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own realm and dominion
was supreme head Christ England.
supreme head, and holy orders, married another woman his se
the Church cond wife named Anne, and was twice mar ried. Answ. To this granted,—4. Itein,
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701] STATE TRIALS, 1 Mary, 1553. —Proceedings against Archbishop Cranmer, [792
the time of king Henry the 8th, he kept the thing else protested. Answ. Whereunto said wife secretly, and had children by her. answered, that did nothing but the laws Answ. Hereunto also he granted; affirming the realm. — 14. Item, that the said arch that it was better for him to have his own, than bishop Canterbury did not only offend
to do like other priests, holding and keeping the premises, but also taking upon him
other men's wives. —5. Item, in the time of the authority the see Rome, that, king Edward, he brought out the said wife without leave licence from the said see, openly, affirming and professing publicly the consecrated bishops and priests. Answ. same to be his wife. Answ. He denied not He granted, that did execute such things but he so did, and lawfully might do the same,
forasmuch as the laws of the realm did so per
mit him. —6. Item, that he shamed not openly
to glory himself to have had his wife in secret
many years. Answ. And though he so did (he
said) there was no cause why he should be
ashamed thereof—7. Item, that the said Tho the pope's authority, confessed true. mas Cranmer falling afterward into the deep But that erred the same, that denied. bottom of errors, did and refuse the autho —16. Itein, that and singular the premises rity the Church, did hold and follow the true. Answ. That likewise granted, ex heresy concerning the Sacrament the altar, cepting those things whereunto had now
and also did compile, and caused set answered.
abroad divers books. Answ. Whereunto when After had thus answered the Objections
the names of the books were recited him, he aforesaid, and the public notary had entered denied not such books which he was the author the same, the Judges and Commissioners,
of. As touching the treatise Peter Martyr having now accomplished that wherefore they upon the Sacrament, denied that ever came, were about rise and depart. But saw before was abroad, yet did approve the bishop Gloucester thinking not the and well like of the same. As for the Cate best dismiss the people, being somewhat chism, the book Articles, with the other stirred with the words the Archbishop, began book against Winchester, granted the same Oration the hearing the people, thus
this Eramination against Dr. Cranmer, Archbishop Canterbury.
“MASTER Cranmer, cannot otherwise term
the Sacrament, but that was convicted
the same, that denied. —11. Item, when he
persevered still the same, was the and my o: turned into perdition. Who
public censure the university pronounced can save
th
an heretic, and his books
Perditio me satratio
were wont referred the pope, what time was perinitted him the public laws and determination the realm. —15. Itein, that when the whole realm had subscribed
the authority the pope, only still persisted his error. Answ. That he did not admit
his doings. -8. Item, that compelled
many against their wills subscribe the The ORATIon Bishop Brooks, closing
same Articles. Answ. He exhorted (he said)
such were
their wills
somuch
willing subscribe; but against compelled none. —9. Item, for
surceased not
perpetuate
enormous and inordinate crimes, he was there you, considering your obstinacy, am right
fore cast into the Tower, and from thence was sorry, am right heartily sorry hear such
brought Oxford, what time was com words escape your mouth unadvisedly.
monly thought that the parliament there should had conceived right good hope your amend
be holden. Answ. To this said, that ment. supposed that this obstinacy your's
knew no such enormous and inordinate crimes came not vain glory, but rather cor that ever committed. —10. Item, that the rupt conscience, which was the occasion that said city Oxford did openly maintain his hoped well your return. But now per heresy, and there was convicted upon the same. ceive your foolish babble, that far other Answ. defended (he said) there the cause
tua super Israel; tantummodo
tua, Dominus per Prophetam,
dition only upon thyself, Israel; only me thy salvation, saith the Lord his pro phet. You have uttered erroneous talk,
from the catholic church and the see Rome, with such open malice against the pope's holi but also moved the king and subjects this ness, with such open lying against the Church realm the same. Alusic. As touching the Rome, with such open blasphemy against receding, that well granted; but that reced the Sacrament the altar, that mouth ing departing, said he, was only from the sce could have expressed more maliciously, more
Rome, and had matter any schism. lyingly, more
Answ. That not; but that heretical, that
was denounced, was an heretic,
denied his books
Thy per
denied. —12. Item, that was and notoriously infamed with the note schism, who not only himself receded
reason with — 13. Item, that had been twice sworn you, although would myself satisfy this
the pope; and withal Dr. Martin brought audience, yet may not our commission, out the instrument the public notary, wherein neither can find how may with the was contained his protestation made when Scriptures: For the apostle doth command should consecrated, asking had any that such one should not only not talked
to declaim:
wise. Ye are puffed with vain glory, there such cauteria heresy crept into your conscience, that am clean void hope,
at will be lost God would have
heretical. you saved, and you refuse
so. ".
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793] STATE TRIALS, 1 Mary, 1553. —for Treason and Heresy. [794
withal, but also shunned and avoided, saying; the bishop Rome, confess and deny
Harcticum hominem post unum aut alterum, not, and therefore say with the rest this conventum, devita, sciens quod huiusmodi per realm, good and catholic men, the saying versus delinquit, quum proprio judicio the prophet; Peccavimus cum patribus nostris, condemnatus, An heretical person after once injuste egimus, iniquitatem fecimus, We
twice conferring, shun, knowing that have sinned with our fathers, we have done un perverse and sinneth, being his own judg justly and wickedly. Delicta juventutis meat, ment condemned. Ye have been conferred ignorantias meas memineris Domine, withal not once twice, but oftentimes, The sins my youth, and my ignorances,
have oft been lovingly admonished, have Lord not remember. was then young been oft secretly disputed with. And the last man, and young scholar here the uni year the open school, open disputations, versity. —I knew not then what oath did
have been openly convict, have been mean, and yet say the truth, did com openly driven out the school with hisses: pulsed, compulsed say you master Cran your book which brag you made seven years mer, and here were you the author and cause ago, and man answered Marcus Anto Iny perjury, you are blamed herein, nius hath sufficiently detected and confuted, and not Now where you say made two and yet persist still your wonted heresy. — oaths, the one contrary the other, not Wherefore being oft admonished, conferred so, for the oath made the pope's holiness withal, and convicted, deny you the appertaineth only spiritual things: The man whom the apostle moteth, hear then what other oath made the king, pertaineth only
Drigen saith, who wrote above 1300 years ago, and interpreteth the saying the apostle this way, Apologia Pamphili. Hareticus omnis ille habendus, qui Christo cred, pro fitetur, aliter Christi veritate sent quam
your faith, but what end pray you else, men called him, they answered; Some Elias, but cloak that inward heresy rooted you, some prophet, &c. But Christ replied unto that you might blind the poor, simple, and Peter, and said, Whom savest thou Peter that unlearned peoples' eyes? For what will they am Peter answered Tues Christus, filius say think, they not thus say Good Dei and Christ replied, Tu Petrus, super
Lord, what mean these men say that heretic, they are deceived, this
good Christian, believeth we believe. — But this sufficient escape the name
hanc Petram dificabo. Ecclesiam meam. The doctor's interpreting this place, super hanc Pe tram, expounded est, non soum super dum Petri, sed super ł'etre. And why did Christ change his name from Simon Peter, which Latin stone, but only declare that was only the foundation and head
an heretic To the simple and unlearned
sufficient, but for you that have professed
greater knowledge and higher doctrine, not
enough recite your belief. For unless, the church. -Again, where Christ demanded Origen saith, believe things that the Peter, being amongst the rest his apos Church hath decreed besides, you are Chris tles, three times new, Petre, amas me? gave
temporal things; that say, that
acknowledge all my temporal livings pro
ceed only from the king, and from none else. But men may say, you agree this,
agree the rest your opinions. —Now sir, concerning the supremacy which only duc the see Rome, word two. Al though there number places which confirm that Christ appointed Peter head
the church, yet this most evident place.
habet Ecclesiastica traditio. Even now
professed kind Christianity and holiness
unto us, for your beginning you fell down
upon your knees, and said the Lord's Prayer
(God wot like hypocrite) and then stand
ing upon your feet, you rehearsed the articles When Christ demanded his apostles whom
the which because you halt, him charge over his sheep, Pasce oves meas, conformity from hence pasce agnos meos. Which place Chrysostom
tian man.
and will come
forth are
whom we ought neither dispute, neither praepositus caput fratrum tuorum. To con reason, whom we ought rather cschew and clude, when they came that required didrach avoid. —Nevertheless, although not intend ma Christ, he commanded Peter cast his to reason with you, but give you net into the sea, and take out the fish's abject and out-cast from God's favour, yet be mouth that took, stateram, hoc est, dupler cause have uttered, the annoying the didrachma, quit pro me Petre. people, such pestilent heresies may harm Which words signify, that when had among some rude and unlearned, think meet, paid for them two, had paid for the rest. and not abs somewhat say herein not For the old law there were appointed because hope have any good your hands, two heads over the people Israel, Moses which, would willingly wish, but that and Aaron, Moses chief, and Aaron next may establish the simple people which head under him the new law there were liere present, lest they being seduced your two heads the church, which were Christ diabolical doctrine, may perish thereby. — and Peter. Christ head all, and Peter
And first, beloveth every man purge next under him. St. Austin quast. Ve himself first before enter with any other, teris Novi Testamenti, Salvator (inquit) where you accuse me oath made against quum prose Petro dari jubcbat didrachma,
taken for heretic, with interpreting, saith, Pasce, hoc est, ioco mei esto
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795] STATE TRIALS, 1 MARy, 1553. —Proceedings against Archbishop Cranmer, [796
pro omnibus ipsum dari censuit, ipsum enim con laymen under both kinds, for divers occasions. stituit caput corum, i. Our Saviour Christ, First, that carrying the sick, the blood
saith St. Austin, commanding the tribute to be given for him and for Peter, meant thereby the same to be given for other, for appoint ed him to be head of them. What can be
may not shed, lost, misused. And next,
that occasion might given heretics think that there not much under one kind,
under both. -But why would you have under both kinds, pray you else, but only
more plain than this But will not tarry
upon this matter. —Now touching the pope's pervert and contrary the commandment the
laws, where you say they contrary, because the service which should be, you say,
English, Latin answer, whosoever will take the pains peruse the chapter, which
side, raying. Again, where you say, that the pope's firm the real presence
Corinth. 14. shall find, that his meaning
ing the sacrament
the altar, where you say, doctors your side,
concerning preaching, only
}. and obiter and we none our
away part
one the sacra
altar,
stop your
doth take
ment from the laymen, and Christ would have
ment the
mouth, think not possible find. Never theless, where your request have one
under both, can say more but this
Bibite ereo omnes, Drink And what followeth Et liberunt
this. omnes,
where, did baptize only Christ's name.
Again, Christ before his last supper washed his
apostles feet, saying, Siego lavi pedes vestros
Dominus Mogister, vos deletis alter alte
rius lavare pedes, have washed your
feet being your Lord and Master, also you
ought wash the feet one another. Er
emplum ded vobis, have given you exam Aud art thou stronger than Christ? Wilt thou ple. This was precept, yet bath the church about bring them silence that will re altered lest the simple people should not ceive answer who should say, thou think rebaptization So because saith canst not. Thus much have said, not for you the apostle, Accept Domino quod tradidi master Cranmer, for my hope that conceived
vobis. JDominus noster qua nocte tradebatur,
you now gone and past; but somewhat satisfy the rude and unlearned people, that they perceiving your arrogant lying and lying arro
&c. have received which have delivered
the Lord the same you, that our Lord
was betrayed, &c. gancy, may the better eschew your detestable Notwithstanding that this was precept that and abouminable schism. ”
the sacrament should ministered after sup And thus ended the prelate his worshipful per, the church hath altered and command tale. After whom Dr. Story taketh the matter,
received fasting. And where Christ and thus inferred words, followeth did break the bread, we receive the whole host. “Master Cranmer, you have made goodly Christ ministered sitting the table, we stand process concerning your heretical oath made
the same night which
ing the altar. was also commanded Acts 25th, that Christian inen should abstain suffocato sanguine, From strangled and
she inay also change the form receiving again, saith the reporter; but what lus answer
blood. But the church perceiving
precept but for time, hath altered Christ
commanded keep holy, Den Subhati, The
sabbath day, and the church hati, altered
Sunday. then the church may change Christ's Church again, and standeth well things that expressed the scriptures; with charity. ” To this the archbishop answered
church? For when you had under both kinds, you believed neither. And we having but one, believe both kinds. Now sir, concern
you have number
say,
that con
Christ the sacra
shewed unto you, and then you will recant,
will shew you two. —St. Austin, super Psal. 33. man Ferebatur manibus suis, find not how this
And all drank thereof. Now
would proterve with you,
that Christ gave only his apostles, born his own hands; but Christ find
might say true David, saith he, literally, that was
whose places succeeded priests, and not lay men. —And admit that Christ commanded
received under both kinds, yet the church hath authority change that, weli
other. Ye read, that Christ calling his
apostles together, said unto them; Ite, praedi
cate Evangelium omni nationi, baptizantes
nomine Patris, Filii, Spiritus Sancti,
Go and preach the gospel every nation, bap
tizing them the name the Father, the
Son, and the Holy Ghost. But the apostles, incarnate, &c. Wherefore can do no other being desirous publish Christ's name every but put you the number them, whom
indeed one
literally, when gave his body his apostles last supper. —Again, St. Cyprian,
Carna Domini, saith, Punis quem Dominus nos ter discipulis suis porrigebat, non effigie, sed
natura mutatus, omnipotentia verbi factus est caro. What can more plain than this yet your exposition not plain enough. But give me your figurative, significative, and such
other like terms, and will defend that Christ hath not yet ascended nor yet that was
Chrysostom spake this wise, saying;
Audi, homo fidelis qui contra harreticum con tendis, Pharisai convicti, non placati
relici, &c. Hear, thou Christian man, wilt thou do more than Christ could do? Christ
confuted the Pharisees, yet could not put them silence; fortiores Christo
the king, but you forget your oath made
the see apostolic. As concerning your oath
made the king, you made him only, took end his death, and released: you made his successors, well sir, the
true successors have the empire, and they will you dissolve the same, and become member
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797] STATE TRIALS, 1 MARY, 1553. —for Treason and Heresy. [79s
was, that he suppresseth, and returneth to the words of Dr. Story, who imperiously turning his speech again to the archbishop, said as fol loweth : ‘Hold your peace, sir, and so shall it right well become you, considering that I gave you licence before to say your fancy. Your oath was no oath : for it lacked the three points of an oath, that is to say, Judicium, - Justitiam, ct Veritatem. ’
These with the like words to the same effect
being uttered by Dr. Story, seeking to break
up and make an end of that Session, he estsoons
called for Witnesses to be produced, who should
be sworn upon the book, to utter and declare
the next day whatsoever they knew, or could
remember to be inferred against Dr. Cran
mer's Heresy. The names of the Witnesses are these : Dr. Marshal, commissary, and
dean of Christ's Church ; Dr. Smith, under
the first Oration bishop Brooks, manner as followeth
more full Asswer the Archbishop Can
terbury the first ORATION Bishop Brookes.
“My lord, you have very learnedly and elo quently your Oration put me remem brance many things touching myself, wherein
not mean spend the time answering them. acknowledge God's goodness
majesties
commissary; Dr. Tresham, Dr. Crooke, M. my accusers; and that their own realm
London, M. Curtop, M. Warde, M. Serles. After the Depositions of which witnesses being taken, Dr. Story admonished the Arch
bishop, permitting him to make his exceptions,
and country, before foreign power.
have transgressed the laws the land, their majesties have sufficient authority and power both from God, and the ordinance this
time
had
and one the greatest that ever my life, see the king and queen's
his gifts, and thank him heartily
me
for this state wherein find myself now, ever did for the time my prosperity; and
not the loss my promotions that griev eth me. The greatest grief have this
their proctors here become
if he thought any of the said Witnesses were to realm, punish me, whereunto both have, be refused. Who then would admit none of and all times shall be content submit my
them all, being men perjured, and not in Chris self—Alas! What hath the pope
tian religion. For if to swear, said he, against England whose jurisdiction far different
the pope were unlawful, they should rather from the jurisdiction this realm, that im have given their lives, than their oath. But if possible true the one, and true the it were lawful, then are they perjured, to defend other.
The laws also are divers, that who him who they forswear before. Nevertheless, soever sweareth both, must needs incur per
this answer of the archbishop being lightly re jury the one. Which oft
garded, as little to the purpose appertaining, even for the love that bear
he was commanded again to the place from cannot but heartily sorry
whence he came. Who at his departing out, how that her highness the day her coro like as at his first coming in, shewed low obedi nation, which time she took "solemn oath ence to Dr. Martin, and to Dr. Story, the observe all the laws and liberties of this queen's commissioners. Then Dr. Story point realm England, the same time also took ing him to the bishop of Gloucester, said, that oath the bishop Rome, and promised
he ought rather to give reverence unto him. So maintain that see. The state England being
the reverend archbishop departing without any repugnant the supremacy the pope,
obeisance exhibited to the bishop, the was impossible but she must needs forsworn
other rose up, and departed every one his the one. Wherein her grace had been
own. And thus brake the session for that faithfully advertised her council, then surely day, about two the clock afternoon. she would never have done it. —The laws of
And thus much hitherto concerning the sum this realm are, that the king England the mary effect this Action Session, with the supreme and sole governor his countries Orations, Discourses, and Articles commenced and dominions: and that he holdeth his crown
against the archbishop Canterbury, also with and sceptre himself, the ancient laws, the Reasons and Answers of the said arch customs, and descents the kings the realm, bishop their objections and interrogatories. and none other. The pope saith, that Touching which his Answers, for much
they being recited report Papist (as aforesaid) seem not indifferently handled,
emperors and kings hold their crowns and re
galities
Brooks, with the reasons and talk the other are, that bishops and priests offending commissioners, amplified and set forth large cases felony treason, are judged and
on the one side, now repeating the words tried the laws and customs the realm. and answers the other part, declare and The pope's laws are, that the secular power set forth somewhat more amply and effectually, cannot judge the spiritual power, and that what speech the said archbishop used for him they are not under their jurisdiction; which self the same action, the faithful relation robbeth the king the one part his people. and testimony certain other, who were —The laws also England are, that who likewise there present, and thus report the soever hindereth the execution proceeding effect the archbishop's words, answering the laws England for any other foreign
list; which high treason for any affirm and think, being born within matter, have heard the Orations bishop the king's dominions. —The laws England
when shall therefore not greatly out our man
him, and that may depose them
remember, her grace,
think upon
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790] STATE TRIALs, 1 Mary, 1553–Proceedings against Archbishop Cranmer, [800
laws, ecclesiastical or temporal, incurreth the the latter day shall exact his hand; boast danger of a Praemunire. The pope's laws are ing many times his canons and decrees, that that whosoever hindereth the proceedings or can dispense Contra Petrum, contra Paulum, executions of his laws, for any other laws, of contra vetus novum Testamentum and that any other king or country, both the prince Plenitudine potestatis, tantum potest quan himself, his council, all his officers, scribes, tum Deus That Against Peter, against clerks, and whosoever give consent or aid to Paul, against the old and new Testament: and the unaking or executing of any such laws,
Lord, who ever heard such blasphemy
there any man that can advance himself above him, him judged Antichrist. —This enemy God and our redemption, evi dently painted out the scriptures such
stand accursed. A heavy case (if his curse
were any thing worth) that the king and queen
cannot use their own laws, but they and
theirs must stand accursed. These things and
many more examples alledged, which (he
said) stirred him that could not give his con manifest signs and tokens, which clearly sent the receiving such enemy into the appear him, that except man will shut realm, subverting the dignity and ancient his eyes and heart against the light, cannot liberties of the same. —And as for the matter of but know him: and therefore for my part will
Heresy and Schism, wherewith was charged, he protested and called God witness, that knew none that he maintained. But that were
heresy deny the pope's authority, and the religion which the see Rome hath published
the receiving him And you my lord, commission, con
and can judge the truth. pray God you cient fathers the primitive church, the apos not wilfully blind. As for me, have here tles and Christ himself taught heresy and discharged mine own conscience toward the desired them present bear him witness, world, and will write also my mind her
the world these later years, then the an
examine him chief was, That Canterbury,
commandment
will and pleasure, and that the stories made promised maintain then the authority that
whom he affirmeth
pires him,
hold their estates and em
the fulness power may unuch God.
never give my consent
into this church England.
and the rest that sit here
sider well and examine your own consciences; you have sworn against him, you are learned,
grace, touching this matter. ” The copy
which Letter sent the queen, shall find
and against the doctrine the whole scrip
ture; which had oftentimes well proved
writing, and the author the same very
Antichrist, often preached the apostles
and prophets, whom did most evidently
concur sighs and tokens whereby was ter put him silence: who notwithstanding
that took the traditions and religion that usurping prelate most erroneous, false,
his story.
this sort made his Answer,
pointed out the world known. —For was most evident that he had advanced himself
above emperors and kings the world,
did not, but suffered him end his tale full. After this heard also how they proceeded
after the end While
heard before how Dr. Story and Martin divers times interrupted him with blasphemous talk,
and would sain have had the bishop Glouces
their chief, and his
depose and erect his good had his institution and induction from him, and
mention intolerable and insolent pride, and tyranny, used over them such sort,
king would have used Christian subjects,
see, and therefore was perjured wherefore should rather stick his first oath, and return
his old fold again, than continue obsti
nor yet his feet
good master his servants, setting the emperor's neck, affirming that him, which was spoken only
nately
To that
oath forced the time schism. answered, saving his protestation
verified
our Saviour Jesus Christ, these words, Super
aspidem basiliscum ambulabis, conculcabis was ambassador Germany for the king, who
leonen draconem. Other some had made hold his stirrup, others had displaced and
sent for him thereupon home, and having intel ligence some his friends (who were near
about the king) how meant bestow the same bishopric upon him, and therefore coun selled him that case make haste home, he feeling himself great inability such pro motion, and very sorry leave his study, and especially considering what means must
have which was clean against his conscience which could not utter without great peril and danger, devised excuse the king matter great importance, for the which his longer abode there should most necessary,
removed from their empires and seats royal and not content here withal, more insolent than Lucifer, hath occupied not only the highest F. this world, above kings and prinees, but
ath further presumed the seat Al mighty God, which only reserved himself, which the conscience man; and keep the possession thereof, hath promised for giveness sins totiens quotiens. —He hath brought gods own framing, and invent
new religion, full gain and lucre, quite
contrary the doctrine the holy scripture,
only for the maintaining his kingdom, dis
placing Christ from glory, and holding his and remained there
people miserable servitude blindness, half year after the king had written for him the loss great number souls, which God come home. But after that no such mal
(which term
used before his Answers) that archbishop Warham died,
such time
thinking that means king would have bestowed
his absence, that the upon some other,
divers Articles, whereof the the time his creating abp.
was sworn the pope, and
that device, one
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SO1) STATE TRIALS, 1 Mary, 1553–for Treason and Hercy. {802
ter fell out, as he seemed to make suspicion benefice kept concubine, and had of, the king sent for him again. Who after his her bastards, whether they were bondsmen return, understanding still the archbishopric to the benefice no, saying, trust you williuake be reserved for him, made means by divers of iny, children's causes worse.
his best friends to shift it off, desiring rather
some stnaller living, that he might more quietly
follow his book. --To be brief, when the king
himself spoke with him, declaring that full
intention, for his service sake, and for the good
opinion conceived him, was bestow
that dignity upon him, after long disabling
himself, perceiving could persuasions
alter the king's determination, broke frankly
his conscience with him, most humbly craving Martin No said he, for Christ only head first his grace's pardon, for that should de is church, and the faith and religion the clare unto his Highness. Which obtained, same. The king head and governor his declared, that accepted the office, then
fond and foolish objections were made, with re
petition whereof thought not trouble the reader.
must receive the pope's hand, which
neither would, nor could do, for that his high
ness was only the supreme governor this the publication his stile, wherein was church England, well causes ecclesias named supreme head the church; the was tical temporal, and that the full right and never other thing meant. number other
donation manner bishoprics and bene fices, well any other temporal dignities, and promotions, appertained his grace, and not any other foreign authority, whatsoever
After this Dr. Martin demanded of him who
the Church England? Canterbury, Christ
was Supreme Head
\larry, quoti, my lord
head this member,
body the universal church. Why, quoth Dr. Martin, you made king Henry 8th supreme head the Church. Yea, said the archbishop,
the people England, well ecclesias tical temporal. And not the church, said
people, which are the visible church. What
(quoth Martin) you never durst tell the king so. Yes, that durst, quoth he, and did,
the whole
Thus after they had received his Answers was, and therefore might that voca their Objections, they cited him (as afore
tion serve God, him, and his country, seeing was his pleasure have would accept
and receive his majesty, and none
other stranger, who had authority within this
realm, neither any such gift, nor any carried prison again, where other thing. Whereat the king, said he, stay remained, notwithstanding that
ing while and
able prove
musing, asked me how was At which time alledged the Scriptures, and the Fathers
Inanded appear Iłome.
many texts out
also, approving the supreme and highest au lates, and the visored face their justice, thority kings their realms and doini though the court Rome would condemn no nions, disclosing there withal the intolerable man before answered for himself, all law usurpation the pope Rome. —After and equity required. But the very same in wards pleased his highness (quoth the arch stant time, the holiness that unholy father, bishop) nuany and sundry times talk with contrary reason and justice, sent his letter
me and perceiving that could not brought acknowledge the authority the
bishop Rome, the king himself called doctor
Oliver, and other civil lawyers, and devised but before there were days spent. Further
with them how might bestow upon me, inforcing me nothing against my conscience. Who thereupon informed him, that might
the way protestation, and one
sent Rome, who might take the oath, and
every thing my name. Which when un
derstood, said, should super animam
suam and indeed, bona fide made my pro Inartyr decreed Contumar, that sturdily, fro testation, that did not acknowledge his autho wardly, and wilfully absent, and pain the rity any further, than agreed with the same his absence condemned and put death. express word God, and that might
lawful for me times speak against him,
and impugn his errors, when time and occa
sion should serve me. And this my protesta
enrolled, and there
pope was dated about the day January him also that was mar and was delivered here England about the ried, which confessed. Whereupon Dr. midst February. Upon the receipt which Martin said, that his children were bond-men letters another session was appointed for the
the see Canterbury. At which saying Archbishop appear the 14th day Feb. before
the archbishop smiled, and asked hiu priest certain Counissioners directed down the WOL.
tion did cause think remaineth.
Dr. Thurlby and Dr. Bonner come with new Commission upon the Archbishop the 14th February, 1556.
This Letter sentence definitive the
They objected
said) appear Itoine within fourscore days, make there his personal answers: which
thence was continually was coin
see may these pre
executory unto the king and queen degrade and deprive him his dignity: which thing
did not only before the days were ended,
said the king and queen would send him,
would content do, and
Wherein men that have eyes easily perceive the crafty practice
more, whereas the said Archbishop was first detained strait prison that could not appear (as was notorious both England and also the Romish court) and therefore had lawful and most just excuse his absence
laws, both popish and other: yet the end the said fourscore days, was that wortly
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sog] STATE TRIALS, 1 MARy, 1553–Proceedings against Archbishop Cranmer, [804
queen, the chief whereof was the bishop of Ely, Bonner's chaplains, thy lord I trust to see you Dr. Thurlby. Concerning which lor. Thurlby say moss this. you quoth he? the way here noted, that albeit that shall you never see, nor will ever it. —
was not the said archbishop's houshold chap Then they invested him Inanner robes
lain, yet was familiarly acquainted with
him, dearly beloved, inwardly accepted
and advanced him (not like chaplain, but
rather like natural brother) that there was and old clouts, with mitre and pall the never anything the archbishop's house
dear, were plate, jewel, horse, maps, books, any thing else, but Thurlby did never
same suit done upon him mockery, and then the crosier staff was put his hand.
This done after the pope's pontifical form and subtle kind begging) the manner, Bonner, who the space many and by, either gave him, years had borne, see meth, great good after him his house. will towards him, and now rejoiced see this greaty was the archbishop emainoured with him, day wherein unight triumph over him, and
little commend archbishop shortly sent
that whosoever would obtain any thing him, take his pleasure
full, began
oration sort.
stretch out the assem
the Arch
most commonly would make their way before Dr. Thurlby. Which matter the said
eloquence, making bly, after this inauner
Dr. Thurlby, thought here recite,
much upbraid the man with the vice thankfulness, chiefly and only for this,
and favour the cause and quarrel him This the man who hath pulled down whom was singularly boundcu unto. many churches, and now come judged With the said Dr. Thursby bishop Ely, was church. This the man that condemned also assigned the same commission Dr. Bon the blessed sacrament the altar, and now
ad monish him old benefits received, whereby may the better remember his old benefactor,
“This the man that hath cver despised the pope's holiness, and now judged him.
not
un
Bishop Bonner’s Of Ation against bishop Cranmer.
*
bishop and archbishop,
stalling, saving that every thing then most rich and costly, every thing this canvas
ner bishop London, which two coming Oxford upon St. Valentine's day, the pope's delegates, with new commission from loome,
come be condemned before that blessed sa
crament hanging over the altar. This the man that like Lucifer sat the place Christ upon altar judge other, and now come
the virtue thereof commanded the arch
bishop aforesaid come before them, the before altar judged himself. ”
choir Chi-t’s church, before the high altar, where they sitting (according their manner)
their pontificalibus, first begun the fashion read their commission: wherein was con tained, how that the count Rome things
being indiffe contly examined, both the articles laid his chargc, with the answers made unto
Wi. ereunto the Archbishop interrupting him said, That that belied him, did
many other things: for that which would now seem charge him withal, was his own fault, was any, and none his. For the thing you mean, was Paul's church, said he, where cause sit Commission and there
them, and witness. cs examined and council heard well queen's behalf his accusers,
nor once suspected wherefore you wit wanted nothing appertaining his necessary tingly evil charge me with it. —But Bonner defence, &c. Which foresaid commission, went still his rhetorical repetition, lying was reading, Lord, said the archbishop, and railing against the archbishop, begon. ing
Thomas Cranmer the party guilty, that
what lies these, that being continually prison, and never could suffered have
every sentence with ‘this the man, this the man,’ till length there was never man but was weary the unmannerly
both parts, was scaffold prepared for me and others,
the ling and the bellalf
you and your officers, and whether there were any altar under not, could not perceive
counsel advocate home, should produce
witness and appoint my counsel Rome? usage him that time and place: insomuch God inust needs punish this open and shameless that the bishop Ely aforesaid divers times lying. They read the commission which pulled him the sleeve make end, and came from the pope, Plenitudine potestatis, said him afterward when they went din
supplying manner defects law pro ner, that had broken promise with him for
cess, committed dealing with the archbishop,
had intreated him earnestly use him with revere ce
After this done and finished, they began
then bustle towards degrading, and first take from him his crosier staff out of his
and giving them full authority deprivation and degradation
upon excommunication deliver
secular power, Omni appellation, remota.
procced them, and
him the
When the Commission was lead thus, they hands which held fast, and refused deli proceeding thereupon his degradation, first ver, and withal, imitating the example \lar cloathed and disguised him putting him tin Luther, pulled appeal out his left surplus, and then albe; after that the vesti sleeve under the wrist, which there and then ment subde icon, and every other surni delivered unto them, saying, “I appeal the ture, priest ready masse. When they next General Council; and herein have com had apparelled him far, What, said be, think prehended my cause and form which
shall say mass Yea, said Cosius, one desire may admitted;" and prayed divers
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805] STATE TRIALS, 1 May, 1553–for Treason and IIercy. [806
the standers by, by name to be witnesses, and abroad myself, licence notary and wit especially M. Curtop, to whom he spoke twice, nesses. But further than am able do, &c. The copy of which his Appellation, be know well not required the laws. 1st
cause it was not printed before, I thought here say and pullisi, that James to exhibit, ad rei memoriam, as in form here God priest, called Cardinal
Canterbury from the Pope, to the next Gene ral Council,
“IN the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the holy Ghost. —First, my plain pro
testation made, that I intend to speak nothing against one holy, catholic and apostolical church, or the authority thereof, the which au thority I have in great reverence, and to whom
followeth:
the mercy the Pit, and the church
the title our lady the way
The tenor of the Apprail of the Archbishop of Rome, judge and commissary specially deputed
my mind is in things
thing peradventure, either
tongue, indignation
the provocation mine adversaries spoken
done otherwise than well, not with such reverence becometh me, am most ready
our most holy lord the pope, atti med, caused me cited Itoine, there ap pear fourscore days after the citation served on me, make answer certain articles touching the peril my state and life and whereas was kept prison with most straight ward, that could wise suffered
Rome, nor come out prison, and grievous causes concerning state and life,
amend it. —Although the bishop whom they call pope, beareth the
Christ earth, and path authority
Rome,
room God, yet
and charges, quite taken from me, neverthe less the most reverend cardinal aforesaid doth
sore threaten me, that whether shall appear not, will nevertheless yet proceed injudgment against me. Wherein feel myself grieved,
by that power authority unsinnable, neither hath
not become that nothing can imagined more mischievous received that power or further from reason. —2. The reverend father
therein obeyed.
And
must not
away, uttered much
every body
the very law nature: forso for most just causes, which
done, good part,
ought case
af take pa firmed, the most reverend cardinal, causcd not me cited Oxford, where was then
obey, and any slipperiness
man bound would never
reason poverty had, wherewith
send proctor, and though sain send my proctor, yet by
am not able, for that ever should bearmy proctor's costs
abuses, else
destroy,
Therefore not right
tiently and
obeyed, kept prison, answer certain articles, command any thing against the precepts concerning the danger my state and life.
but edify
shall command any thing that Glocester, judge and under-deputy,
the congregation. James Brooks, the mercy God bishop
may lawfully resisted, And when being unlearned and ignorant
God: rather
even Paul withstood Peter. And
aided help princes deceived perchance law, that thing was most unrighteously denied
being the laws, desired council the learned the
false suggestion, with evil counsel, cannot me, contrary the equity laws both resisted, but the remedies withstanding God and man. Where again feel me most
lin taken away, there nevertheless one wrongfully grieved. —3. And remedy appealing, which prince can take the said bishop Gloucester
when refused my judge,
then declared, certain defence, which meet for nevertheless went on still, and made process
the law God, nature, and against me, contrary the rule the |. . . of
man. -And whereas the laws permit man appealing, which say, “A judge that refused appeal, not only from the griefs and injuries ought not proceed the cause, but leave done, but also from such sholl done here off. ” And when had required me answers
after, threatened done, much certain Articles, resused make him any tlat the inferior cannot make laws not ap answer: said would yet gladly make answer pealing superior power; and since the most renowned king and queen's deputies openly enough confessed, that holy general attorneys then present, with this condition council lawfully gathered together the holy notwithstanding, that mine answer should Ghost, and representing the holy Catholic extrajudicial, and that was permitted nie. And church, above the pope, especially mat with this my protestation made and admitted, ters concerning faith; that cannot make made answer; but mine answer was sudden decrees that men shall not appeal from him and unprovided for and therefore desired
general council therefore Thomas Cran have copy mine answers, that might put mer, archbishop Canterbury, time past to, take away, change and amend them and ruler the metropolitical church Canter this was also permitted me. Nevertheless, con bury, doctor divinity, say and publish be trary his promise made unto me, respect
fore you the public notary, and witnesses here had my protestation, nor licence given present, with mind and intent challenge and amend mine answer, the said reverend iather appeal from the persons and gricts underneath bishop Gloucester, hear, commanded written, and proffer myself place and time mine answers inacted contrary the convenient and meet prove the articles that equity the law. which thing again feel follow. And openly confess, that would ine much grieved. —4. Furthermore, could lawfully have published then before this day, not for many causes admit the bishop itone's
might have had either liberty come usurped authority this realin, nor consent
if a to beby ofif is to I he
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soil STATE TRIALS, IMARY, 1553. —Proceedings against Archbishop Cranmer, [SCŞ t-----
Pirst my solemn oath letting me, which foresaid and many other griefs and abuses, made the time king Henry the 8th, which intend prove, and proffer myself
most famous memory, according the laws time convenient prove hereafter, since re England: Secondly, because knew the autho formation the above mentioned abuses, rity the bishop Rome, which usurpeth, not looked for the bishop Rome,
against the crown, customs, and laws neither can hope reason his wicked abuses this realm England, insomuch, that neither and usurped authority, have him equal the king can be crowned this realm, without judge his own cause: Therefore chal the most grievous crime perjury, nor may lenge and appeal these writings from the bishops enjoy their bishoprics, nor judgments pope, having good council, and from the be used according the laws and customs above named pretences, commissions, and this realin, except the bishop Rome's au judges, from their citations, processes, and
thority, accused both the king and queen, from other things that have shall follow the judges, writers, and executors the laws thereupon, and from every one them, and customs, with all that consent them. and from their sentences, censures, pains, Finally, the whole realm shall accursed. — and punishments, cursing, suspension, and
Moreover, that heinous and usurped autho interdicting, and from others whatsoever
their denouncings and declarations (as they pretend) schism, heresy, adultery, depri vation, degrading them any them, any manner wise attempted, done, and set forward atteropted, done, and set forward hereafter, saving always
rity the bishop Rome, through reserva
tions the bishoprics, provisions, annuates,
dispensations, pardons, appellations, bulls, and
other curred merchandise Itome, was wont
exceedingly spoil and consume the riches
and substance this realm, which things
should follow again recognising and receiv their honours and reverences, unequal and ing that usurped authority unto the unmea unrighteous, most tyrannical and violent, and
surable loss this realm. –6. Finally,
most evident that usurped authority, not only the crown England under yoke, the laws and customs this realm be thrown
from every grief come, which shall happen me, well for myself for and every one that cleaveth me, will hereafter be my side, unto free general council, that
shall hereafter lawfully be, and sure place, the which place proctor deputed
down and trodden under foot, but also the most
holy decrees councils, together with the pre
cepts both the gospel and God. —When me, may freely and with safety come, and
times past the sun righteousness being
risen the world, Christian religion the preaching the apostles began spread
very far abroad and flourish, insomuch that their sound went out into the world innu mcrable people, which walked darkness, saw
him them, whom man may the law, privilege, custom, otherwise challenge and appeal. —And desire the first, the second, and the third time, instantly, more instantly, and most instantly, that may have messen gers, there any man that will and can give me them. And make open promise
great light, God's glory every where published
did flourish, the only cark and care ministers prosecuting this mine Appellation, the way
the church was purely and sincerely
disannulling abuse, inequality, and unrighte ousness, otherwise shall better able: choice and liberty reserved me, put to, dominish, change, correct, and interpret my
preach Christ, the people
low Christ's doctrine.
Rome, were lady
embrace and fol Then the church of
the world, both was,
and also was counted worthily the mother
other churches, for much then the first
sayings, and reform fashion, saving always
things after better me every other bene
the law, and
doctrine, did help them with their riches, suc will my part. —And touching my doctrine
begat Christ, nourished with the food pure
them that either be,
coured the oppressed, and was sanctuary for the Sacrament, and other my doctrine, the miserable, she rejoiced with them that re what kind soever be, protest that was
joiced, and 'wept with them that wept. Then never my mind write, speak, understand the examples the bishops Rome, riches any thing contrary the most holy word
were despised, worldly glory and pomp was God, else against the holy catholic church trodden under foot, pleasures and riot nothing Christ, but purely and simply imitate and
regarded. Then this frail and uncertain life, teach those things only, which had learned being full miseries, was laughed scorn, the sacred Scripture, and the holy catho while through the example Romish Martyrs, church Christ from the beginning, and men did every where press forward the life also according the exposition the most
coine. But afterward when the ungracious holy and learned fathers and martyrs the ness damnable ambition, never satisficq ava Church. -And any thing hath peradventure
rice, and the horrible enormity vices had
corrupted and taken the see Rome there
followed every where almost the deformities
all churches, growing out kind into the
magners the church their mother, leaving catholic Church, desiring none other thing, their former innocency and purity, and slip than meekly and gently taught, any
Ping into foul and heinous usages. —For the where, which God forbid, have swerved fruin
chanced otherwise than thought; may err, but heretic cannot be, forasmuch am ready things follow the judgment
the most sacred word God, and the holy
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809] STATE TRIALS, 1 Mary, 1553. − or Treason and Hercy.
[810
the truth. -And I protest and openly confess, jacket, and put upon him poor yeoman bea that in my doctrine and preaching, both dle's gown, full bare and nearly worn, and the Sacrament, and other my doctrine what evil savouredly made, one might lightly see, soever be, not only incan and judge those and townsman's cap his head, and things, the catholic Church, and the most delivered him the secular power. —After this holy fathers old with one accord have meant pageant degradation, and was finished,
and judged, but also would gladly use the same words that they used, and not use any
other words, but set my hand and sin gular their speeches, phrases, ways and forms
of speech, which they use their treatises
then spake lord Bonner, saying him, Now
are you lord any more and whensoever spake the people him, was con tinually barking against him, ever used this
term, This gentleman here, Sco,
upon the Sacrament, and keep still their And thus with great compassion and pity
interpretation. But this thing only am accused for an heretic, because allow not the doctrine lately brought the Sacrament, and because consent not words not ac
customed Scripture, and unknown the ancient fathers, but newly invented and brought
every inan
this evil-favoured gown was prison. Whom there followed
talking with him, said, the bishop Ely pro tested his friendship with tears. Yet, said he,
might have used great deal more friend ship towards me, and never have been the worse thought on, for have well deserved
and going into the prison with him, asked him would drink. Who answered him, saying, had piece salt-fish, that had better will eat for he had been that
day somewhat troubled with this matter, and
had eaten little, but now that past, my judge his own cause. —Well, quoth heart, said he, well quieted. Whereupon the Ely, may admitted shall, and re gentleman said, would give him money with ceived him. And then began per all his heart, for he was able do But he suade earnestly with the archbishop consider being one toward the law, and fearing master
his state, and weigh well, while there was Partner's case, durst therefore give him nothing, time him good, promising become but gave money the bailiffs that stood by,
men, and belonged souls, and overthrowing
religion. Given, &c. ” This Appeal being put
Gloucestershire with the arch bishop's own gown, who, standing by, and being thought toward one the bishops, had delivered unto him; who the way
the bishop Ely, said, My lord, our Commission
the destruction
the pure and old
carried gentleman
-
proceed against you, Omnia appellatione remota,
Why, quoth he, then you me the more wrong: for my case not every private man's case. The
and therefore we cannot admit
matter between the pope and me immediate, and none otherwise: and think man ought
suitor the king and queen for him and and said, that they were good men, they protested his great love and friendship that had would bestow him, for my lord Canter been between them, heartily weeping, that bury had not one penny purse help for time could not with his tale. him, and left him, my lord bidding him earn After going forward, earnestly affirmed, that
had not been the king and queen's com
mandment, whom could not deny, else
worldly commodity should have made him this money and but for the help friends, have done concluding that one the had been sent the council. Such was sorrowfullest things that ever happened unto him. the cruelty and iniquity the time, that men The archbishop gently seeming comfort
him, said,
procecded they came
take off his pati, which solemn archbishop, then said he, Which
IIcre followeth the RECANTATION the Arch bishop, with his Repentance the same.
was very well content withal: and they his degradation. —When
could not good without punishment.
vesture
you hath pall, take my pall? Which
this mean time, while the Archbishop was thus remaining durance, whom they had kept
imported much they being his inferiors,
could not degrade him. Whereunto one
them said, that they were but bishops, they selves that ever they could about master were his inferiors, and not competent judges: Cranmer, have him recant, assaying all but being the pope's delegates, they might take crafty practices and allureinents they might
his pall, and took every thing
put on. Then
they did, and proceeding devise how bring their purpose pass. order from him, was And the intent they might win him easily,
barber clipped his hair round they had him the dean's house Christ's about, and the bishop scraped the tops his Church the said university, where lacked fingers where had been anointed, wherein delicate fare, played the bowls, had his bishop Bonner behaved himself, roughly and pleasure for walking, and other things that unmannerly, the other bishop was him soft might bring him from Christ, over and besides and gentle. Whilst they were thus doing, All this, secretly and slightly they suborned cer this, quoth the archbishop, needed not had tain men, which when they could not expugn myself done with this gear long ago. Last him arguments and disputation, should
estly farewel, commending himself his prayers and his friends. That night this gentleman was staid Bonner and Ely, for giving him
now prison almost the space three years, the doctors and divines of Oxford busied them
they stripped him out his gown into his entreaty and fair promises, any other means
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811] STATE TRIALS, I MARy, 1553. −Proceedings against Archbishop Cranmer, [s]2
allure him to Recantation ; perceiving other provocations these fair flatterers ceased not wise what a great wound they should receive, solicit and urge him, using means they isthe archbishop had stood stedfast in sen could draw him their side; whose force tence and again the other side, how great his manly constancy did great while resist. profit they should get, the principal But last when they made end calling standard-bearer, should overthrown. By and crying upon him, the archbishop being
reason whereof the wily papists flocked about overcome, whether through their importunity,
him, with threatening, flattering, intreating,
and promising, and other means; specially
Henry Sydall, and Friar John Spaniard,
Villa Garcina, the end drive him, the the hope life, and better days come. But
uttermost their possibility, from his former sentence to recantation.
First, they set forth how acceptable would both the king and queen, and especially
might supposed, that was done for we may since perceive letter
how gainful him, and for his soul's health the
same should be. They added moreover, how
the council and the noblemen bare him good
will. They put him hope, that should friars and doctors, whereto subscribed, was
The form which Recantation made the this
Cranmer's Recasta
“I THOMAS Cranmer late Archbishop Canterbury, renounce, abhor, and detest, all manner of heresies and errors of Luther and Zwingiius, and other teachings which
contrary sound and true doctrines. And believe most constantly my heart, and
with my mouth confess one holy and catholic church visible, without the which there no
thereof acknowledge the supreme head earth,
the highest bishop all. Therefore he should chuse whether he and pope, and Christ's vicar, unto whom
thought better end his life shortly the Christian people ought subject. —And flames and firebrands now ready kindled, concerning the sacraments, believe and wor than with much honour prolong his life, un ship the sacrament the altor the very
the course nature did call him for there body and blood Christ, being contained was middle way. —Moreover, they exhorted most truly under the forms bread and wine; him that he would look his wealth, his es the bread through the mighty power God timation and quietness, saying, that was not being turned into the body our Saviour Je
not only have his life, but also restored
his antient dignity, saying, was but small matter, and easy that they required him
do, only that would subscribe few words with his own hand; which did, there should nothing the realm that the queen
The Copy and Words TION.
little leaf there was hope
paper; but refused, health and pardon for
salvation and purposed, that she would bishop Rome
the queen was
have Cranmer catholic, else Cranmer whom knowledge
old, but that many years yet remained
this his lusty age; and would not respect the queen, yet should
sus Christ, and the wine into his blood. And the other six sacraments also, like this, believe and hold as the universal church
for
respect his life, and not suffer that other holdeth, and the church Rome judgeth and
men should be more careful for his health determineth. -Furthermore, believe that than was himself: saying, that this was there place purgatory, where souls de
agreeable his notable learning and virtues; parted punished for time, for whom the which being adjoined with his life would Church doth godly and wholesomely pray, like profitable both himself, and many other; doth honour saints and make prayers but being extinct death, should fruitful them. Finally, things profess, that
man that should take good heed do not otherwise believe, than the catholic that went not too far; yet there was time church and the ciurch of Rome holdeth and
enough restore wanted, wanted
things safe, and nothing not himself. There
lay hold upon the occa was offered, lest
teacbeth. am sorry that ever held thought otherwise. And beseech Almighty God, that his mercy will vouchsafe forgive me, whatsoever have offended against God his church, and also desire and be secch Christian people pray me. And such have been drceived either by mine example doctrine, require them
the blood Jesus Christ, that they will return the unity the church, that we may ail one mind, without schism division.