But thefe
Circumftances
are Trifles.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
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? i66 ORATIONOF
But that I may not grow tedious in the Defcription of his
exceffive Arrogance, as foon as we arrived in Macedonia, we
agreed among ourfelves, that when we approached PhiHp, the
eldeft of us iLould fpeak firft, and the reft in order of Seniority.
It happened, that Demofthenes, as he affured us, was the
youngeft, but when we were fumraoned to our Audience (i i)
Give me now your moft ferious Attention to the following Cir-
cumftances, by which you will perceive the unmeafurable Envy
of the Man; his fervile Timidity, and, at the fame Time, his
Malignity of Spirit, with fuch pernicious Schemes againft his
Companions and Colleagues in Embafly, as no other Man
would have inhumanly formed even againft his greateft Enemies.
He profefTes to pay the higheft Reverence to the Rights of
Hofpitality, and thofe Entertainments appointed by the Repub-
lic for her Ambaffadors, although he be neither a Citizen of
Athens, nor, I dare affirm it, allied to you by Blood: while
we, who have the facred Monuments and Sepulchres of our
Anceftors in this our native Country ; who have lived with you
in Friend rhip and Familiarity, formed upon a Likenefs of
Manners, and the Principles of Liberty; whofe Marriages have
been
(ii) Wolfius imagines the Remainder feems a fuddcn Starting to fome new
of tills Paragraph is to be included in a Matter -, or rather an oratorial Breaking
Parenthefis. His Editors and Stephans away trom his Subjeft, more Itrongly to
are of the fame Opinion. Yet there is catch that Attention of his Judges, which
jio Connexion, as there {houid be if a he with Eafneftnefs demands, as he is
Parenthefis intervenes, between when ive now entering more regularly into his
ivere fum. moned to our Audience, and. Defence. Such a long Parenthefis would
jtlear therefore the Oratiom ive made. It here be moft injudicious.
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? ^. S C H I N E S. 167
|)eeii legally folemnlzed; who have Relations and Children;
who vyere, at Athens, efteemed worthy of your Confidence,
for otherwife you would not have chofen us to this Truft, yet
arriving in Macedonia we fuddenly become Traitors : while he,
who hath not any one Part about him unfold, not even the
Mouth, from whence he utters thefe Sounds, as if he were an
Ariftides directing the Revenues of Greece, and diftinguifhed
by the Surname of Juft, detefls and defpifes Corruption and
Venality.
Hear therefore the Orations we made in Support of your
Interefts, and thofe, which this Pillar of the State, Demoft-
henes, pronounced, that I may regularly and pundlually make my
Defence againft every feparate Article of this Profecution. Let
me, however, exceedingly commend you all, for hearing me
with Silence and Impartiality ; from whence, if I do not acquit
me of thefe Crimes, I fhall not blame you, but myfelf. When
our AmbafTadors according to their Seniority had delivered their
Sentiments, the Subjed: defcended to me, and though I have
already laid before the general Allembly of the People every
Particular, that I myfelf had urged, and what Philip had re-
plied, yet I fhall now endeavour, in a fummary Way, to recall
them to your Remembrance. Firft, I mentioned to him, that
Amity you had entertained for his Father, Amyntas, and the
Obligations you had conferred on him, without omitting a
fingle Inftance, but repeating them all in their Order. I then
de&cd
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? i68 O R A T I O N O F
deflred him to remember fome Circumftances, of which he wa>>
himfelf a Witnefs, and had happily felt the good EfFeds. For
when Amyntas was juft deceafed, and Alexander, the eldeft
Brother, Perdiccas and Philip were Infants; when their Mother
Euridice was deferted by thofe, whom fhe had efteemed Friends
to her Children; when Paufanias had feized upon their Throne,
and although he was an Exile, had grown powerful by fome
favourable Conjundures, and gained a numerous Party to fupport
him ; when he commanded a Body of Grecian Troops, and had
made himfelf Mafter of feveral ftrong Fortrefles in Macedonia;
when the Macedonians themfelves were divided, yet in general
favoured Paufanias ; at this Time the Athenians fent Iphicrates
with the Command of their Forces to Amphipolis, for the
Amphipolitans were then pofTefTed of a very ftrong City, and the
Revenues of a condderable Territory. When Iphicrates arrived
upon their Coaft with only a few Ships, as intending rather to
difcover the Situation of AiFairs in Amphipolis, than to befiege
it, your Mother Euridice fent for him immediately, and as the
Perfons, who were prefent, declare, jQie delivered Perdiccas into
his Arras, and having placed you, who were yet an Infant,
upon his Knees, fhe thus addrefied him; '<< Amyntas, the Father
*' of thefe Children, while he was alive, made you his Son by
*' Adoption, (12) and always maintained a friendly Correfpon-
" dence
(12) Here Wolfiusafks, with his ufual crates inherit ? His Editors and Com-
Honefty and Simplicity, how could A- mentators have not thought proper to
myntas, wh n he had already three Sons, anfwer thefe Quertions.
adopt Ipliicrates, and why did not Iphi-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 169
*< dence with the Athenians. You are therefore Brother to
" thefe Children in your private Charader, and in your public,
** our Ally. *' She then added the moft earneft Supplications,
with regard to your Glory, to herfelf, to the Kingdom, and
laftly to the Safety of her Cliildren. Iphicrates complied with
her Requeft ; drove Paufanias out of Macedonia, and preferved
the Government to You.
I SPOKE afterwards of Ptolemy, who was appointed Regent
of the Kingdom; how ungrateful and iniquitous his Condud.
I fhewed, firft, the Attempts he had formed againft Amphi-
polis, and the League he had entered into with your declared
Enemies, the Thebans ; and then convinced him, that Perdic-
cas, when he was placed upon the Throne, had invaded
Amphipolis, though under your JurifdiAion. I proved the
Humanity, with which you always aded, even when you were
injured, by fhewing, that when you had gained, under the
Command of Callifthenes, fome confiderable Advantages in the
War againft Perdiccas, you granted him a Truce, in Hopes of
obtaining your juft Demands. I endeavoured to refute the
Calumny with regard to Callifthenes, by proving, that the
People did not condemn him to fufFer Death, for granting a
Truce to Perdiccas, but for other Crimes. Neither did I he-
fitate to blame the Conduft of Philip himfelf, who fucceeded
Perdiccas in continuing the War againft the Republic. In
Proof of whatever I aflerted, I produced their own Letters in
Vol. IL Z Evidence,
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? I70 ORATIONSOF
Evidence, vvith our Decrees, and the Truce of Calliflhenes,
Concerning the original PofTefHon of the Territories, and City
of Amphipolis, anciently called the City of the nine Roads, and
concerning the Sons of Thefeus, one of whom, Acamas, was
reported to have received that Country in Dowery with his Wife,
it was then moft fitting to fpeak, and I fpoke with all pofiible
Accuracy, although perhaps it may be necefiary at prefent to
Shorten my Difcourfe. But whatever Proofs appeared, not from
ancient Fables, but from Fads within our own Memory, thofe
I mentioned. For Inftance, when the Lacedaemonians, and all
the other Powers of Greece had formed a general Confederacy,
Amy ntas, the Father of Philip, fent his Minifter to the Congrefsj^
and, as far as he could influence the Suflrages, propofed a?
Decree, that Amphipolis, which rightfully belonged to the
Athenians, fhould be conquered for them by the united Forces
of Greece. The Decree itfelf, founded on the common Con-
fent of all the Grecians, and the Names of the Perfons, who
fiibfcribed it, I produced,, as my Witnefles to the Fad:, out of
the public Records. Thofe Poffeflions therefore, which your
Father (thus I told him) ceded in the Prefence of all Greece, not
in fimple Expreffion only, but by Decree, it were moft unfitting
for you, his Son, to refume. If you refume them by Right of
Conqueft, we fliould acknowledge the Juflice of your Title, if
you had reduced that City to your Obedience, after a regular De-
claration of War againft us>> You had then-been its rightful Lord,,
and poffeQl'd it according to tlie Laws of War. But if you have
taken
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? iE S C H I N E S. ,71
taken from the Amphipolitans a City, that belonged to t-hc
Athenians, you hold Poflcflion, not of their Territories, but
thofe of the Athenians.
My Oration, and thofe of your other Ambafiadors being
ended, this Part of his Embafly devolved to Demofthenes.
Every one was attentive, in expe(5lation of hearing fome Pro-
digies of the Power of Eloquence. For fome over-abundant
Affurances of this Kind, as we were afterwards informed, had
been given to Philip and his Courtiers. While we were all
thus difpofed to hear, the Savage pronounces a ProcEmium,
obicure, and lifelefs, through Fear; and when he had advanced
a little Way towards the State of Affairs, on a fudden he was
filent, and hefitated in Confufion. (13) At length, he totally
loft the very Power of fpeaking. Philip feeing him thus dlf-
concerted, defired him to be confident, and not to imagine,
that any thing difagreeable fhould happen to him, as in a
Theatre, from his Misfortune: that he {hould take Time, and
recoiled himfelf by Degrees, and then pronounce the Oration he
had prepared. As he was once confufed, and had wandered from
his Notes, it was impoflible for him to recover himfelf. How-,
Z 2 everj.
(13) For the Honour of Demofthe- has not given it the moft favourable
nes, Plutarch tells us, that Philip an- Appearance. What Philip probably laid
fwered his Arguments with more Ear- with Humanity and Goodnature, is re-
neftnefs, than thofe of his Colleagues, al- prefented, by the Circumftance of men-
though he treated him with lefs perfonal tioning the Theatre, witli an Air of De-
AfFability. If tb. ere be any Truth in this rifion, very little becoming the Charac-
Srory, we may believe, that iEfchines ter of that Monarch.
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? 172 ORATIONOF
ever, he again attempted to fpeak, and the fame Accident
happened. A profound Silence followed, and an Herald
ordered us to depart.
When we afterwards aflembled among ourfelves, this inef-
timable Demofthenes, with an Afped: horribly gloomy, declared,
that I had ruined the Commonwealth, and her Confederates. .
Not I alone, but all our Colleagues being ftruck with Amaze-
ment, and demanding the Reafon of fuch an Aflertion, he
alked me, whether I had forgotten the Situation of Affairs in
Athens, or whether I remembered, that the People were ex-
haufted by their Misfortunes, and vehemently defirous of Peace.
" Or are you greatly elated upon having fifty Gallies, indeed
*' appointed by Decree, but never to be compleated? For
" you have fo provoked Philip,, and faid fuch things, that Peace
" never can rife out of the prelent War, but out of the prefent
*' Peace an implacable War. " While I was preparing to anfwer
this Charge, Philip's Minifters called us to attend him. When
we went, and had taken our Seats, Philip attempted to make
fome particular Objedion to every Argument, we had ufed,
but dwelt a longer Time, and with Reafon, upon my Oration,
becaufe, perhaps, I had negleded nothing, that could pofTibly,
at leaft in my Opinion, have been proper to mention. He
frequently named me in his Difcourfe, but, if I remember
rightly, never once turned his Refledions towards Demofthenes,
who had fo ridiculoully made his Retreat. This Circumftance
was
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? iE S C H I N E S. 173
was a fuffocatlng Agony and Sorrow to him. But when Philip
altered his Language to Expreflions of Philanthropy and Love
of Peace; when the Calumny, with which Demofthenes had
accufed me, in the Prefence of our Colleagues, of being the
Caufe of the War, could no longer be fupported, he appeared
perfectly difordered in his Senfes, fo very grofsly did he behave
himfelf, when we were invited to the ufual Feaft of Hofpitality.
When we were preparing to return, on a fudden, and con-
trary to his Nature, he converfed with us all moft familiarly
upon the Road. Untill this Moment I never knew the Force
and Meaning of thofe Words, by which we ufually exprcfs our
Ideas of Villainy, Treachery and Bafenefs; but having Demof-
thenes for my Guide and Interpreter, I was foon inftrudled.
For taking each of us feparately aiide, to one he promifed a
public Penfion, and his AfHftance in his private Affairs ; to
another a confiderable Poft in the Army ; but me he perpetually
followed, congratulating me upon the Happinefs of my Genius,
and pouring forth Encomiums on the Orations I had fpoken,
untill he grew even troublefome in the Abundance of his Praifes.
When we were all at Supper together in Larifla, he pleafantly
ridiculed himfelf, and the Hefltation, that happened to him
when he was fpeaking, and of all Men under the Sun, pro-
nounced Philip moft eloquent. I too mentioned fomevvhat of
Philip's having anfwered all our Speeches upon Memory ; and
Ctefiphon,
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? 174 ORATIONOF
Ctefiphon, the eldeft of our AmbafTadors, fpeaking of his own'
extraordinary Age, and the Number of Years he had lived,
conchided, that in fuch a length of Time he had never feen fo
chearful, fo jovial a Companion. Our Sifyphus, after having
exprefled his Approbation by clapping his Hands, declared,
** However, Ctefiphon, neither you, nor -ffifchines, fhould
*' venture to tell the People of Athens, that Philip is fuch a
" powerful Orator, and of fuch uncommon Memory. " As we
neither perceived, nor imagined the Treachery, which you
fhall inftantly hear, he engaged us under a Kind of Compa<<5l to
give you this Charadler of Philip, and then with a certain
earneftnefs entreated me not to forget telling you, that Demof-
thenes had fomething particular to inform you of concerning
Amphipolis.
Thus far our Colleagues are my Witnefles, whom he hatli
perpetually treated with Infolence and Inveftives through his-
whole Profecution. The Orations, however, which we pro-
nounced on this Tribunal, you yourfelves have heard, and it is
therefore impoflible for me to deceive you with a Falfehood.
But 1 implore you to hear with Patience the reft of this Narra-
tion. I perceive, you are all extremely defirous of knowing
the Affair of Cherfobleptes, and the Errors, that ruined the
Phoczeans j I therefore haften to inform you. But unlefs you
hear fome Circumftances, that preceded them, you will not
clearly comprehend thofe, that followed. Befides, if you per-
I mit
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 175
mit me to make my Defence in the Manner I myfelf could wifh,
you will be able to find fufficient Reafons to acquit me, if I
am innocent, and to underftand the controverted Points, by
thofe that are acknowledged. For when we returned hither,
and had given the Senate a fummary Account of our Embafly,
and delivered Philip's Letters, Demofthenes pronounced our
Panegyric before the Senators, and fwore by the Altar ereded
in the Houfe to Jupiter the Advifer, that he congratulated the
Republic upon her fending fuch Ambafladors, who both in
Eloquence and Probity were worthy of the Commonwealth.
With regard to me particularly, he faid, I had not deceived
the Hopes of thofe, who had appointed me to the Embafly, and
concluded with a Motion, that we fhould be crowned with
Olive in Reward for our good Intentions to the Athenian
People, and invited to an Entertainment in the Prytanaeum.
In Proof of what I have aflertfed, let the Secretary take his
Decree, and then read the Teftimony of our Colleagues.
The Decree. The Testimony.
When we had reported our Embafly to the People, Ctefl-
phon, as a Privilege of his Age, rofe firfl:, and among other
Things, which he had agreed with Demofthenes to mention,
he fpoke particularly of Philip's Affability, and Urbanity in his
, Compotations. Philocrates having made a fhort Speech, and
after him. Dyrcyllus; I then came forward. When I had lightly
run over the other Circumftances of our Embafly, I proceeded
to
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? 176 ORATIONOF
to the Particulars, in which we had all agreed, and mentioned
that Strength of Memory, and Power of Eloquence, with
which Philip had anfwered us. Neither was I forgetful of the
Requeft of Demofthenes; that he was appointed, if we pafled
over any thing of Importance, to fpeak to the Affair of Am-
phipolis. Laft of all Demofthenes arofe, fafhic<<iing his Deport-
ment and his Countenance, according to his wont, in a moft
portentous Manner, and rubbing his Forehead. When perceiv-
ing the People gave Signs of their Approbation, and applauded
what I had faid, he declared himfelf much furprized both at
the Audience and at his Colleagues, who equally mifemployed.
and wafted away the Time of debating what Anfwer fliould be
given to Philip's Ambafladors, or of propofing any Meaftires
for the public Advantage; and in an Affair of domeftic Con-
cernment indulged an Impertinence of talking, totally foreign
to the Subjedl ; for that nothing was more cafy, than to give
an Accdunt of an Embaflj', But I will inform you, fays he,
in what Manner this Affair fhould be conduced. He then
ordered a particular Decree of the People to be read, and after-
wards added, " by this Decree we were appointed Ambafladors,
" and executed what it ordained. Now take the Letter we
*' brought home from Philip. " When that was read, " you
*' have now Philip's Anfwer, and it only remains for you to
*' deliberate upon it. " While the People were riftng in Tu-
mults round him, fome of them applauding him, as a nervous,
cpnpifc Speaker, but the Majority, as malignant and envious ;
Now
2
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? iE S C H I N E S. 177
Now behold, faid he, how fuccindly I fhall lay before you all
other Girciimftances of this Affair. Does Philip appear to
-^fchines a Man of extraordinary Memory, and powerfully elo-
quent ? To me far otherwife. For, in my Opinion, if any
one fliould take away from him his prefent Fortune, and give
it to another, that Perfon would not be greatly his Inferior.
Did he appear to Ctefiphon to have a certain Splendour in his
Afpedl ? To me the Q)median Ariftodemus, who was one of
our Ambafladors, had not lefs Dignity. Was he formidable
in drinking largely? Our Colleague Philocrates much more
formidable. Did one of your Orators inform you, that he left
it to me to fpeak upon the Affair of Amphipolis? Yet never
would that Orator give either to you, or me an Opportunity
of Ipeaking.
But thefe Circumftances are Trifles. I will move
for a Decree to negotiate a Truce with the Herald and Am-
baffadors, whom Philip fliall fend jiither; to order the proper
Magiftrates, when they arrive, to appoint Affemblies during
two Days, not only to treat of Peace, but an Alliance, offenfive
and defeniive; to pronounce the cuftomary Panegyric upon
our Ambaffadors, and invite them the Day following to a
public Entertainment, if they appear worthy of fuch Honours.
To convince you of the Truth of thefe Affertions, Secretary,
take his Decrees, that you may perceive the Waywardnefs and
Malignity of the Man; his joining with Philocrates in all his
Schemes; and his own infidious and faithlefs Manners. Then
call our Colleagues, and read their Teftimony,
Vol. II. A a The
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? 178 ORATIONOF
The Decrees of Demosthenes.
Nor did he only propofe thefe Decrees, but afterwards declared
in the Senate, '' I will appoint a place for Philip's Ambafladors,
" when they arrive, to fee the public Games, during the
" Feftival of Bacchus. " Read this Decree.
The Decree.
Now read the Teftimony of our Colleagues, from whence you
may behold, Athenians, that Demoflhenes is incapable of being
an Orator in Defence of the Republic, but meditates his De-
clamations againft thofe, who have any Engagements with him
of Intimacy and Friendfhip.
The Testimony.
You find therefore in thefe Tranfadions with regard to the
Peace, not my Connexions with Philocrates, but thofe of De-
mofthenes and Philocrates. I have produced very fufficient
Proofs, I prefume, of whatever I have faid. You are your-
felves my WitnefTes of the Report I made of my Embafly. I
liave given you my Colleagues in Evidence of our Speeches in:
Macedonia, and whatever happened in our Journey. You have-
heard, and muft remember the late Profecution, which De-
mofthenes opened with his Remarks on my Oration to the
People concerning the Peace. But although that Part of his
Profecution was one continued Falfehood, yet in one particular
Article he was moft terribly diftreffed; for he alTured you, that
my Oration was pronounced in the Prefence of thofe AmbaiTa-
dors,
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 179
dors, whom the Grecians, upon your Invitation, had fent
either to engage with the Athenians, if neceffary, in one com-
mon War againft PhiHp, or to enter into a general Peace, if
that fhould appear of greater Advantage. (14) Now conllder
the enormous Villainy of the Man, and his cxcefTive AlTurance.
For the Names of the Ambafladors, whom you fent to the
Grecian States, while we were engaged in open War againft
Philip; the Time of their being appointed, and being fent,
are all entered in your public Records; neither are they now
in Macedonia, but prefent here in Athens. Befides, the Senate
determines by Decree upon the Introdudlion of all foreign Em-
baflies to the People, and he affirms, that the AmbafTadors of
Greece were really prefent in your Affembly. Come then,
Demofthenes, come forward on this Tribunal; take Part of
the Time allotted me for my Defence, and tell us the Name
of any one Grecian City, from whence you afiert thefe Am-
baffadors arrived; give us to read the Decree oi the Senate,
which introduced them to the People, then fummon our own
AmbalTadors, whom we fent to the States of Greece, to give
Evidence for you, and if they teftify, that they were prefent,
or rather, do not affirm, that they were not yet returned Irom
their Embafly ; if you can prove the Introdudion of thofe foreign
Ambaffadors to the Senate, or produce any Decree for that
Purpofe, at the Time you mention, I will defcend from the
Tribunal, and condemn myfelf to Death.
A a 2 Now
(14) The Reader may find this Charge in the tenth Page of this VoUime.
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? <(
i8o ORATIONOF
Now read the Refolution of our Confederates, in which it
is exprellly written, " Since the People of Athens are now
dehberating upon a Peace with PhiHp; fince the Ambafia-
dors, whom they fent into Greece to animate her Cities to
defend their common Liberty, are not yet returned, it feem-
** eth good to the Confederates, that when the Ambaffadors
" iTiall return, and make Report of their Embafly to the
" Athenians, the Magiftrates fliould appoint two AiTemblies
" according to Law. In tliem let the People of Athens con-
" fult upon the Peace, and whatever they determine, let it be
" the common Refolution of the Confederates. " Read me
the Refolution of the Plenipotentiaries of our Confederates.
The Resolution.
Read me now the Decree preferred by Demofthenes, in
which he commands the Magiftrates, after the Feftival of
Bacchus, celebrated within the City, (15) and the cuftomary
Affembly held in his Temple, to appoint two general AiTem-
blies on the eighteenth and nineteenth ; thus precifely marking
the Time, and prefling forward the Affembly before the Return
of our Ambaffadors. Befides, the Refolution of our Confede-
rates, which I acknowledge I fupported, only directs you to
deliberate upon a Peace with Philip, but Demofthenes urges you
to conclude a League offenfive and defenftve. Read his Decree
to the Judges.
His Decree.
You
(15) To diftinguifh it from the Feftival of the fame God, celebrated in the Fields,
"WoLFirs.
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? uE S C H I N E S. i8i
You have heard, Athenians, both thefe Decrees, by which
Demonfthenes is plainly convicted of having aflcrted, that the
AmbalTadors, although not yet returned from their Embafly,
were prefent at your AfTembly, and of having rendered ineffec-
tual the Refolution of your Confederates, although you were
willing to have complied with them. For they had exprellly
declared, you fhould wait for the Return of the Embaffy you
fent to the States of Greece, but Demofthenes moft opprobri-
oufly and precipitately changed your Determinations, and not
in Words alone oppofed your waiting, but in very Fa6t, and
by his Decree, when he ordered you to enter immediately
upon your Deliberations.
But he affirmed, that in the firft Day's Aflembly, when
Philocrates had harangued the People, I rofe after him, and
blamed the Peace he had propofed, calling it difhonourable,
and unworthy of the Republic: that the Day following I fup-
ported Philocrates, and fuccefsfully carried the Affembly into
my Opinion: that I perfuaded you to pay no Attention to
thofe, who talked to you of the Battles and Trophies of your
Anceftors, nor ever to fend Succours to any of the Grecian
States in their Difl:refs. (i6) That this Accufation is not only
falfe, but impoffible to be true, Demofthenes himfelf fhall give
me one proof in Evidence againfl: himfelf; a fecond the whole
People of Athens, and you yourfelves, if you recoiled ; a third,
the
(16} The Oration of Demofthenes, tenth Page,
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? 1. 82 ORATION OF
the Abfurdity of the Charge itfelf; a fourth, Amyntor, a
Man of Charadler, of unexceptionable Credit, and confiderable
Authority in the Commonwealth, to whom Demofthenes
fliewed a Decree, not in Oppofition to that propofed by Philo-
crates, but the very fame, and with whom he confulted,
whether he fliould give it to the Secretary, to be laid before
the Ailembly. Read me the Decree, wherein he pofitiveiy di-
rects, that there fliould be a general Liberty of debating the
firft Day, but that the proper Officers fliould next Day collect
the Votes, and that no fpeaking fhould be allowed. Yet he
aflertSj that at this very Time I fpoke in Defence of Philocrates.
The Decree of Demosthenes.
Decrees, indeed, remain as they were firfl: written, but the
Speeches of Calumniators are changed occafionally from Day to
Day. My Accufer makes me fpeak twice to the People;
Truth and the Decree, but once. For if we were not per-
mitted to fpeak in the fecond Day's Affembly; if forbidden by
the Magiftrates, there was certainly no poffibility of fuch O-
rations. But with what Intention, if I determined to fupport
Philocrates, did I accufe him the firfl: Day, and after the In-
tervention of only one Night, undertake his Defence before
the very fame Audience? Did I propofe to purchafe Honour
to myfelf, or obtain fome Advantage for him. ? Neither of
thefe was poflible ; but very poflible to gain your univerfal De-
teftation, and not fucceed in any other Inftance. Now fum-
mon
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? uE S C H I N E S. 183
mon Amyntor, and read his Teftimony. Yet I would previoufly
mention, in what Manner it is written. ** Amyntor bears
" Witnefs to iEfchines, that when the People confulted upon
" entering into an Alliance with Philip, according to the
" Decree of Demofthenes, on the fecond of the Aflembly-
" Days; when all public fpeaking was forbidden, and the
** Suffrages only concerning the Peace and Alliance were to be
t* collefted, in this very Aflembly, Demofthenes fitting by him
" fhewed him a Decree, on which the Name of Demofthenes
" was infcribed, and afked his Advice whether he fliould give.
"? it to the Secretary, to be laid before the People by the proper
" Officers. In this Decree were inferted the Conditions, upon
*' which a Peace and Alliance fhould be concluded, the very
" fame that Philocrates had propofed. " Summon Amyntor
and take Witneftes of your Citation if he fhould refufe to
appear. .
The Testimony of Amy. ntor.
You have heard, Athenians, this Teftimony. Now con-
fider, whether Demofthenes appears to have accufed me, or,,
under my Name, to have accufed himfelf ,
But while he condemns my Oration,, and mifreprefents every-
thing I faid, I fhall neither avoid, nor deny whatever I have
aflerted. Nor am I afliamed, let me rather boaft of the Advice
I have given. Let me however defire you to recoiled: the Cir-
cumftances;
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? iS4 O R A T I O N O F
cumftances of the Times, in which you held thefe Councils.
We engaged in the War at firft for the recovery of Amphipolis.
It happened that our General loft feventy-tive Cities, of which
Timotheus had once taken Pofleffion, and reduced under your
Jurifdi6lion (for I am determined to fpeak without Referve
and with Freedom, that either by fpeaking Truth I may be
acquitted, or, if you judge otherwife, be treated with your
utmoft Difplcafure; nor fhall I refufe my Punifhment) he took
out of your Arfenal an hundred and fifty Gallies, and brought
home forty eight. Thefe Fa6ls the Accufers of Chares perpe-
tually prove in all their Profecutions. Befides, he lavifhed
away fifteen hundred Talents, not upon his own Athenian Sol-
diers, but upon the Infolence of the Commanders of his merce-
nary Troops, and on a Number of Vagabonds colledied through
all Greece, befides the Wretches, who attend for Hire on our
Tribunals and Afiemblies. (17) Thefe Commanders annually
raifed fixty Talents Contribution upon the miferable Iflanders,
and plundered the Grecian Merchants on the open Seas, while
inftead of her former Authority, and the Sovereignty of Greece,
the Republic was ftigmatized with a Charadler befitting Myon-
nefus, and its Pyrates. But when Philip had marched out of
Macedonia, the Conteft between us was no longer for Amphi-
polis, but for Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, our proper Domini-
ons. Our Citizens abandoned Cherfonefus, confefi^edly belong-
ing
(17) Our Commentators acknowledge of the Text are loft. Tbe Tranflator
t'he DiPnculty of this Paffige, or rather hath endeavoured to preferve the general
think it imperfedl, and that fome Words Senfe of the Context.
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? . ESCHINES. 185
ing to Athens. You were compelled to fummoii with Terrour
and Confufion feveral extraordinary Aflemblies. In fuch an
uncertain, dangerous Situation were your Affairs, that Ce-
phifophon, a Friend and Intimate of Chares, was obliged to
prefer a Decree, that Antiochus, who commanded fome light
Pinnaces, fhould fail with the utmoft Expedition, and find
the General, to whom you had intrufted the Command of
your Forces, and tell him, wherever he fhould happen to meet
him, " the People of Athens are aftonifhed, that Philip is
" marching to invade Cherfonefus, the acknowledged Territo-
** ries of the Athenians, while they neither know where their
** General is, nor the Forces under his Command. " (18) To
confirm the Truth of what I have afferted, hear the Decree,
recoiled the Events of that War, and then demand an Account
of the Peace from your Generals, not from your Ambafi^dors.
The Decree.
Such was the Situation of the Republic when we debated
on the Peace. But thefe Orators, entering into a regular Con-
fpiracy together, whenever they rofe to fpeak, never attempted
to mention the Safety of the Commonwealth, but exhorted you
to turn your Eyes towards the Portico of the Citadel, (19) and
to recall to your Remembrance the Sea-fight againft the Perfians
at Salamis, with the Sepulchres and Trophies of your Anceftors.
Vol. II. B b I too
(i8) The ReaJer may find fome other (19) Where all the glorious Actions
Circum (lances of this General's Story in of their Anceftors were painted,
the firft Volume, Page 138.
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? i86 ORATIONOF
I too delired you to recoiled: all thefe Circumftances, and to
emulate the Wifdom of your. Anceftors, but to guard againft
their Errours, and ill timed Spirit of Fadlion. I recommended
to you to imitate with Ardour their Vidories over the Perfians,
at Plataea, Sala mis and Marathon; the Sea-fight at A rtemifium,
and the Condu<<5l of Tolmidas, who marched in Security with
a thoufand chofen Athenians through Peloponnefus, an Enemy's
Country; but to avoid the Sicilian Expedition, in which they
fent Succours to the Leontines, even while the Lacedaemonians
"had made an Incurfion into their own Territories, and Decelia
was fortified againft them. I advifed you to avoid their laft .
Imprudence, when although they were unfuccefsful in the War^
and the Lacedaemonians invited them to Peace; although,,
befides Attica, they were in PoffefTion of Lemnos, Imbros and
Scyros; while their democratical Conftitution of Government^
eftablifhcd by Law, was yet unviolated, yet they refufed all
Piopofds, and determined to carry on a War, they were un-
able to fupport. Cleophon, a Maker of Lyres, whom many
People remembered in the Shackles of a Slave, threatened to cut
any Man's Throat with his Sword, who even mentioned the
Name of Peace. To fuch Extremity did they, at length, reduce
the Republic, that they were abundantly fatisfied to conclude
a Peace, after having ceded all their Dominions, rafed the
Walls of Athens, received a Lacedaemonian Garrifon and Go-
vernor, and furrendered their Democracy to thirty Tyrants, vvlio
put to Death fifteen hundred Citizens, even without a Trial.
I Such
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? iE S C H I N E S. 187
Such Imprudence, I confefs, I advifcd you to guard againft,
but to imitate the Adlions I have juft now mentioned. Nor
did I hear thefe Circumftances, but from the Man, to vvhoni
of all others I am moft nearly allied. For my Father Atro-
metus (whom you, Demofthenes, calumniate, neither know-
ing nor conlidering what he was in his Youth, although you
yourfelf derive your Defcent, on your Mother's Side, from the
houfelefs Scythians) this Father fled from the Tyranny of the
thirty, and was one of the Leaders, who brought home the
People from Exile. My Mother's Brother, Cleobulus, was
joint Commander U^ith Demaenetus of the Fleet, that gained a
Vidlory over the Lacedemonian Admiral Chilon. Thus it hath
been cuftomary to me to hear from my own Family the for-
tunate, or adverfe Accidents of the Republic.
You befides objedt to me my Oration before the great Coun-
cil of Arcadia, and my Condud: as an AmbafTador; you repre-
fent me as a Deferter to the Enemy, thyfelf the verieft fugitive
Slave, and only not fligmatized like a barbarian Fugitive. Yet,
to the utmoft of my Power, I engaged the Arcadians, and other
Grecian States, in a War againft Philip. But when no Mortal
fuccoured the Republic; when fonie waited indolently for the
Event, and others turned their Arms againft us; when our
City-Haranguers converted the War into an Income to fupply
their Luxury, 1 confefs I then advifed the People to be recon-
ciled to Philip, and conclude that Peace, which you, Demoft-
B b 2 henes.
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? i88 ORATIONOF
henes, who never handled a Sword, imagine diflionourable
but which I pronounce to be far preferable to War. But,
Athenians, you fhould confider your Ambafladors with regard
to thofe favourable Conjunctures, which may have happened in
their Embailies, as you judge of your Generals with regard to
the Forces they Command. Yet you eredl Statues, and appoint
the moft honourable Seats in your Theatres, and Crowns and
Entertainments in the Prytanasum, not for them, who bring
you home Conditions of Peace, but for them, who conquer
your Enemies. But if Profecutions are to be the Portion of
your Ambafladors, and honours of your Generals, you will
render your Wars perpetual, without Negotiations of Peace,
or Heralds to propofe them. No Man will ever be an Ambaflk-
dor.
It now remains to fpeak to the Affairs of Cherfbbleptes and
the Phocjeans, with other Articles, of which I am accufed. (20)
I made an exadt Report, Athenians, of whatever I law, both
in my firft and fecond Embafly, in the Manner I faw it; of
whatever I heard, in the Manner I heard it. Do you, there-
fore, afk either what I faw, or what I heard with regard to
Cherfoblcptes ? I faw, and all our Ambafladors faw his Son
delivered, aa an Hoftage to Philip. He continues fuch at this
Inftant. But it happened, when we were difcharging our firft
Embafly, that I returned hither with my Colleagues, and
Philip
(ao) Demofthenes his Oration, Page 8ow
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? i66 ORATIONOF
But that I may not grow tedious in the Defcription of his
exceffive Arrogance, as foon as we arrived in Macedonia, we
agreed among ourfelves, that when we approached PhiHp, the
eldeft of us iLould fpeak firft, and the reft in order of Seniority.
It happened, that Demofthenes, as he affured us, was the
youngeft, but when we were fumraoned to our Audience (i i)
Give me now your moft ferious Attention to the following Cir-
cumftances, by which you will perceive the unmeafurable Envy
of the Man; his fervile Timidity, and, at the fame Time, his
Malignity of Spirit, with fuch pernicious Schemes againft his
Companions and Colleagues in Embafly, as no other Man
would have inhumanly formed even againft his greateft Enemies.
He profefTes to pay the higheft Reverence to the Rights of
Hofpitality, and thofe Entertainments appointed by the Repub-
lic for her Ambaffadors, although he be neither a Citizen of
Athens, nor, I dare affirm it, allied to you by Blood: while
we, who have the facred Monuments and Sepulchres of our
Anceftors in this our native Country ; who have lived with you
in Friend rhip and Familiarity, formed upon a Likenefs of
Manners, and the Principles of Liberty; whofe Marriages have
been
(ii) Wolfius imagines the Remainder feems a fuddcn Starting to fome new
of tills Paragraph is to be included in a Matter -, or rather an oratorial Breaking
Parenthefis. His Editors and Stephans away trom his Subjeft, more Itrongly to
are of the fame Opinion. Yet there is catch that Attention of his Judges, which
jio Connexion, as there {houid be if a he with Eafneftnefs demands, as he is
Parenthefis intervenes, between when ive now entering more regularly into his
ivere fum. moned to our Audience, and. Defence. Such a long Parenthefis would
jtlear therefore the Oratiom ive made. It here be moft injudicious.
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? ^. S C H I N E S. 167
|)eeii legally folemnlzed; who have Relations and Children;
who vyere, at Athens, efteemed worthy of your Confidence,
for otherwife you would not have chofen us to this Truft, yet
arriving in Macedonia we fuddenly become Traitors : while he,
who hath not any one Part about him unfold, not even the
Mouth, from whence he utters thefe Sounds, as if he were an
Ariftides directing the Revenues of Greece, and diftinguifhed
by the Surname of Juft, detefls and defpifes Corruption and
Venality.
Hear therefore the Orations we made in Support of your
Interefts, and thofe, which this Pillar of the State, Demoft-
henes, pronounced, that I may regularly and pundlually make my
Defence againft every feparate Article of this Profecution. Let
me, however, exceedingly commend you all, for hearing me
with Silence and Impartiality ; from whence, if I do not acquit
me of thefe Crimes, I fhall not blame you, but myfelf. When
our AmbafTadors according to their Seniority had delivered their
Sentiments, the Subjed: defcended to me, and though I have
already laid before the general Allembly of the People every
Particular, that I myfelf had urged, and what Philip had re-
plied, yet I fhall now endeavour, in a fummary Way, to recall
them to your Remembrance. Firft, I mentioned to him, that
Amity you had entertained for his Father, Amyntas, and the
Obligations you had conferred on him, without omitting a
fingle Inftance, but repeating them all in their Order. I then
de&cd
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? i68 O R A T I O N O F
deflred him to remember fome Circumftances, of which he wa>>
himfelf a Witnefs, and had happily felt the good EfFeds. For
when Amyntas was juft deceafed, and Alexander, the eldeft
Brother, Perdiccas and Philip were Infants; when their Mother
Euridice was deferted by thofe, whom fhe had efteemed Friends
to her Children; when Paufanias had feized upon their Throne,
and although he was an Exile, had grown powerful by fome
favourable Conjundures, and gained a numerous Party to fupport
him ; when he commanded a Body of Grecian Troops, and had
made himfelf Mafter of feveral ftrong Fortrefles in Macedonia;
when the Macedonians themfelves were divided, yet in general
favoured Paufanias ; at this Time the Athenians fent Iphicrates
with the Command of their Forces to Amphipolis, for the
Amphipolitans were then pofTefTed of a very ftrong City, and the
Revenues of a condderable Territory. When Iphicrates arrived
upon their Coaft with only a few Ships, as intending rather to
difcover the Situation of AiFairs in Amphipolis, than to befiege
it, your Mother Euridice fent for him immediately, and as the
Perfons, who were prefent, declare, jQie delivered Perdiccas into
his Arras, and having placed you, who were yet an Infant,
upon his Knees, fhe thus addrefied him; '<< Amyntas, the Father
*' of thefe Children, while he was alive, made you his Son by
*' Adoption, (12) and always maintained a friendly Correfpon-
" dence
(12) Here Wolfiusafks, with his ufual crates inherit ? His Editors and Com-
Honefty and Simplicity, how could A- mentators have not thought proper to
myntas, wh n he had already three Sons, anfwer thefe Quertions.
adopt Ipliicrates, and why did not Iphi-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 169
*< dence with the Athenians. You are therefore Brother to
" thefe Children in your private Charader, and in your public,
** our Ally. *' She then added the moft earneft Supplications,
with regard to your Glory, to herfelf, to the Kingdom, and
laftly to the Safety of her Cliildren. Iphicrates complied with
her Requeft ; drove Paufanias out of Macedonia, and preferved
the Government to You.
I SPOKE afterwards of Ptolemy, who was appointed Regent
of the Kingdom; how ungrateful and iniquitous his Condud.
I fhewed, firft, the Attempts he had formed againft Amphi-
polis, and the League he had entered into with your declared
Enemies, the Thebans ; and then convinced him, that Perdic-
cas, when he was placed upon the Throne, had invaded
Amphipolis, though under your JurifdiAion. I proved the
Humanity, with which you always aded, even when you were
injured, by fhewing, that when you had gained, under the
Command of Callifthenes, fome confiderable Advantages in the
War againft Perdiccas, you granted him a Truce, in Hopes of
obtaining your juft Demands. I endeavoured to refute the
Calumny with regard to Callifthenes, by proving, that the
People did not condemn him to fufFer Death, for granting a
Truce to Perdiccas, but for other Crimes. Neither did I he-
fitate to blame the Conduft of Philip himfelf, who fucceeded
Perdiccas in continuing the War againft the Republic. In
Proof of whatever I aflerted, I produced their own Letters in
Vol. IL Z Evidence,
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? I70 ORATIONSOF
Evidence, vvith our Decrees, and the Truce of Calliflhenes,
Concerning the original PofTefHon of the Territories, and City
of Amphipolis, anciently called the City of the nine Roads, and
concerning the Sons of Thefeus, one of whom, Acamas, was
reported to have received that Country in Dowery with his Wife,
it was then moft fitting to fpeak, and I fpoke with all pofiible
Accuracy, although perhaps it may be necefiary at prefent to
Shorten my Difcourfe. But whatever Proofs appeared, not from
ancient Fables, but from Fads within our own Memory, thofe
I mentioned. For Inftance, when the Lacedaemonians, and all
the other Powers of Greece had formed a general Confederacy,
Amy ntas, the Father of Philip, fent his Minifter to the Congrefsj^
and, as far as he could influence the Suflrages, propofed a?
Decree, that Amphipolis, which rightfully belonged to the
Athenians, fhould be conquered for them by the united Forces
of Greece. The Decree itfelf, founded on the common Con-
fent of all the Grecians, and the Names of the Perfons, who
fiibfcribed it, I produced,, as my Witnefles to the Fad:, out of
the public Records. Thofe Poffeflions therefore, which your
Father (thus I told him) ceded in the Prefence of all Greece, not
in fimple Expreffion only, but by Decree, it were moft unfitting
for you, his Son, to refume. If you refume them by Right of
Conqueft, we fliould acknowledge the Juflice of your Title, if
you had reduced that City to your Obedience, after a regular De-
claration of War againft us>> You had then-been its rightful Lord,,
and poffeQl'd it according to tlie Laws of War. But if you have
taken
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? iE S C H I N E S. ,71
taken from the Amphipolitans a City, that belonged to t-hc
Athenians, you hold Poflcflion, not of their Territories, but
thofe of the Athenians.
My Oration, and thofe of your other Ambafiadors being
ended, this Part of his Embafly devolved to Demofthenes.
Every one was attentive, in expe(5lation of hearing fome Pro-
digies of the Power of Eloquence. For fome over-abundant
Affurances of this Kind, as we were afterwards informed, had
been given to Philip and his Courtiers. While we were all
thus difpofed to hear, the Savage pronounces a ProcEmium,
obicure, and lifelefs, through Fear; and when he had advanced
a little Way towards the State of Affairs, on a fudden he was
filent, and hefitated in Confufion. (13) At length, he totally
loft the very Power of fpeaking. Philip feeing him thus dlf-
concerted, defired him to be confident, and not to imagine,
that any thing difagreeable fhould happen to him, as in a
Theatre, from his Misfortune: that he {hould take Time, and
recoiled himfelf by Degrees, and then pronounce the Oration he
had prepared. As he was once confufed, and had wandered from
his Notes, it was impoflible for him to recover himfelf. How-,
Z 2 everj.
(13) For the Honour of Demofthe- has not given it the moft favourable
nes, Plutarch tells us, that Philip an- Appearance. What Philip probably laid
fwered his Arguments with more Ear- with Humanity and Goodnature, is re-
neftnefs, than thofe of his Colleagues, al- prefented, by the Circumftance of men-
though he treated him with lefs perfonal tioning the Theatre, witli an Air of De-
AfFability. If tb. ere be any Truth in this rifion, very little becoming the Charac-
Srory, we may believe, that iEfchines ter of that Monarch.
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? 172 ORATIONOF
ever, he again attempted to fpeak, and the fame Accident
happened. A profound Silence followed, and an Herald
ordered us to depart.
When we afterwards aflembled among ourfelves, this inef-
timable Demofthenes, with an Afped: horribly gloomy, declared,
that I had ruined the Commonwealth, and her Confederates. .
Not I alone, but all our Colleagues being ftruck with Amaze-
ment, and demanding the Reafon of fuch an Aflertion, he
alked me, whether I had forgotten the Situation of Affairs in
Athens, or whether I remembered, that the People were ex-
haufted by their Misfortunes, and vehemently defirous of Peace.
" Or are you greatly elated upon having fifty Gallies, indeed
*' appointed by Decree, but never to be compleated? For
" you have fo provoked Philip,, and faid fuch things, that Peace
" never can rife out of the prelent War, but out of the prefent
*' Peace an implacable War. " While I was preparing to anfwer
this Charge, Philip's Minifters called us to attend him. When
we went, and had taken our Seats, Philip attempted to make
fome particular Objedion to every Argument, we had ufed,
but dwelt a longer Time, and with Reafon, upon my Oration,
becaufe, perhaps, I had negleded nothing, that could pofTibly,
at leaft in my Opinion, have been proper to mention. He
frequently named me in his Difcourfe, but, if I remember
rightly, never once turned his Refledions towards Demofthenes,
who had fo ridiculoully made his Retreat. This Circumftance
was
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? iE S C H I N E S. 173
was a fuffocatlng Agony and Sorrow to him. But when Philip
altered his Language to Expreflions of Philanthropy and Love
of Peace; when the Calumny, with which Demofthenes had
accufed me, in the Prefence of our Colleagues, of being the
Caufe of the War, could no longer be fupported, he appeared
perfectly difordered in his Senfes, fo very grofsly did he behave
himfelf, when we were invited to the ufual Feaft of Hofpitality.
When we were preparing to return, on a fudden, and con-
trary to his Nature, he converfed with us all moft familiarly
upon the Road. Untill this Moment I never knew the Force
and Meaning of thofe Words, by which we ufually exprcfs our
Ideas of Villainy, Treachery and Bafenefs; but having Demof-
thenes for my Guide and Interpreter, I was foon inftrudled.
For taking each of us feparately aiide, to one he promifed a
public Penfion, and his AfHftance in his private Affairs ; to
another a confiderable Poft in the Army ; but me he perpetually
followed, congratulating me upon the Happinefs of my Genius,
and pouring forth Encomiums on the Orations I had fpoken,
untill he grew even troublefome in the Abundance of his Praifes.
When we were all at Supper together in Larifla, he pleafantly
ridiculed himfelf, and the Hefltation, that happened to him
when he was fpeaking, and of all Men under the Sun, pro-
nounced Philip moft eloquent. I too mentioned fomevvhat of
Philip's having anfwered all our Speeches upon Memory ; and
Ctefiphon,
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? 174 ORATIONOF
Ctefiphon, the eldeft of our AmbafTadors, fpeaking of his own'
extraordinary Age, and the Number of Years he had lived,
conchided, that in fuch a length of Time he had never feen fo
chearful, fo jovial a Companion. Our Sifyphus, after having
exprefled his Approbation by clapping his Hands, declared,
** However, Ctefiphon, neither you, nor -ffifchines, fhould
*' venture to tell the People of Athens, that Philip is fuch a
" powerful Orator, and of fuch uncommon Memory. " As we
neither perceived, nor imagined the Treachery, which you
fhall inftantly hear, he engaged us under a Kind of Compa<<5l to
give you this Charadler of Philip, and then with a certain
earneftnefs entreated me not to forget telling you, that Demof-
thenes had fomething particular to inform you of concerning
Amphipolis.
Thus far our Colleagues are my Witnefles, whom he hatli
perpetually treated with Infolence and Inveftives through his-
whole Profecution. The Orations, however, which we pro-
nounced on this Tribunal, you yourfelves have heard, and it is
therefore impoflible for me to deceive you with a Falfehood.
But 1 implore you to hear with Patience the reft of this Narra-
tion. I perceive, you are all extremely defirous of knowing
the Affair of Cherfobleptes, and the Errors, that ruined the
Phoczeans j I therefore haften to inform you. But unlefs you
hear fome Circumftances, that preceded them, you will not
clearly comprehend thofe, that followed. Befides, if you per-
I mit
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 175
mit me to make my Defence in the Manner I myfelf could wifh,
you will be able to find fufficient Reafons to acquit me, if I
am innocent, and to underftand the controverted Points, by
thofe that are acknowledged. For when we returned hither,
and had given the Senate a fummary Account of our Embafly,
and delivered Philip's Letters, Demofthenes pronounced our
Panegyric before the Senators, and fwore by the Altar ereded
in the Houfe to Jupiter the Advifer, that he congratulated the
Republic upon her fending fuch Ambafladors, who both in
Eloquence and Probity were worthy of the Commonwealth.
With regard to me particularly, he faid, I had not deceived
the Hopes of thofe, who had appointed me to the Embafly, and
concluded with a Motion, that we fhould be crowned with
Olive in Reward for our good Intentions to the Athenian
People, and invited to an Entertainment in the Prytanaeum.
In Proof of what I have aflertfed, let the Secretary take his
Decree, and then read the Teftimony of our Colleagues.
The Decree. The Testimony.
When we had reported our Embafly to the People, Ctefl-
phon, as a Privilege of his Age, rofe firfl:, and among other
Things, which he had agreed with Demofthenes to mention,
he fpoke particularly of Philip's Affability, and Urbanity in his
, Compotations. Philocrates having made a fhort Speech, and
after him. Dyrcyllus; I then came forward. When I had lightly
run over the other Circumftances of our Embafly, I proceeded
to
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? 176 ORATIONOF
to the Particulars, in which we had all agreed, and mentioned
that Strength of Memory, and Power of Eloquence, with
which Philip had anfwered us. Neither was I forgetful of the
Requeft of Demofthenes; that he was appointed, if we pafled
over any thing of Importance, to fpeak to the Affair of Am-
phipolis. Laft of all Demofthenes arofe, fafhic<<iing his Deport-
ment and his Countenance, according to his wont, in a moft
portentous Manner, and rubbing his Forehead. When perceiv-
ing the People gave Signs of their Approbation, and applauded
what I had faid, he declared himfelf much furprized both at
the Audience and at his Colleagues, who equally mifemployed.
and wafted away the Time of debating what Anfwer fliould be
given to Philip's Ambafladors, or of propofing any Meaftires
for the public Advantage; and in an Affair of domeftic Con-
cernment indulged an Impertinence of talking, totally foreign
to the Subjedl ; for that nothing was more cafy, than to give
an Accdunt of an Embaflj', But I will inform you, fays he,
in what Manner this Affair fhould be conduced. He then
ordered a particular Decree of the People to be read, and after-
wards added, " by this Decree we were appointed Ambafladors,
" and executed what it ordained. Now take the Letter we
*' brought home from Philip. " When that was read, " you
*' have now Philip's Anfwer, and it only remains for you to
*' deliberate upon it. " While the People were riftng in Tu-
mults round him, fome of them applauding him, as a nervous,
cpnpifc Speaker, but the Majority, as malignant and envious ;
Now
2
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? iE S C H I N E S. 177
Now behold, faid he, how fuccindly I fhall lay before you all
other Girciimftances of this Affair. Does Philip appear to
-^fchines a Man of extraordinary Memory, and powerfully elo-
quent ? To me far otherwife. For, in my Opinion, if any
one fliould take away from him his prefent Fortune, and give
it to another, that Perfon would not be greatly his Inferior.
Did he appear to Ctefiphon to have a certain Splendour in his
Afpedl ? To me the Q)median Ariftodemus, who was one of
our Ambafladors, had not lefs Dignity. Was he formidable
in drinking largely? Our Colleague Philocrates much more
formidable. Did one of your Orators inform you, that he left
it to me to fpeak upon the Affair of Amphipolis? Yet never
would that Orator give either to you, or me an Opportunity
of Ipeaking.
But thefe Circumftances are Trifles. I will move
for a Decree to negotiate a Truce with the Herald and Am-
baffadors, whom Philip fliall fend jiither; to order the proper
Magiftrates, when they arrive, to appoint Affemblies during
two Days, not only to treat of Peace, but an Alliance, offenfive
and defeniive; to pronounce the cuftomary Panegyric upon
our Ambaffadors, and invite them the Day following to a
public Entertainment, if they appear worthy of fuch Honours.
To convince you of the Truth of thefe Affertions, Secretary,
take his Decrees, that you may perceive the Waywardnefs and
Malignity of the Man; his joining with Philocrates in all his
Schemes; and his own infidious and faithlefs Manners. Then
call our Colleagues, and read their Teftimony,
Vol. II. A a The
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? 178 ORATIONOF
The Decrees of Demosthenes.
Nor did he only propofe thefe Decrees, but afterwards declared
in the Senate, '' I will appoint a place for Philip's Ambafladors,
" when they arrive, to fee the public Games, during the
" Feftival of Bacchus. " Read this Decree.
The Decree.
Now read the Teftimony of our Colleagues, from whence you
may behold, Athenians, that Demoflhenes is incapable of being
an Orator in Defence of the Republic, but meditates his De-
clamations againft thofe, who have any Engagements with him
of Intimacy and Friendfhip.
The Testimony.
You find therefore in thefe Tranfadions with regard to the
Peace, not my Connexions with Philocrates, but thofe of De-
mofthenes and Philocrates. I have produced very fufficient
Proofs, I prefume, of whatever I have faid. You are your-
felves my WitnefTes of the Report I made of my Embafly. I
liave given you my Colleagues in Evidence of our Speeches in:
Macedonia, and whatever happened in our Journey. You have-
heard, and muft remember the late Profecution, which De-
mofthenes opened with his Remarks on my Oration to the
People concerning the Peace. But although that Part of his
Profecution was one continued Falfehood, yet in one particular
Article he was moft terribly diftreffed; for he alTured you, that
my Oration was pronounced in the Prefence of thofe AmbaiTa-
dors,
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 179
dors, whom the Grecians, upon your Invitation, had fent
either to engage with the Athenians, if neceffary, in one com-
mon War againft PhiHp, or to enter into a general Peace, if
that fhould appear of greater Advantage. (14) Now conllder
the enormous Villainy of the Man, and his cxcefTive AlTurance.
For the Names of the Ambafladors, whom you fent to the
Grecian States, while we were engaged in open War againft
Philip; the Time of their being appointed, and being fent,
are all entered in your public Records; neither are they now
in Macedonia, but prefent here in Athens. Befides, the Senate
determines by Decree upon the Introdudlion of all foreign Em-
baflies to the People, and he affirms, that the AmbafTadors of
Greece were really prefent in your Affembly. Come then,
Demofthenes, come forward on this Tribunal; take Part of
the Time allotted me for my Defence, and tell us the Name
of any one Grecian City, from whence you afiert thefe Am-
baffadors arrived; give us to read the Decree oi the Senate,
which introduced them to the People, then fummon our own
AmbalTadors, whom we fent to the States of Greece, to give
Evidence for you, and if they teftify, that they were prefent,
or rather, do not affirm, that they were not yet returned Irom
their Embafly ; if you can prove the Introdudion of thofe foreign
Ambaffadors to the Senate, or produce any Decree for that
Purpofe, at the Time you mention, I will defcend from the
Tribunal, and condemn myfelf to Death.
A a 2 Now
(14) The Reader may find this Charge in the tenth Page of this VoUime.
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? <(
i8o ORATIONOF
Now read the Refolution of our Confederates, in which it
is exprellly written, " Since the People of Athens are now
dehberating upon a Peace with PhiHp; fince the Ambafia-
dors, whom they fent into Greece to animate her Cities to
defend their common Liberty, are not yet returned, it feem-
** eth good to the Confederates, that when the Ambaffadors
" iTiall return, and make Report of their Embafly to the
" Athenians, the Magiftrates fliould appoint two AiTemblies
" according to Law. In tliem let the People of Athens con-
" fult upon the Peace, and whatever they determine, let it be
" the common Refolution of the Confederates. " Read me
the Refolution of the Plenipotentiaries of our Confederates.
The Resolution.
Read me now the Decree preferred by Demofthenes, in
which he commands the Magiftrates, after the Feftival of
Bacchus, celebrated within the City, (15) and the cuftomary
Affembly held in his Temple, to appoint two general AiTem-
blies on the eighteenth and nineteenth ; thus precifely marking
the Time, and prefling forward the Affembly before the Return
of our Ambaffadors. Befides, the Refolution of our Confede-
rates, which I acknowledge I fupported, only directs you to
deliberate upon a Peace with Philip, but Demofthenes urges you
to conclude a League offenfive and defenftve. Read his Decree
to the Judges.
His Decree.
You
(15) To diftinguifh it from the Feftival of the fame God, celebrated in the Fields,
"WoLFirs.
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? uE S C H I N E S. i8i
You have heard, Athenians, both thefe Decrees, by which
Demonfthenes is plainly convicted of having aflcrted, that the
AmbalTadors, although not yet returned from their Embafly,
were prefent at your AfTembly, and of having rendered ineffec-
tual the Refolution of your Confederates, although you were
willing to have complied with them. For they had exprellly
declared, you fhould wait for the Return of the Embaffy you
fent to the States of Greece, but Demofthenes moft opprobri-
oufly and precipitately changed your Determinations, and not
in Words alone oppofed your waiting, but in very Fa6t, and
by his Decree, when he ordered you to enter immediately
upon your Deliberations.
But he affirmed, that in the firft Day's Aflembly, when
Philocrates had harangued the People, I rofe after him, and
blamed the Peace he had propofed, calling it difhonourable,
and unworthy of the Republic: that the Day following I fup-
ported Philocrates, and fuccefsfully carried the Affembly into
my Opinion: that I perfuaded you to pay no Attention to
thofe, who talked to you of the Battles and Trophies of your
Anceftors, nor ever to fend Succours to any of the Grecian
States in their Difl:refs. (i6) That this Accufation is not only
falfe, but impoffible to be true, Demofthenes himfelf fhall give
me one proof in Evidence againfl: himfelf; a fecond the whole
People of Athens, and you yourfelves, if you recoiled ; a third,
the
(16} The Oration of Demofthenes, tenth Page,
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? 1. 82 ORATION OF
the Abfurdity of the Charge itfelf; a fourth, Amyntor, a
Man of Charadler, of unexceptionable Credit, and confiderable
Authority in the Commonwealth, to whom Demofthenes
fliewed a Decree, not in Oppofition to that propofed by Philo-
crates, but the very fame, and with whom he confulted,
whether he fliould give it to the Secretary, to be laid before
the Ailembly. Read me the Decree, wherein he pofitiveiy di-
rects, that there fliould be a general Liberty of debating the
firft Day, but that the proper Officers fliould next Day collect
the Votes, and that no fpeaking fhould be allowed. Yet he
aflertSj that at this very Time I fpoke in Defence of Philocrates.
The Decree of Demosthenes.
Decrees, indeed, remain as they were firfl: written, but the
Speeches of Calumniators are changed occafionally from Day to
Day. My Accufer makes me fpeak twice to the People;
Truth and the Decree, but once. For if we were not per-
mitted to fpeak in the fecond Day's Affembly; if forbidden by
the Magiftrates, there was certainly no poffibility of fuch O-
rations. But with what Intention, if I determined to fupport
Philocrates, did I accufe him the firfl: Day, and after the In-
tervention of only one Night, undertake his Defence before
the very fame Audience? Did I propofe to purchafe Honour
to myfelf, or obtain fome Advantage for him. ? Neither of
thefe was poflible ; but very poflible to gain your univerfal De-
teftation, and not fucceed in any other Inftance. Now fum-
mon
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? uE S C H I N E S. 183
mon Amyntor, and read his Teftimony. Yet I would previoufly
mention, in what Manner it is written. ** Amyntor bears
" Witnefs to iEfchines, that when the People confulted upon
" entering into an Alliance with Philip, according to the
" Decree of Demofthenes, on the fecond of the Aflembly-
" Days; when all public fpeaking was forbidden, and the
** Suffrages only concerning the Peace and Alliance were to be
t* collefted, in this very Aflembly, Demofthenes fitting by him
" fhewed him a Decree, on which the Name of Demofthenes
" was infcribed, and afked his Advice whether he fliould give.
"? it to the Secretary, to be laid before the People by the proper
" Officers. In this Decree were inferted the Conditions, upon
*' which a Peace and Alliance fhould be concluded, the very
" fame that Philocrates had propofed. " Summon Amyntor
and take Witneftes of your Citation if he fhould refufe to
appear. .
The Testimony of Amy. ntor.
You have heard, Athenians, this Teftimony. Now con-
fider, whether Demofthenes appears to have accufed me, or,,
under my Name, to have accufed himfelf ,
But while he condemns my Oration,, and mifreprefents every-
thing I faid, I fhall neither avoid, nor deny whatever I have
aflerted. Nor am I afliamed, let me rather boaft of the Advice
I have given. Let me however defire you to recoiled: the Cir-
cumftances;
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? iS4 O R A T I O N O F
cumftances of the Times, in which you held thefe Councils.
We engaged in the War at firft for the recovery of Amphipolis.
It happened that our General loft feventy-tive Cities, of which
Timotheus had once taken Pofleffion, and reduced under your
Jurifdi6lion (for I am determined to fpeak without Referve
and with Freedom, that either by fpeaking Truth I may be
acquitted, or, if you judge otherwife, be treated with your
utmoft Difplcafure; nor fhall I refufe my Punifhment) he took
out of your Arfenal an hundred and fifty Gallies, and brought
home forty eight. Thefe Fa6ls the Accufers of Chares perpe-
tually prove in all their Profecutions. Befides, he lavifhed
away fifteen hundred Talents, not upon his own Athenian Sol-
diers, but upon the Infolence of the Commanders of his merce-
nary Troops, and on a Number of Vagabonds colledied through
all Greece, befides the Wretches, who attend for Hire on our
Tribunals and Afiemblies. (17) Thefe Commanders annually
raifed fixty Talents Contribution upon the miferable Iflanders,
and plundered the Grecian Merchants on the open Seas, while
inftead of her former Authority, and the Sovereignty of Greece,
the Republic was ftigmatized with a Charadler befitting Myon-
nefus, and its Pyrates. But when Philip had marched out of
Macedonia, the Conteft between us was no longer for Amphi-
polis, but for Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, our proper Domini-
ons. Our Citizens abandoned Cherfonefus, confefi^edly belong-
ing
(17) Our Commentators acknowledge of the Text are loft. Tbe Tranflator
t'he DiPnculty of this Paffige, or rather hath endeavoured to preferve the general
think it imperfedl, and that fome Words Senfe of the Context.
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? . ESCHINES. 185
ing to Athens. You were compelled to fummoii with Terrour
and Confufion feveral extraordinary Aflemblies. In fuch an
uncertain, dangerous Situation were your Affairs, that Ce-
phifophon, a Friend and Intimate of Chares, was obliged to
prefer a Decree, that Antiochus, who commanded fome light
Pinnaces, fhould fail with the utmoft Expedition, and find
the General, to whom you had intrufted the Command of
your Forces, and tell him, wherever he fhould happen to meet
him, " the People of Athens are aftonifhed, that Philip is
" marching to invade Cherfonefus, the acknowledged Territo-
** ries of the Athenians, while they neither know where their
** General is, nor the Forces under his Command. " (18) To
confirm the Truth of what I have afferted, hear the Decree,
recoiled the Events of that War, and then demand an Account
of the Peace from your Generals, not from your Ambafi^dors.
The Decree.
Such was the Situation of the Republic when we debated
on the Peace. But thefe Orators, entering into a regular Con-
fpiracy together, whenever they rofe to fpeak, never attempted
to mention the Safety of the Commonwealth, but exhorted you
to turn your Eyes towards the Portico of the Citadel, (19) and
to recall to your Remembrance the Sea-fight againft the Perfians
at Salamis, with the Sepulchres and Trophies of your Anceftors.
Vol. II. B b I too
(i8) The ReaJer may find fome other (19) Where all the glorious Actions
Circum (lances of this General's Story in of their Anceftors were painted,
the firft Volume, Page 138.
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? i86 ORATIONOF
I too delired you to recoiled: all thefe Circumftances, and to
emulate the Wifdom of your. Anceftors, but to guard againft
their Errours, and ill timed Spirit of Fadlion. I recommended
to you to imitate with Ardour their Vidories over the Perfians,
at Plataea, Sala mis and Marathon; the Sea-fight at A rtemifium,
and the Condu<<5l of Tolmidas, who marched in Security with
a thoufand chofen Athenians through Peloponnefus, an Enemy's
Country; but to avoid the Sicilian Expedition, in which they
fent Succours to the Leontines, even while the Lacedaemonians
"had made an Incurfion into their own Territories, and Decelia
was fortified againft them. I advifed you to avoid their laft .
Imprudence, when although they were unfuccefsful in the War^
and the Lacedaemonians invited them to Peace; although,,
befides Attica, they were in PoffefTion of Lemnos, Imbros and
Scyros; while their democratical Conftitution of Government^
eftablifhcd by Law, was yet unviolated, yet they refufed all
Piopofds, and determined to carry on a War, they were un-
able to fupport. Cleophon, a Maker of Lyres, whom many
People remembered in the Shackles of a Slave, threatened to cut
any Man's Throat with his Sword, who even mentioned the
Name of Peace. To fuch Extremity did they, at length, reduce
the Republic, that they were abundantly fatisfied to conclude
a Peace, after having ceded all their Dominions, rafed the
Walls of Athens, received a Lacedaemonian Garrifon and Go-
vernor, and furrendered their Democracy to thirty Tyrants, vvlio
put to Death fifteen hundred Citizens, even without a Trial.
I Such
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? iE S C H I N E S. 187
Such Imprudence, I confefs, I advifcd you to guard againft,
but to imitate the Adlions I have juft now mentioned. Nor
did I hear thefe Circumftances, but from the Man, to vvhoni
of all others I am moft nearly allied. For my Father Atro-
metus (whom you, Demofthenes, calumniate, neither know-
ing nor conlidering what he was in his Youth, although you
yourfelf derive your Defcent, on your Mother's Side, from the
houfelefs Scythians) this Father fled from the Tyranny of the
thirty, and was one of the Leaders, who brought home the
People from Exile. My Mother's Brother, Cleobulus, was
joint Commander U^ith Demaenetus of the Fleet, that gained a
Vidlory over the Lacedemonian Admiral Chilon. Thus it hath
been cuftomary to me to hear from my own Family the for-
tunate, or adverfe Accidents of the Republic.
You befides objedt to me my Oration before the great Coun-
cil of Arcadia, and my Condud: as an AmbafTador; you repre-
fent me as a Deferter to the Enemy, thyfelf the verieft fugitive
Slave, and only not fligmatized like a barbarian Fugitive. Yet,
to the utmoft of my Power, I engaged the Arcadians, and other
Grecian States, in a War againft Philip. But when no Mortal
fuccoured the Republic; when fonie waited indolently for the
Event, and others turned their Arms againft us; when our
City-Haranguers converted the War into an Income to fupply
their Luxury, 1 confefs I then advifed the People to be recon-
ciled to Philip, and conclude that Peace, which you, Demoft-
B b 2 henes.
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? i88 ORATIONOF
henes, who never handled a Sword, imagine diflionourable
but which I pronounce to be far preferable to War. But,
Athenians, you fhould confider your Ambafladors with regard
to thofe favourable Conjunctures, which may have happened in
their Embailies, as you judge of your Generals with regard to
the Forces they Command. Yet you eredl Statues, and appoint
the moft honourable Seats in your Theatres, and Crowns and
Entertainments in the Prytanasum, not for them, who bring
you home Conditions of Peace, but for them, who conquer
your Enemies. But if Profecutions are to be the Portion of
your Ambafladors, and honours of your Generals, you will
render your Wars perpetual, without Negotiations of Peace,
or Heralds to propofe them. No Man will ever be an Ambaflk-
dor.
It now remains to fpeak to the Affairs of Cherfbbleptes and
the Phocjeans, with other Articles, of which I am accufed. (20)
I made an exadt Report, Athenians, of whatever I law, both
in my firft and fecond Embafly, in the Manner I faw it; of
whatever I heard, in the Manner I heard it. Do you, there-
fore, afk either what I faw, or what I heard with regard to
Cherfoblcptes ? I faw, and all our Ambafladors faw his Son
delivered, aa an Hoftage to Philip. He continues fuch at this
Inftant. But it happened, when we were difcharging our firft
Embafly, that I returned hither with my Colleagues, and
Philip
(ao) Demofthenes his Oration, Page 8ow
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