No More Learning

--After what has been already said of the different
works of Ovid in succession, it is . unnecessary to in-
dulge in many general remarks on his defects or merits.
Suffice it to say, that the brilliancy of his imagination,
the liveliness of his wit, his wonderful art in bringing
every scene or image distinctly, as it were, before the
view, and the fluent, unlaboured ease of his versifica-
tion, have been universally admired. But his wit was
tec profuse and his fancy too exuberant. The natural
ir. dolence of his temper, and his high self-esteem, did
not permit him to become, like Virgil or Horace, a
finished model of harmony and proportion. (Dunlop's
Roman Literature, vol. 3, p. 349, seqq. )-- The best
(diiions of Ovid aie, that of Burmann, Amst. , 1727,
4 vols. 4to, and that of Lemairc, Paris, 1820-24, 10
vols. 8vo. The edition of N Heinsius, Amst. , 1661,
3 vols. 12mo, is also a valuable one.
Oxijt, small pointed islands, near the Ech nades,
off the coast of Acarnania. Their ancient name has
reference to their form ('Oljclai). Strabo reports,
that these are the same which Homer calls Thorc.
(Od. . 15, 299. -- Strabo, 458. ) Stephanus supposes
the Oxess to be Dulichium (j. v. AovMxtov). This
group is now commonly known by the name of Cur-
tolari, but the most considerable among them retains
the appellation of Oxia. (Gell's Ilin. , p. 298. )
Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, rising in the north-
eastern extremity of that country, or, rather, in the
southeastern part of Great Bukharia, and flowing for
the greater part of its course in a northwest direction.
It receives numerous tributaries, and falls, after a course
of 1200 miles, into the Sea of Aral. The Oxus is now
the Amoo or Jihon (the latter being the name given
to it by the Arabian geographers). According to most
of the ancient writers, it flowed direct into the Caspi-
an, and this statement is said to he confirmed by the
existence of its former channel; but, in all probability,
they were ignorant of the existence of the Sea of Aral.
Some writers think that Herodotus speaks of the Oxus
under the name of Araxes (1, 201, scqq. ; 4, 11); but
it is more likely that he there refers to the Volga. The
historian, however, certainly confounds it with the
Araxes of Armenia, since he says it rises in the coun-
? ? try of the Matieni (1, 202), and flows towards the east
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? PAC
srtncr explanation made the term come from the stench
(iff? of the stagnant water in the neighbouring parts.
3. A third class of etymologists derived the appella-
tion from the stench that proceeded from the persons
of the early Ozolan, they having been accustomed to
wear undressed skins of wild beasts. (Pausan. , 10,
18. --Consult also Siebclii, ad loc. )
l'l :vff invs, Titus Julius, n general of the Roman
amies, who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul about
the latter part of Philip's reign. He waa soon after
defeated, A. D. 249, and put to death.
PachJhus 'Jlaxyvoe uKpa), a promontory of Sicily,
forming the southeastern extremity of the island, and
called also, by some of the Latin writers, Pachynum.
(Mela, 2, 7. --Plin. , 3,8. ) It is one of the three prom-
ontories that give to Sicily its triangular figure, the
other two being Pelorus and Lilybsum. The modern
name is Capo Passaro. Its southernmost point is
called by Ptolemy OJyssca Acra ('Odvoaeia uupa), and
coincides with the projection of the coast before which
the islands dclle Correnti lie. Between Pachynusand
this latter cape lies a small harbour, called at the pres-
ent day Porto di Palo, and the same with what Cice-
ro terms Portus Pachyni. (In Verr. , 5, 34. ) It
. served merely as a temporary refuge for mariners in
stress of weather. This harbour is very probably meant
by the /fin. Marit. when it gives the distance "a Syra-
cuse Packyno" at 400 stadia or 45 geographical miles
along the coast, since the direct line from Syracuse to
the promontory of Pachynus is less than this. (Itin.
Marit. , p. 492, ed. Wesseling. --Mannert, Gcogr. , vol.
9, pt. 2, p. 341. )
Pacorus, I. the eldest of the sons of Orodis, king
of Parlhia, and a prince of great merit. Aftei the de-
feat of Crassus. he was sent by his father to invade
Syria, having Osaces, a veteran commander, associa-
ted with him. The Parthians were driven back, how-
aver, by Caius Cassius, and Osaces was slain. After
the battle of Philippi, Pacorus invaded Syria in con-
junction with Labienus, and, having many exiled
Kc-inni-- with him, met with complete success, the
whole of the country being now reduced under the Par-
thian away. From Syria he passed into Judaja, and
placed on the throne Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus.
The Roman power having been re-established in Syria
by the efforts of Ventidius, Pacorus again crossed the
Euphrates, but was defeated and slain by the Roman
commander. His death was deeply lamented by Oro-
des, who for several days refused all nourishment.
'Justin, 42, i. --Vell. Paterc, 12, 78. --Tacit. , Hist. ,
6, 9. )--II. Son of Vonones II. , king of Parthia. He
received from his brother Vologeses, who succeeded
Vonones, the country of Media as an independent
kingdom. Hia dominions were ravaged by the Alani,
who compelled him to take shelter for some time in
the mountains. (Tacit. , Ann. , 15, 2 et 14. )
Pactolus, a river of I. ydia, rising in the southeast-
ern part of Mount Tmolus, and falling into the Her-
mits, after having passed by Sardes. the ancient cap-
ital of Croesus. Its sands were auriferous, the parti-
cles of gold being washed down by the mountain tor-
rents (Plin. , 5, 29), and hence it was sometimes called
Ckrysotrhoai. The poets accounted for the golden
sards of the river by tho fable of Midas having bathed
in its waters when he wished to rid himself of the
transmuting powers of his touch. (Vid. Midas. ) It
was from the geld found amid the sands of the Pacto-
(ua that Croesus is said to have acquired his great rich-
? ? es. At a time when this precious metal was scarce,
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? PAD
PA U
rf these ;m ce diamalic poets, belong to the Dulorcstcs
a( Pacunus, who was, in truth, the only Latin poet that
wrote a tragedy with this appellation. What the ten-
? ur or subject of the play, however, may have beer. , he
? dmits, is difficult to determine, as the different pas-
sages still extant refer to different periods of the life
of Orestes; which is rather adverse, it must be ob:
screed, to his idea, that all these fragments were writ-
ten by the same person, unless, indeed, Pacuvius had
utterly set at defiance the observance of the celebrated
unities of the ancient drama. On the whole, however,
he agrees with Stanley in his remarks on the Choe-
phori of ^Eschylus, that the subject of the Choephori,
which is the vengeance taken by Orestes on the mur-
derers of his father, is also that of the Dulorcstes of
Pacuvius. (Ebcrhardl, Zustand derschonen Wisstn-
chaflen bei den Rb'mcrn, p. 35, scqq. )--In the Iliona,
the scene where the shade of Polydorus, who had been
assassinated by the King of Thrace, appears to his
mother, was long the favourite of a Roman audience,
who seemed to have indulged in the same partiality for
such spectacles that we still entertain for the goblins in
Hamlet and Macbeth. --All the plays of Pacuvius were
either imitated or translated from the Greek, except
Paulus. This was of his own invention, and was the
first Latin tragedy formed on a Roman subject. Un-
fortunately, there are only five lines of it extant, and
these do not enable us to ascertain which Roman of
the name of Paulus gave his appellation to the trage-
dy. It was probably either Paulus . Kmilius, who fell
at Carina! , or his son, whose story was a memorable
instance of the instability of human happiness, as he
lost both his children by his second marriage, one five
days before and the other five days after, his Macedo-
nian triumph. --From no one play of Pacuvius are there
more than fifty lines preserved, and these generally
very much detached. It docs not appear that his
tragedies had much success or popularity in his own
age. He was obliged to have recourse for his sub-
jects to foreign mythology and unknown history. Iph-
igenia and Orestes were always more or less strangers
to a Roman audience, and the whole drama in which
these and similar personages flourished, never attained
in Rome to a healthy and perfect existence. (Dunlop's
Roman Literature, vol. 1, p. 343, scqq. )--The frag-
ments of Pacuvius are given in the collections of Ste-
phens, Maittaire, dec.
Padds, now the Po, the largest river of Italy, an-
ciently called also Eridanus, an appellation which is
frequently used by the Roman poets, and almost al-
ways by Greek authors. (Vid. Eridanus ) This lat-
ter name, however, belongs properly to the Ostium
Spineticum of the Padus. (Plin. , 3, 20. -- Muller,
Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 225. ) The name Padus is said
to have been derived from a word in the language of
the Gauls, which denoted a pine-tree, in consequence
of the great number of those trees growing near its
source. (Plin. , 3, 16. ) Whatever be the derivation
of the term Padus, the more ancient name of the river,
which was Bodincus, is certainly of Celtic origin, and
is said to signify "bottomless. " (Compare the Ger-
man bodenlos. --Dalceamp, ad Plin. , 3, 16. ) The Po
rises in Mons Vesulus, now Monte Viso, near the
sources of the Druentia or Durance, runs in an east-
erly direction for more than 500 miles, and discharges
its waters into the Adriatic, about 30 miles south of
Portus Venetus or Venice. It is sufficiently deep to
? ? bear boats and barges at 30 miles from its source, but
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? TJEO
P^bmani, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed by
D'Anville and Wersebe to have occupied the present
district of Famcve, in Luxemburg. (Cas. , B. G. , 2,
4. --D'Anville, Notice de la Gaule, p. 188. --Wersebe,
iiberdie Vblker, des alien Tcutschlands,Hanno. ,1826. )
Lemaire, however, thinks the analogy between the an-
cient and modern names, on which this opinion is found-
Mi, too far-fetched. (Ind. Geogr. ad Cats. , s. v. )
Pmon (Tlaiav), or, according to the earlier and Ho-
<<eric form of the name, P. *eon (Xlaif/uv), the phy-
sician of the gods Nothing is said in Homer about
his origin. All wc are told is, that he cured Mars
when wiunded by Diomede (II. , 5, 899), and Pluto
of the wound in his shoulder given him by Hercules
(11. , 5, 401), and also that the Egyptian physicians
were of his race. (Od, 4, 232. ) He would seem to
have been, in the Homeric conception of the legend,
distinct from Apollo, though perhaps originally iden-
tical with him. (Keightky's Mythology, p. 200. --
Consult remarks under the article Paean )
PjEonks (IlatovFc), a numerous and ancient nation,
that once occupied the greatest part of Macedonia, and
even a considerable portion of what is more properly
called Thrace, extending along the coast of the ^Egean
as far as the Euxine. This we collect from Herodo-
tus's account of the wars of the Paeones with the Pe-
Wnthians, a Greek colony settled on the shores of the
Propontis, at no great distance from Byzantium. Ho-
mer, who was apparently well acquainted with the
Paeones, represents them as following their leader As-
teropceus to the siege of Troy in behalf of Priam, and
places them in Macedonia, on the banks of the Axius.
(II, 11, 819. ) We know a/so from Livy (40, 3) that
Emathia once bore the name of Paeonia, though at
what period we cannot well ascertain. From another
passage in the same historian, it would seem that the
Uardani of Illyria had once exercised dominion over
the whole of Macedonian Paeonia (45, 29). This pas-
ng9 seems to agree with what Herodotus states, that
the Pasones were a colony of the Teucri, who came
from Troy (5, 13. --Compare 7, 20), that is, if we sup-
jpt<<c the Dardani to be the same as the Teucri, or at
least a branch of them. But these transactions are
too renrote and obscure for examination.
Herodotus,
who dwells principally on the history of the Paeonians
around the Strymon. informs us, that they were early
divided into numerous small tribes, most of which were
transplanted into Asia by Megabyzus, a Persian gen-
eral, who had made the conquest of their country, by
order of Darius. The circumstances of this event,
which are given in detail by Herodotus, will be found
in the fourth book, c. 12. It appears, however, from
Herodotus, that these Paeonians afterward effected
their escape from the Persian dominions, and returned
to their own country (5, 98). Those who were found
on the line of march pursued by Xerxes were com-
pelled to follow that monarch in his expedition. He-
rodotus seems to place the main body of the Paeonian
nation near the Strymon; but Thucydides (2,99), with
Homer, extends their territory to the river Axius. But
if we follow Strabo and Livy, we shall be disposed to
remove the western limits of the nation as far as the
great chain of Mount Scardus and the borders of Illy-
Tta. In general terms, then, we may affirm, that ttw
whole of northern Macedonia, from the source of the
river Erigonus to the Strymon, was once named Pae-
oi. ia. This largo tract of country was divided into
two parts by the Romans, and formed the second and
? ? third regions of Macedonia. (Lip. , 44, 29. ) The
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? I'. KSTbM.
PA V
nearly 540 B. C. It will be seen by that historian's
account of the events which induced the Phocaeans to
settle on the shores of Lucania, that they were chiefly
led to foim this resolution by the advice of a citizen
el Posid>nia (1, 167). It may thence reasonably be
supposed, that the latter city had already existed for
twenty or thirty years. --There are but few other par-
ticulars on record relative to its history. That it must
have attained a considerable degree of prosperity, is
evident from the circumstance of its name having been
attached to the present Gulf of Salerno (vid. Passta-
nus Sinus); and we possess yet farther confirmation
of the fact in the splendid monuments which age has
not yet been able to deface or destroy. It appears
from Strabo that the Posidoniata? , jealous of the ag-
grandizement of Velia, endeavoured more than once to
? educe that town to subjection: these attempts, how-
ever, proved fruitless; and, not long after, they were
called upon to defend themselves against the aggres-
sions of the Lucani, the most determined and danger-
ous of all the enemies with whom the Greeks had to
contend. After an unsuccessful resistance, they were
it length compelled to acknowledge the superiority of
these barbarians, and to submit to their authority. It
was probably to rescue Posidonia from their yoke that
Alexander of Epirus landed here with a considerable
army, and defeated the united forces of the l. ucamans
and Sainnites in the vicinity of that place. (Lir. , 8,
17. ) The Romans, having subsequently conquered
the Lucani, became possessed of Posidonia, whiihcr
they sent a colony A. U. C. 480. (Lid. , Epit. , 14, et
XI, 10. --Strab. , 251. ) The loss of their liberty, even
under these more distinguished conquerors, and still
more the abolition of their usages and habits as Greeks,
seem to have been particularly afflicting to the Posi-
doniatse. Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician and phi-
losopher at Tarcntum, who is quoted by Alhenseus (10,
11). feelingly depicts the distress of this hapless peo-
ple. "We follow the example," says this writer, "of
the Posidoniatae, who, having been compelled to be-
come Tuscans, or, rather, Romans instead of Greeks,
and to adopt the language and institutions of barba-
rians, still, however, annually commemorate one of the
solemn festivals of Greece. On that day it is their
custom to assemble together in order to revive the
recollection of their ancient rites and language, and to
lament apd shed tears in common over their sad desti-
ny: after which they retire in silence to their homes. "
--The unhealthy situation of Paestum, which has been
remarked by Strabo, may probably have prevented that
colony from attaining to any degree of importance;
and as it was placed on an unfrequented coast (Cic.
ad A't, 11, 17), and had no trade of its own, it soon
decayed, and we find it only noticed by subsequent
writers for the celebrity of its roses, which were said
to bloom twice in the year. (Virg. , Georg. , 4,118. --
Propert. , 4, 5. --Ovid. Mel. , 15, 708. --Id, ep. e I'm-
to, 2, 4. --. 4u*on. , Idyll. , 14. )--The ruins of Paestum,
as has already been remarked, form a great object of
attraction to the modern tourist. Eustace has given a
verv spirited description of the beautiful temples of
this ancient city, the most striking edifices, unques-
tionably, which have survived the dilapidations of time
and the barbarians in Italy. (Class. Tour, vol. 3, p.
94, seqq. ) "Within these walls," he rerr-arks in con-
clusion, "that once encircled a populous and splendid
city, now rise one cottage, two faraihouscs, a villa,
? ? and a church. The remaining space is covered with
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? PAli
fkne. --5. Lalcna's tress (A^roOr nWonafioc). (SehSU,
Hist Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 38. )--III. A native either of
Paios or Priene, who lived in the time of Artaxerxes
Mix? uion, and wrote, according to Suidas, a work in
five books, entitled 'Kmara. "Incredible Things. "
ISuid. , s. v. )--IV. A native of Abydos, and a great
fciend of Aristotle's. He wrote several historical
works. (Suid. , s. v. )--V. A grammarian of Alexan-
dres, according to Suida? , but called by Tzetzes and
athera a Peripatetic philosopher. The period in which
he lived is not stated. (Fabric , Bibl. Gr. , lib. 1, c.
81. ) Suidas mentions a work by bim, entitled "Ex-
planations of things related in Mythology. " This
seems to be the production which has come down to
us, in one book, divided into 50 short chapters, under
the name of Palaephatus, and which is commonly en-
titled " On Incredible things" (Uepl 'Amaruv). The
author explains, according to his fashion, the origin of
many of the Greek fables, such as those of the Cen-
taurs and Lapitha? , Pasiphae, Actseon, etc. All these
legends have, according to him, an historical basis,
and more or less truth connected with them, but which
has been strangely distorted by the ignorance and cre-
dulity of men. PaUephatus, therefore, may be as-
signed, as a mythologist, to what is termed the class of
pragmatisers. The work is written in a very good
style, and, notwithstanding the forced nature of many
of the explanations, may be regarded as, in some re-
spects, an instructive book. Virgil alludes to Palae-
phatus in his Ciris,
"Docta Palaphatia tcstatur voce papyrus. "
Tr. o term docta would stem to refer to the productions
of some Alcxandrcan writer, and the word papyrus to
imply that his work consisted merely of a single book.
Simson places Pala? phatus in 409 B. C. (Citron. Ca-
tkol. , col. 779), while Saxius assigns him to 322 B. C.
(Onomasl. , vol. 1, p. 88)--The best edition of the
treatise nepl 'Arcioruv is that of Fischer, Lips. , 1789,
8vo, in the prolegomena to which is contained much
information from Fabricius* relative to the various in-
dividuals who have borne the name of Palaephatus.
There are also two other pieces published with this
work under the name of Palaephatus, one on the in-
vention of the purple colour, and the other on the first
discovery of iron. (Schbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p.
194)
Pal. asp5us. Vid. Neapolis.
Pat. *ste, a little harbour of Epirus, on the Chao-
nian coast, and south of the Ceraunian promontory.
Here Caesar landed his forces from Brundisium, in or-
der to carry on the war against Pompey in Illyria.
(Bell. Civ. , 3, 6. ) It must be observed, however,
that in nearly all the MSS. of Caesar, this name is
written Pharsalia; but, on the other hand, Lucan cer-
tainly seems to have read PalaBSta (5, 458, seqq. ).
Some trace of the ancient name is perceptible in that
of Paleassa, marked in modern maps as being about
twenty-five miies southeast of the Acroceraunian cape.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 95, scqq. )
Pal<estIna, a country of Asia below Syria, though,
properly speaking, forming part of that land. In its
earliest acceptations, the name was applied to the
tract of coast between Egypt and Phoenicia, having
Aacalon for its chief city. (Joscphus, Bell. Jud, 3.
--Id. , Ant. Jud. , 1, 19. ) It was extended at a later
period to the territory of the Jewish nation, and the
terms Palestine and Holy Land are now regarded as
aynonymous. The Jews were not acquainted with
? ? the name Palaestina; it is thought to be derived from
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? PAL
l*AL
*32. ) Slrabo 1162) assigns it to the Averaci, bu. Ch-
er authorities to the Vaccaei. (Plin , 3, 4--Appicn,
Bell. Hup. , c. 55, c. 80. --Lie, 48, 25. --Id, 66, 8. )
PalatIkui Mons, one of the seven hills on which
Home was built, and the first of the number that was
nhabited. It formed, consequently, the most ancient
oart of the city. Although of comparatively little ex-
. ent, it was remarkable as the favourite residence of
rhe Caesars, from the time of Augustus to the decline
of the empire. It contained also several spots, vener-
anle from their antiquity, and to which the Romans at-
tached a feeling of superstition, from their being con-
nected with the earliest traditions of the infant city.
Among these were the Lupercal, a cave supposed to
Have been consecrated to Pan by Evander(Dion. Hal. ,
1, 32. --A'. n , 8,342); the Germalus, deriving its name
from the Latin word Germani, because the twin-broth-
trs Romulus and Remus were said to have been found
under the " ficus Ruminatis," which grew in its vicinity
(Viarro, L. L. , 4, 18), while at the foot of the hill was
the temple of Jupiter Stator, said to have been found-
ed by Rotnulus. (Lie, 1, 12. -- Dion.