No More Learning

own
ambitions. Leaving the actors, he be-
comes acquainted with some landed pro-
prietors belonging to the lesser nobility
of the country. And here the
ond period of his apprenticeship begins.
Meeting people of culture and position
in society, he comes into closer touch
with real life, and is initiated into the
ways of the world. His development is
further hastened by finding his son Fe-
lix, whom he has never acknowledged.
What women and society are still unable
to teach him, he now learns from his
child. The awakening sense of
his parental responsibilities is the final
touchstone of his fully developed man-
hood. Having thus completed his ap-
prenticeship to life in a series of bitter
experiences, he now marries a lady of
rank, and turns landed proprietor. The
scheme of the novel gave Goethe oppor-
tunity to bring in the most varied phases
of society, especially the nobility of his
time, and the actors. He also discusses
different æsthetic principles, especially
the laws of dramatic art as exemplified
in (Hamlet. ) He also touches on ques-
tions of education, and religious contro-
versy, and satirizes somewhat the secret
societies, just then beginning to spring
up in Germany. (Wilhelm Meister,' in
short, gives a richly colored picture of
the life of Goethe's time.
Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship.
The first part of Wilhelm Meis-
ter) was finished in 1796, after having
occupied Goethe's attention for twenty
years.
The central idea of this great
novel is the development of the individ-
ual by means of the most varied expe-
riences of life. There is no plot proper,
but in a series of brilliant episodes the
different stages of the hero's spiritual
growth are brought before the reader.
Wilhelm Meister is a young man with
many admirable qualities of character,
but passionate and emotional, somewhat
unstable, lacking reflection and proper
knowledge of the world. The son of a
well-to-do business man in a small Ger-
man town is traveling for his father's
house when he falls in with a troupe of
strolling comedians. From earliest boy-
hood he has been devoted to the theatre,
a passion which has been nourished by
puppet-plays and much reading of dra-
matic literature and romances. Disgusted
with the routine of business, and eager
for new experiences, he joins the players,
determined to become an actor himself,
His apprenticeship to life falls into two
periods. The first comprises the lessons
he learned while among the players.
Brought up in comfort in a respectable,
somewhat philistine household, he enjoys
at first the free and easy life of his new
companions, though as a class they had
at that period hardly any standing in
society. He becomes passionately at-
tached to Marianne, a charming young
actress, who returns his love, but whom
he leaves after a while, because of un-
grounded jealousy. For a time he thinks
he has found his true vocation in the
pursuit of the actor's art. But ill-success
on the stage, and closer acquaintance
with this bohemian life of shams and
gilded misery, disillusions him, and re-
veals the insubstantiality of his youthful
Scarlet Letter, The, the novel which
established Nathaniel Hawthorne's
fame, and which he wrote in the ancient
environment of Salem, was published in
1850, when he was forty-six years old.
Its simple plot of Puritan times in New
England is surrounded with an air of
mystery and of weird imaginings. The
scene is in Boston, two hundred years
ago: the chief characters are Hester
Prynne; her lover, Arthur Dimmes-
dale, the young but revered minister of
the town; their child, Pearl; and her
husband Roger Chillingworth, an aged
scholar, a former resident of Amster-
dam, who, resolving to remove to the
New World, had, two years previously,
sent his young wife Hester on before
him. When the book opens, he arrives
in Boston, to find her upon the pillory,
her babe in her arms; upon her breast
the Scarlet Letter “A” (“Adulteress”),
which she has been condemned to wear
for life. She refuses to reveal the
name of her partner in guilt, and takes
up her lonely abode on the edge of the


## p. 405 (#441) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
405
on
rare
wilderness. Here Pearl grows up a wild
elf-like child; here Hester makes atone-
ment by devoting her life to deeds of
mercy.
Her husband, whose identity
she has sworn to conceal, remains in the
town, and in the guise of a physician,
pries into and tortures the minister's
remorse-haunted soul. Hester, knowing
this, forgetting aught but love, proposes
fight with him. He wills to remain,
to reveal his guilt publicly. Confessing
all, after a sermon of great power, he
dies in Hester's arms, upon the plat-
form where she once stood condemned.
A wonderful atmosphere of the Puritan
society bathes this book, its moral in-
tensity, its sensitiveness to the unseen
powers; while forever pressing in upon
the seething little community is the
mystery of the new-world wilderness,
the counterpart of the spiritual wilder-
ness in which Hester and Arthur wan-
der. This great creation is one of the
few classics » that the nineteenth cen-
tury has added to literature.
Knightly Soldier, The, by H. Clay
Trumbull, is a biography of Major
Henry Ward Camp of the Tenth Con-
necticut Volunteers, who fell in one of
the battles before Richmond in 1864. It
was written while the War was still in
progress; while the author, who
chaplain in the army and an attached
friend of the subject of the memoir, was
still amid the stress of the great con-
Aict; and he writes with the warmth of
personal affection and comradeship of
the career of a young American soldier.
It is a noble monument to the memory
of the author's friend; at the same time
it is a graphic chronicle of a soldier's
life in the field. The letters of Major
Camp interwoven with the narrative
reveal the man's study of himself in the
experiences of battle, prison, flight, re-
capture, liberation; and show him to be
indeed a knightly soldier. )
Twenty Years of Congress: From
Lincoln to Garfield, WITH A RE-
THE EVENTS WHICH LED
THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION OF 1860, by
James G. Blaine, with portraits. (2 vols.
1884-86. ) Mr. Blaine's unrivaled oppor-
of
work it an
contribution to history. It is clear, in-
teresting, and brilliantly written. A
large part of the first volume is de-
voted to a review of the events which
led up to the Civil War. Beginning
with the original compromises between
the North and the South embodied in
the Constitution, it proceeds with the
Missouri Compromises of 1820 and 1821,
the origin and development of the abo-
lition party, the character of the South-
ern leaders, the Mexican War, origin
and growth of the Republican party,
the Dred Scott decision, the debate
between Douglas and Lincoln, the
John Brown raid and Lincoln's elec-
tion. Then follow two chapters
Congress in the winter of 1860-61; after
which the course of affairs during the
War and down to the inauguration of
President Johnson occupies the rest of
the volume. Mr. Blaine shows himself
to be a warm admirer of Henry Clay,
contrasting him very favorably with
Webster, and saying of him: «In the
combination of qualities which
constitute at once the matchless leader
of party and the statesman of consum-
mate ability and inexhaustible resource,
he has never been surpassed by any
man speaking the English tongue. ) Of
General Grant he speaks in the most
appreciative terms. The picture of Lin-
coln's character is strongly drawn and
glowing. Volume ii. covers the period
from the beginning of Johnson's admin-
istration to the year 1881. The disband-
ment of the army, reconstruction, the
three amendments to the Constitution,
the government's financial legislation,
Johnson's impeachment, General Grant's
two terms, the Geneva award, Hayes's
administration, the fisheries question,
and Garfield's election, are among the
topics treated. In conclusion, the author
alludes to the unprecedented difficulty
of the legislative problems during the
War, and briefly notes' the course of
Congress in grappling with them, re-
views the progress of the people dur-
ing the twenty years, claiming credit
for Congress for the result, and asserts
that “No government of modern times
has encountered the dangers that beset
the United States, achieved the
triumphs wherewith the nation is
crowned. »
was
:
VIEW
OF
TO
or
inn itkis varike imekese period important Luckther sketchesney Street Markehavd
, by
for their subjects strange incidents of life
in the far West during the gold-fever
of '49.
The essential romance of that.
adventurous, lawless, womanless society


## p. 406 (#442) ############################################

406
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
is embodied in these tales. Representa-
tive members of it, gamblers with the
melancholy air and intellectual abstrac-
tion of a Hamlet”; all-around scamps
with blond hair and Raphael faces;
men with pasts buried in the oblivion
east of the Mississippi; young men, bat-
tered men, decayed college graduates,
and ex-convicts, are brought together in
picturesque confusion, — their hot, fierce
dramas being played against the loneli-
ness of the Sierras, the aloofness of an
unconquerable nature. (The Luck of
Roaring Camp' is perhaps the
beautiful of the sketches; (The Outcasts
of Poker Flat) is scarcely less pathetic.
In Tennessee's Partner,' and in Mig-
gles,' humor and pathos are mingled.
The entire book is a wonderfully dra-
matic transcript . of a phase of Western
life forever passed away.
The environment in which she is placed
- fashionable England of the beginning
of the century — offered a great field for
the genius of Thackeray. He portrayed
it with marvelous, sustained skill through
the long, leisurely, many-chaptered novel.
Not a foible of fashionable life escaped
him: not one weakness of human nature,
not one fallacy of the gay world. His
satire plays like searching light upon
the canvas. His humanity does not miss
the pathos sometimes lurking under the
hard, bright surface of events. He does
not forget that some women are tender,
that some men are brave. Neither does
he pass eternal judgment upon his char-
acters. In his dealings with these fre-
quenters of Vanity Fair,' there is some-
thing of the indifference of the gods,
something, too, of their chivalry.
most
uo Vadis, the latest and perhaps the
Vanity Fair, by W. M. Thackeray Q“most popular proste a nohy Perkies Polish
a
(1847–48), is one of the few great
novels of the world, and perhaps the
only novel of society that ranks as
classic, as a perfect and complete em-
bodiment of those peculiar forces and
conditions embraced in the term "fash-
ionable. ) As the sub-title states, it is
<< without a hero); but not, however,
without a heroine. The central figure of
the book is that chef-d'œuvre, the im-
mortal, inimitable, magnificent Becky
Sharp, the transcendent type of social
strugglers, the cleverest, most unmoral
woman in the whole range of fiction.
From the hour when she tosses John-
son's Dictionary, the last gift of her
teacher, out of the window of the Sedley
coach, to her final appearance on the
stage of the novel, she never falters in
the bluff game she is playing with so-
ciety. Her victims are numerous, her
success, with slight exceptions, is unim-
peachable. In constant contrast to her is
pretty, pink-and-white, amiable Amelia,
all love and trust, Beckey's school inti-
mate and first protector.
On Amelia
and Amelia's family, Becky first climbs
towards the dizzy heights of an assured
social position. Rawdon Crawley is her
final prey, the successful victim of
her matrimonial ventures. Having se-
cured him, she is more at liberty to be
herself, to cease the strain of concealing
her real nature, in her home at least.
To the world she is still an actress, and
the world does not find her out until it
has suffered by her.
master in fiction, Henryk Sienkiewicz,
is, like the trilogy,” historical; it deals,
however, not with the history of Poland,
but with that of Rome in the time
of Nero. The magnificent spectacular
environment of the decaying Roman
empire, the dramatic qualities of the
Christian religion, then assuming a
world-wide significance, offer rich mate-
rial for the genius of Sienkiewicz. He
presents the background of his narrative
with marvelous vividness. Against it he
draws great figures: Petronius, the lordly
Roman noble, the very flower of pagan-
ism; Eunice and Lygia, diverse products
of the same opulent world; Nero, the
beast-emperor; the Christians seeking an
unseen kingdom in a city overwhelmed
by the symbols of earthly imperialism;
others typical of dying
Rome, or of that New Rome to be es-
tablished on the ruined throne of the
Cæsars. The novel as a whole is in-
tensely dramatic, sometimes melodra-
matic. Its curious title has reference to
an ancient legend, which relates that St.
Peter, fleeing from Rome and from
crucifixion, meets his Lord Christ on
the Appian Way. «Lord, whither goest
thou ? ) (Domine, quo vadis ? ) cries Peter.
« To Rome, to be crucified again,” is the
reply. The apostle thereupon turns back
to his martyrdom. While (Quo Vadis)
cannot rank with the trilogy,” it is in
many respects a remarkable novel. Its
merit is not, however, in the ratio of its
popularity.
and many


## p. 407 (#443) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
407
Indiana, by “George Sand” (Madame
Dudevant). A romantic tale pub-
lished in 1832, which is of interest
chiefly as being the first which brought
the distinguished author into note, and
also as portraying something of the au-
thor's own experience in married life.
The scene is alternately in the Castle
de Brie, the estate of the aged Colonel
Delmare, a retired officer of Napoleon's
army, where he lives with his youthful
Creole wife Indiana; and in Paris,
where the wife visits her aristocratic
aunt, and where lives Raymond de Ra-
mière, the heartless and reckless lover
first of her foster-sister and maid Noun,
and then of herself. Estranged from
her ill-matched husband, the young wife
is drawn into the fascinations of Ray-
mond, whose artfulness succeeds in de-
ceiving the Colonel, the wife, and all
the faithful English cousin, Sir
Ralph; who secretly loves Indiana, but
shields Raymond from discovery for fear
of the pain that would result to her.
Desperate situations and dire conflicts
of emotions follow, with much discourse
on love and marital duty, and frequent
discussions of the social ard political
questions of the day; the Colonel repre-
senting the Napoleonic idea of empire,
Raymond the conservative legitimist,
and Sir Ralph the modern republican.
The descriptions of nature are vivid,
and the characters are skillfully drawn,
however untrue they may seem to actual
life.
to force them into submission to the
house of Hapsburg. But a band of the
free-born Swiss gathered together on
the Rütli, that famous meadow on the
lake of Lucerne, even now an objective
point of pilgrimage to the traveler in
Switzerland. They swore a solemn oath
to overthrow the Austrian tyranny, and
to free their country. But even while
they were maturing their plans, one of
the oppressors, Gessler, came to his
death. He had forced William Tell to
shoot an apple from the head of his
son, as a punishment for disregarding a
ridiculous ordinance. Tell, one of the
best marksmen far and wide, hit the
core of the apple without so much as
touching a hair of his son's head. Yet
he swore vengeance, and at the next
opportunity he shot Gessler. This deed
was the signal for a general uprising of
the people. The Austrian officials were
driven out of the country, their castles
destroyed, and Switzerland
more free. Although the play is named
after Tell, he is merely the nominal
hero. The real protagonists are the
whole people.
save
was
once
William Tell, the last completed
drama of Schiller, - his swan-
song, was written in 1804, one year
before his death. It is considered one
of his finest works, being the most ma-
ture expression of that idea of freedom
with which he had opened his poetic
career in (The Robbers, twenty years
before. But whereas Karl Moor was
warring against the existing order of
things, the Swiss people were fighting
for the preservation of their ancient
rights. The drama deals with what one
might call the rebellion of the three
Swiss counties, Schwyz, Uri, and Unter-
walden, against the duke Albrecht of
Austria, who at the same time
German Emperor under the name Al-
brecht I. , reigning 1298-1308. His
bailiffs, Hermann Gessler von Bruneck
and Beringer von Landenberg, harassed
the people in all possible ways, in order
Yemassee, The: A ROMANCE OF Caro-
LINA, by William
Gilmore Sims.
This is an American romance, the lead-
ing events of which are strictly true.
The Yemassee are a powerful and gal-
lant race of Indians, dwelling, with their
tributary tribes, at the time of the ac-
tion, in South Carolina. Their hunting
grounds are gradually encroached upon
by the English colonists, who, by pur-
chases, seizures, and intrigues, finally
change the feeling of friendship with
which their advent was greeted, into
fear, and finally into savage revolt. It
is during this period of warfare (the
early part of the eighteenth century)
that the scene of the romance is laid.
Mingled with the description of the life
of the primitive red man is a stirring
account of the struggles of the early
colonists. The romance culminates in a
realistic account of the attack by the
Yemassee, in conjunction with neighbor-
ing tribes and Spanish allies, upon a
small band of colonists, who, after a
fierce conflict, finally defeat them. Inter-
woven with the scenes of savage cruelty,
Spanish intrigue, and colonial hardship,
is the love story of pretty Bess Matthews,
daughter of the pastor, and Gabriel
Harrison, the savior of the little band;
was


## p. 408 (#444) ############################################

408
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
who later, as Charles Craven, Governor ketched me at it! Git off and set down!
and Lord Palatine of Carolina, claims You ain't goin' for no doctor, I know );
. her hand. If the narrative seems often and who confesses that his aim is to be
extravagant in its multiplicity of ad- “the Pacific Slope Bonheur. ” His criti-
ventures, hair-breadth escapes, thrilling cisms on his fellow artists are more in-
climaxes, and recurrent dangers, it is cisive than Taine's. < Old Eastman
to be remembered that it depicts a time Johnson's barns and everlasting girl
when adventure was the rule, and rou- with the ears of corn ain't life, it ain't
tine the exception; when death lurked got the real git-up. ” Bierstadt's mount-
at every threshold, and life was but a ains would <blow over in one of oui
daily exemplification of the survival of fall winds. He hasn't got what old
the fittest. ”
Ruskin calls for. ) In all Mr. King's
Some of the principal characters are character sketches appear the modest
Sanutee, chief of the Yemassee; Mati- | good sense and sympathy, and the phi-
wan, his wife; Occonestoga, his son, losophic spirit, that makes his analysis
slain for betrayal of his tribe; Richard of social problems so satisfactory. The
Chorley, the buccaneer; and the trader concluding chapter is given to Califor-
Granger, and his wife, — the latter a nia as furnishing a study of character.
type of the woman, brave in spirit and Forced to admit the conditions on which
keen of wit, whom the early colonies she has been condemned as vulgar and
developed.
brutal, he yet perceives that being is
far less significant than becoming, and
Mountaineering in the Sierra Ne- that her future is to be not less mag-
vada, by Clarence King. (1872. ) nificent than her hopes.
Mr. King is so well known a scientist
that the government very properly long Social Silhouettes, by Edgar Fawcett,
ago annexed his services. It is therefore (1885,) is a series of gracefully ironic
to be taken for granted that the geology sketches upon New York society. Mr.
and geography of this volume are above Mark Manhattan, born among the elect,
suspicion. But what delights the un- related to most of the Knickerbocker
learned reader is not its scientific accu- families, and blessed with an adequate
racy, but its nice observation, its vivid income, amuses his leisure by a study
power of description, its unfailing hu- of social types. He introduces us to the
mor, its beautiful literary art. The offi- charmed circle of Rivingtons, River-
cial mountaineer in pursuit of his duty | sides, Croton-Nyacks, Schenectadys, and
ascends Mount Shasta and Mount Tyn- others, all opulent, all sublimely sure of
dall, Mount Whitney and the peaks of their own superiority to the rest of hu-
the Yosemite, and gathers all the data manity. With a serene pity born of in-
for which a distant administration is timate knowledge of society's prizes, he
pining. But on his own account, and watches the rich parvenu, Mrs. Ridgeway
to the unspeakable satisfaction of his Bridgeway, push her way to recognition.
audience, he «interviews » the Pike There is the young lady who fails be-
County immigrant, the Digger, the man
her evident anxiety to please
from Nowhere, and the Californian; and repels with a sense of strain all who ap-
the reader is privileged to assist with proach her.
There is the young man
unspeakable satisfaction on all these so- who succeeds because he makes no ef-
cial occasions, and to sigh that there are fort, and although able to express noth-
not more. A joy forever is that painter ing except manner and pronunciation,
of the Sierras whom the geologist — has name and dollars. Mr. Bradford
«longing for some equal artist who Putnam is another type, an egotistic
should arise and choose to paint our nonentity without a thought in his mind
Sierras as they really are, with all their or a generous sentiment in his heart,
color-glory, power of innumerable pine who arrogantly enjoys what the gods
and countless pinnacle, gloom of tem- have provided. Mr. Mark Manhattan
pestor splendor, where rushing light does not think that “the brave little
shatters itself upon granite crag, Mayflower steered its pale, half-starved
burns in dying rose upon far fields of inmates through bleak storm of angry
snow” — suddenly encountered, painting seas to help them found an ancestry for
a large canvas, who accosted him such idle dalliers. ” He is a kindly
with «Dern'd if you ain't just naturally cynic with sympathy for those who suf-
cause
OT
on


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
409
fer in intricate social meshes, and with zantine Empire, 717–1204; (3) Mediæval
contempt for all false standards and hy- Greece and Trebizond, 1204-1566; (4)
pocrisy. He is not a reformer, but an Greece under Ottoman and Venetian
indolent spectator with sense of hu- Dominion, 1453–1821; and (5) The Greek
mor, who, after all, enjoys the society Revolution and Greek Affairs, 1843–1864.
which he wittily berates.
The whole was thoroughly revised by
the author before his death at Athens
Sicilian Vespers, The, by Cassimir in 1875, and was very carefully edited
Delavigne. This tragedy in five for the Clarendon Press by Rev. H. F.
acts, first performed in Paris in 1819, is Tozer. In comparison with Gibbon, it
only memorable from its subject, the deals far more with interesting social
«Sicilian Vespers,” that being the name particulars, and comes much nearer than
given to the massacre of the French in Gibbon did to adequate treatment of
Sicily, in 1282, the signal for which was the ages which both have covered. The
to be the first stroke of the vesper-bell. author's prolonged residence in Greece,
John of Procida returns from a visit to with very great sympathetic attention
secure the aid of Pedro of Aragon in to Greek affairs, peculiarly qualified him
liberating Sicily from the French. His to deal intelligently with the problems
son Loredan has become the fast friend of Greek character through the long
of Montfort, the representative of Charles course of ages, from the Roman con-
of Anjou. Montfort asks Loredan to in- | quest to the latest developments. Taken
tercede for him with Princess Amelia, in connection with Grote's admirable
heir to the throne of Sicily, unaware volumes for the ages of Greek story
that she is his betrothed. Procida orders before Alexander the Great, the two
his son to slay his friend, who is also works, even with a gap of two cen-
his country's foe. Amelia warns Mont- turies between them, form one of the
fort, whom she loves despite her be- most interesting courses in history for
trothal. Montfort, learning Loredan's thirty centuries to which the attention
claims upon her, upbraids him and of intelligent readers can be given.
banishes him; but his nobler impulses
This
triumph, and he pardons him. Night Leon Roch, by B. Pérez Galdós.
falls; the massacre breaks out. Under
novel is a painful study of the
struggle which is to-day taking place
cover of darkness, Loredan stabs his
friend, who forgives him with his last
between dogma and modern scientific
breath. Loredan cries, «Thou shalt be
thought. The field of battle is the
avenged, and kills himself. His father
family of Leon Roch, a young scientist,
married to Maria, the daughter of the
exclaims, «O my country, I have re-
stored thy honor, but have lost my son.
Marquis de Telleria. Leon thinks he will
have no trouble in molding the young
Forgive these tears. ” Then, turning to
his fellow-conspirators, «Be ready to
girl, but finds soon after marriage that
fight at dawn of day. ” And so the play
she expects to convert him. When he
ends,
laughingly asks her how, she tears a
scientific book from his hand and destroys
reece under Foreign Domination,
it.
Knowing that his wife's confessor is
Gree
ITS CONQUEST BY
responsible for her conduct, he offers to
THE RO-
MANS TO THE PRESENT TIME: 146 B. C. -
forsake his scientific studies if she will
leave Madrid and confine her church-
1864 A. D. By George Finlay. (Fi-
going to Sundays.
nal revised ed. 7 vols. , (1877. ) A thor-
She refuses; but
when he insists on
oughly learned, accurate, and interesting
a separation, she
consents.
for two thousand
history of Greece
The visit of her brother Luis,
and
ten years,
by writer who
a religious fanatic, prevents its accom-
qualified himself for his task by life-long plishment; and his death places an in-
residence in Greece: a soldier there in
superable barrier between husband and
wife.
Byron's time, a statesman and econo-
From this event the story moves rap-
mist of exceptional intelligence, and a
great historian of the more judicious
idly to a sad ending.
and practical type. The work was exe-
Peter Ibbetson, by George Du Mau-
cuted in parts in the years 1844-1861. rier. In Peter Ibbetson) romance
It consists of (1) Greece under the Ro. and realism so skillfully blended
mans 146 B. C. -717 A. D. ; (2) The By- that one accepts the fairy-tale element
FROM
a


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410
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
a
new
a
a
as
own
almost unquestioningly. The book is a Van Bibber and others, by Richard
prose poem, and carries its reader into Harding Davis (1890), is a collection
world of dreams and ideal of short stories that appeared originally
beauty.
in the magazines. The central figure in
The first chapters tell the hero's life the majority of them is Van Bibber, a
as a child in the country near Paris, young New Yorker of the mythical
where he lives happily with his parents (Four Hundred, a charming fellow,
and his delicate little friend Mimsey combining the exquisiteness of the aristo-
Seraskier, until his father and mother crat with the sterling virtues of the
die, and he is taken away by his uncle. great American people. His tact is con-
The next years are spent at school in summate, his ideals of good form unim-
England; then Peter quarrels with his peachable, his snobbery entirely well-bred.
bad, ill-bred uncle, and becomes Having plenty of money, and nothing to
lonely, hard-working architect. He falls do but to be about town,” he is in the
in love at first sight with Mary, the way of adventures. Some of these are
Duchess of Towers: “It was the quick, funny; one or two are pathetic. They
sharp, cruel blow, the coup de poignard, all serve to throw high light upon Van
that beauty of the most obvious, yet Bibber in his character of a swell. The
subtle, consummate, and highly organ- stories are well written, and show the
ized order, can deal to a thoroughly pre- author's equal acquaintance with Fifth
pared victim. ” Afterwards he has Avenue and with the East Side.
strange, sweet dream of his boyhood,
where Mary is the only living reality Shirley, Charlotte Brontë's third novel,
; ,
and she tells him how to dream true,
was published in 1849. The scene is
and thus live over again his happy life
laid in the Yorkshire country with which
a child in France. Finally Peter
she had been acquainted from childhood.
meets Mary face to face; they discover,
The heroine, Shirley, was drawn from
her
sister Emily. The other
he that she is Mimsey Seraskier, and
characters include three raw curates,
both that they have dreamed the same
dream together. After this interview
- Mr. Malone, Mr. Sweeting, and Mr.
they part forever. Peter hears that his
Donne, through whom Charlotte Bronté
uncle has told infamous lies about his
probably satirized the curates of her
mother, and in justified rage kills him,
own acquaintance; Robert Moore,
more by accident than design. On the
mill-owner; his distant cousin, Caroline
night that he is sentenced to be hanged,
Helstone, whom he eventually marries;
his brother, Louis Moore, who marries
Mary comes into his dream again and
tells him that the sentence will be com-
Shirley Keeldar, the heroine, and a num-
muted, and that after she is separated
ber of others, including workingmen and
from her wretched husband she will
the neighboring gentry.
The story,
make his life happy. Then comes an
while concerned mainly with
ideal dream-life of twenty-five years,
character, follows, to some extent, the
that must be read to be understood
fortunes of Robert Moore, who, in his
and appreciated, during which Mary's
effort to introduce new machinery into
outward life is spent in philanthropy
his cloth mill, has to encounter much
and Peter's is spent in jail. When she
opposition from his employés. In her
dies, and their mutual dream-life ends,
childhood, while at school at Roe Head,
Charlotte Bronté had heard much of
Peter becomes wildly insane. She visits
him once after her death, and gives him
the Luddite Riots which were taking
strength to recover and write this sin-
place in the neighborhood, and which
gular autobiography. He dies in a crim-
furnished her later for the descriptions
inal lunatic asylum, we
of the riots in Shirley.
are told, and
whether he was mad, or the story is
The book faithfully reproduces the
true, is left to the imagination.
lives of country gentlefolk, and is richer
The hero is a splendid type of man-
in portrayal of character than in strik-
hood, and the Duchess of Towers is one
ing incident. Wholesome and genial in
of the sweetest, kindliest
in
tone, it remains one of Charlotte Bron-
modern fiction.
té's most attractive novels.
(Peter Ibbetson) published in
Throu
"hrough Night to Light (Durch
1891, and was the first novel of the fa-
Nacht zum Licht)), by Friedrich
mous English artist.
Spielhagen (3 vols. , 1861), a conclusion
a
no
one
women
was


## p. 411 (#447) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
411
son.
)
»
even
of the romance Problematische Na- spirited and graceful, and the humor is
turen) (Problematic Characters).
refined. It is a typical old-style English
The promise of the title is not ful- novel, in which virtue overcomes vice
filled by the course of this story or its and triumphs in the end. Dramatized
conclusion. Oswald Stein, the hero of as Rosedale,) it has been a favorite
the preceding narrative, is to be brought play for more than a generation.
«through night to light » in this work,
but he does not accomplish this tran-
My Studio Neighbors, a volume of
sketches, by William Hamilton Gib-
sition. The same inconstancy, the same
Illustrated by the author. (1898. )
facile impressibility, and the same tran-
The titles of these sketches are: (A Fa-
sitoriness of impression, are brought out
miliar Guest,) "The Cuckoos and the
by similar sentimental experiences to
Outwitted Cow-bird,' Door-Step Neigh-
those narrated in Problematic Charac-
bors,' A Queer Little Family on the
ters. Indeed, the hero is even less ad-
Bittersweet, (The Welcomes of the
mirable than in his hot youth, since his
Flowers,' A Honey-Dew Picnic,) (A
experiments are no longer entirely inno-
Few Native Orchids and their Insect
cent. The solution offered to the puzzle
Sponsors,' «The Milkweed. ) Nobody
of his life is Oswald's heroic death on
since Thoreau has brought a more exact
the barricades of Paris; but this sugges-
and clear observation to the study of
tion of “light” is inadequate in view of
the darkness of the preceding night. ”
familiar animal and plant life than the
author of these sketches, and
The story is usually regarded as an
Thoreau did not always see objects with
attempt to effect a compromise between
the revealing eye of the artist. Mr.
the realistic tendencies of the late nine-
teenth century, and the idealism of an
Gibson has the «sharp eye” and “fine
earlier school. It is rich in single epi-
ear) of the prince in the fairy-tale; and
his word pictures are as vivid as the
sodes of interest or beauty; and its vari-
beautiful work of his pencil. To read
ous heroines, Melitta, Hélène, Cécile,
him is to meet the creatures he de-
are well drawn. As a whole, however,
scribes, on terms of friendship.
and looked at from the point of view of
its purpose, Through Nightcore Light Reveries of a Bachelor : Ok, AaBooks
powerful convincing state-
Ik Marvel,
ment of the problem which the novelist pseudonym of Donald Grant Mitchell.
has propounded.
The Bachelor's first Reverie was pub-
lished in the Southern Literary Messen-
Lady Lee's Widowhood, by Edward ger in 1849, and was reprinted the fol-
Bruce Hamley. (1854. ) On its pub- lowing year in Harper's New Monthly
lication, this novel was called the most Magazine. It represents the sentimental
promising work of fiction since Bulwer's Bachelor before a fire of oak and hick-
(Pelham. ) Sir Joseph Lee, a rich but ory in a country farmhouse. He broods
weak-minded baronet, dies bequeathing through evening of «sober and
all his property to his young widow, un- thoughtful quietude. ” His thoughts are
der the condition that she does not marry of matrimony, suggested by the smoke
again without the consent of Col. Lee, - signifying doubt; blaze - signifying
Joseph's dissolute old uncle. In case of cheer; ashes — signifying desolation.
her marriage, the estate is to be divided Why should he let himself love, with
between the baronet's young son and the chance of losing ? The second Rev.
Col. Lee. The interest depends on the erie is by a city grate, where the toss-
contrivances of Col. Lee to secure con- ing sea-coal flame is like a flirt, - (so
trol of his niece's fortune, and the lively yet uncertain, so bright yet flick-
counter-contrivances of Lady Lee and ering,» — and its corruscations like the
her friends to keep it. The remaining leapings of his own youthful heart; and
chief characters of the tale are Captain just here the maid comes in and throws
Lane, a young soldier, Ostend, and two upon the fire a pan of anthracite, and
charming young girls, all of whom are its character soon changes to a pleasant
provided with plenty of incident, and glow, the similitude of a true woman's
opportunity to shine. Gipsies, fortune- love, which the bachelor enlarges much
hunters, and members of the swell mob upon in his dream-thoughts. The third
fill up the scene. The story is told with Reverie is over his cigar, as lighted by
ease and vivacity, the composition is a coal, a wisp of paper, or a match,-
an
-


## p. 412 (#448) ############################################

412
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
has a
server.
each bearing its suggestion of some of tendency is so vividly indicated, that
heart-experience. The fourth is divided the analysis of the movement of the last
into three parts, also: morning, which century might almost be a statement of
is the past, – a dreaming retrospect of certain phases of thought and morals of
younger days; noon, which is the bache- to-day. If the terms of the problems
lor's unsatisfied present; evening, which discussed are obsolete, their discussion
is the future, with its vision of Caro-
constant reference to the most
line, the road of love which runs not modern theories.
smooth at first, and then their mar- Mr. Stephen is never the detached ob-
riage, foreign travel, full of warm and
These questions mean a great
lively European scenes, and the return deal to him; and therefore the reader
home with an ideal family conclusion. also, whether he approve or disapprove
These papers, full of sentiment, enjoyed the bias of his guide, is compelled to
a wide popularity.
find them important. In studying such
books as this, and the admirable discus-
English Thought in the Eighteenth sions of Mr. Lecky on European morals,
Century, History of, in two vol- and Rationalism in Europe, it is difficult
umes, by Leslie Stephen. (1876. ) The to escape from a certain sense of the
scope of this important book is hardly inevitableness of the opinions held by
so broad as the title would indicate, for mankind at every stage of their develop-
the subject treated with the greatest ment; so that the question of the import-
fullness is theology. The first volume, ance of the truth of these opinions is
indeed, is given almost entirely to the apt to seem secondary. But Mr. Stephen
famous deist controversy with which does not belittle the duty of arriving at
the names of Hume, Warburton, Chubb, true opinions, nor does he assume that
Sherlock, Johnson, and the rest of the his side- and he takes sides - is the
great disputants of the time — names right side, and the question closed.
only to the modern reader — are asso- Volume ii. discusses moral philosophy,
ciated. The ground covered extends political theories, social economics, and
from the milestones planted by Des- literary developments. It gives with
cartes by
of his doctrine of great fullness and fairness the position
innate ideas, to the removal of the of the intuitional school of morals, and
boundaries of the fathers by the con- of the latest utilitarians, who now de-
structive » infidelity of Thomas Paine. clare that society must be regulated not
This review weighs with care the phil- by the welfare of the individual, but by
osophical significance of the
the gradual the well-being of that organism which
change of thought, a knowledge of is called the human race. “To under-
which is conveyed through an examina- stand the laws of growth and equi-
tion of the representative books upon librium, both of the individual and the
theology and metaphysics. The histo- race, we must therefore acquire a con-
rian's criticism upon these is fair-minded, ception of society as a complex organ-
illuminative, and always interesting, by ism, instead of a mere aggregate of
means of its wide knowledge and wealth individuals. » To Mr. Stephen history
of illustration. So broad is it that it witnesses that the world can be im-
seems to bring up for judgment all the proved, and that it cannot be improved
pressing social, moral, and religious suddenly. Of the value of the theory
questions of the present time. Mr. Ste- that society is an organism, this book is
phen points out that the deist controversy a conspicuous illustration.
Its candor,
was only one form of that appeal from its learning, its honest partisanship, its
tradition and authority to reason, which impartiality, with its excellent art of
was the special characteristic of the stating things, and its brilliant criticism,
eighteenth century. In his method of make it a most stimulating as well as a
dealing with the body of divinity," most informing book, while it is always
which he explains to the worldly modern entertaining
reader, he shows himself both the phil-
osophic historian and the philosophic
Life and
Times of Stein;
critic. He belongs to the Spencerian GERMANY AND PRUSSIA IN THE NA-
school, which regards society as an POLEONIC AGE, by J. R. Seeley, regius
ganism, and history as the record of its professor of modern history in the Uni-
growth and development. The stream versity of Cambridge. (3 vols. , octavo,
means
OR,
or-


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
413
-as
never
came
1878. ) Professor Seeley's object in writ- the principal deities, myths, religious
ing this valuable if rather lengthy bi- ideas and doctrines, as they are found in
ography was primarily, as he states in Egyptian writings, and with special ref-
his preface, to describe and explain the erence to such facts as have important
extraordinary transition period of Ger- bearings on the history of religion. It is
many and Prussia, which occupied the based throughout on original texts, of
age of Napoleon (1806–22), - and which which the most significant parts are given
has usually been regarded as dependent in a rendering as literal as possible, in
upon the development of the Napoleonic order that the reader may judge for
policy,-- and to give it its true place in himself of their meaning. Dr. Wiede-
German history. Looking for some one mann expresses the opinion that the
person who might be regarded as the essays of Maspero, in his Études de
central figure around whom the ideas Mythologie et de Religion (Paris, 1893),
of the age
concentrated themselves, are far weightier for knowledge of the
he settled on Stein. Biographies of subject than any previous writings de-
other prominent persons-
Harden- voted to it. Maspero especially condemns
berg, Scharnhorst, etc. —are interwoven the point of view of Brugsch, who at-
with that of Stein. The work is divided tempts to prove that Egyptian religion
into nine parts: (1) Before the Catas- was a coherent system of belief, corre-
trophe (i. e. , the Prussian subjugation sponding somewhat to that imagined by
by Napoleon); (2) The Catastrophe; (3) Plutarch in his interesting work on Isis
Ministry of Stein, First Period; (4) and Osiris.
Ministry of Stein, Transition; (5) Min- We may speak of the religious ideas
istry of Stein, Conclusion; (6) Stein in of the Egyptians, he says, but not of an
Exile; (7) Return from Exile; (8) At Egyptian religion: there
the Congress; (9) Old Age. It is clearly into existence any consistent system. Of
and picturesquely written, and springs various religious ideas, found more or
from a statesmanlike and philosophical less clearly represented, it cannot be
grasp of its material,
Stein's great
proved historically which are the earlier
services to Prussia, and indeed to the and which are the later. They are all
world (the emancipating edict of 1807, extant side by side in the oldest of the
his influence in Russia, at the Congress longer religious texts which have come
of Vienna, 1814, etc. ), have never else- down to us,— the Pyramid inscriptions
where been so convincingly stated. The of the Fifth and Sixth dynasties. Re-
author indeed confesses, that while at search has determined nothing indisput-
starting he had no true conception of able as to the origins of the national
the greatness of the man, Stein's im- religion of the Egyptians, their form of
portance grew on him, and he ended government, their writing, or their ra-
by considering the part which the chan- cial descent. The more thoroughly the
cellor played an indispensable one in accessible material, constantly increasing
the development of modern Germany. in amount, is studied, the more obscure
Many extracts are given from Stein's do the questions of origin become.
letters and official documents, which Ancient Egypt was formed by the
make his personality distinct and im- union of small States, or districts, which
pressive. The politics and social con- the Greeks called Nomes: twenty-two in
ditions of Russia, Austria, and France, Upper Egypt, and twenty in Lower
and the effect which these produced in Egypt. Each nome consisted of (1) The
Germany, are made both clear and in- capital with its ruler and its god; (2)
teresting. A multitude of anecdotes and the regularly tilled arable land; (3) the
personal reminiscences adds the element marshes, mostly used as pasture, and
of entertainment which so serious a bi- for the cultivation of water plants; and
ography demands. But its great merit is (4) the canals with their special officials.
that nowhere else exists a more judicial Not only did each nome have its god
and philosophic estimate of Napoleon's and its own religion regardless of neigh-
character and policy than in the chap- boring faiths, but the god of a nome was
ters devoted to his meteoric career. within it held to be Ruler of the gods,
Creator of the world, Giver of all good
Esyptians, Ancient Religion of the, things, irrespective of the fact that adja-
by Alfred Wiedemann. (1897. ) A cent nomes similarly made each its own
work designed to set before the reader god the One and Only Supreme.


## p. 414 (#450) ############################################

414
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
sun
If a
There were, thus many varieties and work of personal founders: Buddha,
endless rivalries and conflicts of faiths, Zoroaster, Confucius, Lao-tze, and Mo-
and even distinct characters attached hammed. In Buddha's case, the book
to the same name; as Horus at Edfu, of his religion came from his disciples.
a keen-sighted god of the bright sun, Zoroaster produced a small part only of
and Horus at Letopolis, a blind god of the Parsee books. Confucius produced
the in eclipse.
ruler rose the sacred books of his religion; but
to royal supremacy, he carried up the mainly by compiling, to get the best of
worship of his god. From the Hyksos the existing literature. Lao-tze produced
period of about six hundred years, the one very small book. The Koran or
origin of all forms of religion was Qur'an was wholly spoken by Moham-
sought in sun worship. Dr. Wiedemann med, not written,- in the manner of
devotes chapters to (Sun Worship,' | trance-speaking; and preserved as his
(Solar Myths,' and 'The Passage of disciples either remembered his words,
the Sun through the Underworld, tra- or wrote them down.
cing the general development of sun The oldest writings brought into use as
worship and the hope of immortality scriptures of religion were the Babylon-
connected with it. Then he sketches ian, dating from about 4000 B. C. The
(The Chief Deities); <The Foreign Egyptians also had sacred writings, such
Deities); and (The Worship of Ani- as the Book of the Dead, which may
mals, which was due to the thoroughly have had nearly as early an origin. In-
Egyptian idea of an animal incarnation dia comes next to Egypt and Babylonia
of deity. He then reviews the story of in the antiquity (perhaps 2000-1500
(Osiris and his Cycle, and the devel- B. C. ) of the poems or hymns made into
opment of The Osirian Doctrine of sacred books and called the Veda. Per-
Immortality,'— «a doctrine of immor- sia follows in order of time, perhaps
tality which in precision and extent 1400 B. C. To the Greeks, from about
surpasses almost any other that has 900 B. C. , the Homeric poems were
been devised. » This doctrine, Dr. sacred scriptures for many centuries,
Wiedemann says, is of scientific import- very much as in India Sanskrit poems
ance first from its extreme antiquity, became sacred. The Chinese scriptures
and also from its many points of affinity date not far from 600 B. C. , and the
to Jewish and Christian dogma. The Buddhist about a hundred years later,
whole cult or worship of Osiris, of Isis, The Hebrews first got the idea at the
and of Horus, with some other related last end of their history, when in exile
names, forms a study of great interest. in Babylon; and they not only borrowed
Dr. Wiedemann concludes his work with the idea, but borrowed stories and be-
chapters on Magic and Sorcery,' and liefs and religious feelings. Under the
Amulets,' features in all ancient religion direction of Ezra, a governor sent from
of the practical faith of the masses. Babylon, they publicly recognized writ-
ings got together by the priestly scribes
The Sacred Books
Books of the East. as their sacred scriptures. The exact
TRANSLATION BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL date was 444 B. C. The idea of script-
SCHOLARS, AND EDITED BY MAX MÜLLER.