Sandwich: The original ports of the "Cinque Ports," a group of
maritime
towns in Sussex and Kent.
A-Companion-to-the-Cantos-of-Ezra-Pound-II
cerning the liberties] and forests by the grace of God [Edward King] of England.
" A condensation of the first chapter of the Charter of Confirmation adopted in the 25th year of Edward I's reign.
It says to the sher- iffs that the charters have been confirmed in all points and they should be published throughout the realm.
108/766-767
back of Parliament [86:61]; but Parliament
was not in session and the transaction had to be accomplished, if at all, with great speed and secrecy.
36. de la maletot . . . : NF, "of the sack of the laws 40 shillings. " The source has "leynes": "wool. "
37. nous lettres . . . 8 pence: NF, "In wit- ness of which things we have caused these our letters to be made patents . . . [Witness Edward] our son at London the tenth day of October, the five and twentieth year of our reign" [Institutes, 530].
38. dimidium . . . pellibus: NF, "half a mark [about 6s. 8p. ] for three hundred pelts. " The amount of illegal tax Edward I assessed
on the wool trade [Institutes, 530] .
39. aliorum liberorum: NF, "of other free men. " Part of "De Tallagio . . . " [cf. 8 aboveJ. Tax could not be assessed on free men without consent "of other free men"
[ibid. , 532].
40. nullum tallagium: NF, "no tallage [cus? toms charge]" [ibid. , 534].
41. in pleno . . . : NF, part of, "this must be petitioned in a full parliament. "
42. or to, or for . . . : Part of sentence about taxes which ends: "either to or for the king, or to or for any subject by the king's letters patents . . . is prohibited by the act" [ibid. , 534].
43. et vacua nulla: NF, part of vacua ut nulla sint, "shall be void and frustrate for evermore" [ibid. , 534].
44. nihil capiatur: NF, "nothing shall be taken" [ibid. ,534].
45. Bohun: Humfrey Ie Bohun, earl of Here? ford, was one of those who refused to pay the war tax of Edward I. He was, along with others, specifically pardoned by act of Par? liament.
46. John de Ferraris: John Ferrers, also pardoned.
707
47. Felton: [Cf. 54 below]. His name is included among the others as one who risked and gave his life for a greater good.
. . .
49. CESTASCAVOIR: NF, "that is to say. " The opening of Chap. I of the Charter of Confirmation, which was "a son people," an
21. divers
other kings had banished the Jews, but no king before Edward had forbidden usury it? self. The three names are Coke's marginal citation of sources [ibid. ].
24. no officer . . . : Opening De taliagio . . . [cf. 8 above] .
of the
statute
exeuntibus:
25. cujus bona: For cui bono: I, early form for "for whose advantage? "
In paraphrase,
27. Devant . . . guier: NF,
judgment . . . that is to know . . . amending our realm . . . have to guide. " Key phrases in the chapter.
28. nient tenus: NF, "holden for nought. " The context is, anything done contrary to the charter shall be undone and "holden for nought. "
29. per an, deux foits: NF, "two times per year. " A direction that the charters should be read before the people this many times.
30. mises ne prises: NF, "puts nor takes. " A mise was a task or tallage a lord could "put" on his subject. A prise was something a king or lord could take from his tenant as a duty or a tax.
31. precedent: The charter said: "The king had obtained by free consent, and good will in parliament precedent aids, subsidies or tasks for the maintenance of his warres in forein parts, which howsoever they were graunted in full parliament . . . " [Institutes, 529; DG, Pai, 4? 2 & 3, 284]. The point was that previous granting of aid should not be precedent, without consent of Parliament, for future grants.
32. 1272 . . . 1297: Date of Edward's ? acces? sian to the throne and the date of adoption of this Confimation Charter.
33. Confirmationis . . . : ML, "Confirmation of the Charter. "
34. Cap VI: The chapter concerns no use of public funds without express consent of Par- liament.
35. Disraeli: According to Pound, D's pur? chase of the Suez Canal was done behind the
"Before
them in
48. Henry III
and efforts in which the charters were per- fected and approved, from the simple "Ar? ticles of the Barons" signed by King John at Runnymede, through the major additions demanded and approved by Parliament.
inclusive subjects.
phrase o f
the king
and all his
1307: Sets
forth the time
SO. 4 times a year: The number of times the document was required to be read.
51. Michael . . . John: The four church festivals during which it was to be read.
52. tried locally: The charter required each district to elect commissioners whose func- tion it was to investigate any infringement of the charters. The sentences these courts could impose were limited to imprisonment, ransom, and amercement, "according to the trespass. "
. . .
54. Felton: The source says: "On the twenty. third o f August, a Saturday, the Duke was at Portsmouth, preparing to sail with the fleet. In a crowded hallway, a man-John Felton by name-walked up and stabbed Buckingham with a tenpenny knife. In fifteen minutes he was dead. . . . Every- where the people showed their joy. Poems poured out upon the town . . . Felton's health was drunk. . . . Threatened by the Earl of Dorset with torture to make him disclose his accomplices, 'If I be put upon the rack,' said Felton, 'I will name you, my Lord of Dorset, and none but yourself. ' Spared the rack, on November twenty? eighth
53. Charles
work buried for 7 years. Then, on May 12, 1641, the Long Parliament ordered Coke's commentary upon Magna Charta, The Se? cond Institutes be published [Bowen, Lion, 517,551].
41: Charles
I kept
Coke's
? ? ? ? ? 708
108/767-768
108/768-770
709
Felton was hanged at Tyburn" [Bowen, Lion, 522J.
55. articuli . . . avises: NF, HThe articles of the Charter of 28th Edward will be adminis? tered [by the election ofJ three just men or other well-disposed-persons" [DG, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 288-289J .
56. "Vierge": To stay within the "verge" was to stay within 6 miles of the person of the sovereign, either at court or traveling through the kingdom.
57. Fleta: One of Coke's oft-cited sources. The Fleta was a brief paraphrase of Bracton done around 1290.
58. Hastings . . .
Sandwich: The original ports of the "Cinque Ports," a group of maritime towns in Sussex and Kent.
59. Ideogram: Chi [M4l2J, "royal do- mains," Rhyme with the king's house.
60. Ideogram: Pi [M5103J, "silks. " This ideogram "is used in the history to demon- strate the symbolic loyalty of the subjects to the king. . . . Pi later comes to stand for coin, 'the currency of the realm'" [ibid. , 289J.
61. sheriffs elective: Election of such a pub- lic office was a major step toward human freedom, "since in matters judicial, military and fiscal, the sheriff transacted all the busi- ness of the shire" [ibid. , 290J.
66. Elfynge . . . Com: Says DG: "Pound's marginalia is a tribute to H. Elfynge the clerk of the House of Commons who on a Wednesday inscribed that Coke's Commen- taries on Magna Charta should be published in print" [ibid. J.
67. William of Hehnswell: The name of one who appeared to be involved in a conspiracy
[cf. 65 aboveJ.
68. leopard's head: The monarch is respon- sible for the purity-legal fineness-of silver and gold. The sign of the leopard was the sign of the crown: "And that these standards be kept it is imperative that no sort of vessel of silver leaves a worker's hand unless it be marked with the leopard's head and that a goldsmith work no worse gold than that denoted by 'the touch of Paris'" [ibid. , 29lJ.
69. Articuli twenty: The "Cap xx" below. The article of the 28th year of Edward I concerned with standards of coinage.
marked with
76. Ad valorem . . . : ML. Inscribed on E's tomb is the phrase Moneta ad suum valorem reducta, "she brought money back to its true val ue ,"
77. non . . . fundendam: ML. From Coke's phrases "a tempore quo non extat memoria" and "utilioribus boseis ad mireram regis ar~ dendom & fundendam" ("from time out of memory" [for this long the king hadJ) ("had the use of wood for burning and melt- ing regal metals / gold and silver") [ibid. , 292J.
78. souls . . . defrauded: Money left to the church to do things in the name of the departed was often sent to Rome.
79. that the seal . . . : The remedy
was to take the seal from the prior and give it to 4 worthy men ("dignioribus") to ad- minister.
80. Paragots: Coke notes that just one car- dinal, Paragots, received more than 10,000 marks a year which in the end came from the "almes" of the people.
ics: the acorns would be natural, legitimate interest, but to cut down the tree would be usury [Institutes, 639J.
86. nel Tirolo: I, "in the Tyrol. " One lira, a legitimate tithe, as a lamb is born every year
[M de R,Discretions, 58J.
87. dies solaris: L, "light of day. " Coke is concerned with laws whereby the buyer can see the horse he is buying, so that the public can be protected from deception.
88. ut pena . . . perveniat: ML, "so that punishment of a few will serve as warning to the many. "
89. 2 rights . . . : When 2 statutes conflicted Coke said the older should be preferred.
90. caveat emptor: L, "Let the buyer beware. "
91. HORSFAIRE . . . no toll: A pastiche of details from a statute meant to help prevent fraud, especially in the sale of horses. The buyer should be allowed to ride the horse as at present a car? buyer is allowed to drive the car. "Phil" and "Mar" identify the statute: "2 & 3 Phil and Mac [sicJ Cap 7. " Fines are set as are other payments: "And for the bookkeeper only one penny, without toll, for every contract" [DG, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 294-295J.
92. long Ching: Yung Cheng [60:73J.
93. responsabili . . . ewe: NF, "responsibili? ty for the increasing of the [water] flowing"
94. reparando: NF, "repairing. "
95. Stat. . . . Eliz. : In an effort to prevent overcrowding and the growth of slums, this statute, entitled "Concerning Inmates," at? tempted to regulate open space around each dwelling [Institutes, 736J.
96. Angliae amor: [Cf. 75 aboveJ.
62. ou . . . de fee: NF, not in fee [inheritedJ. "
"where
shrivality
is
71. King onely . . . : Coke said that it "pertains to the king onely to put a value on the coine," a rhyme with "Gold was under the Pontifex" [89:23lJ.
72. 12 grains . . . : The English denar was defined as weighing the same as "twelve grains of wheat in mid spike" [ibid. , 291J.
73. frumenta . . . : NF, Source has, "pan- derabit 12 grana frumenti in media spicae" ("will weigh 12 grains of wheat in mid spike") [ibid. J.
63. In those . . . sufficient": Source: "They shall put in those inquests and juries such as be next neighbours, most sufficient, and least suspicious" [Institutes, 561J .
64. et malveyes procurers: NF, Hand the packing of juries. " [ibid. , 562J .
65. De lum . . . lauter: NF, "of the civil bench and criminal. " Justices of both benches-Common Pleas and the King's Bench-are in this chapter directed to give justice quickly in any kind of conspiracy
[DG Pai, 4-2 & 3, 290J .
74. Magnalia . . .
"inter
5
noted
. . .
70. Auxy
the sign of the leopard. "
: NF,
"Must be
: ML,
Magnalia et regalia coronae" ("among the important and regal rights of the king").
Concerns regulation of coinage [ibid. J.
75. ELIZABETH: Queen E. the First. Al- though she did much to deserve the love of the English ("Angliae amor"), her greatest deed was to restore the coinage of the realm, which had been badly debased.
Source has,
81. alienigenae . . . : ML,
Coke says that such aliens "had a third part of the possessions of the realm" [Institutes, 584J.
82. brocars: ME, "brokers. "
83. caitifes: NF, "wretches. " Thus does education decay in the hands of the church.
84. Rot . . . 3: Coke's marginal note that tells when these bad customs were intro? duced in Rome.
85. grosbois . . . hornbeam: Coke's exposi? tion upon tithes says that the timber trees listed here cannot be tithed because they take years to develop; but acorns can be? cause they are renewable yearly. A rhyme with the grasslands of the Sienese bank, as well as a central thesis of Pound's econom?
"alien superiors. "
? 710
109/771
109/771-773
711
CANTO CIX Sources
Sir Edward Coke, Second Institutes o f the Laws o f England, 1797 [Institutes] ; Catherine Drinker Bowen, The Lion and the Throne, Little, Brown, Boston, 1956 [Bowen, Lion]; Dante, Par. X, 42, 136; Virgil, Aeneid I, 412; Servii Commentarii, Vol. I, Lipsiae, 1881; Edward Coke, The First Institute of the Laws ofEngland, London, 1897 [First]. Sophocles, The Women of Trachis [WT];
The Charter of Connecticut; Dante, Par. II, 1.
Background
EP, SR, 62, 101; EH, Approaches, 173, 192; Bryce Lyon, A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England, Harpers, N. Y . , 1960; William Stubbs, The Constitutional History o f En- gland, Vol. II, Oxford, 1887; William Sharp McKechnie, Magna Carta, rev. , Burt Franklin, N. Y. , 1958; J. M. Rigg, Select Pleas, Starrs, and Other Records from the Rolls o f the Excheques o f the Jews; M de R, Discretions, 58; W. Keith Kavenagh, ed. Founda- tions of Colonial America, Chelsea House, N. Y. , 1973 [WK, Colonial].
Exegeses
DD, Sculptor, 239?
108/766-767
back of Parliament [86:61]; but Parliament
was not in session and the transaction had to be accomplished, if at all, with great speed and secrecy.
36. de la maletot . . . : NF, "of the sack of the laws 40 shillings. " The source has "leynes": "wool. "
37. nous lettres . . . 8 pence: NF, "In wit- ness of which things we have caused these our letters to be made patents . . . [Witness Edward] our son at London the tenth day of October, the five and twentieth year of our reign" [Institutes, 530].
38. dimidium . . . pellibus: NF, "half a mark [about 6s. 8p. ] for three hundred pelts. " The amount of illegal tax Edward I assessed
on the wool trade [Institutes, 530] .
39. aliorum liberorum: NF, "of other free men. " Part of "De Tallagio . . . " [cf. 8 aboveJ. Tax could not be assessed on free men without consent "of other free men"
[ibid. , 532].
40. nullum tallagium: NF, "no tallage [cus? toms charge]" [ibid. , 534].
41. in pleno . . . : NF, part of, "this must be petitioned in a full parliament. "
42. or to, or for . . . : Part of sentence about taxes which ends: "either to or for the king, or to or for any subject by the king's letters patents . . . is prohibited by the act" [ibid. , 534].
43. et vacua nulla: NF, part of vacua ut nulla sint, "shall be void and frustrate for evermore" [ibid. , 534].
44. nihil capiatur: NF, "nothing shall be taken" [ibid. ,534].
45. Bohun: Humfrey Ie Bohun, earl of Here? ford, was one of those who refused to pay the war tax of Edward I. He was, along with others, specifically pardoned by act of Par? liament.
46. John de Ferraris: John Ferrers, also pardoned.
707
47. Felton: [Cf. 54 below]. His name is included among the others as one who risked and gave his life for a greater good.
. . .
49. CESTASCAVOIR: NF, "that is to say. " The opening of Chap. I of the Charter of Confirmation, which was "a son people," an
21. divers
other kings had banished the Jews, but no king before Edward had forbidden usury it? self. The three names are Coke's marginal citation of sources [ibid. ].
24. no officer . . . : Opening De taliagio . . . [cf. 8 above] .
of the
statute
exeuntibus:
25. cujus bona: For cui bono: I, early form for "for whose advantage? "
In paraphrase,
27. Devant . . . guier: NF,
judgment . . . that is to know . . . amending our realm . . . have to guide. " Key phrases in the chapter.
28. nient tenus: NF, "holden for nought. " The context is, anything done contrary to the charter shall be undone and "holden for nought. "
29. per an, deux foits: NF, "two times per year. " A direction that the charters should be read before the people this many times.
30. mises ne prises: NF, "puts nor takes. " A mise was a task or tallage a lord could "put" on his subject. A prise was something a king or lord could take from his tenant as a duty or a tax.
31. precedent: The charter said: "The king had obtained by free consent, and good will in parliament precedent aids, subsidies or tasks for the maintenance of his warres in forein parts, which howsoever they were graunted in full parliament . . . " [Institutes, 529; DG, Pai, 4? 2 & 3, 284]. The point was that previous granting of aid should not be precedent, without consent of Parliament, for future grants.
32. 1272 . . . 1297: Date of Edward's ? acces? sian to the throne and the date of adoption of this Confimation Charter.
33. Confirmationis . . . : ML, "Confirmation of the Charter. "
34. Cap VI: The chapter concerns no use of public funds without express consent of Par- liament.
35. Disraeli: According to Pound, D's pur? chase of the Suez Canal was done behind the
"Before
them in
48. Henry III
and efforts in which the charters were per- fected and approved, from the simple "Ar? ticles of the Barons" signed by King John at Runnymede, through the major additions demanded and approved by Parliament.
inclusive subjects.
phrase o f
the king
and all his
1307: Sets
forth the time
SO. 4 times a year: The number of times the document was required to be read.
51. Michael . . . John: The four church festivals during which it was to be read.
52. tried locally: The charter required each district to elect commissioners whose func- tion it was to investigate any infringement of the charters. The sentences these courts could impose were limited to imprisonment, ransom, and amercement, "according to the trespass. "
. . .
54. Felton: The source says: "On the twenty. third o f August, a Saturday, the Duke was at Portsmouth, preparing to sail with the fleet. In a crowded hallway, a man-John Felton by name-walked up and stabbed Buckingham with a tenpenny knife. In fifteen minutes he was dead. . . . Every- where the people showed their joy. Poems poured out upon the town . . . Felton's health was drunk. . . . Threatened by the Earl of Dorset with torture to make him disclose his accomplices, 'If I be put upon the rack,' said Felton, 'I will name you, my Lord of Dorset, and none but yourself. ' Spared the rack, on November twenty? eighth
53. Charles
work buried for 7 years. Then, on May 12, 1641, the Long Parliament ordered Coke's commentary upon Magna Charta, The Se? cond Institutes be published [Bowen, Lion, 517,551].
41: Charles
I kept
Coke's
? ? ? ? ? 708
108/767-768
108/768-770
709
Felton was hanged at Tyburn" [Bowen, Lion, 522J.
55. articuli . . . avises: NF, HThe articles of the Charter of 28th Edward will be adminis? tered [by the election ofJ three just men or other well-disposed-persons" [DG, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 288-289J .
56. "Vierge": To stay within the "verge" was to stay within 6 miles of the person of the sovereign, either at court or traveling through the kingdom.
57. Fleta: One of Coke's oft-cited sources. The Fleta was a brief paraphrase of Bracton done around 1290.
58. Hastings . . .
Sandwich: The original ports of the "Cinque Ports," a group of maritime towns in Sussex and Kent.
59. Ideogram: Chi [M4l2J, "royal do- mains," Rhyme with the king's house.
60. Ideogram: Pi [M5103J, "silks. " This ideogram "is used in the history to demon- strate the symbolic loyalty of the subjects to the king. . . . Pi later comes to stand for coin, 'the currency of the realm'" [ibid. , 289J.
61. sheriffs elective: Election of such a pub- lic office was a major step toward human freedom, "since in matters judicial, military and fiscal, the sheriff transacted all the busi- ness of the shire" [ibid. , 290J.
66. Elfynge . . . Com: Says DG: "Pound's marginalia is a tribute to H. Elfynge the clerk of the House of Commons who on a Wednesday inscribed that Coke's Commen- taries on Magna Charta should be published in print" [ibid. J.
67. William of Hehnswell: The name of one who appeared to be involved in a conspiracy
[cf. 65 aboveJ.
68. leopard's head: The monarch is respon- sible for the purity-legal fineness-of silver and gold. The sign of the leopard was the sign of the crown: "And that these standards be kept it is imperative that no sort of vessel of silver leaves a worker's hand unless it be marked with the leopard's head and that a goldsmith work no worse gold than that denoted by 'the touch of Paris'" [ibid. , 29lJ.
69. Articuli twenty: The "Cap xx" below. The article of the 28th year of Edward I concerned with standards of coinage.
marked with
76. Ad valorem . . . : ML. Inscribed on E's tomb is the phrase Moneta ad suum valorem reducta, "she brought money back to its true val ue ,"
77. non . . . fundendam: ML. From Coke's phrases "a tempore quo non extat memoria" and "utilioribus boseis ad mireram regis ar~ dendom & fundendam" ("from time out of memory" [for this long the king hadJ) ("had the use of wood for burning and melt- ing regal metals / gold and silver") [ibid. , 292J.
78. souls . . . defrauded: Money left to the church to do things in the name of the departed was often sent to Rome.
79. that the seal . . . : The remedy
was to take the seal from the prior and give it to 4 worthy men ("dignioribus") to ad- minister.
80. Paragots: Coke notes that just one car- dinal, Paragots, received more than 10,000 marks a year which in the end came from the "almes" of the people.
ics: the acorns would be natural, legitimate interest, but to cut down the tree would be usury [Institutes, 639J.
86. nel Tirolo: I, "in the Tyrol. " One lira, a legitimate tithe, as a lamb is born every year
[M de R,Discretions, 58J.
87. dies solaris: L, "light of day. " Coke is concerned with laws whereby the buyer can see the horse he is buying, so that the public can be protected from deception.
88. ut pena . . . perveniat: ML, "so that punishment of a few will serve as warning to the many. "
89. 2 rights . . . : When 2 statutes conflicted Coke said the older should be preferred.
90. caveat emptor: L, "Let the buyer beware. "
91. HORSFAIRE . . . no toll: A pastiche of details from a statute meant to help prevent fraud, especially in the sale of horses. The buyer should be allowed to ride the horse as at present a car? buyer is allowed to drive the car. "Phil" and "Mar" identify the statute: "2 & 3 Phil and Mac [sicJ Cap 7. " Fines are set as are other payments: "And for the bookkeeper only one penny, without toll, for every contract" [DG, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 294-295J.
92. long Ching: Yung Cheng [60:73J.
93. responsabili . . . ewe: NF, "responsibili? ty for the increasing of the [water] flowing"
94. reparando: NF, "repairing. "
95. Stat. . . . Eliz. : In an effort to prevent overcrowding and the growth of slums, this statute, entitled "Concerning Inmates," at? tempted to regulate open space around each dwelling [Institutes, 736J.
96. Angliae amor: [Cf. 75 aboveJ.
62. ou . . . de fee: NF, not in fee [inheritedJ. "
"where
shrivality
is
71. King onely . . . : Coke said that it "pertains to the king onely to put a value on the coine," a rhyme with "Gold was under the Pontifex" [89:23lJ.
72. 12 grains . . . : The English denar was defined as weighing the same as "twelve grains of wheat in mid spike" [ibid. , 291J.
73. frumenta . . . : NF, Source has, "pan- derabit 12 grana frumenti in media spicae" ("will weigh 12 grains of wheat in mid spike") [ibid. J.
63. In those . . . sufficient": Source: "They shall put in those inquests and juries such as be next neighbours, most sufficient, and least suspicious" [Institutes, 561J .
64. et malveyes procurers: NF, Hand the packing of juries. " [ibid. , 562J .
65. De lum . . . lauter: NF, "of the civil bench and criminal. " Justices of both benches-Common Pleas and the King's Bench-are in this chapter directed to give justice quickly in any kind of conspiracy
[DG Pai, 4-2 & 3, 290J .
74. Magnalia . . .
"inter
5
noted
. . .
70. Auxy
the sign of the leopard. "
: NF,
"Must be
: ML,
Magnalia et regalia coronae" ("among the important and regal rights of the king").
Concerns regulation of coinage [ibid. J.
75. ELIZABETH: Queen E. the First. Al- though she did much to deserve the love of the English ("Angliae amor"), her greatest deed was to restore the coinage of the realm, which had been badly debased.
Source has,
81. alienigenae . . . : ML,
Coke says that such aliens "had a third part of the possessions of the realm" [Institutes, 584J.
82. brocars: ME, "brokers. "
83. caitifes: NF, "wretches. " Thus does education decay in the hands of the church.
84. Rot . . . 3: Coke's marginal note that tells when these bad customs were intro? duced in Rome.
85. grosbois . . . hornbeam: Coke's exposi? tion upon tithes says that the timber trees listed here cannot be tithed because they take years to develop; but acorns can be? cause they are renewable yearly. A rhyme with the grasslands of the Sienese bank, as well as a central thesis of Pound's econom?
"alien superiors. "
? 710
109/771
109/771-773
711
CANTO CIX Sources
Sir Edward Coke, Second Institutes o f the Laws o f England, 1797 [Institutes] ; Catherine Drinker Bowen, The Lion and the Throne, Little, Brown, Boston, 1956 [Bowen, Lion]; Dante, Par. X, 42, 136; Virgil, Aeneid I, 412; Servii Commentarii, Vol. I, Lipsiae, 1881; Edward Coke, The First Institute of the Laws ofEngland, London, 1897 [First]. Sophocles, The Women of Trachis [WT];
The Charter of Connecticut; Dante, Par. II, 1.
Background
EP, SR, 62, 101; EH, Approaches, 173, 192; Bryce Lyon, A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England, Harpers, N. Y . , 1960; William Stubbs, The Constitutional History o f En- gland, Vol. II, Oxford, 1887; William Sharp McKechnie, Magna Carta, rev. , Burt Franklin, N. Y. , 1958; J. M. Rigg, Select Pleas, Starrs, and Other Records from the Rolls o f the Excheques o f the Jews; M de R, Discretions, 58; W. Keith Kavenagh, ed. Founda- tions of Colonial America, Chelsea House, N. Y. , 1973 [WK, Colonial].
Exegeses
DD, Sculptor, 239?
