220,
however, Antiochus himself undertook the com-
mand.
however, Antiochus himself undertook the com-
mand.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
j i'r.
v.
)
Aletas is the ancestorial hero of the Thessalian, or,
more particularly, of the Larisssean family of the
. Aleuadae. (Find,. , Pyl/i. , 10, 8, with the Schol. )
The Aleuadee were the noblest and most powerful
amcng all the families of Thessaly, whence Herodo-
tus (7,6) calls its members /JamXtcf. (Comp. Died. ,
15, 61; 16, 14. ) The first Aleuas, who bore the
surname of IIii/5/^f, that is, the red-haired, is called
king (here synonymous with Tagus: md. Diet, of
Ant. , p. 945) of Thessaly, and a descendant of Her-
cules through Thessalus, one of the many sons of
Hercules. (Suidas, a. v. 'AXfuuJoj. --Ulpitm ad
Vtm. , Olynth. . l. --Sehol. adApollon. Rhod. , 3, 1090.
-Vellei. , 1, 3. ) Plutarch (De Am. Frat. , in Jin. )
states that he was hated by his father, on account
of his haughty and savage character; but his uncle,
nevertheless, contrived to get him elected king and
sanctioned by the god of Delphi. His reign was
more glorious than that of any of his ancestors, and
the' nation rose in power and importance. This
? ? Aluuas, who belongs to the mythical period of Greek
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? 1432
SUPPLEMENT
id is Thorax, a friend of Antigonus. (1'lut. , Demetr. ,
89 ) Whether the sculptois Aleuas, mentioned by
Pliny {H. N. , 34. 8), and Scopas of Paros, were in
any way connected with the Aleuadse, cannot be
ascertained. See Doeckh's Commentary on Pint. ,
Pyth. , 10; Schneider on Arutot. , Potit, 5,5,9, ant
more particularly Buttmann, Von dem GcichUckt ia
Akuadcn, in his Mythol. , 2, p. 246, ,\r <<bo bat
made out the following genealogical tabsu of ti
Aleuads.
Aleuas Tlvjiftof,
Kino, or Taoub, or Thessaly.
Mother Archedice.
01. 40. Echecratides.
'45.
50.
55.
70.
Eu. ylochus.
Scopas I. A
Echecratides.
wife Dyseris.
Simus.
Aleuas II.
Creon. Diactorides.
Scopas II.
Antiochus, Tagus.
"80.
Orestes.
"85.
"90.
"95.
Medius.
Eurylochus.
"100.
"105.
H
"110.
Eurylochus.
'<< 115.
Me(
lius.
Thorax, Eurypylus, Thrasydaeuj.
Aristippus.
Hcllam ic rates.
Eudicus. Simus. Thrasydaeus.
Scopas III. , Tagus.
AlexamenusI. ('AXf? a/itv6c), of Teos, was, accord-
ing to Aristotle, in his work upon poets (rrepi ttoi-
firCv), the first person who wrote dialogues in the
Socratic style before the time of Plato (Athcn. , 11,
p. 505, b, c. --Diog. Lacrt. , 3, 48. )
Alexander, IV. ('KKiiavSpoc), the Paphlaoonian,
s celebrated impostor, who flourished about tho be-
ginning of the second century (Lucian, Alex. , 6), a
native of Abonoteichos on the Euxine, and the pupil
of t friend of Apollonius Tyanaeus. His history,
Which is told by Lucian with great naiveti, is chiefly
an account of the various contrivances by which he
established and maintained the credit of an oracle.
Being, according to Lucian's account, at his wit's
end for the means of life, with many natural ad-
vantages of manner and person, he determined on
the following imposture. After raising the expecta-
tions of the Paphlagonians with a reported visit of
the god yEsculapius, and giving himself out, under
the sanction of an oracle, as a descendant of Per-
? ? seus, he gratified the expectation which he had
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? SUPPLEMENT.
? nd cynaedt. Among hia epic poems, we possess
the titles and some fragments of three pieces: the
Fisherman (aXieic: A then. , 7, p. 296), Kirka or
Krika (Athcn. , 7, p. 283), which, however, is desig-
nated by Athensus as doubtful, and Helena, (Bek-
kcr. Anted. , p. 96. ) Of his elegies, some beautiful
fragments are still extant. (Athen. , 4, p. 170; 11,
>>. 496; 15, p. 899. --S/rffi. , 12, p. 556; 14, p. 681.
--Parthcn. . Erot. , i. --Tzctz. ad Lycophr. , 266 --
Schol. and Eustath. ad 11, 3, 314. ) His Cynsedi, or
"lunna ? KoitipaTa, are mentioned by Strabo (14, p.
648) and Athensus (14, p. 620). Some anaplas-
tic verses in praise of Euripides are preserved in
Gellius (15, 20). AU the fragments of Alexander
jEtolus are collected in "Alexandri Mtoli frag-
menla coll. et ill. A. Capcllmann," Bonn, 1829, 8vo.
--Comp. Welcker, Die Griech, Tragodien, p. 1263,
dec. --Diintzer, Die Fragm. der Episch. Poetic der
Gricchcn, von Alexand. dem Grossen, &c, p. 7,
dec. --IX. Commander of the horse in the army of
Antioonds Doson during the war against Cleome-
nes III. , of Sparta. (Polyb. , 2, 66. ) He fought
against Philopoemen, then a young man, whose pru-
dence and valour forced him to a disadvantageous
engagement at Sellasia (2, 68). This Alexander is
probably the same person as the one whom Antig-
onus, as the guardian of Philip, had appointed com-
mander of Philip's body-guard, and who was calum-
niated by Apelles (4, 87). Subsequently he was sent
by Philip as ambassador to Thebes, to persecute
Megaleas (5, 28). Polybius states, that at all times
he manifested a most extraordinary attachment to
his king (7,12) --X. Son of Antonius, the triumvir,
and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. He and his twin-
sister Cleopatra were born B. C. 40. Antonius be-
stowed on him the titles of "Helios" and "King
of Kings," and called his sister " Selene. " He also
destined for him, as an independent kingdom, Ar-
menia, and such countries as might yet be conquer-
ed between the Euphrates and Indus, and wrote to
the senate to have his grants confirmed; but his let-
ter was not suffered to be read in public (B. C. 34).
After the conquest of Armenia. Antonius betrothed
Jotape, the daughter of the Median king Artavasdes,
to his son Alexander. When Octavianus made him-
self master of Alexandrea, he spared Alexander, but
took him and his sister to Rome, to adorn his tri-
umph. They were generously received by Octavia,
the wife of Antonius, who educated them with her
own children. (Dion Cassiut, 49, 32, 40, 41, 44;
50, 25; 51, 21. --Plutarch, Antonius, 36, 54, 87.
-- Liny, Epil. . 131, 132. ) --XI. Brother of Molo.
On the accession of Antiochus III. , afterward call-
ed the Great, in B. C. 224, he intrusted Alexan-
der with the government of the satrapy of Persis,
and Molo received Media. Antiochus was then
only fifteen years of age; and this circumstance,
together with the fact that Hermeias, a base flat-
terer and crafty intriguer, whom every one had to
fear, was all-powerful at his court, induced the two
brothers to form the plan of causing the upper sat-
rapies of the kingdom to revolt. It was the secret
wish of Hermeias to see the king involved in as
many difficulties as possible, and it was on his ad-
? ice that the war against the rebels was intrusted
to men without courage and ability. In B. C.
220,
however, Antiochus himself undertook the com-
mand. Molo was deserted by his troops, and to
? ? avoid falling into the hands of the king, put an end
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? 1434
SUPPLEMENT.
'tut at the same time to bring accusations against
Philip. (P-jlyb. , 17, 10. ) In B. C. 197, Alexander
again took part in a meeting, at which T. Quinctius
Flamininub, with his allies, and King Philip were
present, and at which peace with Philip was discuss-
ed Alexander dissuaded his friends from any peace-
ful arrangement with Philip. (Polyb. , 18, 19, &c--
Ajipian, Mated. , 7, I. ) In B. C. 195, when a con-
gress of all the Greek states that were allied with
Rome was convoked by T. Quinctius Flamininus at
Corinth, for the purpose of considering the. war that
was to be undertaken against Nabis, Alexander
ipoke against the Athenians, and also insinuated
that the Romans were acting fraudulently towards
Greece. (Lie, 34, 23. ) When, in B. C. 189, M. Ful-
vius Nobilior, after his victory over Antiochus, was
expected to march into . -Etolia, the . 'Etolians sent
envoys to Athens and Rhodes; and Alexander Isius,
together with Phaneas and Lycopus, were sent to
Rome to sue for peace. Alexander, now an old
man, was at the head of the embassy; but he and
his colleagues were made prisoners in Cephalenia
by the Epirots, for the purpose of extorting a heavy
ransom. Alexander, however, although he was
very wealthy, refused to pay it, and was, according-
'y, kept in captivity for some days, after which he
>>vas liberated, at the command of the Romans, with-
out any ransom. (Polybius, 33, 9. )--XVIII. Sur-
named Lychnus (Avxvoc), a Greek rhetorician and
poet. He was a nati. e of Ephesus, whence he is
sometimes called Alexander Ephesius, and must
have lived shortly before the time of Strabo (14, p.
642), who mentions him among the more recent
Ephesian authors, and also states that he took a
part in the political affairs of his native city. Strabo
asciibes to him a history, and poems of a didactic
kind, viz. , one on astronomy and another on geogra-
phy, in which he describes the great continents of
the world, treating of each in a separate work or
book, which, as we learn from other sources, bore the
-. ame of the continent of which it contained an ac-
SCunt. What kind of history it was that Strabo
lii'jdes to is uncertain. The so-called Aurelius Vic-
tor (De Ortg. Gent. Rum. , 9) quotes, it is true, the
first book of a history of the Marsic war by Alexan-
der the Ephesian, hut this authority is more than
doubtful. Some writers have supposed that this
Alexander is the author of the history of the suc-
cession of Greek philosophers (al tuv fiXootyuv
itadoxai) which is so often referred to by Diogenes
Laertius(l, 116; 2, 19, 106; 3,4,5; 4,62; 7, 179;
8, 24; 9, 61), but this work belonged, probably, to
Alexander Polyhistur. His geographical poem, of
which several fragments are still extant, is frequent-
ly referred to by Stephanos Byzantius and others.
(Stcph. Byz. , t. w. Admfioc, Tairpo6uvn, Auoor, Tp-
Kavoi, MekiTaia, &c. --Comp. Eustath. ad Dwr. ys.
Pcricg. , 388, 591. ) Of his astronomical poem a
fragment is still extant, which has h<<en erroneously
attributed by Gale {Addend, ad Panhcn. , p. 49) and
Schneider (ad Viirut. , 2, p. 23, <kc. ) to Alexander
iEtolus. (Vid. [fake, Scheda Critic*, p. 7, <fcc. ) It
is highly probable that Cicero (ad All. , 2, SO, 22)
is speaking of Alexander Lychnus when he says
that Alexander is not a good poet, a careless wri-
ter, but yet ixissesses some information. --XIX. Of
Mrwous in Caria, a Greek writer on zoology, of
? ? uncertain date. His works, which are now lost,
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? SUPPLEMENT.
14. 15
bui ga. nsul his esteem and admiration to such a de-
gree, mat Herodes honoured him with a munificent
present. One Corinthian, however, of the name of
Sceptes, when asked what he thought of Alexander,
expressed his disappointment by saying that he had
found "the clay (IZiJJloc), but not Plato. " This say-
ing is a pan on the surname of Peloplaton. The
place and time of his death are not known. Philos-
tratus gives the various statements which he found
about these points. Alexander was one of the great-
est rhetoricians of his age, and he is especially
praised for the sublimity of his style and the bold-
ness of his thoughts; but he is not known to have
written anything. An account of his life is given by
Philostratus (Vit. Soph. , 9, 6), who has also pre-
served some of his sayings, and some of the sub-
jects on which he made speeches. (Comp. Suidas,
I. >>. 'AteS-avdpo; Aiyofof, in fin. --Eudoc. , p. 52. )--
XXII. PHILALETDES ('AAefovdpof *i^aX^9i? f), an an-
cient Greek physician, who is called by Octavius
Horatianus (4, p. 102, d, ed. Argent. , 1532), Alexan-
der Amator Veri, and who is probably the same per-
son who is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus (De Mori.
Acut. , 2, 1, p. 74) ander the name of Alexander La-
adicensis. He lived, probably, towards the end of
the first century before Christ, as Sirabo speaks of
him (12, p. 580) as a contemporary; he was a pu-
pil of Asclepiades (Octav. -Herat. , I. c. ), succeeded
Zenxis as head of a celebrated Herophilean school
of medicine, established in Phrygia between Lnudi-
ceaand Carura (Strab. , 1. c. ), and was tutor to Aris-
toxenus and Demosthenes Philalethes. (Galen, DC
Differ. Puts. , 4, 4, 10, vol. 8, p. 727, 746. ) He is
several times mentioned by Galen, and also by So-
ranus (De Arie Obstetr. , c. 93, p. 210), and appears
to have written some medical works, which are no
longer extant. --XXIII. Assumed the title of EM-
PEROR OF ROME in A. D. 311; he was, according to
some accounts, a Phrygian, and according to others
a Pannonian. He was appointed by Maxentius gov-
ernor of Africa, but discovering that Maxentius was
plotting against his life, he assumed the purple,
though he was of an advanced age and a timid na-
ture. Maxentius sent some troops against him un-
der Rufius Volusianus, who put dowri the insurrec-
tion withor/. difficulty. Alexander was '. aken and
strangled. (Zosimus, 2, 12, 14. --Aur. Viet. , Dt
Cas. , 40; Epit. , 40. )--XXIV. TIBERIUS (Tittpt^
'AAffavdnof), was born at Alexandrea, of Jewish pa-
rents. His father held the office of Alabarch in
Alexandrea, and his uncle was Fhilo, the weU
known writer. Alexander, however, did not con-
tinue in the faith of his ancestors, and was reward-
ed for his apostacy by various public appointments.
In the reign of Claudius he succeeded Fadius at
procurator of Judsea, about A. D. 46, and was pro-
moted to the equestrian order. He was subse-
quently appointed by Nero procurator of Egypt;
and by his orders 50,000 Jews were slain on one
occasion at Alexandrea, in a tumult in the city. It
was apparently during his government in Egypt thai
he accompanied Corbulo in bis expedition into Ar-
menia, A. D. 64; and he was, in this campaign,
given as one of the hostages to secure the safety oi
Tiridates, when the latter visited the Roman camp.
Alexander was the first Roman governor who de-
clared in favour of Vespasian; and the day on which
? ? he administered the oath to the legions in the name
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? ^
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? ESSAY
ON THE
MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEYS
OF THE
QUEERS AND ROMANS.
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? I
^
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? THE
MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEYS
GREEKS AND ROMANS.
THE metrologies! systems of the Greeks and Ro-
9>tns, and the methods pursued in the determination
of their standards, have been regarded with interest
by those curious in antiquarian researches. While
tin relations of the various parts of each system have
been satisfactorily ascertained, the values which have
been assigned to their units, whether of length, capa-
city, or weight, when referred to those of modern
times, exhibit considerable discrepance. This may not
excite surprise when it is considered that these values
have been deduced from observations, made with differ-
ent degrees of nicely, upon models possessing conflict-
ing claims to perfection. A learned professor of Stut-
gard* has reviewed the labours of his predecessors in
these inquiries with masterly skill, and has imparted
to his investigations it precision which entitles them to
? eliance. His results have been adopted, and his mode
of procedure exhibited in the following pages. In
conformity with his plan, and for the reason that we
possess more numerous specimens of the Roman
? tandards than of those of the Greeks, which furnish
more accurate data for the estimate of both, the former
? ill bo first treated of.
? J> 1. ROHAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.
Aletas is the ancestorial hero of the Thessalian, or,
more particularly, of the Larisssean family of the
. Aleuadae. (Find,. , Pyl/i. , 10, 8, with the Schol. )
The Aleuadee were the noblest and most powerful
amcng all the families of Thessaly, whence Herodo-
tus (7,6) calls its members /JamXtcf. (Comp. Died. ,
15, 61; 16, 14. ) The first Aleuas, who bore the
surname of IIii/5/^f, that is, the red-haired, is called
king (here synonymous with Tagus: md. Diet, of
Ant. , p. 945) of Thessaly, and a descendant of Her-
cules through Thessalus, one of the many sons of
Hercules. (Suidas, a. v. 'AXfuuJoj. --Ulpitm ad
Vtm. , Olynth. . l. --Sehol. adApollon. Rhod. , 3, 1090.
-Vellei. , 1, 3. ) Plutarch (De Am. Frat. , in Jin. )
states that he was hated by his father, on account
of his haughty and savage character; but his uncle,
nevertheless, contrived to get him elected king and
sanctioned by the god of Delphi. His reign was
more glorious than that of any of his ancestors, and
the' nation rose in power and importance. This
? ? Aluuas, who belongs to the mythical period of Greek
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? 1432
SUPPLEMENT
id is Thorax, a friend of Antigonus. (1'lut. , Demetr. ,
89 ) Whether the sculptois Aleuas, mentioned by
Pliny {H. N. , 34. 8), and Scopas of Paros, were in
any way connected with the Aleuadse, cannot be
ascertained. See Doeckh's Commentary on Pint. ,
Pyth. , 10; Schneider on Arutot. , Potit, 5,5,9, ant
more particularly Buttmann, Von dem GcichUckt ia
Akuadcn, in his Mythol. , 2, p. 246, ,\r <<bo bat
made out the following genealogical tabsu of ti
Aleuads.
Aleuas Tlvjiftof,
Kino, or Taoub, or Thessaly.
Mother Archedice.
01. 40. Echecratides.
'45.
50.
55.
70.
Eu. ylochus.
Scopas I. A
Echecratides.
wife Dyseris.
Simus.
Aleuas II.
Creon. Diactorides.
Scopas II.
Antiochus, Tagus.
"80.
Orestes.
"85.
"90.
"95.
Medius.
Eurylochus.
"100.
"105.
H
"110.
Eurylochus.
'<< 115.
Me(
lius.
Thorax, Eurypylus, Thrasydaeuj.
Aristippus.
Hcllam ic rates.
Eudicus. Simus. Thrasydaeus.
Scopas III. , Tagus.
AlexamenusI. ('AXf? a/itv6c), of Teos, was, accord-
ing to Aristotle, in his work upon poets (rrepi ttoi-
firCv), the first person who wrote dialogues in the
Socratic style before the time of Plato (Athcn. , 11,
p. 505, b, c. --Diog. Lacrt. , 3, 48. )
Alexander, IV. ('KKiiavSpoc), the Paphlaoonian,
s celebrated impostor, who flourished about tho be-
ginning of the second century (Lucian, Alex. , 6), a
native of Abonoteichos on the Euxine, and the pupil
of t friend of Apollonius Tyanaeus. His history,
Which is told by Lucian with great naiveti, is chiefly
an account of the various contrivances by which he
established and maintained the credit of an oracle.
Being, according to Lucian's account, at his wit's
end for the means of life, with many natural ad-
vantages of manner and person, he determined on
the following imposture. After raising the expecta-
tions of the Paphlagonians with a reported visit of
the god yEsculapius, and giving himself out, under
the sanction of an oracle, as a descendant of Per-
? ? seus, he gratified the expectation which he had
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? SUPPLEMENT.
? nd cynaedt. Among hia epic poems, we possess
the titles and some fragments of three pieces: the
Fisherman (aXieic: A then. , 7, p. 296), Kirka or
Krika (Athcn. , 7, p. 283), which, however, is desig-
nated by Athensus as doubtful, and Helena, (Bek-
kcr. Anted. , p. 96. ) Of his elegies, some beautiful
fragments are still extant. (Athen. , 4, p. 170; 11,
>>. 496; 15, p. 899. --S/rffi. , 12, p. 556; 14, p. 681.
--Parthcn. . Erot. , i. --Tzctz. ad Lycophr. , 266 --
Schol. and Eustath. ad 11, 3, 314. ) His Cynsedi, or
"lunna ? KoitipaTa, are mentioned by Strabo (14, p.
648) and Athensus (14, p. 620). Some anaplas-
tic verses in praise of Euripides are preserved in
Gellius (15, 20). AU the fragments of Alexander
jEtolus are collected in "Alexandri Mtoli frag-
menla coll. et ill. A. Capcllmann," Bonn, 1829, 8vo.
--Comp. Welcker, Die Griech, Tragodien, p. 1263,
dec. --Diintzer, Die Fragm. der Episch. Poetic der
Gricchcn, von Alexand. dem Grossen, &c, p. 7,
dec. --IX. Commander of the horse in the army of
Antioonds Doson during the war against Cleome-
nes III. , of Sparta. (Polyb. , 2, 66. ) He fought
against Philopoemen, then a young man, whose pru-
dence and valour forced him to a disadvantageous
engagement at Sellasia (2, 68). This Alexander is
probably the same person as the one whom Antig-
onus, as the guardian of Philip, had appointed com-
mander of Philip's body-guard, and who was calum-
niated by Apelles (4, 87). Subsequently he was sent
by Philip as ambassador to Thebes, to persecute
Megaleas (5, 28). Polybius states, that at all times
he manifested a most extraordinary attachment to
his king (7,12) --X. Son of Antonius, the triumvir,
and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. He and his twin-
sister Cleopatra were born B. C. 40. Antonius be-
stowed on him the titles of "Helios" and "King
of Kings," and called his sister " Selene. " He also
destined for him, as an independent kingdom, Ar-
menia, and such countries as might yet be conquer-
ed between the Euphrates and Indus, and wrote to
the senate to have his grants confirmed; but his let-
ter was not suffered to be read in public (B. C. 34).
After the conquest of Armenia. Antonius betrothed
Jotape, the daughter of the Median king Artavasdes,
to his son Alexander. When Octavianus made him-
self master of Alexandrea, he spared Alexander, but
took him and his sister to Rome, to adorn his tri-
umph. They were generously received by Octavia,
the wife of Antonius, who educated them with her
own children. (Dion Cassiut, 49, 32, 40, 41, 44;
50, 25; 51, 21. --Plutarch, Antonius, 36, 54, 87.
-- Liny, Epil. . 131, 132. ) --XI. Brother of Molo.
On the accession of Antiochus III. , afterward call-
ed the Great, in B. C. 224, he intrusted Alexan-
der with the government of the satrapy of Persis,
and Molo received Media. Antiochus was then
only fifteen years of age; and this circumstance,
together with the fact that Hermeias, a base flat-
terer and crafty intriguer, whom every one had to
fear, was all-powerful at his court, induced the two
brothers to form the plan of causing the upper sat-
rapies of the kingdom to revolt. It was the secret
wish of Hermeias to see the king involved in as
many difficulties as possible, and it was on his ad-
? ice that the war against the rebels was intrusted
to men without courage and ability. In B. C.
220,
however, Antiochus himself undertook the com-
mand. Molo was deserted by his troops, and to
? ? avoid falling into the hands of the king, put an end
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? 1434
SUPPLEMENT.
'tut at the same time to bring accusations against
Philip. (P-jlyb. , 17, 10. ) In B. C. 197, Alexander
again took part in a meeting, at which T. Quinctius
Flamininub, with his allies, and King Philip were
present, and at which peace with Philip was discuss-
ed Alexander dissuaded his friends from any peace-
ful arrangement with Philip. (Polyb. , 18, 19, &c--
Ajipian, Mated. , 7, I. ) In B. C. 195, when a con-
gress of all the Greek states that were allied with
Rome was convoked by T. Quinctius Flamininus at
Corinth, for the purpose of considering the. war that
was to be undertaken against Nabis, Alexander
ipoke against the Athenians, and also insinuated
that the Romans were acting fraudulently towards
Greece. (Lie, 34, 23. ) When, in B. C. 189, M. Ful-
vius Nobilior, after his victory over Antiochus, was
expected to march into . -Etolia, the . 'Etolians sent
envoys to Athens and Rhodes; and Alexander Isius,
together with Phaneas and Lycopus, were sent to
Rome to sue for peace. Alexander, now an old
man, was at the head of the embassy; but he and
his colleagues were made prisoners in Cephalenia
by the Epirots, for the purpose of extorting a heavy
ransom. Alexander, however, although he was
very wealthy, refused to pay it, and was, according-
'y, kept in captivity for some days, after which he
>>vas liberated, at the command of the Romans, with-
out any ransom. (Polybius, 33, 9. )--XVIII. Sur-
named Lychnus (Avxvoc), a Greek rhetorician and
poet. He was a nati. e of Ephesus, whence he is
sometimes called Alexander Ephesius, and must
have lived shortly before the time of Strabo (14, p.
642), who mentions him among the more recent
Ephesian authors, and also states that he took a
part in the political affairs of his native city. Strabo
asciibes to him a history, and poems of a didactic
kind, viz. , one on astronomy and another on geogra-
phy, in which he describes the great continents of
the world, treating of each in a separate work or
book, which, as we learn from other sources, bore the
-. ame of the continent of which it contained an ac-
SCunt. What kind of history it was that Strabo
lii'jdes to is uncertain. The so-called Aurelius Vic-
tor (De Ortg. Gent. Rum. , 9) quotes, it is true, the
first book of a history of the Marsic war by Alexan-
der the Ephesian, hut this authority is more than
doubtful. Some writers have supposed that this
Alexander is the author of the history of the suc-
cession of Greek philosophers (al tuv fiXootyuv
itadoxai) which is so often referred to by Diogenes
Laertius(l, 116; 2, 19, 106; 3,4,5; 4,62; 7, 179;
8, 24; 9, 61), but this work belonged, probably, to
Alexander Polyhistur. His geographical poem, of
which several fragments are still extant, is frequent-
ly referred to by Stephanos Byzantius and others.
(Stcph. Byz. , t. w. Admfioc, Tairpo6uvn, Auoor, Tp-
Kavoi, MekiTaia, &c. --Comp. Eustath. ad Dwr. ys.
Pcricg. , 388, 591. ) Of his astronomical poem a
fragment is still extant, which has h<<en erroneously
attributed by Gale {Addend, ad Panhcn. , p. 49) and
Schneider (ad Viirut. , 2, p. 23, <kc. ) to Alexander
iEtolus. (Vid. [fake, Scheda Critic*, p. 7, <fcc. ) It
is highly probable that Cicero (ad All. , 2, SO, 22)
is speaking of Alexander Lychnus when he says
that Alexander is not a good poet, a careless wri-
ter, but yet ixissesses some information. --XIX. Of
Mrwous in Caria, a Greek writer on zoology, of
? ? uncertain date. His works, which are now lost,
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? SUPPLEMENT.
14. 15
bui ga. nsul his esteem and admiration to such a de-
gree, mat Herodes honoured him with a munificent
present. One Corinthian, however, of the name of
Sceptes, when asked what he thought of Alexander,
expressed his disappointment by saying that he had
found "the clay (IZiJJloc), but not Plato. " This say-
ing is a pan on the surname of Peloplaton. The
place and time of his death are not known. Philos-
tratus gives the various statements which he found
about these points. Alexander was one of the great-
est rhetoricians of his age, and he is especially
praised for the sublimity of his style and the bold-
ness of his thoughts; but he is not known to have
written anything. An account of his life is given by
Philostratus (Vit. Soph. , 9, 6), who has also pre-
served some of his sayings, and some of the sub-
jects on which he made speeches. (Comp. Suidas,
I. >>. 'AteS-avdpo; Aiyofof, in fin. --Eudoc. , p. 52. )--
XXII. PHILALETDES ('AAefovdpof *i^aX^9i? f), an an-
cient Greek physician, who is called by Octavius
Horatianus (4, p. 102, d, ed. Argent. , 1532), Alexan-
der Amator Veri, and who is probably the same per-
son who is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus (De Mori.
Acut. , 2, 1, p. 74) ander the name of Alexander La-
adicensis. He lived, probably, towards the end of
the first century before Christ, as Sirabo speaks of
him (12, p. 580) as a contemporary; he was a pu-
pil of Asclepiades (Octav. -Herat. , I. c. ), succeeded
Zenxis as head of a celebrated Herophilean school
of medicine, established in Phrygia between Lnudi-
ceaand Carura (Strab. , 1. c. ), and was tutor to Aris-
toxenus and Demosthenes Philalethes. (Galen, DC
Differ. Puts. , 4, 4, 10, vol. 8, p. 727, 746. ) He is
several times mentioned by Galen, and also by So-
ranus (De Arie Obstetr. , c. 93, p. 210), and appears
to have written some medical works, which are no
longer extant. --XXIII. Assumed the title of EM-
PEROR OF ROME in A. D. 311; he was, according to
some accounts, a Phrygian, and according to others
a Pannonian. He was appointed by Maxentius gov-
ernor of Africa, but discovering that Maxentius was
plotting against his life, he assumed the purple,
though he was of an advanced age and a timid na-
ture. Maxentius sent some troops against him un-
der Rufius Volusianus, who put dowri the insurrec-
tion withor/. difficulty. Alexander was '. aken and
strangled. (Zosimus, 2, 12, 14. --Aur. Viet. , Dt
Cas. , 40; Epit. , 40. )--XXIV. TIBERIUS (Tittpt^
'AAffavdnof), was born at Alexandrea, of Jewish pa-
rents. His father held the office of Alabarch in
Alexandrea, and his uncle was Fhilo, the weU
known writer. Alexander, however, did not con-
tinue in the faith of his ancestors, and was reward-
ed for his apostacy by various public appointments.
In the reign of Claudius he succeeded Fadius at
procurator of Judsea, about A. D. 46, and was pro-
moted to the equestrian order. He was subse-
quently appointed by Nero procurator of Egypt;
and by his orders 50,000 Jews were slain on one
occasion at Alexandrea, in a tumult in the city. It
was apparently during his government in Egypt thai
he accompanied Corbulo in bis expedition into Ar-
menia, A. D. 64; and he was, in this campaign,
given as one of the hostages to secure the safety oi
Tiridates, when the latter visited the Roman camp.
Alexander was the first Roman governor who de-
clared in favour of Vespasian; and the day on which
? ? he administered the oath to the legions in the name
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? ^
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? ESSAY
ON THE
MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEYS
OF THE
QUEERS AND ROMANS.
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? I
^
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? THE
MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEYS
GREEKS AND ROMANS.
THE metrologies! systems of the Greeks and Ro-
9>tns, and the methods pursued in the determination
of their standards, have been regarded with interest
by those curious in antiquarian researches. While
tin relations of the various parts of each system have
been satisfactorily ascertained, the values which have
been assigned to their units, whether of length, capa-
city, or weight, when referred to those of modern
times, exhibit considerable discrepance. This may not
excite surprise when it is considered that these values
have been deduced from observations, made with differ-
ent degrees of nicely, upon models possessing conflict-
ing claims to perfection. A learned professor of Stut-
gard* has reviewed the labours of his predecessors in
these inquiries with masterly skill, and has imparted
to his investigations it precision which entitles them to
? eliance. His results have been adopted, and his mode
of procedure exhibited in the following pages. In
conformity with his plan, and for the reason that we
possess more numerous specimens of the Roman
? tandards than of those of the Greeks, which furnish
more accurate data for the estimate of both, the former
? ill bo first treated of.
? J> 1. ROHAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.
