No More Learning

3o gee Murray's " Hand-Book for T^a-
348 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS [February 5.
them to steer for the shores of richer and warmer climes. Soon their well-
organized expeditions, destined for conquest or plunder, caused the North- men to be dreaded in the islands of Britain and of Ireland, while their ships reached even more southern coasts. 3^ Wonderful indeed, must have been the pluck of those old Norsemen, with whom we stand connected, by so many memories, both fierce and tender. The vessels, in which they made perilous voyages a thousand years ago, were not bigger than the barge of a man-of-war, or a modern fisherman's coasting trawler. And yet, in these, they dared to pass wherever the waves rolled and the wind blew. It seems probable,thenorthernnavigatorsdiscoveredGreenlandandLabrador; they reached America long before Columbus and Vespucci ; they made their way up the Seine, and established the Dukedom of Normandy ; they harrassed thecoastsoftheMediterranean,aswellasourown; andactuallypenetrated the Black Sea with their open galleys. The salt-water coursed in their fresh, wholesome blood ; the sea winds were the breath of their bold life. They must, truly, have had hearts like rocks, and hands like iron, to do the deeds recorded of them ; and, it is no little proof of the doughty stuff that was in their breed, to find their earliest colony extant and flourishing still, after the vicissitudes of more than a thousand years. The chief part of the Icelanders put themselves under the protection of Hakans, King of Nonvay, in 1261. The rest soon followed this example, on certain conditions. In the year 1264, Iceland became entirely subject to Norway. 32 In course of time, the peopleofbothcountriesfellunderthedominionofDenmark. Thecare,or ratherneglect,ofIcelandwasthencommittedtoagovernor; but,hisre- sidence there was only occasional. A few subordinates acted under him, and almost everything was decided, according to the laws made in Denmark. As in the neighbouring northern nations, Iceland, in the sixteenth century, adopted the tenets of the Protestant Reformation. 34 Towards the close of the last century, it was resolved the governor should reside constantly, and have his seat at Bessesstedr. 3s Still, the system of government adopted was not calculated to advance local interests, nor to gain the approval of the Ice-
landers. 36
The prefecture of the Arctic Missions was established by Pope Pius IX. ,
afterproclaimingtheDogmaoftheImmaculateConception. TheApostolic Prefect has under his jurisdiction, by this arrangement, a most extensive
charge : viz. , Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Lapland, part of Hudson's Bay, with the Orkney Islands, Shetland, and the county of Caith- ness, in Scotland. 37 For several years past, with extraordinary ability, per- sistence, union, and good sense, the Icelanders, finding their local affairs neglected and mismanaged, carried on an agitation for self-government, and for an independent legislature, which should be competent to regulate the internal concerns of their island. The people found allies and champions
3' A very interesting account of the ancient Icelandic superstitions and national manners
of that Country. " With illustrations, Ap- pendix, pp. 1,2.
has been
Professor
3S See article
given by Rudolph Keyser,
of History in the University of Norway. It has been translated into English by Barclay
Iceland^
Encyclopaedia
36 Reikiavik, the modem capital of Ice- Pennock. It is intituled, "The Religion of land, consists only of wooden sheds one
theNorthmen. " NewYork,1854,8vo.
3' See Dr. Uno Von Troil's "Letters on
Iceland," p. 161.
34 Frederick I. , King of Denmark, estab-
storeyhigh,andithasonlyonestonebuild-
the cathedral. It was erected in an- cient times, and lately restored. See Lord Dufferin's " Letters from High Latitudes,"
lished Lutheranism in his kingdom. See p. 36.
A. Andersen Feldborg's "Denmark De- 37 See Rev. Dr. J. F. S. Gordon's "Sco- lineated ; or Sketches of the Present State tichronicon," voL i. , p. 32.
in *• Britannica," vol. ix. , p. 90.
ing,
February 5. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 349
among the Danes themselves—men wise in their generation—who believed
in the justice and good policy of conceding national claims, preferred with reason, earnestness and moderation. King Christian IX. and the Danish Parliament made fair and generous concessions. A new constitution was framed and promulgated, which solemnly declares, that the island for the future shall be, in all local matters, that is, in all matters, not of an imperial character, governed by the King and Althing, which means, the Parliament of Iceland. Thus, by the King, Lords, and Commons of Iceland, are in- ternal affairs, henceforth, to be administered. The event [was hailed with extraordinary rejoicings, and by a great island celebration, in Iceland ; while, in the kingdom of Denmark proper, similar fraternal commemorations took place. ^s May we hope, that at a time, not very distant, the lights of Faith, at first kindled by our ancestors, may still revive, in this remote island, and that CathoHcity may crown and complete the edifice of political and social freedom.
Article II. —St. Indract, with his Sister St. Dominica, and his
Companions,whowereMartyrs. \DuringtheSeventhorEighthCentury^
The rose-tree never appears to greater advantage, than when covered with
many bright clusters of the blushing flower it bears, and, the Church
prizes, in a higher degree, that coronal of numerous blossoms, which falls
on the purpled and glorious path of martyrdom. It is said,^ that William
of Malmesbury,^ who died in 1141, wrote the Lives of Saints Patrick,
Indract,3 and Benignus. + Capgrave,5 in his legends of the British Saints,^
preserves an account for us of certain Irish Saints thus honoured. Colgan
has, likewise, reproduced for us this narrative. 7 The Bollandists have
preserved, in like manner, the Acts of these martyrs. ^ Bishop Challoner
presents a brief notice regarding them. 9 The Rev. S. Baring-Gould mentions them in his work. ^° St. Indract was son to an Irish King," or,
at least, he was of a regal family," and St. Dominica was his sister.
3^ Thus, in commemoration of the thou-
sandth anniversary, recalling the coloniza- tion of Iceland, the Municipal Council of
Copenhagen, August 7th, 1874, voted 6,000
1142, pp. 208 to 210.
s Colgan supposes, that Capgrave derived his account of these saints and their corn-
for a statue to be
kiavik, of the celebrated sculptor, Thor-
waldsen, who w—as of Icelandic descent. panions, martyrs, occurs at fol. clxxxix.
at
^7 Article ii. See Pitsasus, in his ac-
rigsdaler
erected,
Ry-
count of English Writers, at Num. 201,
Februarii. Vita S. Indracti et S. Domini-
cae Virginis, ac Sociorum Martyrum, pp.
253 to 255.
^
See the Acts of St. Indract, St. Domi- nica and Nine Companions, Martyrs. There is a previous commentary, in two sections, and in eight paragraphs. The
^
In the Bodleian Library, Oxford, the
following manuscript of this writer is to be
found. Passio S. Indracti, Martyris, auc-
tore Guilielmo Malmesburiensi. MS. Bodl. Digby, 192, fol. 95, veil. 4to, xii. cent.
3 His Acts contain false statements, re-
— the death and of St. Pa- Acts are contained in five garding sepulture
if " trick by him we are to understand the
paragraphs, Acta Sanctorum," tomus i. , v. Februarii,
great Irish Apostle. William of Malmsbury likewise incorrectly states, that his death and burial occurred at Glastonbury, in Eng- land. See "Acta Sanctorum Hibemiae," V. Februarii, n. I, p. 254. Capgrave fol- lows a similar account.
pp. 688 to 690.
9 See "Britannia Sancta," part i. At
5th of February, pp. 107, 108.
^° See "Lives of the Saints," vol. ii. ,
February v. , p. 140.
" By William of Malmesbury, he is called
sonofanIrish Hindrachus, king.
*> Pitsaeus William of
an
gives interesting
accountof
and of his Relationum Historicarum de Rebus Anglicis," tomus i. Aetas Duodecima,
" So relates the
stating, likewise, that he came from Ireland.
in
"
Malmesbury
writings
English Martyrology, *3 This name, Indract or Indrect, was
panions, from William of Malmesbury.
^ See " Nova where Legenda Angliae,"
the account of St. Indract and of his com-
See "Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae," v.
350 LIVES OF THE IJRISff SAINTS. [February 5.
We are told, that Indract^3 had been well instructed in human know-
ledge, well grounded in virtue, while conspicuous for his exemplary life and conversation, before God and man. Nothing could exceed the amiability of his disposition, and his holiness was the theme of general admiration. ^^ In order that he might acquire the saints' rewards in heaven, he resolved upon trampling under foot all blandishments of this life, and its concupiscences,witheveryfleetingterreneenjoyment. Accompaniedbyhis
apilgrimagetoRome. ^^ Havingembarkedforthispurpose,theylandedat a British port, named Tamerunta ;^9 and, here they constructed a cell or
an oratory, where, in supplication and penitence, they spent a considerable time. =° It is related, that Indract struck the staff with which he journeyed
into the ground, at this place. Immediately it took root, spread forth branches, with leaves, and, at length, it grew into a large and shady oak tree. From a neighbouring pool, he was said to have received a miraculous supply offish; which,however,failedhimtosomeextent,owingtoacrimecom-
——
who was named Dominica,'s others Drusa'^ and nine other
by
companions, '7 he resolved on quitting his native country, that he mi;^ht make
sister,
mitted by one of his companions-^*'
formerly a common one, among our saints and kings. The "Annals of the Four Masters" at A. D. 705, give us an account regarding the death of Inreachtach, son to Dunchadh Muirisca, King of Tripartite Con- naught. In A. D. 792, Innreachtach, son to Domhnall, brother to King Donnchadh, died. In the preceding year 791, Colgan places the death of an Indrect, son to Mured, King of Connaught ; but, this entry is not found in Mr. O'Donovan's edition of the Four Masters. In A. D, 814, Innreachtach, Bishop of Kilmacduagh, died. In the year 852, Innreachtach Ua Finachtain, successor of Colum Cille, a distinguished and wise man, suffered martyrdom from the Saxons, on the 1 2th of March. In the year 901, Innreachtach, son to Dobhailen, Abbot of Bangor, died, on the 26th of April. In the year 917, Innreachtach, Abbot of Tr—e- foit, was slain in his own abbatial house Colgan adds, "a Normannis ut videtur. " Colgan also observes, that the present St. Indract in point of time, was prior to all of these, if what is related of him be true.
Hereupon, he resolved to prosecute
ology states, at the 5th of February, and afterwards in the index, that Dominica was mart)Ted with her brother. This is also asserted by Richard Whitford. See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hibemiae," v. Februarii, n. 5, P- 255.
^^
The English Martyrology, Fitzsimon and Father Stephen White call the sister of St. Indract, by the name of Drusa. See "Apologia pro Hibernia," cap. iii. , p. 22.
^7 William of Malmesbury makes the
number only seven Irish persons of respect- able condition. See " De Gestis Pontificum
Angliae," p. 255.
^^
The English Martyrology states, that he came for this purpose to Glastonbury, in England.
'9InthewestofEngland. SeeBishop Challoner's "Britannia Sancta," part i. , p. 107. This place, as the old chroniclers write it, is said to have been in Comubia. See the Bollandists' "Acta Sanctorum," tomus i. , Februarii v. De Sanctis Martyri- bus Indracto, Dominica et IX. Sociis, Glastonise in Anglia. Commentarius Prae-
See "Acta Sanctorum Hibemise," v. Feb-
" =°
ruarii,n. 3,p. 254,andO'Donovan's An- nals of the Four Masters," vol. i. , ii. , at the several years designated.
'4 According to William of Malmesbury in "De Gestis Pontificum Anglia;," p. 255.
'S Richard Whitford, in the Martyrology of Salisbury, at the 8th of May, and Hanmer
vius, sect, ii. , num. 7, p. 689. SeeColgan's"ActaSanctorumHiber-
nise," V. Februarii. Vita S. Indracti, &c. , cap. ii. , pp. 253, 254,
^'
This miracle is more minutely related, in the Acts, as given by Capgrave. "Fecit quoque stagnum quoddam parvulum, de quo pisces juxta numerum certum quotidie sump-
in his " Chronicle of Ireland," p. 79, agree sit : & nee plures, nee pauciores ; sed
with Capgrave, in calling her Dominica.
absque numeri diminutione pisces in stagno semper invenit. Accidit enim, ut unus so- ciorum suorum, tentationi diabolicae acqui- escens, piscem unum quadem die furari prae- sumeret, & offenso Domino, quosque pisces omnes defecissent, unus quotidie de numero
Although in the Acts, as published by Col-
gan, from this circumstance of Dominica
being left in Britain, by her brother and
companions, on their way to Rome, and it
not being stated, that they returned to her
before their martyrdom, in England, it diminutus est. " Legends of a character, would appear she was not a sharer in their somewhat similar, yet prevail in Ireland, sufferings, nevertheless the English Martyr- regarding sacred fish, which are supposed
February 5. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 351
his journey towards Rome,^^ conceiving this deficiency of supply, as an in- timation from above, that he should not longer remain in that place. At- tended by his companions,''3 and with their assent, he took leave of his sister, who appears to have remained, in that part of the country ; then, having journeyed to Rome, he afterwards returned to Britain. He then wished to visit the city of Glastonbury, for devotional purposes. At this time, InCj^** King of the West Saxons,'5 hved at a place denominated Pedret,
where he held a court.
^"^
Many of his servants were living in villages, sur-
rounding this place. Among those servants was a person named Hona, who seems to have been bent upon the commission of a grievous crime. Learn- ing that Indract and his companions were on their way from Glastonbury, and supposing they had some concealed treasures with them, this man resolved upon their death. This town is situated in Somersetshire, or in the Isle of Avalon,='7whichhasbeenalsocalledInisWitrin,ortheGlassyIsland. This latter name, it is supposed, must have been derived, from the glasten or bluish-green colour of its earthy surface ; or, because the aborigines here found an herb, known as glast, or woad, which served to tinge their bodies. This town, like many others, is indebted for its orgin, to early monastic in- stitutions. ^'^ Indeed, many houses, in the present town of Glastonbury, are built entirely of stones, taken from the remains of its once magnificent monastery. When the servants of God had departed from the place, at which their devotions were offered, they stopped for the night, at a village, called Shaywike,^9 or Skapwith,3° or Stapwick,3i not far from Glastonbury.
to live in holy wells, and when these latter are desecrated, the fish are said to abandon them.
=s The people of this province are said to
have received the faith only in A. D. 634, at
the preaching of Birinus. See Rev. John
^Father
this pilgrimage, so early as A. D. 508. See "Apologia pro Hibemia," cap. iii. , p. 22.
^3 There are conflicting statements, re-
garding the number of our saint's compa-
nions. William of Malmesbury in his book,
*'De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," enume-
rates only seven companions ; but, Colgan
thinks an error has been committed, in put-
ting the numeral 7 for 9. The Martyrology and Irish language, Auall means "an
Stephen
incorrectly places
Lingard's
Antiquities
of the
Anglo-Saxon
White
"
Church," chap, i. , p. 28 and n. 38, ibid.
of Salisbury says, that Indract suffered, with many companions ; while, the English Mar- tyrology, with Hanmer, states, that nine companions, together with his sister, endured
it produced good apples. In the British "
phical, Historical, and Descriptive of each martyrdom, when Indract fell. See Col- County. " Embellished with engravings,
"
gan's "Acta Sanctorum Hibernise, v. Feb- vol. xiii. , part i. , pp. 494, 499. This article
ruarii, n. 4, p. 254. on Glastonbury, compiled by Rev. J. Night-
""^
688, abeunte Ceadwalla Romam, suscepit
imperium Ina de stirpe regia, qui Monaste-
rium, quod Glgestingabirig dicitur, con-
struxit. " Afterwards, he adds : "Anno 728,
relicto imperio ac Aethelhardo, de prosapia
Gerderici Regis oriundo, commendato, Rex
Ina ad limina Beatorum Apostolorum, Gre- gorio Pontificalum agente profectus est. "
=9 The English Martyrology calls it Stap- wickia.
Edward in Mahew,
31 See Father White's " Stephen
"Trophseis Congreg. Anglican," tom. i. , p. 46. Polidore Virgil, and others, say, that Ina became a monk at Rome. Colgan is of opinion, that St. Indract suffered martyrdom before Ina as-
Apolo- gia pro Hibemia," cap. iii. , p. 22. The " Saxon Chronicle" states, at the year 688, that Ina then became King of VVessex, that
sumed the government of his kingdom of
Hibemise," n, 6, p. 255. EngUsh translation, pp. 57, 64.
He went to Rome and died there A. D. 728. the West Saxons. See "Acta Sanctorum See the Rev. J. Ingram's edition, with
^^
Sir Henry Spelman's collection "ConciUa. "
The laws of King Ina may be found in
Church History of Brittany," book xix. , chap, xv. ,
They are, also, noticed in Cressy's
pp. 479, 480.
^^ It is said to have been so called, because
apple.
=8 See " The Beauties of England and
Wales : or Original Delineations, Topogra-
Florence of Worcester, in his Annals, ingale, is illustrated by three exquisite cop-
"
writes about this King, Ine or Ina :
Anno perplate engravings, representing its anti- quities. The History of Glastonbury is a very interesting one. Some of the abbey ruins exhibit the former glories of this place.
3° See Bishop Challoner's "Britannia Sancta," part i. , p. 107.
he founded the monastery of Glastonbury.
"
352 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [February 5.
While they were sleeping, that wicked man, Hona, with a band of miscreants,^^ entering the house sword in hand, rushed upon those defencelesss and un- suspecting pilgrims, and put them all to death. Their bodies were dragged from the beds, on which they slept, towards a deep pit. Into this they were thrown,forbetterconcealment. But,sometime,aftersuchtragicoccurrence took place, being afflicted with indisposition, and going out from his chamber by night, King Ine observed a large column of light, extending towards heaven, and reaching from the spot, where the bodies of those martyrs re- posed. 33 Such an extraordinary phenomenon occurred on three successive nights. At length, taking some persons with him. King Ine went towards thespot,fromwhichtheluminousbeamsproceeded. Whilethiswonderful occurrence continued, a certain woman, who was an idolater from her infancy, and who could not be induced to listen to the preaching of Christianity, be- held this fiery column over the martyrs' bodies. This woman feared to ap- proach, until, being fortified by the graces of the Sacraments,34 she had become aChristian. 35 Then,withgreatdevotion,shehastenedtotheplaceofmartyr- dom. She, also, proclaimed in a public manner, what she had seen there, so that eighty men and women believing were admitted into the fold of the Church. Then,havingdiscoveredthemartyrs'bodies,thesewerebrought to the monastery and were buried with marked solemnity, at Glastonbury. 3'^ St. Indract's remains were placed opposite the tomb of St. Patrick, and at the left side of the altar. 37 Those of his companions were deposited, under the flooring or pavement of Glastonbury church. 38 This must have hap- pened some days after their martyrdom. 39 The participators, in this cruel murder, were miraculously punished for their crimes. They are said, to have been possessed by demons, and to have torn their own flesh, until with the most unnatural outcries, they expired in great agony. 4° Thus, all came to an untimely end. -*^ Many miracles were said to have taken place, after our saint's death,^^ and that of his companions, at the place of their sepulture/^
32 These are called West Saxons, in the
English Martyrology.
33 It is added, that the splendour of this
fiery column met his eyes wherever they turned.
^s <<Fuit corpus ejus ibi elevatum anno 1 184, ut interpolator Guilielmi Malmes- buriensis refert, dicens quod Ecclesia Glas* toniensis fuerit incendio vastata anno 1184, ipse die veneris Pentecostes sive die 25 Maii
The order
of narrative has
" cum
& subdens in vetusta Ecclesia postea
34
confessis sacerdoti peccatis suis baptismi
effossa esse corpora Sanctorum, Patricii a dexteris
it,
35 far as refers to these
So foregoing
altaris, Indracti socioriimque ejus a sinistris
ac- & Gilda; de — ante altare ; & in -S". pavimento
gratiam consecuta fuisset," &c.
counts, Colgan observes in his notes, that scriniis collocata. ^' Colgan's "Acta "
Sanc- when the woman is said to have made her torum Hibernise, v. Februarii, n. 7, p.
confession to the priest, we are not to under- stand, that a sacramental confession could be made, before reception of the sacrament of Baptism. This latter sacrament must be received first in the order of time, as it pre- pares the recipient for the graces of all other sacraments. Nor are we to suppose this a sacramental confession perfected, imme- diately after the reception of Baptism, with a view to obtain remission of sins committed before Baptism. For such sins are entirely cancelled by Baptism ; and, hence they are
not, in theological phraseology, matter for the sacrament of Penance. He adds : "Quanquam nihil etiam nostra referret, si sa- cerdos ille ex ignorantia putaret, illius fse- minse sacramentalem confessionem vel ante, vel mox post baptismum excipiendam. "
255.
37 So Capgrave states,
38 xhe English Martyrology states, they were honourably consigned to the earth,
39 Yet, Father Stephen White asserts, that immediately after it occurred, and on the very same day, their bodies were in-
terred at Glastonbury. See "Apologia pro
Hibemiae," cap. iii. , p. 22. ^*'
See Colgan's Acta Sanctorum Hiber-
nise," v. Februarii. Vita S. Indracti, &c. ,
cap. vii. , p. 254.
<' See Bishop Challoner's "Britannia
Sancta," part i. , p. 108. ^"
See Father Stephen White's Apolo- gia pro Hibernia," cap. iii. , p. 22.
'3 According to William of MalmesbUry and Capgrave.
February 5. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 353
Various dates are assigned for the martyrdom of those saints. The English Martyrology, and Ferrarius/* on its authority, relate, that this occurrence took
place, about a. d. 708/5 Colgan holds an opinion, for various reasons, which he assigns, that it happened about, or perhaps before, the year 678. 4^ In the Martyrology of Salisbury^? the festival of those saints has been assigned tothe8thdayofMay\'>'^ whilst,insomeofourIrishCalendars,49andinthe
** In "Catalogus Generalis Sanctorum," at this date.
-ts The Rev. S. Baring-Gould refers their
martyrdom to the beginning of the eighth century. See "Lives of the Saints," vol.
that he was bom about A. D. 673. Colgan says, if we are to suppose this saint to have been identical with the Guthlac, who came to St. Indract's tomb, at a time when the former was quite young and scarcely able to speak : considering that a child in this state must have attained about four or five
ii. , February v. , p. 140.
on the
'•^ It is
tion, that the date for St. Guthlac's age and
death can be found, from the English An-
nalists. Thus, Matthew of Westminster, has
it at A. D. 714, when he states that St. Guth-
lac, the hermit, closed his life, at Croiland,
in the marshes. Then, after relating the
particulars of his life, Guthlac is said to
have been twenty-five years old, when he
began to lead a solitary life, and to have
continued in it fifteen years longer. See years before he began to reign. To these "Flores Historiarum," anno gratiae conjectures of Colgan, the statement of
chiefly grounded
supposi-
years, it should therefore follow, that St. Indract must have suffered in, or before, A. D. 678. But, it may be objected, that St. Indract died in the time of Ina, King of the West Saxons, who undertook the administration of his kingdom, A. D. 688, and laid down his sceptre A. D, 728. Colgan replies, that our saint and his companions suffered during the life-time of this king, and at least ten
Dccxiiii. ,pp. 260to263. IntheChronicle of Florence of Worcester, at the same year 714, the admirable anchoret, and most faith- ful priest of God, Guthlac, brother of the choice virgin, Pegia, and the performer of innumerable virtues, resigned his soul to the
"
indictione 12. quarto lumine festi Paschalis 3. Idus Aprilis. " Mahewandothershavelikestate- ments. Harpsfeld relates, from Felix of Croy- land, an old and a cotemporaneous writer of St. Guthlac's Life, that this saint became
a convert in the twenty-fifth year of his age. From being a soldier before, he then as- sumed the habit of a monk. He says : " Cum ad vigessimum quintum aetatis annum pervenisset, &c. , deinceps Dei stipendia facere, spiritualique militise nomen dare constituit. " Likewise, Matthew of West- minster, at A, D. 714, says: "Vicesimo et quinto setatis suae anno solitariam aggressus vitam, &c. " But, according to Felix of Croyland, Harpsfeld, Capgrave, Mahew, and all others, this saint commenced a mo- nastic and not an eremitical life, during that year. These authors and even Matthew of Westminster himself state, that having re- mained two years in a monastery, he then entered the desert. He remained fifteen years a solitary, as Matthew of Westminster says: "quindecim annis in ea permansit. " Harpsfeld, also, remarks : "in qua solitu-
"
Surius and Capgrave have the same statement, in St. Guthlac's Life. If, therefore, the latter saint spent twenty-five years in the world, two in a monastery, and fifteen in a desert, it follows, that he died in the forty-second
Hanmer is added, " Chronicle of Ireland," while the exile and death of St. Indract is related, after St. Fiacre's death, which took place before A.