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Caes. 21 ; Plut. Caes. 14, Pomp. 47, Cat. cumstance connected with his name, his age, his
Min. 33; Appian, B. C. ii. 14; Caes. B. G. i. 12. ) works, and his friends, is involved in obscurity
Calpurnia seems not to have intermeddled in poli- and doubt. In several MSS. he is designated as


## p. 583 (#603) ############################################

CALPURNIUS
583
CALPURNIUS.
CALVENA.
A'NUS.
and to have bore quietly the fren
usband bestowed upon Cleopatra, vla
Rome in B. c. 46. The reports that
and respecting the conspiracy against
filled Calpurnia with the livedest as
she was haunted by dreams in the
a treated her husband, but in vain, net
e on the fatal Ides of March, & 6 4.
C. a. 115;
Dion Cass. xliv. 17; Tel
fuet. Cacs. 81; Plut. Caes. (3. )
NIA. I. One of the faroante con-
le emperor Claudius. She was pret
Narcissus to go to Ostin
, where the
tarrying, to inform him of the mar-
alina and C. Silius. (Tac. Ara, si
a of high rank, who was sent inte
alousy of Agrippina, the wife of the
us, who had accidentally spoken of
ims of praise. She was recailed by
60, for the purpose of making an
s clemency, after having just befcze
a mother to be murdered. (Tac.
v. 72. )
(LS)
IA GENS, plebeian, pretended to
om Calpus, the third of the four
and accordingly we find the bead
le of the coins of this gens. (Plut
Ars Poet. 292; Festus, s. c. Cal
: p. 160. ) The Calpurnii are not
e time of the first Panic war, and
who obtained the consulship 535
o in B. c. 180; bat from this time
ure very frequent, and the family
comes one of the most illustrious
ce. The famils-names under the
A, BIBULUS, FLAMMA, and Piso,
Pisones are distinguished by the
ninus and Frugi.
NUS, DE'CIUS, praefect of the
emperor Claudius, seems to hare
in the adulterous conduct of
s put to death in consequente,
3. xi. 35. ) (LS)
VUS, M. PU'PIUS PISO,
(Piso. ]
3, standard-bearer of the first
at the accession of Tiberius,
Tunatius Plancus arrived in the
in Germany, as the ambassador
rebellious soldiers would bare
e he was embracing as a supu
tandards, had not Calpurnius
of the soldiers. (Tac dan i
Titus, in others as Caius, in a great number the CALPU'RNIUS GALERIA'NUS. [GALE-
praenomen is altogether wanting, while the only RIANUS. ]
evidence for the determination of the cpoch when CALPU'RNIUS SALVIA'NUS. (SALVIANUS. ]
he flourished rests upon the gratuitous assumption CALVA, a surname of Venus at Rome, which
that he is identical with the Junius or Julius Cal- is derived by some from the verb calvere, to mock
purnius commemorated by Vopiscus in the life of or annoy, and is believed to refer to the caprices of
Carus. In like manner we are left in uncertainty lovers. Others relate, that Ancus Marcius dedi-
whether we ought to consider the term Siculus as cated the temple of Venus Calva near the Capitol
a cognomen, or as an appellation pointing out his at the time when his wife's bair began to fall off ;
native country, or as an epithet bestowed upon whereas a third account connects the foundation of
him because he cultivated the same style of com- this temple with the war against the Gauls, during
position with the Syracusan Theocritus. Some which the Roman women were said to have cut off
have sought to prove, from internal evidence, that, their hair for the purpose of making bow-strings of
like the Mantuan bard, he was raised from a hum- it. (Serv. ad Acn. i. 724; Lactant. i. 20, 27. )
ble station by the favour of some exalted patron, Hartung (Die Rclig. d. Röm. ï. p. 251) thinks the
but this hypothesis receives no support from the last account the most probable, and believes that
passages referred to, and those who have attempted the name referred to a real or symbolical cutting
in a similar manner to ascertain the precise epoch off of the hair of brides on their marriage day.
when he flourished have arrived at conflicting con- (Comp. Pers. Sat. ii. 70, with the Schol. ) [L. S. ]
clusions. Even if the dedication to Nemesianus is CALVASTER, JU'LIUS, a laticlave tribune
genuine, and this is far from certain, it does not of the soldiers under Domitian, took part in the
necessarily follow, that this must be the same Ne- revolt of Antonius in Germany, but was pardoned
mesianus who was contemporary with Numerianus. because he pretended that his intercourse with
The literary merits of Calpurnius may be briefly | Antonius was confined to a licentious connexion.
discussed. In all that relates to the mechanism of (Dion Cass. lxvii. 11; Suet. Dom. 10. )
his art he deserves much praise. His versification CALVENA, C. MATTIUS, usually called
is smooth, flowing, and sonorous, and his diction Matius, without his cognomen Calvena, which he
for the most part pure and elegant, although from received on account of his baldness, belonged to
being too elaborately finished it is sometimes tinged the equestrian order, and was one of Caesar's most
with affectation. In all the higher departments he intimate friends. He was a learned, amiable, and
can advance no claim to our admiration. He imi- accomplished man; but, through his love of re-
tates closely the Eclogues of Virgil, and like Virgil tirement and literature, he took no part in the
is deficient in the simplicity, freshness, and reality civil war, and did not avail himself of Caesar's
which lend such a charm to the Idylls of Theo friendship to obtain any public offices in the state.
critus-a deficiency which he awkwardly endea- Unlike many, who called themselves the friends of
vours to supply by occasionally foisting harsh and Caesar, he took no part in the conspiracy against
uncouth expressions into the mouths of his speakers. his life, but on the contrary was deeply affected by
He evidently was a careful student of Horace, his death. He immediately espoused the side of
Tibullus, Propertius, Juvenal, and Statius, for we Octavianus, with whom he became very intimate ;
can often detect their thoughts and even their ex- and at his request, and in memory of his departed
pressions, unless, indeed, we are disposed to adopt friend, he presided over the games which Octavia-
the absurd notions advocated by Ascensius, that nus exhibited in B. C. 44, on the completion of the
he belonged to the Augustan age, and might thus temple of Venus Genetrix, in honour of Caesar's
have been copied by the others instead of borrow- victories. The conduct of Matius excited the
ing from them.
wrath of Caesar's murderers; and there is a beau-
In the oldest MSS. and editions the whole tiful letter of his to Cicero (ad Fam. xi. 28), in
eleven eclogues are attributed to Calpurnius. Ugo which he justifies his conduct, avows his attach-
letus, upon the authority of a single MS. , separated ment to Caesar, and deplores his loss.
the last four from the rest, assigning them to Matius was also an intimate friend of Cicero
Nemesianus; but independent of the feeble autho- and Trebatius. Cicero first speaks of him in a
rity upon which this change was introduced, the letter to Trebatius, written in B. c. 52, in which
tone and spirit of the whole eleven is so exactly he congratulates the latter upon having become a
uniform, that we might at once conclude with con- friend of Matius, whom he calls“ suavissimus
fidence that they were productions of the same doctissimusque homo” (ad Fam. vii. 15); but
pen, and this has been satisfactorily established Cicero himself had been intimate with him some
by Wernsdorf.
time before. Matius paid Cicero a visit at his
The Editio Princeps is without place or date, Formian villa in B. c. 49, when he was on his way
but is usually found appended to the Silius Italicus to join Caesar at Brundusium ; and when Cicero
printed at Rome in 1471, by Sweynheim and returned to Italy after the battle of Pharsalia, in
Pannartz. The next in antiquity is that of Venice, B. C. 48, greatly alarmed at the reception which
1472. The most valuable modern editions are Caesar might give him, Matius met him at Brun-
those contained in the Poetae Latini Minores of dusium, did his best to console him, and promised
Burmann (Leida, 1731), and in the Poetae Latini to exert bis influence with Caesar to obtain his
Minores of Wernsdorff (Altenb. 1780), and in pardon. From that time till Caesar's death, Ma-
Lemaire's Classics (Paris, 1824). The text has tius and Cicero appear to have seen a good deal of
been recently revised with much care by Glaeser. one another ; and he is frequently mentioned by
(Gotting. 1812. )
[W. R. ] Cicero in the period immediately following Caesar's
CALPU'RNIUS ASPREÍNAS, [ASPRENAS. ] death. (Cic. al Ati. ix. 11, 12, 15, a. , ad Fam. vi.
CALPU'RNIUS CRASSUS. [Crassus. ] 12, ad Att. xiv. 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, xv. 2, xvi. 11, but
CALPU'RNIUS FABA'TUS. [FABATUS. ] the fullest information respecting Matius is in the
CALPU'RNIUS FLACCUS. [Flaccus. ] two letters ad Fam. xi. 27, 28. )
(L S. )
surnamed SICULUS. Among
atin poets we find eleven pasto-
ear the title 7. Caipurzii Sicar
to which is sometimes added
arthaginiensem. The author is
o have lived towards the end
y, and the person to whom the
is supposed to be the Aurelius
nus whose poem on hunting is
ll be found, howerer, upon 3
n of authorities, that me not
whatsoever with regard to the
Calpurnius, but that erery cir
ed with his name, his age
, his
iends, is involved in obscurity
Teral MSS. he is designated as


## p. 584 (#604) ############################################

684
CALVINUS.
CALVINUS.
Matius' friendship with Caesar is mentioned by | Five years later, however, B. c. 299, he was elected
Suetonius (Cucs. 52), and his intimacy with Au- curule aedile. (Liv. x. 9, where instead of the
gustus by Pliny (11. N. xii. 2, s. 6), who errone- praenomen C. we ought to read Cn. ) He was
ously calls him Cn. Matius, and who speaks of him raised to the consulship in B. c. 283, together with
as alive about 80 years before his time. Tacitus P. Cornelius Dolabella. The name of Calvinus
(Ann. xii. 60) also alludes to the power and in- scarcely appears during the year of his consulship,
fluence which Matius possessed.
though he must have been very actively engaged,
This C. Matius is in all probability the same as for Rome was just then threatened by a coalition
the C. Matius (not Cn. as Gellius calls him), who of all her enemies in Italy. Stimulated by the
translated the Iliad into Latin verse, and was the Lucanians and Bruttians, and more especially by
author of several other works. His version of the the Tarentines, the Etruscans, Gauls, Umbrians
Iliad is first quoted by his contemporary Varro and Samnites took up arms against her. The se
(L. L. vii. 95, 96, ed. Müller), and is referred to nones, allied with the Etruscans, attacked the
by A. Gellius (vi. 6, ix. 14) and the Latin gram- town of Arretium; and as the consuls were proba-
marians. Matius also wrote “Mimiambi," which bly engaged in other parts of Italy, the practor L.
were as celebrated as his translation of the Iliad, Caecilius was sent out to the relief of the place ;
and were particularly admired for the elegance of but he lost a battle and his life near Arretium.
the new words which he introduced in them. (Gell. His successor, M'. Curius, sent ambassadors to the
xv. 25, xx. 8. ). Matius also paid great attention Senones to effect an exchange of prisoners, but the
to economics and agriculture, and wrote a work on ambassadors were murdered by the Senones. In
the whole art and science of cookery, in three order to avenge this breach of the law of nations,
. books, which were entitled respectively Cocus, the consul P. Cornelius Dolabella marched through
Cetarius, Salgamarius. (Columella, xii. 4, 44. ) It the country of the Sabines and Picentians into
was probably from this Matius that the malum that of the Senones, conquered their army and
Matianum derived its name (Plin. H. N. xv. 14, ravaged their country, to secure which a Roman
15; Columella, v. 10, 19; Suet. Dom. 21; Macrob. colony was established in it. The events which
Saturn. ii. 10; Athen. iii. p. 82, c. ), and the Opso we have just described are not mentioned by all
nium Matianum, praised by Apicius (iv. 3). authorities in the same succession. According to
(Wernsdorf, Poët. Lat. Min. vol. iv. p. 568, Orosius (iii. 22 ; comp. Liv. Epit. 12), the murder
&c. ; Leutsch, in the Zeitschrift für Alterthums of the Roman ambassadors preceded the campaign
wissenschaft, 1834, p. 164, &c. )
of L. Caecilius; whereas, according to Appian, the
CALVE'NTIUS, an Insubrian Gaul, of the campaign of Dolabella followed immediately after
town of Placentia, and a merchant, whose daughter the murder, and the object of the embassy was to
married L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, the father remonstrate with the Senones for serving against
of L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, consul in B. C. the Romans, their allies. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of
58. In his speech against the latter, Cicero up- | Rome, iii. p. 427, &c. ) In what manner Calvinus
braids him with the low origin of his mother, and was engaged during this time, is not known.
calls him Caesoninus Semiplacentinus Calventius When the Boians saw that the Senones were ex-
(in Pison, 6, 23 ; Ascon in Pison, p. 5, ed. Orelli ; pelled from their country, they began to dread the
comp. Cic. de prov. Cons. 4, pro Sext. 9); and in a same fate, joined the remaining Senones and the
letter to his brother Quintas (iii. 1. $ 4), Piso is Etruscans, and marched against Rome. But in cross-
also meant by the name of Calventius Marius. ing the Tiber they met a Roman army, and in the
CA'LVIA CRISPINILLA. (CRISPINILLA. ] ensuing battle most of the Etruscans were slain,
CALVI'NA, JU’LIA, the sister of L. Silanus, and only a few of the Gauls escaped. Our accounts
was at first married to a son of Vitellius, but after differ as to the Roman commanders in this battle;
wards, for the sake of doing a favour to Agrippina, for some represent Dolabella and others Calvinus
Vitellius accused her of incestuous intercourse with as the victorious general, whereas it is most proba-
her brother, L. Silanus. There was, however, ac- ble that both consuls gained laurels on that day.
cording to the concurrent testimony of the ancients, | It was undoubtedly to this victory that Calvinus
no ground whatever for that charge, except that owed the surname of Maximus, and in B. c. 280
Silanus was attached to his sister, and perhaps he was further honoured by being made dictator.
expressed his love for her in too unguarded a man- On laying down this office in the same year, he
ner, surrounded as he was by spies and enemies. was elected censor-the first instance of a plebeian
When Silanus had put an end to his own life, being raised to that office. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 1;
Calvina was expelled from Italy. (Tac. Ann. xii. Polyb. ii. 19, 20; Liv. Epit. 13; Appian, Samnit.
4,8; L. Silanus. ) It is highly probable that this 6, Gall. 11; Flor. j. 13; Eutrop. ii. 10; Dion Cass.
Calvina is the same as the Junia (Julia ? ) Calvina Excerpt. Vat. p. 163, ed. Sturz; Fast. Cap. )
mentioned by Suetonius (Vesp. 23) as still alive 3. DOMITIUS CALVINUS, probably a son of No.
towards the end of the reign of Vespasian, for it is 2, conquered the Etruscan town of Luna, which
stated there, that she belonged to the family of was occupied by the Illyrians. He seems to have
Augustus, and it is well known that the Silani been praetor when he made the conquest. The
were great-great-grandsons of Augustus. IL. Ş. ] rear to which it belongs is unknown, though it is
CALVINUS, the name of a family of the ple clear that the event must have occurred after the
beian Domitia gens.
first Punic war, that is, after B. c. 240. (Frontin.
1. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, consul in B. C. 332. Strateg. ii. 2. & 1; Liv. Eynt. 20 ; Zonar. vii. 19,
(Liv. viii. 17. )
dic. )
2. CN. Domitius CN. F. CALVINUS, surnamed 4. CN. DOMITIUS, M. F. M. n. CALVINUS, ap-
Maximus, offered himself as a candidate for the pears, in B. C. 62, as legate of L. Valerius Flaccus
curule aedileship in B. C. 304 ; but, although his in Asia, and in B. c. 59 as tribune of the people, in
father had been consnl, Cn. Flavius, the famous which capacity he supported the consul M. Bibulus
scribe of Appius Claudius, was preferred to him. I against the other consul, C. Julius Caesar, and the


## p. 585 (#605) ############################################

CALVINUS.
585
CALVINUS.
CALVINUS.
however, B. c. 299, he was elected
Liv. x. 9, where instead of the
e ought to read Cn. ) He was
ulship in B. c. 283, together with
labella. The name of Calvinas
during the year of his consu ship,
have been very actively engaged,
st then threatened by a coalicion
es in Italy. Stimulated bp the
Fruttians, and more especialis by
he Etruscans, Gauls, Umbrians,
k up arms against her. The se
h ihe Erruscans, attacked the
; and as the consuls were proba-
her parts of Italy, the pretor L.
t out to the relief of the place;
ile and his life near Arretium.
- Curius, sent ambassadors to the
an exchange of prisoners, but the
murdered by the Senones. In
his breach of the law of nations,
nelius Dolabella marched through
ne Sabines and Picentiars into
zes, conquered their arms and
ntry, to secure which a Rorian
Eshed in it. The events which
cribed are not mentioned by all
same succession According to
comp. Liv. Epi. 12), the murder
bassadors preceded the campaign
hereas, according to Appian, the
Della followed immediately after
he object of the embassy was to
the Senones for serving against
allies. (Comp. Niebuhr, Heste con
&c. ) In what manner Calvinus
ing this time, is not known.
saw that the Senones were er
ountry, they began to cread the
the remaining Senones and the
ched against Řome. But in erosi-
met a Roman army, and in ibe
st of the Etruscans were slain,
he Gauls escaped. Our accounts
man commanders in this battle;
Dolabella and others Calvinus
eneral, whereas it is most proba-
uls gained laurels on that day.
tribune Vatinius, who allowed himself to be used the administration of the province of Asia and the
by Caesar as a tool. Three years later, Calvinus neighbouring countries. While Caesar was en-
was praetor, and presided at the trials of L. Cal gaged in the Alexandrine war, for which Calvinus
purnius Bestia, who was accused of ambitus, and sent him two legions from Asia, the latter became
of M. Caelius, who was charged with having at- involved in a war with Pharnaces, the son of
tempted to poison Clodia. In B. c. 54 he offered Mithridates ; he was defeated in the neighbourhood
himself as a candidate for the consulship, on which of Nicopolis, and escaped with only a few remnants
occasion he, as well as his competitors, was guilty of his small army. After his return from Egypt,
of enormous bribery; and, in conjunction with C. Caesar defeated Phamnaces near Zela, and Calvinus
Memmius, he entered into a most disgraceful com- was sent to pursue the eneiny, who was compelled
pact with the consuls of the year, who were to to surrender Sinope. But soon after, a peace was
preside at the elections. The two candidates pro concluded with him. As Caesar wanted to hasten
mised to procure for the consuls in office ceriain to Italy, he left Calvinus behind to complete the
lucrative provinces by perjury, if they would lend settlement of the affairs in Asia. This does not
them their assistance in the elections, and in case appear to have occupied much time, for in the year
the plan with the provinces should fail, the candic following, B.