No More Learning

9); but the matter was still prosecuted: An embassy from a Sarmatian king (A. D. 104)
the property which Classicus had before he was passed through Nicaea in Bithynia on their way to
governor was given to his daughter, and the rest | Trajan (Plin. Ep. x. 14). In this year the remains
was distributed among those whom he had robbed. of Nero's golden palace were burnt, and Orosius
Some of the accomplices of Classicus were also adds (vii. 12) that it was a visitation upon Trajan
punished. The Panegyricus on Trajan, which is for his persecution of the Christians ; but as it is
our authority for many of Trajan's acts up to this not proved to the satisfaction of all persons that
time, was pronounced by Plinius in A. D. 100, the Trajan was a persecutor, perhaps the historian may
year in which he received the consular honour. be mistaken in his opinion. Besides, the burning
Some additions were made to the Panegyricus of Nero's palace, who set the first example of per-
after it was pronounced (Plin. Ep. iii. 13, 18). It secution, does not seem to have been an appro-
was perhaps about this time that Hadrian, after- priate punishment for Trajan, even if he deserved
wards emperor, married Sabina, the grand-niece of punishment.
Trajan ; and to this date or somewhere about this
;
In this year Trajan commenced his second Da-
time we may refer a letter of Plinius (Ep. iii. 20), cian war against Decebalus, who, it is said, had
in which he says that all the senators on the day broken the treaty ; and when Trajan required him
of electing the magistrates demanded the vote by to surrender himself, he refused, and prepared for
ballot (tabellas postulaverunt).
resistance, The senate declared Decebalus an
In his fourth cousulship, A. D. 101, Trajan left enemy, and Trajan conducted the campaign in
Rome for his campaign against the Daci. Deceba- person. The Dacian attempted to rid himself of
lus, king of the Daci, had compelled Domitian to his formidable enemy by sending two pretended
purchase peace by an annual payment of money; and I deserters to assassinate him when he was in
testas,
172
Pern. He died
MARTA
Tiago
:
1


## p. 1168 (#1184) ##########################################

1168
TRAJANUS.
TRAJANUS.
T
bene was intended to
also sent boats dow
Cassius has not me
ratite, which exists
Izd, is very confus
existing, which joit
and we must there
clearing out, and
Lbe transit of boat
Trajan did not cat
the Euphrates mig
Accordingls, the b
the Tigris was bri
entered the Part
ereat was commen
of Parthicus, thou
Maesia. Longinus, one of the generals of Trajan is stated elsewhere [IGNATIUS). The circumstances
was surprised by Decebalus in an ambuscade, and as told, are exceedingly improbable, and sound cri-
the Dacian king offered to restore him, if Trajan ticism would lead us to reject the genuineness of
would grant peace, restore the country as far as the the narrative contained in the Martyrdom of Ig-
Danube, and pay the expenses of the war. Trajan, natius on the internal evidence alone.
who could not accept such terms as these, gave an From Antioch Trajan marched to Armenia, by
evasive answer, and in the mean time Longinus way of Samosata, on the Euphrates, which he took.
relieved the emperor from his difficulty by poison- | He thence advanced to Satala, and Elegia, a town
ing himself. In order to effect a communication in Armenia, where he granted Parthamasiris an
with the country north of the Danube, Apollo interview. Parthamasiris had already written to
dorus the architect constructed, by Tmjan's com: Trajan, and in his letter he assumed the title of
mand, a bridge over the river, which is described king. . Trajan sent no answer, and he wrote again,
by Dion Cassius (lxviii. 13, and the valuable note dropping the title of king, and prayed that M.
of Reimarus), though his description is inaccurate, Junius, governor of Cappadocia, might be sent to
and his measurements exaggerated. “ When the him: Trajan sent to him the son of Junius. The
water is very low, some of the piles stand two or Armenian king took the diadem from his head.
three feet above it. " (Wilkinson's Wallachia and and placed it at the feet of Trajan, who sat on his
Moldavia, p. 5. ) The bridge was built at a place tribunal within the Roman camp. He expected
called Szernecz. The piers were of enormous size, that Trajan would give it back to him, but he was
but she arches were constructed of wood. Trajan told that Armenia was now a Roman province, and
crossed the Danube on his new bridge, and entered he was sent away escorted by some horsemen.
Dacia. He found great obstacles in this country, The kings of tne countries bordering on Armenia
where there were no roads, and every thing was made a form of submission to the Roman emperor ;
almost in a state of nature. Hadrian commanded the king of the Iberi, of the Sauromatae, of Colchis,
a legion under the emperor, and greatly distin- and others.
guished himself in this Dacian campaign. De- Trajan returned by way of Edessa, where he
cebalus being defeated on every side, killed himself, was well received by the cautious Abgarus, king
and his head was carried to Rome. Dacia was re- of Osrhoene, who now made his apology for not
duced to the form of a Roman province ; strong having paid the emperor a visit at Antioch, and
forts were built in various places, and Roman co- through the interest of his son Arbandes, whom
lonies were planted. It is generally supposed that Trajan had seen and liked, the king of Osthoene
the column at Rome called the Column of Trajan was excused for his former want of respect. The
was erected to commemorate his Dacian victories. transactions with some of the petty chieftains of
On his return Trajan had a triumph, and he ex- Mesopotamia hardly merit a notice, but military
hibited games to the people for one hundred and operations in this country are dangerous enough
twenty-thre days, time long enough to satisfy even without a formidable enemy, and the emperor
the avidity of the Romans for these spectacles. set his soldiers an example of endurance, which
Eleven thousand animals were slaughtered during may have been an act of prudence as of hardihood.
these amusements ; and an army of gladiators, The town of Singar (Sinjar) is one of those which
ten thousand men, gratified the Romans by killing are mentioned as having been taken by the Romans.
one another. We must assume that there was at The history of this campaign of Trajan is lost, and
least another army as large to prevent the outbreak the few scattered notices that remain of it do not
of so many desperate men. Probably many of enable us to construct even a probable narrative.
these gladiators were prisoners. (d. D. 105. ) In fact the period from A. D. 108 to A. D. 115 is
About this time Arabia Petraea was subjected nearly a blank ; it is even doubful whether Trajan
to the empire by A. Cornelius Palma, the governor ever returned to Rome. The year a. D. 112 was
of Syria ; and an Indian embassy came to Rome. the sixth and last consulship of Trajan, and there
Trajan constructed a road across the Pomptine is some slight evidence which renders it probable
marshes, and built magnificent bridges across the that he was at Rome in this year.
streams. Buildings, probably mansiones, were con- In the spring of A. D. 115 he left Syria on his
structed by the side of this road. He also called Parthian expedition. He had constructed boats of
in all the old money, and issued a new coinage. the timber which the forests near Nisibis supplied,
In the autumn of B. c. 106 Trajan left Rome to and they were conveyed on waggons to the Tigris,
make war on the Armenians and the Parthians. for the formation of a bridge of boats. He crossed
The pretext for the war was that Exedares, the the river and advanced into the country of Adiabene,
king of Armenia, had received the diadem from the an event which is recorded by an extant medal.
Parthian king, and he onght to have received it The whole of this country, in which were situated
from the Roman emperor, as Tiridates had received Gaugamela and Arbela, places memorable the
it from Nero. When Chosroes, the Parthian king, history of Alexander, was subdued. From Adin-
knew that Trajan was seriously bent on war, he bene he marched to Babylon, according to Dion
sent ambassadors, who found Trajan at Athens, Cassius (lxviii. 26), and he must therefore have re-
and, in the name of Chosroes, offered him presents, crossed the Tigris. His course was through the
and informed him that Chosroes had deposed Exe-desert to the Euphrates, and past the site of Hit
dares, and begged him to confer the crown on Par. (Is), where he saw the springs of bitumen, which
thamasiris. Trajan refused his presents, and said was used for cement at Babylon, and which He-
that when he arrived in Syria he would do what rodotus bas described. Trajan meditated (Dion
was proper,
He reached Seleucia in Syria in the Cass. ) the formation of a canal from the Euphrates
month of December, and entered Antioch early in to the Tigris, in order that he might convey his
the following January. The evidence for the in- boats along it, and construct a bridge over the
terview at Antioch between the emperor and Igna- lower course of the Tigris. We must suppose that
tius, which ended in the condemnation of Ignatius, l the bridge of boats over the upper Tigris in Adiu.
it before. (See
arice. )
Tilemont puis
Antioch in the w
happened the gi
stroyed Antioch
Cassius places th
Csiphon. Thi
auful in its circa
of Lisbon in th
bumber of bail
casal perished
window, with a
man of superna
In the follo
Tigris and entei
Gulf). The k
between the k
Euphrates, subu
adds that Tra
seeing a vessel
have gone thi
mean time he
quick as he ha
were slaughte
his generals L
dience. Max
Faccessfal, fo
1
Edessa by ste
Tigris, near
Erscias Claru
that the who
Dorth to son
Returning to
the Parthians
and Parthians
ascending a
own exploits,
taspates kin
diadem on hi
recorded by
Trajan, but
several parts
Tus conquere
this he went
bo bad rer
not rich. "
Mesopotamia,
Journal, FoL
raise the siege
that Trajane
trated eren
bat it is impo
the evidence
Trajan fell
VOL. LIL


## p. 1169 (#1185) ##########################################

TRAJANUS.
1 169
TRAJANUS.
kado
besed
1
亮彩
​His great
Не егиа
5. bes de ma
protse, ai
sat
, there the
quest for me
barda,
7 of (icde
bene was intended to remain ; and that Trajan had compiaint grew worse, he set out for Italy, leaving
;
also sent boats down the Euphrates, which Dion Hadrian in Syria, and Parthia again hostile, for
Cassius has not mentioned. Dion Cassius's nar- the Parthians had ejected the king whom Trajan
rative, which exists only in the epitome of Xiphi- gave them. The emperor seems to have had a
linus, is very confused. There were already canals variety of complaints, both dropsy and paralysis.
existing, which joined the Euphrates and Tigris, He lived to reach Selinus in Cilicia, afterwards
and we must therefore suppose that they required called Trajanopolis, where he died in the early
clearing out, and were not in a fit condition for part of August, A. D. 117, after a reign of nineteen
the transit of boats. According to Dion Cassius, years six months and fifteen days. His ashes were
Trajan did not cut the intended canal, for fear that taken to Rome in a golden urn, carried in triumphal
the Euphrates might be drained by it of its waters. procession, and deposited under the column which
Accordingly, the boats were taken across by land, bears his name. He left no children, and he was
the Tigris was bridged, and the Roman emperor succeeded by Hadrian.
entered the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. This Trajan constructed several great roads in the
event was commemorated by his assuming the name empire ; he built libraries at Rome, one of which,
of Parthicus, though it seems that he had assumed called the Ulpia Bibliotheca, is often mentioned ;
it before. (See the medal at the close of this and a theatre in the Campus Martius,
article. )
work was the Forum Trajanum, the site of which
Tillemont supposed that Trajan returned to was an elevation which was removed, and the
Antioch in the winter of A. D. 115, during which ground was levelled to a plain, in the centre of
happened the great earthquake, which nearly de- which was placed the column of Trajan, the height
stroyed Antioch and many other cities ; but Dion of which marked the height of the earth which had
Cassius places the earthquake before the capture of been removed. The inscription on the column
Ctesiphon. This terrible calamity, which was as fixes the date at the year A. D. 112, the sixth con-
awful in its circumstances as the great earthquake sulship of Trajan. Apollodorus was Trajan's
of Lisbon in the last century, destroyed a great architect. Trajan constructed the port of Ancona,
number of buildings and many people : Pedo the on the ancient mole of which there still stands á
consul perished, and Trajan escaped through a triumphal arch, dedicated to Trajan, his wife, and
window, with a slight injury, being led forth by a his sister. The inscription on the bridge of Alcan-
man of supernatural size.
tara over the Tagus belonged to the year A. n. 106,
In the following year Trajan descended the but though the inscription was in honour of Trajan,
Tigris and entered the Erythraean Sea (the Persian it states that the bridge was made at the common
Gulf). The king of the district called Mesene, expense of the several towns which are there
between the lower course of the Tigris and the mentioned.
Euphrates, submitted to the emperor. Dion Cassius Under the reign of Trajan lived Sextus Julius
adds that Trajan sailed as far as the Ocean, and Frontinus, C. Cornelius Tacitus, the Younger
seeing a vessel bound for India, said that he would Plinius, and various others of less note. Plutarch, .
have gone thither, if he were younger. In the Suetonius, Epictetus, survived Trajan. The jurists
mean time he was losing his Eastern conquests as Juventius Celsus, and Neratius Priscus, were living
quick as he had gained them ; some of his governors under Trajan.
were slaughtered, and others expelled. He sent The authorities for part of the reign of Trajan
his generals Lusius and Maximus to restore obe- are very defective. Tillemont, with all his in-
dience. Maximus lost his life ; but Lusius was dustry, has not been able to construct a narrative
successful, for he recovered Nisibis, and took of the latter years of his reign, which we can fully
Edessa by storm and burnt it. Seleucia on the accept, and his chronology is open to several ob-
Tigris, near Ctesiphon, was taken and burnt by jections. Still the life of Trajan in the Histoire
Erycius Clarus and Julius Alexander. It appears des Empereurs (vol. ii. ) contains all the materials
that the whole country east of the Tigris from that exist for the reign of this distinguished man,
north to south, bad risen against the Romans. and, with the notes of Reimarus on the sixty-
Returning to Ctesiphon, Trajan determined to give eighth book of Dion Cassius, must be the founda-
the Parthians a king. He assembled the Romans tion of any future attempts to give a satisfactory
and Parthians in a great plain near the city, and history of this period. There is an essay by H.
ascending a lofty tribunal, he commemorated his Francke, Zur Geschichte Trajans und seiner Zeit-
own exploits, and concluded by declaring Partha- genossen, &c. , 1837, which is well spoken of. [G. L. ]
maspates king of the Parthians, and placing the
diadem on his head. The conquest of Arabia is
recorded by several medals among the exploits of
Trajan, but it is impossible to say which of the
Beveral parts of Asia included under that name,
was conquered by him. Dion Cassius says: “after
this he went into Arabia and attacked the Atreni,
who had revolted ; and their city is neither large
nor rich. " By Arabia he here means northern
Mesopotamia, for Atra is Al Hadhr. (London Geog.
Journal, vol. xi. p. 17. ) Trajan was obliged to
raise the siege of this town. Tillemont supposes
that Trajan entered the Indian Ocean, and pene- TRAJA'NUS, comes, a general of the emperor
trated - even to the extremities of Arabia Felix," Valens. In A. D. 373 he conducted the war against
but it is impossible to adopt his conclusions from the Persians, and defeated Sapor with great
the evidence that he produces.
slaughter. He spent the winter with Valens at
Trajan fell ill after the siege of Atra, and as his | Antioch, and in the following year (374) was sent
and the cxt
of Dardane
of Ta
or be
8112131
V12
1792 del ten
uders poate
let Sri con la
Derecho
Tudi let
RA
biche
SUEA
ved. En
launin o bi
TRE
COIN OF TRAJANUS.
a mano
ast the si
yai bine rid
kon, and recht
In Dedilizzo di
al from the Indian
He med mees
VOL. IIL
We mest deze
per Ignis in der


## p. 1170 (#1186) ##########################################

1170
TREBATIUS.
TREBELLIUS.
Trebellius after
su in the go
hated by the
palanimits,
which followed
the legate of
rise against th
island, and file
did not replac
wat Vettins
(TA.
TREBELI
" Scriptores
LINUS). His
of, l. The te
Galieni ; 3.
last-named pi
We learn fror
Trebellius Po
extended do
as the Valer
framment rem
pereurs, vol. v. )
into Armenia, with secret orders to put to death (Appian, B. C. i. 52, with Schweighäuser's note. )
Para the king of Armenia, who was an ally of [EGNATIUS, No. 2. )
the Romans, but was distrusted by the emperor. TREBA'TIUS PRISCUS. [Priscus. )
On his arrival in Armenia, Trajan invited Para to TREBATIUS TESTA. [TESTA.
)
a banquet, where he was treacherously murdered TREBELLIANUS, one of the most insigni-
by the Roman soldiers. (ARSACIDAB, p. 364, a. ) ficant and despicable of the herd of thirty tyrants
In A. D. 377 the Goths rose in arms, and laid enumerated by Pollio (see AUREOLUS). He was
waste Thrace and the surrounding countries. Gra- a Cilician robber, who called his castle in the fast-
tian sent Richomir at the head of a large army to nesses of the Isaurian mountains the Palatium,
stop their ravages, and Valens despatched forces established a mint, and gave himself the title of
under the command of Trajan and Profuturus. emperor. But having been tempted to quit his
These three generals fought a battle with the stronghold and descend into the plain, he was there
Goths, which lasted from the morning to the even: encountered and slain by Causisoleus, an Egyptian,
ing, without any decisive advantage being gained one of the generals of Gallienus. (Trebell. Poll.
on either side, according to Ammianus Marcellinus. Trig. Tyrann. xxv. )
(W. R. )
It would appear, however, that the Romans suffered TREBELLIE'NUS RUFUS. [Rufus. )
most, and Theodoret even speaks of the defeat of TREBE'LLIUS. 1. Q. TREBELLIUS, a cen-
Trajan. In the following year (378) at all events turion in the second Punic war, was rewarded by
the Goths assumed the offensive. Valens was 60 Scipio in B. c. 210 with the corona muralis. (Liv.
displeased with the conduct of Trajan in the late xxvi. 48. ) For details see Digitius, No. 1.
campaign, that he deprived him of his command as 2. M. TREBELLIUS, of Fregellae, served in Illy-
general of the infantry, and conferred it upon Se- ricum under the legate L. Coelius during the war
bastianus. The emperor, however, recalled him to against Perseus in B. 169. (Liv. xliii. 21. )
the army shortly afterwards, and he fell in the 3. M. TREBELLIUS, a friend of Sex. Naevius,
course of the same year at the fatal battle of Adri- B. C. 81. _(Cic. pro Quint. 5. )
anople, in which Valens himself perished, August 4. L. TREBELLIUS, tribune of the plebs, B C.
9th, 378. (VALENS! Trajan continued firm in 67, joined his colleague, L. Roscius Otho, in op-
the Catholic faith, although he served an Arian posing the rogation of Gabinius for conferring upon
master, and accordingly his praises have been cele- Pompeius the command of the war against the
brated by the ecclesiastical writers. (Amm. Marc. pirates. Trebellius had promised the senate that
xxix. 1, xxx, 1, xxxi. 7, 13; Theodoret. iv. 30; he would die before he allowed the proposition to
Basil, Ep. 376, 377; Tillemont, Histoire des Em- pass into a law; and as neither threats nor en-
treaties induced him to withdraw his veto, Gabi-
TRAMBEʻLUS (Tpéubnlos), a son of Telamon nius proposed to the tribes to deprive him of his
and Theaneira or Hesione, a king of the Leleges. office. Seventeen out of thirty-five tribes had al-
(Athen. ii. p. 43. ) When his mother was with ready voted for his degradation, when Trebellius
child with him, she fled to Miletus, where she was gave way. (Ascon. in Cornel. p. 71, ed. Orelli ;
received by king Arion, who also brought up her Dion Cass. xxxvi. 7, 13; comp. Otho, p. 65. a. )
son Trambelus. In the time of the Trojan war, 5. L. TREBELLIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C.
when Achilles came to Miletus, he slew Trambelus, 47, resisted his colleague, P. Dolabella, who had
but greatly repented when he learnt that he was a proposed a measure for the abolition of debts.
son of Telamon. (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 467. ) Another Great tumults arose in consequence at Rome, in
tradition places Trambelus in the island of Lesbos. which Dolabella's party was eventually defeated.
(Parthen. Erot. 26. )
(L. S. ] [See Vol. I. p. 1059. ) Trebellius was as much
TRANQUILLI'NA, SABI'NIA. (SABINIA. ] involved in debt as Dolabella, and he had only
TRANQUILLUS, SUETOʻNIUS. (SUETO- opposed the latter in order to please Caesar. Ac-
NIUS. ]
cordingly after the death of the dictator, he at-
TRAULUS MONTA'NUS, a Roman eques, tempted, by Antony's assistance, to carry the very
and one of the paramours of Messalina, was put measure which he had formerly resisted. He was
to death by Claudius in A. D. 48. (Tac. Ann. one of Antony's friends, whom he accompanied in
xi. 36. )
his campaign against D. Brutus in B. C. 43. (Dion
TREBA'NIA GENS, occurs only on coins; a Cass. xlii. 29; Plut. Anton. 9; Cic. Phil. vi. 4, s.
specimen of which is annexed. The obverse repre. 10, xi. 6, xü. 8, xiii. 2, 12; Cic. ad Fam. xi. 13.
sents the head of Pallas, and the reverse Jupiter $ 4. )
in a quadriga, with L. TREBAN. and underneath 6. A. TREBELLIUS, a Roman eques, deserted
ROMA (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 326. )
from the Pompeian party to Caesar in the Spanish
war, B. C. 45. (Auctor, B. Hisp. 26. )
7. M. TREBELLIUS, the legatus of Vitellius, the
governor of Syria in A. D. 36. (Tac. Ann. vi. 41. )
TREBEʻLLIUS CALCA, pretended to be
Clodius, and actually came before the court of the
centumviri, to lay claim to the property of Clodius.
EN (Val. Max, ix, 15. § 4. )
ROMA
TREBELLIUS MAXIMUS, was one of the
three commissioners appointed in the reign of Nero,
A. D. 61, to take the census of the Gauls. He
COIN OF TREBANIA GENS.
was consul suffectus in the following year (4. D.
62) with L. Annaeus Seneca ; and accordingly a
TREBATIUS, mentioned by Appian as the Senatusconsultum passed in their consulship is
leader of the Samnites in the Social war, B. c. 90 quoted uuder the title of Senatusconsultum Trebel
--89, is probably a false reading for Egnatius. | lianum. (Gaius, ii. 251, 253; Dig. 36. tit. 1. )
for the gap 1TB
CAPITOLINUS
very high cha
him (Aurelio
things meagt
we bare DOS
for be tells o
the Thirty T
tated these e
he could not
we have see
anterior to
&c. see CAPI
M. TREI
cers in Gaul
TRE' BIU
TREʻBIU
drian in a
(Fasti. )
TREBIU
TREBOT
siderable anti
23 B 447,
consulship u
likewise we f
surname
TREBON
persz, is spok
of his is giv
bere.
SENSO
COIN
TREBON
the plebs B. C.
on account of
He proposed
ten tribunes
were dissolved
fill up the nuu
a


## p. 1171 (#1187) ##########################################

TREBONIUS.
1171
TREBONIUS.
Trebellius afterwards succeeded Petronius Turpili- should be continued till the ten were clected.
anus in the government of Britain, where he was (Liv. iii. 65, v. 10. )
bated by the army on account of his inactivity, 2. CN. TREBONIUS, tribune of the plebs B. C.