Their shafts are richly ornamented ; and each row has five columns, of four
different
constructions, with two pilasters in the walls at the east and west ends.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v8
i.
5I His feast occurs, on the 12th of October.
request
readily granted by King Oswy.
57 See Henrici Huntendunensis " Historia
664
he
but, only
V.
Eata,
5 oo LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
and that his immediate successors, Finan, Colman, Tuda and Eata were his worthy disciples, as men of humility and Christian moderation. 61 VI. —
a. d.
XV. —Eardulfwas
promoted
tothisSeea. d. s XVI. —Cuthard 854. 7
781. 7
Higbald
his
Worcester, one Eathored succeeded Egbert ;
of — of Lindisfarne other bishops by writers,
yet, he is omitted from the list
6a
63
had abdicated his See, a. d. 687, one year seems to have elapsed before his successor was consecrated bishop, and his term commenced a. d. 688. VII. —St. Ethelwald, also noticed as Edilald64 or ^Ediuald, Odilwald or Athelwald, succeeded St. Cuthbert, and practised the exercises of a solitary life in Lindisfarne before
and after he became a 65 He died a. d. 66 bishop. 698.
After the death of St. Cuthbert, by most writers it is stated, that Egbert
(VIII. ),alsocalledEadbertorEdberht,succeeded,a. d. 698. Elevenyears
afterwards, having resolved on exhuming the body of St. Cuthbert, on raising
Cuthbert succeeded a. d. 685.
After St. Cuthbert
it above the pavement of the church, the remains, with the linen shroud, were
found to be well 6? died a. d. 1. 68 IX. —Afterwards, as preserved. Egbert 72
bishop over Lindisfarne, Ethelwold, or Edilwald, Abbot of Mailros, or
6' succeeded in
X. — or Kenulf,
and he died a. d.
Chenewlf,7x succeeded, a. d. 724. He was confined a close prisoner in the Castle
Melrose,
724,
— Edbert, and there he remained for a 750 by King
2 XI.
XII. Egbert, regarded as the twelfth bishop of Lindisfarne, was consecrated on the nth of June, 802. He died a. d. 819. 75 According to Florence of
of in Bemborough
He died a. d.
time.
was consecrated a. d.
incumbency, the pirate Danes often devastated the Church and Monastery of Lindisfarne. It was then resolved, to remove the body of St. Cuthbert for safety to Ireland, but the winds were adverse, and those who had charge of the r—emains were obliged to keep the land. 73 Higbald died a. d. 803. 74
XIII. was of — and he is reckoned the thirteenth in Egfrid bishop Lindisfarne,
succession. Hedieda. d. 845. 76 XIV. Eanbert,bysomecalledEgbert,died
854. 77
governed from 900. 915.
XVII. —
— Hedied
79
Tilred ruled from a. d to 915
80 XVIII. The of Lindisfarne wa—s 927. eighteeenth recognised bishop
is also called Wicred. XIX. He 82
7 ° See Bishop Godwin, " De Prsesulibus Anglke Commentarius," &c. , p. 722.
7I SeeHenrici Huntendunensis, "Historia
Anglorum," lib. iv. , sect. 15, p. 117.
72 See Bishop Godwin, " De Prcesulibus
Anglioe Commentarius," &c, p. 722.
73 See Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi " De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," lib. iii. ,
sect. 129, p. 268.
74 See Bishop Godwin, " De Prresulibus
Angliie Commentarius," &c, p. 722. 7S See ibid. , p. 723.
7* See ibid. , p. 723.
77 See ibid. , p. 723.
7 * See "Chronica Magistri Rogeii de 67 See "Flores Ilistoriarum," per Mat- Hovedene," vol. i. , pars prior, p. 36.
Withred, who ruled from to 81 927 944.
" See Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi "De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," lib. iii. , sect. 126. Edition of N. E. S. A. Hamilton.
62 See Bishop Godwin's " De Prcesulibus Angliae Commentarius," p. 720.
63 See his Life, at the 20th of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
64 See an account of him at April 21st, in the Fourth Volume of this work, Art. vi.
65 According to Venerable Bede, who
relates a miracle obtained through his "
prayers. See I listoria Ecclesiastica Gentis
Anglorum," lib. . , cap. i. , pp. 158 to 161. ^ See Bishop Godwin's " De Pro:sulibus
Angliae Commentarius," &c, p. 721.
thseum Westmonasteriensem collecti, Anno Gratke 696, p. 250.
68 See Bishop Godwin, '* De Pnesulibus Angliae Commentarius," p. 722.
Edited by William Stubbs, M. A.
n See Bishop Godwin's M De Praesulibus
Anglke Commentarius," &c, p. 724. * See ibid. , p. 724.
ibid. , p. 724.
8a See Matthtei Parisiensis Monachi Sancti
For an account of this his- interesting
8l See
^
toric place, the reader is referred to M The
New Statistical Account of Scotland," vol.
iii. , Roxburgh, Parish of Melrose, by the Rev. 927, p. 447. Edition of Henry Richards George Thomson, Minister, pp. 51 to 75. Luard, M. A.
and even
by
Florence himself.
738. 7°
Albani "Chronica Majora," vol. i. , A. D.
long 781. During
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 501
Uhtred ruled from 944 to a. d. 947-83 Ofhim, little more seems to be known. 8
XX. —Sexhelm succeeded a. d. 947.
He died in
XXII. The
957. twenty-second bishop
Chester-le-Street, Lindisfarne, Alfsius, succeeded,
a. d. 86 Heis as 968. praised
*. a. d. q68. 8s
XXL—Aldred succeeded a. d.
over
been an admirable ecclesiastical administrator. 8? Alfsius died a. d. 990. He was the last but one of the Lindisfarne prelates.
Long after the time of St. Aidan were laid t—he foundations of that magnificent church and of those monastic buildings the ruins of which are
88
still to be seen on the Island of Lindisfarne.
time, that edifice had been there built, does not appear. Various fragments of the monastic offices, constructed with reddish stone, are still standing. However, the chief and most interesting remains are those of the church, the main walls of which on the north and south sides are still standing, although much out of the perpendicular. The west end likewise is generally entire ; but the east end is almost levelled with the ground. This building consisted of a nave and two side aisles, into which it was divided by a double row of very solid columns.
Their shafts are richly ornamented ; and each row has five columns, of four different constructions, with two pilasters in the walls at the east and west ends. The length of the building is about 138 feet ; the breadth of the nave eighteen feet, while that of the two side aisles is about nine feet each. It seems doubtful whether a transept had
8
been originally erected. ? This cathedral appears to have been built at
different periods, and a great part of it is very ancient ; the arches being circular, and the columns very massy, while on the north and south walls there are pointed arches, evidently of a later erection.
On the death of Alfsius, the clergy and monks who generally elected the bishop could not agree on the choice of his successor, until Edmund, about
whom none of as a suitable thought
said in a " Take jocose way,
candidate,
myself and elect me bishop. " To his great surprise, they adopted his
suggestion, and King Egebred confirmed their appointment. ? The newly selected prelate was a man of ability and energy. Finding the position of Lindisfarne to be exposed to the ruthless attacks of the Scandinavian sea-
1
pirates, he resolved on seeking a more secure station. ?
to the establishment of the great See at Durham,02 which being situated in the interior, and consequently more secure from sudden irruptions, was then
83 See Bishop Godwin, " De Proesulibus
Anglise Commentarius," &c, p. 724.
84 See Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi " De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," lib. iii. ,
sect. 130, p. 270.
85 "Anno dccclxviii. Aldredus episcopus
apud Sanctum Cuthbertum in Cunecacestre
vita decessit. Cui Elfsius in episcopatum -""
English Edifices ; with Historical and De-
scriptive Accounts of each," vol. iv„ pp. 52 to 59. The historical Article on " Lindis-
fame, or Holy Island Monastery, Durham," is written by William Bendon, Esq.
^ See Sir Walter Scott's " Border An- tiquities of England and Scotland," &c, vol. ii. , pp. 135, 136. In this connexion,
successit. "— Chronica Magistri Rogeri also, there are three most beautiful copper-
de Houedene, vol. i. , Pars Prior, p. 62. Edited by William Stubbs, M. A.
86 See Bishop Godwin's " De Prsesulibus Anglise Commentarius," &c, p. 725.
87 See MatthseiPaiisiensis, Monachi Sancti
Albani, "Chronica Majora," vol. i. , a. d.
968, p. 465.
plate engravings, representing the Abbey Church from different points of view.
9° See this incident as related in Willelmi
Malmesbiriensis Monachi " De Gestis Pon-
tificum Anglorum," lib. iii. , sect. 130, p. 270. Edition of N. E. S. Hamilton.
91 In the first instance, the monks of
Lindisfarne moved to Chester-le-Street, a
place formerly occupied by a Roman Station, known as Condercum, in Durham, and sub- sequently they went to Ripon, in Yorkshire,
88
For some beautiful copperplate re-
presentations of these ruins, the reader is referred to John Britton's " Architectural
Antiquities of Great Britain, represented
9* See Guthrie's " River James
History and Resources," p. 6.
and illustrated in a Series of
tions, Plans, Sections and Details, of Ancient
Views,
Eleva-
Tyne
: its
By whom, or at what exact
This afterwards led
having
5 o2 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
chosen. Having removed St. Cuthbert's relics thither, the bishop and his community of monks abandoned their old monastery, and began the erection of another on the site designated. The foundation of Durham is assigned to the latter part of the tenth century. 93
Although centuries had passed over since his death, yet St. Aidan is
regarded first in the line of bishops, that take their name from Durham. ^*
This city is in the county so called, and it is situated on a rocky eminence, partiallysurroundedbytheRiverWear. Itsdesignationisthoughttohave been derived from the Saxon or Celtic words Dun, " a hill," and Holme, " a river island. " A chapel was founded on the steep plateau, towards the close of the tenth century ; and about the same time, the place was fortified, to protect it from the Danish ravages. It is said, the first structure was only of wicker-work, and that a few years afterwards, Bishop Aldun had it replaced by a stone-built church. Soon houses and a population were gathered around it. Walls were built to include the precincts of this ancient city, and a castle stood within them on a commanding site. The northern province of Northumbria had been exposed to the inroads of King Malcolm of Scotland, the son of Kenneth, a. d. 1006,95 during the reign of King Ethelred over the English. He laid siege to Durham, while Bishop Aldun presided in that See, and having under his command the entire military force of Scotland. ? 6 However, a youth of great energy, and well skilled in military affairs, Uchtrad, who was son to Waltheof, the aged Earl of the Northumbrians, collected a considerable number of the men of Northumbria and of York. 97 With these, he proceeded to raise the siege. He then fought a great battle, in which nearly the entire multitude of the Scots was cut to pieces ; their
8
king himself and a few others escaping with difficulty. 9
His successor, Duncan, had also entertained an ambitious hope of
annexing the province of Northumbria to his Kingdom of Scotland ; and with that purpose in view, he collected a multitude of troops for its invasion, about the year 1038. However, he did not succeed in that attempt. In 1040, the King of Scotland besieged Durham, but his forces were totally vanquished. Afterwards, the heads of the Scottish leaders, slain or captured, having heen fixed on poles, were set up in the market place. 99 Consequent on the Anglo-Norman Invasion of England, several of the Saxons assembled here, and erected a castle with other fortifications. They made a temporary resistance, but not receiving assistance, they fled. Then William the Conqueror took possession of Durham, and granted many privileges to the inhabitants. In 1069, Robert Comyn, Earl of Northumberland, appointed governor of that city, entered it with a Norman guard of 700 soldiers. There they committed great enormities.
The foundations of the majestic Cathedral of Durham, as it now stands,
9! It is said to have been in the seventeenth & See Edward A. Freeman's " History of year of Ethelred, the English monarch, ihat the Norman Conquest of England," vol. i. ,
Aldhun, the Bishop of Lindisfarne, was p, 357.
moved monition to remove the 97 An account of this by angelic
siege
remains cf St. Cuthbert to Durham. See not by some other writer, possibly by
" Church of under Simeon of Durham, in his " Historia Eccle- History England
Oressy's
Saxon and Danish Monarchs, part iv. , siae Dunhelmensis," vol. i. , Auctarium,
book xxxii. , chap, xii. , p. 901.
9* See Alfred Webb's "Compendium of
Irish Biography," p. 3.
95 According to the Annals of Ulster.
See "Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and other Early Memorials of Scottish History," edited by William F. Skene LL. D. , p. 366.
pars, iii. , sect. I, pp. 215, 216. Edition of Thomas Arnold, M. A. , London, 1S82, 8vo.
9s See William F. Skene's " Celtic Scot- land : a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , book i. , chap, viii. , p. 385.
»See Samuel Lewis' "Topographical Dictionary of England," vol. ii. , p. no.
'
is if given,
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 503 were laid100 by Malcolm Ceanmore,101 King of Scotland, Bishop Carilepho
102
and Turgot,
century. Thirty years elapsed before it was completed. The original form of the structure is that of a long cross, with two turrets at the west end.
Between them is a large and richly ornamented door of entrance. The great or central tower was erected in the thirteenth century, and it rises from the intersection of nave and transepts to the height of 214 feet. It is characterized by a singular combination of elegance and massiveness. The Irish-Romanesque and Norman styles of architecture are conspicuous in the oldest portions of the building, while the introduction of a congeries of highly instructive examples illustrate gradual changes in the English style down to the commencement of the fifteenth century. The extreme length of the whole edifice, exclusive of the great west porch or Galilee, is 411 feet. The interior of this Cathedral is awe-inspiring, owing to its ponderous style and noble details. The Galilee, or Lady's Chapel, and the Cloisters of the former monastery, adjoin on the south side of the Nave, and connected with them and the south transept is the Chapter House. 10^ The Cathedral and See of Durham have an interesting history connected with them, but which forms no theme of our 10*
special subject.
Before the arrival of St. Aidan to commence his apostolate in Northum-
bria, it is said, that King Edwin had built a small church and a convent of wood at Tynemouth,los in which his daughter Rosella assumed the veil. 100
Subsequently, and probably owing to the suggestion of our Saint, King Oswald who succeeded had the primitive structure replaced by one of stone.
ThiswasdedicatedtoSt. Mary. However,duringtheeighthcentury,that religious establishment had been frequently plundered by the Danes, who continued their devastations in the succeeding centuries, until the buildings
were 10? The remains still finally destroyed.
103 Three fine folio
the prior of the monastery, towards the close of the eleventh
existing
later erection, and they contain long lancet windows with pointed arches. 108
The ruins rise on a peninsular rock, and they are romantically situated over the River Tyne.
In Scotland, churches were formally dedicated in honour of St. Aidan at
Cambusnethan100 and Menmuir. Near to this latter place, used to be St ,
100 On the nth of August, 1093. William Dugdale's " Monasticon An- 101 Also known as Malcolm III. , son of glicanum," edited by John Caley, Esq. ,
Duncan.
"
Malcolm Ceanmor reigned from
F. R. S. S. A. ; Henry Ellis, LL. B. ,F. R. S. S. A„ and the Rev. Bulkeley Bandinel, D. D. See vol. i. , pp. 219 to 252.
I95 It is now a parish of Northumberland-
shire, and it assumes its name, from being
situated at the mouth of the River Tyne. The
Saxons had a fortress there, called Penbal
17th March, 1057-8, to 13th Novem—ber, 1093, the day on which he was slairf. " William F. Skene's " Celtic Scotland : a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , book i. , chap, viii. , n. 72, p. 431.
102 He wrote a Durham.
of the Church of
copperplate engravings, and drawn by John Coney, present a ground- plan, explained by marginal references, with an exterior and an interior view of Durham
"
Cathedral, are to be seen in his
siastical Edifices of the Olden Time. " A Plans, Sections and Details, of Ancient
History
"
lo6 See Samuel Lewis' "
Series of Etchings, with Ground-plans and Fac-similes of Hollar's Views of the Cathe-
English Edifices : with Historical and De-
scriptive Accounts of Each," vol. iv. , pp. 83 to 86.
dral and Conventual Churches, Monasteries,
Abbeys, Priories and other Ecclesiastical
Edifices of England and Wales. Vol. i. ,
Durham. London, 1842. Scott's
104 The reader who desires further en- lightenment may seek information in Sir
Eccle-
illustrated in a Series of Views, Elevations,
Crag, or
the head of the rock-rampart. " Topographical
indicate a of period
Dictionary of England," vol. iv. , p. 408.
10? See John Britton's "Architectural An-
tiquities of Great Britain, represented and
Io8
tions, the reader is referred to Sir Walter
"
Border Antiquities of England and Scotland," vol. i.
5I His feast occurs, on the 12th of October.
request
readily granted by King Oswy.
57 See Henrici Huntendunensis " Historia
664
he
but, only
V.
Eata,
5 oo LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
and that his immediate successors, Finan, Colman, Tuda and Eata were his worthy disciples, as men of humility and Christian moderation. 61 VI. —
a. d.
XV. —Eardulfwas
promoted
tothisSeea. d. s XVI. —Cuthard 854. 7
781. 7
Higbald
his
Worcester, one Eathored succeeded Egbert ;
of — of Lindisfarne other bishops by writers,
yet, he is omitted from the list
6a
63
had abdicated his See, a. d. 687, one year seems to have elapsed before his successor was consecrated bishop, and his term commenced a. d. 688. VII. —St. Ethelwald, also noticed as Edilald64 or ^Ediuald, Odilwald or Athelwald, succeeded St. Cuthbert, and practised the exercises of a solitary life in Lindisfarne before
and after he became a 65 He died a. d. 66 bishop. 698.
After the death of St. Cuthbert, by most writers it is stated, that Egbert
(VIII. ),alsocalledEadbertorEdberht,succeeded,a. d. 698. Elevenyears
afterwards, having resolved on exhuming the body of St. Cuthbert, on raising
Cuthbert succeeded a. d. 685.
After St. Cuthbert
it above the pavement of the church, the remains, with the linen shroud, were
found to be well 6? died a. d. 1. 68 IX. —Afterwards, as preserved. Egbert 72
bishop over Lindisfarne, Ethelwold, or Edilwald, Abbot of Mailros, or
6' succeeded in
X. — or Kenulf,
and he died a. d.
Chenewlf,7x succeeded, a. d. 724. He was confined a close prisoner in the Castle
Melrose,
724,
— Edbert, and there he remained for a 750 by King
2 XI.
XII. Egbert, regarded as the twelfth bishop of Lindisfarne, was consecrated on the nth of June, 802. He died a. d. 819. 75 According to Florence of
of in Bemborough
He died a. d.
time.
was consecrated a. d.
incumbency, the pirate Danes often devastated the Church and Monastery of Lindisfarne. It was then resolved, to remove the body of St. Cuthbert for safety to Ireland, but the winds were adverse, and those who had charge of the r—emains were obliged to keep the land. 73 Higbald died a. d. 803. 74
XIII. was of — and he is reckoned the thirteenth in Egfrid bishop Lindisfarne,
succession. Hedieda. d. 845. 76 XIV. Eanbert,bysomecalledEgbert,died
854. 77
governed from 900. 915.
XVII. —
— Hedied
79
Tilred ruled from a. d to 915
80 XVIII. The of Lindisfarne wa—s 927. eighteeenth recognised bishop
is also called Wicred. XIX. He 82
7 ° See Bishop Godwin, " De Prsesulibus Anglke Commentarius," &c. , p. 722.
7I SeeHenrici Huntendunensis, "Historia
Anglorum," lib. iv. , sect. 15, p. 117.
72 See Bishop Godwin, " De Prcesulibus
Anglioe Commentarius," &c, p. 722.
73 See Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi " De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," lib. iii. ,
sect. 129, p. 268.
74 See Bishop Godwin, " De Prresulibus
Angliie Commentarius," &c, p. 722. 7S See ibid. , p. 723.
7* See ibid. , p. 723.
77 See ibid. , p. 723.
7 * See "Chronica Magistri Rogeii de 67 See "Flores Ilistoriarum," per Mat- Hovedene," vol. i. , pars prior, p. 36.
Withred, who ruled from to 81 927 944.
" See Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi "De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," lib. iii. , sect. 126. Edition of N. E. S. A. Hamilton.
62 See Bishop Godwin's " De Prcesulibus Angliae Commentarius," p. 720.
63 See his Life, at the 20th of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
64 See an account of him at April 21st, in the Fourth Volume of this work, Art. vi.
65 According to Venerable Bede, who
relates a miracle obtained through his "
prayers. See I listoria Ecclesiastica Gentis
Anglorum," lib. . , cap. i. , pp. 158 to 161. ^ See Bishop Godwin's " De Pro:sulibus
Angliae Commentarius," &c, p. 721.
thseum Westmonasteriensem collecti, Anno Gratke 696, p. 250.
68 See Bishop Godwin, '* De Pnesulibus Angliae Commentarius," p. 722.
Edited by William Stubbs, M. A.
n See Bishop Godwin's M De Praesulibus
Anglke Commentarius," &c, p. 724. * See ibid. , p. 724.
ibid. , p. 724.
8a See Matthtei Parisiensis Monachi Sancti
For an account of this his- interesting
8l See
^
toric place, the reader is referred to M The
New Statistical Account of Scotland," vol.
iii. , Roxburgh, Parish of Melrose, by the Rev. 927, p. 447. Edition of Henry Richards George Thomson, Minister, pp. 51 to 75. Luard, M. A.
and even
by
Florence himself.
738. 7°
Albani "Chronica Majora," vol. i. , A. D.
long 781. During
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 501
Uhtred ruled from 944 to a. d. 947-83 Ofhim, little more seems to be known. 8
XX. —Sexhelm succeeded a. d. 947.
He died in
XXII. The
957. twenty-second bishop
Chester-le-Street, Lindisfarne, Alfsius, succeeded,
a. d. 86 Heis as 968. praised
*. a. d. q68. 8s
XXL—Aldred succeeded a. d.
over
been an admirable ecclesiastical administrator. 8? Alfsius died a. d. 990. He was the last but one of the Lindisfarne prelates.
Long after the time of St. Aidan were laid t—he foundations of that magnificent church and of those monastic buildings the ruins of which are
88
still to be seen on the Island of Lindisfarne.
time, that edifice had been there built, does not appear. Various fragments of the monastic offices, constructed with reddish stone, are still standing. However, the chief and most interesting remains are those of the church, the main walls of which on the north and south sides are still standing, although much out of the perpendicular. The west end likewise is generally entire ; but the east end is almost levelled with the ground. This building consisted of a nave and two side aisles, into which it was divided by a double row of very solid columns.
Their shafts are richly ornamented ; and each row has five columns, of four different constructions, with two pilasters in the walls at the east and west ends. The length of the building is about 138 feet ; the breadth of the nave eighteen feet, while that of the two side aisles is about nine feet each. It seems doubtful whether a transept had
8
been originally erected. ? This cathedral appears to have been built at
different periods, and a great part of it is very ancient ; the arches being circular, and the columns very massy, while on the north and south walls there are pointed arches, evidently of a later erection.
On the death of Alfsius, the clergy and monks who generally elected the bishop could not agree on the choice of his successor, until Edmund, about
whom none of as a suitable thought
said in a " Take jocose way,
candidate,
myself and elect me bishop. " To his great surprise, they adopted his
suggestion, and King Egebred confirmed their appointment. ? The newly selected prelate was a man of ability and energy. Finding the position of Lindisfarne to be exposed to the ruthless attacks of the Scandinavian sea-
1
pirates, he resolved on seeking a more secure station. ?
to the establishment of the great See at Durham,02 which being situated in the interior, and consequently more secure from sudden irruptions, was then
83 See Bishop Godwin, " De Proesulibus
Anglise Commentarius," &c, p. 724.
84 See Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi " De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," lib. iii. ,
sect. 130, p. 270.
85 "Anno dccclxviii. Aldredus episcopus
apud Sanctum Cuthbertum in Cunecacestre
vita decessit. Cui Elfsius in episcopatum -""
English Edifices ; with Historical and De-
scriptive Accounts of each," vol. iv„ pp. 52 to 59. The historical Article on " Lindis-
fame, or Holy Island Monastery, Durham," is written by William Bendon, Esq.
^ See Sir Walter Scott's " Border An- tiquities of England and Scotland," &c, vol. ii. , pp. 135, 136. In this connexion,
successit. "— Chronica Magistri Rogeri also, there are three most beautiful copper-
de Houedene, vol. i. , Pars Prior, p. 62. Edited by William Stubbs, M. A.
86 See Bishop Godwin's " De Prsesulibus Anglise Commentarius," &c, p. 725.
87 See MatthseiPaiisiensis, Monachi Sancti
Albani, "Chronica Majora," vol. i. , a. d.
968, p. 465.
plate engravings, representing the Abbey Church from different points of view.
9° See this incident as related in Willelmi
Malmesbiriensis Monachi " De Gestis Pon-
tificum Anglorum," lib. iii. , sect. 130, p. 270. Edition of N. E. S. Hamilton.
91 In the first instance, the monks of
Lindisfarne moved to Chester-le-Street, a
place formerly occupied by a Roman Station, known as Condercum, in Durham, and sub- sequently they went to Ripon, in Yorkshire,
88
For some beautiful copperplate re-
presentations of these ruins, the reader is referred to John Britton's " Architectural
Antiquities of Great Britain, represented
9* See Guthrie's " River James
History and Resources," p. 6.
and illustrated in a Series of
tions, Plans, Sections and Details, of Ancient
Views,
Eleva-
Tyne
: its
By whom, or at what exact
This afterwards led
having
5 o2 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
chosen. Having removed St. Cuthbert's relics thither, the bishop and his community of monks abandoned their old monastery, and began the erection of another on the site designated. The foundation of Durham is assigned to the latter part of the tenth century. 93
Although centuries had passed over since his death, yet St. Aidan is
regarded first in the line of bishops, that take their name from Durham. ^*
This city is in the county so called, and it is situated on a rocky eminence, partiallysurroundedbytheRiverWear. Itsdesignationisthoughttohave been derived from the Saxon or Celtic words Dun, " a hill," and Holme, " a river island. " A chapel was founded on the steep plateau, towards the close of the tenth century ; and about the same time, the place was fortified, to protect it from the Danish ravages. It is said, the first structure was only of wicker-work, and that a few years afterwards, Bishop Aldun had it replaced by a stone-built church. Soon houses and a population were gathered around it. Walls were built to include the precincts of this ancient city, and a castle stood within them on a commanding site. The northern province of Northumbria had been exposed to the inroads of King Malcolm of Scotland, the son of Kenneth, a. d. 1006,95 during the reign of King Ethelred over the English. He laid siege to Durham, while Bishop Aldun presided in that See, and having under his command the entire military force of Scotland. ? 6 However, a youth of great energy, and well skilled in military affairs, Uchtrad, who was son to Waltheof, the aged Earl of the Northumbrians, collected a considerable number of the men of Northumbria and of York. 97 With these, he proceeded to raise the siege. He then fought a great battle, in which nearly the entire multitude of the Scots was cut to pieces ; their
8
king himself and a few others escaping with difficulty. 9
His successor, Duncan, had also entertained an ambitious hope of
annexing the province of Northumbria to his Kingdom of Scotland ; and with that purpose in view, he collected a multitude of troops for its invasion, about the year 1038. However, he did not succeed in that attempt. In 1040, the King of Scotland besieged Durham, but his forces were totally vanquished. Afterwards, the heads of the Scottish leaders, slain or captured, having heen fixed on poles, were set up in the market place. 99 Consequent on the Anglo-Norman Invasion of England, several of the Saxons assembled here, and erected a castle with other fortifications. They made a temporary resistance, but not receiving assistance, they fled. Then William the Conqueror took possession of Durham, and granted many privileges to the inhabitants. In 1069, Robert Comyn, Earl of Northumberland, appointed governor of that city, entered it with a Norman guard of 700 soldiers. There they committed great enormities.
The foundations of the majestic Cathedral of Durham, as it now stands,
9! It is said to have been in the seventeenth & See Edward A. Freeman's " History of year of Ethelred, the English monarch, ihat the Norman Conquest of England," vol. i. ,
Aldhun, the Bishop of Lindisfarne, was p, 357.
moved monition to remove the 97 An account of this by angelic
siege
remains cf St. Cuthbert to Durham. See not by some other writer, possibly by
" Church of under Simeon of Durham, in his " Historia Eccle- History England
Oressy's
Saxon and Danish Monarchs, part iv. , siae Dunhelmensis," vol. i. , Auctarium,
book xxxii. , chap, xii. , p. 901.
9* See Alfred Webb's "Compendium of
Irish Biography," p. 3.
95 According to the Annals of Ulster.
See "Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and other Early Memorials of Scottish History," edited by William F. Skene LL. D. , p. 366.
pars, iii. , sect. I, pp. 215, 216. Edition of Thomas Arnold, M. A. , London, 1S82, 8vo.
9s See William F. Skene's " Celtic Scot- land : a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , book i. , chap, viii. , p. 385.
»See Samuel Lewis' "Topographical Dictionary of England," vol. ii. , p. no.
'
is if given,
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 503 were laid100 by Malcolm Ceanmore,101 King of Scotland, Bishop Carilepho
102
and Turgot,
century. Thirty years elapsed before it was completed. The original form of the structure is that of a long cross, with two turrets at the west end.
Between them is a large and richly ornamented door of entrance. The great or central tower was erected in the thirteenth century, and it rises from the intersection of nave and transepts to the height of 214 feet. It is characterized by a singular combination of elegance and massiveness. The Irish-Romanesque and Norman styles of architecture are conspicuous in the oldest portions of the building, while the introduction of a congeries of highly instructive examples illustrate gradual changes in the English style down to the commencement of the fifteenth century. The extreme length of the whole edifice, exclusive of the great west porch or Galilee, is 411 feet. The interior of this Cathedral is awe-inspiring, owing to its ponderous style and noble details. The Galilee, or Lady's Chapel, and the Cloisters of the former monastery, adjoin on the south side of the Nave, and connected with them and the south transept is the Chapter House. 10^ The Cathedral and See of Durham have an interesting history connected with them, but which forms no theme of our 10*
special subject.
Before the arrival of St. Aidan to commence his apostolate in Northum-
bria, it is said, that King Edwin had built a small church and a convent of wood at Tynemouth,los in which his daughter Rosella assumed the veil. 100
Subsequently, and probably owing to the suggestion of our Saint, King Oswald who succeeded had the primitive structure replaced by one of stone.
ThiswasdedicatedtoSt. Mary. However,duringtheeighthcentury,that religious establishment had been frequently plundered by the Danes, who continued their devastations in the succeeding centuries, until the buildings
were 10? The remains still finally destroyed.
103 Three fine folio
the prior of the monastery, towards the close of the eleventh
existing
later erection, and they contain long lancet windows with pointed arches. 108
The ruins rise on a peninsular rock, and they are romantically situated over the River Tyne.
In Scotland, churches were formally dedicated in honour of St. Aidan at
Cambusnethan100 and Menmuir. Near to this latter place, used to be St ,
100 On the nth of August, 1093. William Dugdale's " Monasticon An- 101 Also known as Malcolm III. , son of glicanum," edited by John Caley, Esq. ,
Duncan.
"
Malcolm Ceanmor reigned from
F. R. S. S. A. ; Henry Ellis, LL. B. ,F. R. S. S. A„ and the Rev. Bulkeley Bandinel, D. D. See vol. i. , pp. 219 to 252.
I95 It is now a parish of Northumberland-
shire, and it assumes its name, from being
situated at the mouth of the River Tyne. The
Saxons had a fortress there, called Penbal
17th March, 1057-8, to 13th Novem—ber, 1093, the day on which he was slairf. " William F. Skene's " Celtic Scotland : a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , book i. , chap, viii. , n. 72, p. 431.
102 He wrote a Durham.
of the Church of
copperplate engravings, and drawn by John Coney, present a ground- plan, explained by marginal references, with an exterior and an interior view of Durham
"
Cathedral, are to be seen in his
siastical Edifices of the Olden Time. " A Plans, Sections and Details, of Ancient
History
"
lo6 See Samuel Lewis' "
Series of Etchings, with Ground-plans and Fac-similes of Hollar's Views of the Cathe-
English Edifices : with Historical and De-
scriptive Accounts of Each," vol. iv. , pp. 83 to 86.
dral and Conventual Churches, Monasteries,
Abbeys, Priories and other Ecclesiastical
Edifices of England and Wales. Vol. i. ,
Durham. London, 1842. Scott's
104 The reader who desires further en- lightenment may seek information in Sir
Eccle-
illustrated in a Series of Views, Elevations,
Crag, or
the head of the rock-rampart. " Topographical
indicate a of period
Dictionary of England," vol. iv. , p. 408.
10? See John Britton's "Architectural An-
tiquities of Great Britain, represented and
Io8
tions, the reader is referred to Sir Walter
"
Border Antiquities of England and Scotland," vol. i.
