meus:
Vestis tego vilis; nullus sum aurum in ciinis;
Non Arabus meus ros capillus oleo.
Adjective and Adverb.
13.
You spend your quiet hours of leisure delightfully at
home; your sweet Children smile around you, and run to
you for kisses.
Lcctl ago securus domesticus otia; dulcis
Arrideo circum, et propero ad osculum natus.
14.
What body of men, O citizens, is brought hither in a
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black cloud of dust? Bring arms quickly, furnish darts,
mount the walls
Quis globus, O civis, ater caligo volvor?
- Fero citb ferrum (enall. ), do telum, scando inurus.
IS.
The lands produce harvests, when by the heat of the
burning dog star The earth annually yields the yellow
ears of corn.
Rus messis fero, calidus cum sidus asms
Depono flavus quotannis (unnuus) terra coma.
16.
But the ram himself in the meadows, sometimes with
sweetly glowing Purple, sometimes with yellow die, shall
tinge his fleece.
Ipse sed in pratum aries, jam suaviter rubens
Murex, jam muto vellus (enall. ) croceus lutum.
17.
The winds being changed roar in an opposite direction,
And from the lowering west Spring up; and the air is
condensed into a cloud.
Mutatus transversi fremo, et vesper ab ater
Consurgo veiitus; atque aer in nubes cogor.
18.
The trees also appear to mourn, their leaves being gone,
And the birds do not sweetly sing.
Quinetiam ramus positus lugeo videor frons,
-- et non (nullus) dulce queror avis.
19.
Plenty relieves not his hunger; parching thirst his
throat Dries up; and he is deservedly tormented by the
now-hated gold.
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? VERSIFICATION. 8S
Copia non fames relevo; sitis aridus guttur
Uro; et invisus meriti torqueor ab aurum.
20.
Osiris first made ploughs with a skilful hand, And
turned up the soft ground with iron. He first committed
seeds to the untried ground, And gathered apples from
trees before unknown.
Primilm aralrum manus solers facio Osiris,
Et tener humus ferrum solicito.
Primilm inexpertus committo semen terra,
Pomumque ab non notus lego arbos.
Adjective and Substantive.
21.
O son of JUson, fickle and more inconstant than the
breeze of spring, Why are your words . without their pro-
mised weight?
Mobilis, iEsonide, cemque incertior aura,
Cur tuus verbum pollicitus pondus careo f
22.
At a fixed hour also the morning leads through the
realms Etherial the rosy dawn, and diffuses the light
around.
Tempus item certus roseus per ora Matuta
Mthereus aurora defero, et lumen (tnall. ) pando.
23.
Night had begun to bury the cares of men in her deep
Bosom, and sleep had spread abroad her heavy wings.
Cospi hominnm altus sopio labor
Nox gremium, pigerque ala sopor diffundo.
24.
But neither do I always remain confined in my house
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or in the city; Nor does the vernal season pass away un-
enjoyed by me.
Sed neque sub tectum semper, nee lateo (enall. ) in urbs;
Irritus nec ego (enall. ) tempus (enall. ) vermis eo.
25.
Then in the gate with his mouth encompassed with
serpents black Cerberus Howls, and stands as a centinel
before the gates of brass.
Turn niger in porta serpentum os Cerberus strido,
------ et arts excubo ante fores.
26.
But that primitive age, to which we have applied the
epithet golden, Was happy in the fruits of trees and in the
herbs, which the earth produces; Nor did it stain the
mouth with blood.
. At ille vetus aetas, qui facio aurea nomen,
Foetus arborum, et qui humus educo, herba,
Fortunatus sum; nee os (enall. ) polluo cruor.
27.
Nor does she believe that the winter uninjurious de-
stroys not the roses, That the cold months of the year are
gay with the herbs of other months, Nor that the shoots
of spring fear not the tempestuous Bootes.
Nec credo quod bruma innoxius rosa servo,
Quod gelidus alienus rubeo gramen (enall. ) mensis,
Veris nec iratus timeo virgultum Bootes.
28.
The father and the husband of Lucretia pardon the
deed, which she was thus compelled to commit. "The
pardon," said she, "which you give to me, I myself
withhold. " There was no hesitation; she instantly
pierces her breast with a concealed poignard, And falls
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? VERSIFICATION. 85
stained with blood at her father's feet.
Do venia factum coacto genitor conjuxque.
"Qui," dico, " venia tit do, ipse nego. "
Nee mora; figo suus pectus (enall. ) celatus ferrum,
? t cado in patrit sanguinolentus pes.
29.
I do not ask for paternal riches and the fruits, Which
a treasured harvest afforded to an ancient ancestor. A
small field is enough for me; it is enough for me if I am
able to live at peace in my cottage, And to rest my weary
limbs on my accustomed couch.
Non ego divitiae patrius fructusque require,
Qui fero antiquus avus conditus messis.
Parvus seges satis sum; satis sum tectum requiesco
Si licet, et solitus torus membrum levo.
30.
I should have thought that, in the first origin of the
rising world, no other Days had shone, or had any other
temperature: It was then spring; spring the spacious
. globe enjoyed; And the east winds withheld the blasts of
winter.
Non alius primus crescens mundus origo
Illuceo dies, aliusve tenor habuisse,
Credo: ver ille sum; ver magnus orbis ago;
? 'et hyemis parceo flatus Eurus.
31.
Wherefore take courage, for neither does the wisdom
of the Deity Exercise itself in vain, nor will the soul be
bounded by those' Limits, by which this perishable body
is bounded; but freed from all Earthly pollution it
florishes, and shall florish for ever.
Lat. Pr. H
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? 86 EXERCISES IN
Quare sumo animus; neque enim sapientia Dei
Opera frustra impendo, neque mens arctor iste
Limes, qui hoc corpus periturus; at exsors
Terrenus labes vigeo, vigeo ceternumque.
Ftrticiplc and Verb.
32.
And now you may admire the barks gliding so swiftly,
And now the vessels passing on by cords so slowly.
Et moilo tam celeriter (enall. ) miror current (injin. ) linter,
Et modo tam tarde (enall. ) funis euns ratis.
33.
Do you not also see stones reduced to nothing by time?
Do you not see lofty towers falling, and rocks mouldering
away?
Denique non lapis quoque uterus cerno ab aevum?
Non altus turris mens et putrescent saxum?
34.
Do we not also see that the tombs of heroes have de-
cayed? Do we not see flinty fragments falling down,
separated from the lofty mountains, Neither bearing nor
resisting the mighty force of time?
Denique non monumentum vir (sync. ) dilabor video?
Non ruens avulsus silex a mons altus,
Nec validus <evum vis (enall. ) perferens patiensgue f
35,
His cheeks were seized with paleness; with a face as
though frozen he stood, Doubtful whether he should have
recourse to flight, or supplicate mercy as one subdued, Or
betake himself to enemies so great.
Inficior pallor gena; sto os gelatus,
Incertus petone fuga, veniave posco subactus, an sese transfero in tantus hostis.
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? VERSIFICATION. 87
36.
Now the Tines are tied; now the vineyards require not
the pruning-hook; Now the weary vintager sings near the
remotest rows of his vines: But still the earth must be
turned up, and the mould moved; And still the weather
is to be dreaded by the ripening grapes.
Jam vincior vitis; jam falx arbustum repono;
Jam effcetus cano extremos vinitor antes:
Solicitandus tamen tellus, movendus pulvisque;
Et jam metuendus maturus Jupiter uva.
37.
But Julius Proculus was coming from Longa Alba, And
the moon was shining, neither was there any need of a
torch; When the clouds on his left hand were heard to
burst asunder with a sudden motion. He drew back his"
steps; his hair stood erect with fear; Splendid, and more
than human, and adorned with a royal robe, Romulus was
seen standing before him in the middle of his path.
Sed Proculus Alba Longa venio Julius,
Fulgeo lunaque, nec fax usus sum;
Cum subitus motus sinister nubes crepuere.
Refero ille gradus; coma (enall. ) horreoque; <
Pulcher, et major humanus, trabeaque decorus,
Romulus in medius virus est adsum via.
Participle and Relative and Verb.
38.
What does it profit to rob the vine of the grapes, which
are still growing? And to pluck with a mischievous hand
the apples, which are just formed?
Quid fraudo juvo vitis, qua crescunt, uva?
Et, modo qua nata sunt, malus Velio pomum manus?
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39.
This at least let her grant to me, who do not ask many
things of her, And let her cover my exposed remains with
cypress leaves.
Hie ego concede saltern, non multus qui rogo,
Nudusque cupressinus (enall. ) irons tego os.
40.
You will find that to all the ships, now tossed about in
the deep, The sea was smooth when they first left the
port.
Onirics invenio, nunc jactatus in ahum,
Navis a portu fretum lenis sum.
41.
Moreover the soul asks not for those joys, which are
fleeting, But for those, which are more suitable to itself,
and subject to no change, Joys, which through eternal
ages will never perish.
Gaudium quinetiam non hie, quafugiunt, posco,
At sui magis aptus, vicis (enall. ) obnoxius nullus,
Gaudium, perpetuus qua non interibunt per aevum (enall. ).
42.
There the guilty limbs of Ixion, who dared to tempt
Juno, Are turned continually round on a rapid wheel: And
Tityus, stretched over nine acres of ground, Feeds with
his loathsome bowels birds that are ever preying.
Illic Juno tento, Ixion, qui ausus est,
Versor celer rota noxius membrum:
Porrectusque, Tityus, per novem juger terra,
Pasco assiduus ater viscus (enall. ) avis.
Participle and Conjunction and Verb.
43.
In the mean while Aurora to wretched mortals the fair
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? VERSIFICATION. 89
Light had brought forth, and renews the work and labors
of the day.
Aurora interea mortalis miser almus
Effero lux, et refert opus (enall. ) atque labor.
44.
In the country also The white sheep carries on her
back the soft fleece, And will soon afford employment to
the youthful maidens.
Bus etiam, tener cura et exhibebit puella,
Mollis gero tergum lucida ovis vellus.
45.
And when men shall let loose their tongues in revilings
Against you, and asperse your names with false Accusa-
tions, rejoice, and with a firm mind endure it all.
Et cum mortalis solvo lingua in jurgia
Vos contra, falsus et onerant nomen vester
Crimen, gaudeo, ac fero firmus pectus.
46.
Now the flocks and the birds are silent; now sleep
Steals on the miser's cares, and descending passes through
the air, And brings to his wearied mind sweet repose.
Jam pecus volucrisque taceo; jam avarus (enall. ) somnus
Inserpo cura, pronusque nuto per aer, s
Gratus laboratus et refert oblivium (enall. ) vita.
47.
Alexander, the Macedonian, weeps, when he had sub-
dued to himself the whole world, And is grieved that
nothing remains to be conquered by his arms. Xerxes
weeps, because of all his multitudes of soldiers not one,
When the next age shall arrive, not one will be living. O
Macedonian, I will not commend your tears; your hu-
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mane sorrow I applaud, O Persian, and am willing to weep
with you.
Macedo fleo, sui totus ubi debello orbs,
Et indignatur arma nihil (sync. ) supersum suus.
Fleo Xerxes, quod suus de mille nemo, aetas
Proximus cum venio, nemo sum superstes.
Nolo tuus lacrymas, Macedo; ego laudo dolor
Humanus, et tucum, Persa, volo doleo.
Simple and Compound.
48.
Lucifer, the morning star, arose above the mountain
Casius, And ushered in the day to Egypt, glowing with
the rising sun.
Lucifer prospicio a Casia rupe, diesque
Immitto in iEgyptus, primus quoque sol calens.
49.
First behold the oceans, the kingdoms, and the heaven.
The same day shall assign them all to destruction, and,
though through many years Preserved, the fabric and sys-
tem of the universe shall perish.
Principio mare, ac terra, coelumque intueor.
Dies unus do exitium, multusque per annus
Sustentatus, ruo moles et mundus machina.
,50.
The gods have shown you to us, as a welcome star
to the tossed vessel, "Which, having weathered two storms,
Is still beaten by the waves, and which, its pilot being baf-
fled, is hurried along at random.
Tu ego, ceu sidus dulcis trepidus carina,
Ostendo deus, geminus, qui, prolapsus procella,
Tuudor, et, victus magister, trahor jam caecus.
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