Egypt
was at this time in full revolt, Artaxcrxes Mnemon
having in vain attempted to reduce it, and Ochus con-
tinued the war by means of his generals.
was at this time in full revolt, Artaxcrxes Mnemon
having in vain attempted to reduce it, and Ochus con-
tinued the war by means of his generals.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Hell.
, vol.
2.
p.
18.
)
Arsaces defeated Seleucus in battle, and when this
monarch made a second expedition into Parthia, he took
him prisoner, and kept him long in captivity. (Posi-
don. ap. Athcn. , 4, p. 153, a. ) Arsaces then laid the
foundation of the Parthian empire, and his successors
took from him the name of Arsacidffi. According to
Justin (/. c), who seems confirmed by Strabo (515),
he reigned long and died in old age: according to
Synccllus (p. 284, e. )<< who quotes from Arrian, he
reigned only two years. (Clinton, I. c. ) -- II. The
second of the name, son of the preceding, succeeded
his father on the Parthian throne, and was, like him,
a warlike prince. While Antiochus the Great was en-
gaged in a war with Ptolemy Philopator, of Egypt,
Arsaces made himself master of Media. Antiochus,
when the war with Ptolemy was ended, marched
against the Parthian king, drove him not only from
Media, but from his own kingdom, and compelled him
to take refuge in Hyrcania. Having subsequently,
however, collected a numerous army, Arsaces appeared
to Antiochus so formidable an antagonist, that the lat-
? ? ter was glad to confirm to him the possession of Hyr-
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? ART
ruled by this female and her brothers, was induced, at
their instigation, to order Arsinoe to be put to death. --
J ? A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, proclaimed queen
by Ganymedes, when Csesar attacked Alexandres.
She was conquered, and brought in triumph to Rome;
but, as this proved unpleasing to the people, she was
set at liberty. Subsequently, at the instigation of her
younger sister Cleopatra, she was put to death by the
orders of Antony, in the temple of Diana at Miletus.
(Hirt. , Bell Alex. , 4. Appian, Bell. Civ. , 5, 9. )--VI.
A city of Egypt, the capital of the Arsinoitic nome,
lying to the west of the Nile, and between Heracleo-
polis Magna and Lake Moeris. It derived its name
from Arsinoe, the sister and queen of Ptolemy Phila-
delphus. The earlier appellation was the "City of
Crocodiles," as the Greeks translated it (Crocodilo-
polis, KprncodciAcjir ? x-usuc, Herod. , 2, 148). This last-
mentioned name arose from the circumstance of the
crocodile's being worshipped here; and a tamed rep-
resentative of this fearful class of creatures was care-
fully nurtured and attended to in an adjacent pond or
tank. Strabo gives an account, as an eyewitness, of
this curious custom. The bodies of the sacred croco-
diles were deposited after death in the cells of the
Labyrinth, which stood near thecity. The Egyptians
honoured the crocodile here, because it was conse-
crated to Typhon, their evil genius, whom they dread-
ed, and sought to appease by worshipping an animal
which was his symbolical image. The city of Arsinoe
is now a pile of ruins, which lie not far to the north of
the modern lUedinet el Faioum. Jomard gives an ac-
curate description of them. 'Descript. dc VEgypte,
to! . 4, p. 446. ) VII. A city of Egypt, at the head of
the Sinus Arabicus, and not far from the spot where
starnL* the modern Suez. Philadclphus constructed
the harbour, and called the place after his sister and
queen Arsinoe. In its immediate vicinity lay the city
of Cleopatris, of later erection, and, in consequence of
their proximity, both places were often called by the
common name of Cleopatris, though actually distinct
spots. (Strab. , 80S. ) Arsinoe was connected with
the Nile by means of the canal of Ptolemy, and for a
long period was the very life of the navigation on the
Sinus Arabicus, forming the connecting link between
the trafhc of Egypt and that of the East. In process
of time, however, the dangerous navigation of the upper
part of the gulf induced the Ptolemies to construct
harbours lower down, and Arsinoe from this time sank
in importance, and finally disappeared from notice.
The Peutinger table, in the third century, makes men-
tion of the place, but the Itinerary of Antonine passes
it over in silence. (Manncrt, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 517. )
--VIII. A city of Cilicia Trachea, on the coast, l>e-
tween Celenderis and the mouth of the Arymagdus.
(Pliny, 5, 27. ) -- IX. Another name for Patara, in
Eycia. ( Vid. Patara. ) --X. A town of Cyprus, near
the promontory of Ammochostus. (oVroi. ,682. )--XI.
A harbour of Egypt, on the Sinus Arabicus, below Phi-
loier. t- Portus. (Plin. , 6, 29. )--XII. Another harbour,
in the regio Troglodytica, in the vicinity of Dirse.
{Mela, 3, 8. --Arlemid. ap. Strait. )
Assissa palus, a great lake in the southern part of
Armenia Major, now the Lake of Van. It was on its
northern side embellished with cities, which were
better known to the Byzantine writers than they had
been before, viz. , Chaliat or Athlat, Arzes or Argish,
and Perkri. This sheet of water is also sometimes
called, in Armenian geography, the Lake of Besnouikh,
? ? from the district of that name in which it is situate.
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? ART
ARTAXERXES.
laid waste everything with fire and sword, and en-
countered the Roman forces in Syria. Maerinus had
succeeded Caracalla. A bloody battle ensued, which
lasted for two days. On the third day, a herald from
the Romans announced the fact of Caracalla's being
dead, and that Macrinus was his successor, and also
proposed a treaty of peace between the two empires.
The Romans accordingly restored the prisoners they
had taken, paid the expenses of the war, and Arta-
banus returned to his capital. His prosperity, however,
was of short duration. Ardshir Babcgan, or Arta-
xerxes, excited the Persians to revolt, and Artabanus
was defeated, taken prisoner, and put to death. With
him ended the Parthian dynasty of the Arsaeidre. The
family itself, however, was not extinct in the person
of Artabanus, but continued to reign in Armenia, as
tributary to the new Persian dynasty, until the time of
Justinian. (Biogr. Univ. , vol. 2, p. 540. )
Artabazus, I. son of Pharnaces, commander of the
Parthians and Chorasmians in the army of Xerxes
He escorted this monarch through Europe to Asia,
after the battle of Salamis, at the head of Bixty thousand
men, and rejoined Mardonius before the battle of Pla-
tca. He endeavoured to dissuade him from cngagingin
this conflict, but to no purpose; and, after the death of
Mardonius, succeeded in retreating to Asia with the
residue of his own forces, having obtained a safe pas-
sage through Thcssaly by assuring the inhabitants that
Mardonius had defeated the Greeks. (Herod. , 7, 66
--Id. ,8, 126-- Id. , 9, 41. --Id. , 9, 89. )--II A general
of Artaxerxes Longimanus. He remained faithful to
this prince as long as he reigned, and did everything
in his power to conquer Datamcs, who had revolted
against the king. He himself subsequently revolted
against Ochus, but, after fleeing into Macedonia, was
pardoned by that prince. He fought in the battle of
Arbela, on the side of Darius, and after the death of
that prince surrendered himself to Alexander, who
made him satrap of Bactriana. He had a large num-
ber of sons, to whom Alexander assigned governments.
His daughters were married, one to IHolcmy, son of
Lagus; another to Eumenes, of Cardia; and a third
to Seleucus. (Biogr. Univ. , vol 2, p. 542. )
Artabrum Promontorium, a promontory on the
northwestern coast of Spain, now Cape Ftnistcrrc, in
Gallicia. It was sometimes called Cdticvm Promon-
torium (Plm. , 4, 22), and also Nerrum. (Strab. , 106. )
ArtacoXna, the capital of Aria, now Herat, situate
on the river Alius, now the Hen. (Arrian, 3, 25. --
Strab. , 350. )
Artageras or Artaoicerta, a town of Armenia
Major, northeast of Amida, where Cains Caesar, a
nephew of Augustus, was dangerously wounded by
one AddruuB. It is now probably Ardis. (Veil.
Patere. , 2, 103. )
Artapiierneb, I. a brother of Darius, and son of
Hystaspes, governor of Sardis. (Herodot. , 5, 25. )--
II. A son of the preceding, whom Darius sent into
Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the battle
of Marathon by Miltiadcs. (Vid. Datis. --Herod. , 4,
153-- Id. , 5, 55. )
Artavasdes or Artabazus, king of Armenia, the
son and successor of Tigranes, began to reign about
70 B. C. It was principally through his treacherous
advice, as to the mode of entering Parthia, that Crassus
failed in his expedition against that country. He was
subsequently taken by Antony, to whom he had also
? ? acted a treacherous part in his Parthian expedition,
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? ARTAXERXES.
After the battle of Cunaxa, the Greeks began their
celebrated retreat, so graphic an account of which has
been preserved for us in the pages of Xenophon. (Kid.
Xenophon. ) Artaxerxes was now peaceable possessor
of the throne. Being irritated at the Lacedaemonians,
who had embraced his brother's cause, he lent aid to
Onon the Athenian admiral, and succeeded by his
means in wresting from Sparta the dominion of the
sea. He then furnished the necessary means for re-
building the walls of Athens, and finally, by employing
his gold in sowing dissensions among the Grecian
states, he forced A genii mis to abandon the extensive
conquests he had already made in the Persian domin-
ions. The war at length was brought to a close by a
memorable treaty, by which the Greek cities of Asia
were abandoned to his sway. Artaxerxcs was not
successful in checking a revolt on the part of the Egyp-
tians, nor was his march in person against the Cadusii,
in Upper Asia, crowned with any happier result. He
was governed entirely by his mother Parysatis, who, by
studying his inclinations, had gained a complete as-
cendency over him. After having put to death Darius,
his eldest son, for conspiring against him, he died at
the advanced age of ninety-four years, bowed down by
sorrow at the loss of two other sons whom Ochus, who
reigned after him, had managed to cut off. According
to Diodorus, he was on the throne forty-three years;
but according to Eusebius and the Alexandrine Chron-
icle, forty years. Plutarch makes his reign sixty-two
vears, but this is an error of a transcriber. (Diod.
Sic. 13, 104. -- Clinton's Fast. Hell. , vol. 1, p. 316,
333. )--III. The third of the name, called previously
Ochus, and known in history as Artaxerxcs Ochus, or
simply Ochus, succeeded his father Mnemon. He
commenced his reign with the massacre of his brothers,
and of all who belonged to the royal family.
Egypt
was at this time in full revolt, Artaxcrxes Mnemon
having in vain attempted to reduce it, and Ochus con-
tinued the war by means of his generals. Learning,
kowever. that the Egyptians indulged in railleries
against his person, and, moreover, that Phoenicia and
Cyprus had also rebelled, he paehimself at the head of
bis armies, took Sidon through the treachery of Mentor,
commander of the Greek mercenaries, and made an
indiscriminate slaughter of the inhabitants. He then
marched against Egypt, and reconquered it through
the military talents of Bagoas. Once master of the
country, he gave himself up to all manner of cruelty,
destroyed the temples, insulted the Egyptian deities,
md. to crown all. caused the sacred Apis to be killed,
and his flesh served up for a repast. This conduct
excited the indignation of Bagoas, who, being an Egyp-
tian by birth, was, of course, strongly attached to the
religion of his country. He concealed his angry feel-
ings, however, until Ochus had returned to Persia, and
resumed his indolent mode of life, giving up the reins
af government entirely to Bagoas. The latter there-
upon caused him to be poisoned, gave his body to bo
devoured by cats, and, to indicate his cruelty of dis-
position, had sabre handles made of his bones. Bagoas
placed on the vacant throne Arses, the youngest son
of Ochus, and put to death all the rest. Ochus reigned
eleven vears. not eighteen, as Manetho gives it. (Mli-
msu *. H, 6, 8. -- Justin, 10. 3. ) -- IV. A soldier of
fortune, founder of the dynasty of the Sassanidaj, and
called by the Greek historians Artaxerxcs. His true
aame was Ardcchir Babegan, and he was the son or
. rrandson of an individual named Sassan, who, though
? ? ui very reduced circumstances, claimed descent from
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? ART
ARV
points of mythology. The style is marked by a cer-
tain degree of neatness, if not elegance. The best
edition is that of Reiff, Leips. , 1805, 2 vols. 8vo. --
IV. A physician in the age of Hadrian. He is charged
with having mutilated the works of Hippocrates. Not
content with removing expressions that had fallen into
disuse, and substituting others that were more intelli-
gible in his own day, he is said also to have interpo-
lated the text, and to have struck out, at the same
time, whatever appeared to clash with the new matter
thus brought in by him. (Vid. Hippocrates. --Galen,
tomm. in lib. it not. hum. , p. 4. -- Sprengcl, Hist.
Med. , vol. 1, p. 294. )--V. A painter, whose country
is uncertain. He flourished towards the end of the
first century of our era, and is referred to by Martial
(/'. '/'. 5, 40), who censures him, because, in painting
Venus, he did not give that soft gracefulness to her
person which other artists had done, but rather a de-
gree of the austere dignity of Minerva. (Sillig, Diet.
Art. , s. v. )
Artemis ('Apreptc), the Greek name of Diana.
From a curious passage in Clemens Alexandrinus
{Strom. , 1, p. 384, Pott), it would appear, that the
goddess was called Artemis because of Phrygian origin
(ipvyiav re ouaav, KtK? J/a6at 'Aprepiv). Hence Ja-
blonski concludes, that the name itself is a Phrygian
one, and he compares it with the royal appellation Ar-
temas, as given in Xenophon to a king of Phrygia.
(Cyrop. , 2, 1, 5. ) It is very probable, that the primi-
tive root of the term Artemis is to be traced to the
Persian tongue (Arta, Arte, Art, Ar, all signifying
"great," or " excellent"), and thus Artemis or Diana
becomes identical with the " great" mother of Nature,
even as she was worshipped at Ephesus. As a col-
lateral confirmation of this etymology, we may state,
that the Persians, according to Herodotus (7, 61), ori-
ginally called themselves AriaH ('Apraiot), which Hel-
lanicus makes equivalent to the Greek ypuec," heroes,"
i. e. , great, strong, powerful. (Hellan. , Fragm. ,p 97,
Sturz. --Id. , ap. Sleph. Byz. , s. v. 'Apraia. ) Other
derivations of the name Artemis are not so satisfacto-
ry. Sickler, for example, deduces it from the Semitic
Ar, "a foe," and tama, "impurity," as indicating the
foe of what is unchaste, gloomy, or obscure. (Cadmus,
p. xc. ) 'Welcker, on the other hand, regards it as an
epithet of the same nature with Opis and Nemesis,
and says that it is apt-Qt/iic. (Schwenck, Etymol. My-
thol. Andeut. , p. 263. ) Plato, in his Cratylus, derives
'Apre/tte from upre/ufr, "whole," " uninjured," and,
therefore, "sound" and "pure," as referring to the
virgin purity of the goddess. This is about as correct
as the rest of Plato's attempts at etymology. (Cratyl. ,
p. 60. --Op. , ed. Bekk. , vol. 4, p. 248--Consult Crea-
zer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 190. )
Artemisia, I. daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnas-
sus, reigned over Halicamassus, and also over Cos
and other adjacent islands. She joined the fleet of
Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, with five vessels,
the best equipped of the whole fleet after those of the
Sidonians; and she displayed so much valour and skill
at the battle of Salamis, as to elicit from Xerxes the
well-known remark, that the men had acted like wom-
en in the fight, and the women like men. The Athe-
nians, indignant that a female should appear in arms
against them, offered a reward of 10,000 drachma; to
any one who should take her prisoner. She, however,
escaped after the action. (Herod. , 7. 99. --Id , 8. 88.
? ? --Id. , 8, 93. ) If we are to believe Ptolemy Hephes-
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? A SO
their temples. The hymn sung by these priests was
discovered in 1778. in opening the foundations of the
Kicristy of St. Peter's, inscribed on a Btonc. Consult
Forcelhni (Lex. Tot. Lai. , s. v. Arvales), where the
question is considered, whether the Arvales and the
Ambarvales were distinct priesthoods or not. Refer-
ence is there made to the work of Marinio, "Degli
Attiche Monument! de' Fratelli Arvali, scolpiti gia in
Utrolt ii mar mo, ed or a raccolti, dicifcratic commentatt.
Roma, 1795, 2 vols. 4to. "
AatiERis, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and
Osiris. (Vid. Horus. )
Arvhxi. a powerful people of Gaul, whose terri-
tories lay between the sources of the Elaver or Allier,
and Duranius or Dordogne, branches of the Liger and
Garumna. The district is now Auvergne. Their
capital was Augustunometum, now Clermont. They
were a powerful nation, and were only conquered after
great slaughter. Their name is supposed to be derived
From Ar, oral, "high," and Verann(fearann), "coun-
try" or "region. " (Thierry, Hist, its Gaulms, vol. 2,
p. " 29. )
AridsIcm Pbomontorium, a promontory of Chios.
The adjacent country was famous for producing a
wine (Vtniim Ariusium) that was considered the best
of all the Greek wines. (Vtrg. , Eclog. , 5,71. --Slrab. ,
955. --Plut. , non posse suav. vim, &c, c. 17. -- Clem.
Alex. , Pad. , 2, 2. )
Aruxs Tarquiwics, I. a brother of Lucius Tarquin-
ins, or Tarquin the Proud. He was of a meek and
? ratle spirit, and was married to the younger Tullia.
lis wife, a haughty and ambitious woman, murdered
him. according to the old legend, and married Tarquin
the Proud, who had, in like manner, made away with
his own spouse. (Liv. , 1, 46. --Arnold's Rome, vol.
I. p. 41. )--II. A son of Tarquin the Proud. In the
. first conflict that took place after the expulsion of his
father, he and Brutus slew each other. (Lh. , 2, 6. --
Arnold"s Rome, vol. 1. p. 108. )
Ahcxttus, I. a Roman writer, who, with an affecta-
tion of the style of Sallust, composed in the age of
Augustus a history of the first Punic war. (Voss. , de
Hut. Lot. . 1,18. )--II. A Roman poet, whose full name
was Aruntius Stella. He is highly praised by Statins.
who dedicated some of his productions to him, and
also by Martial. Among the works that he composed
was a poem on the victory of Domitian over the Sar-
mate. His writings have not come down to us. (Sta-
tnts, Syir.
Arsaces defeated Seleucus in battle, and when this
monarch made a second expedition into Parthia, he took
him prisoner, and kept him long in captivity. (Posi-
don. ap. Athcn. , 4, p. 153, a. ) Arsaces then laid the
foundation of the Parthian empire, and his successors
took from him the name of Arsacidffi. According to
Justin (/. c), who seems confirmed by Strabo (515),
he reigned long and died in old age: according to
Synccllus (p. 284, e. )<< who quotes from Arrian, he
reigned only two years. (Clinton, I. c. ) -- II. The
second of the name, son of the preceding, succeeded
his father on the Parthian throne, and was, like him,
a warlike prince. While Antiochus the Great was en-
gaged in a war with Ptolemy Philopator, of Egypt,
Arsaces made himself master of Media. Antiochus,
when the war with Ptolemy was ended, marched
against the Parthian king, drove him not only from
Media, but from his own kingdom, and compelled him
to take refuge in Hyrcania. Having subsequently,
however, collected a numerous army, Arsaces appeared
to Antiochus so formidable an antagonist, that the lat-
? ? ter was glad to confirm to him the possession of Hyr-
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? ART
ruled by this female and her brothers, was induced, at
their instigation, to order Arsinoe to be put to death. --
J ? A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, proclaimed queen
by Ganymedes, when Csesar attacked Alexandres.
She was conquered, and brought in triumph to Rome;
but, as this proved unpleasing to the people, she was
set at liberty. Subsequently, at the instigation of her
younger sister Cleopatra, she was put to death by the
orders of Antony, in the temple of Diana at Miletus.
(Hirt. , Bell Alex. , 4. Appian, Bell. Civ. , 5, 9. )--VI.
A city of Egypt, the capital of the Arsinoitic nome,
lying to the west of the Nile, and between Heracleo-
polis Magna and Lake Moeris. It derived its name
from Arsinoe, the sister and queen of Ptolemy Phila-
delphus. The earlier appellation was the "City of
Crocodiles," as the Greeks translated it (Crocodilo-
polis, KprncodciAcjir ? x-usuc, Herod. , 2, 148). This last-
mentioned name arose from the circumstance of the
crocodile's being worshipped here; and a tamed rep-
resentative of this fearful class of creatures was care-
fully nurtured and attended to in an adjacent pond or
tank. Strabo gives an account, as an eyewitness, of
this curious custom. The bodies of the sacred croco-
diles were deposited after death in the cells of the
Labyrinth, which stood near thecity. The Egyptians
honoured the crocodile here, because it was conse-
crated to Typhon, their evil genius, whom they dread-
ed, and sought to appease by worshipping an animal
which was his symbolical image. The city of Arsinoe
is now a pile of ruins, which lie not far to the north of
the modern lUedinet el Faioum. Jomard gives an ac-
curate description of them. 'Descript. dc VEgypte,
to! . 4, p. 446. ) VII. A city of Egypt, at the head of
the Sinus Arabicus, and not far from the spot where
starnL* the modern Suez. Philadclphus constructed
the harbour, and called the place after his sister and
queen Arsinoe. In its immediate vicinity lay the city
of Cleopatris, of later erection, and, in consequence of
their proximity, both places were often called by the
common name of Cleopatris, though actually distinct
spots. (Strab. , 80S. ) Arsinoe was connected with
the Nile by means of the canal of Ptolemy, and for a
long period was the very life of the navigation on the
Sinus Arabicus, forming the connecting link between
the trafhc of Egypt and that of the East. In process
of time, however, the dangerous navigation of the upper
part of the gulf induced the Ptolemies to construct
harbours lower down, and Arsinoe from this time sank
in importance, and finally disappeared from notice.
The Peutinger table, in the third century, makes men-
tion of the place, but the Itinerary of Antonine passes
it over in silence. (Manncrt, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 517. )
--VIII. A city of Cilicia Trachea, on the coast, l>e-
tween Celenderis and the mouth of the Arymagdus.
(Pliny, 5, 27. ) -- IX. Another name for Patara, in
Eycia. ( Vid. Patara. ) --X. A town of Cyprus, near
the promontory of Ammochostus. (oVroi. ,682. )--XI.
A harbour of Egypt, on the Sinus Arabicus, below Phi-
loier. t- Portus. (Plin. , 6, 29. )--XII. Another harbour,
in the regio Troglodytica, in the vicinity of Dirse.
{Mela, 3, 8. --Arlemid. ap. Strait. )
Assissa palus, a great lake in the southern part of
Armenia Major, now the Lake of Van. It was on its
northern side embellished with cities, which were
better known to the Byzantine writers than they had
been before, viz. , Chaliat or Athlat, Arzes or Argish,
and Perkri. This sheet of water is also sometimes
called, in Armenian geography, the Lake of Besnouikh,
? ? from the district of that name in which it is situate.
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? ART
ARTAXERXES.
laid waste everything with fire and sword, and en-
countered the Roman forces in Syria. Maerinus had
succeeded Caracalla. A bloody battle ensued, which
lasted for two days. On the third day, a herald from
the Romans announced the fact of Caracalla's being
dead, and that Macrinus was his successor, and also
proposed a treaty of peace between the two empires.
The Romans accordingly restored the prisoners they
had taken, paid the expenses of the war, and Arta-
banus returned to his capital. His prosperity, however,
was of short duration. Ardshir Babcgan, or Arta-
xerxes, excited the Persians to revolt, and Artabanus
was defeated, taken prisoner, and put to death. With
him ended the Parthian dynasty of the Arsaeidre. The
family itself, however, was not extinct in the person
of Artabanus, but continued to reign in Armenia, as
tributary to the new Persian dynasty, until the time of
Justinian. (Biogr. Univ. , vol. 2, p. 540. )
Artabazus, I. son of Pharnaces, commander of the
Parthians and Chorasmians in the army of Xerxes
He escorted this monarch through Europe to Asia,
after the battle of Salamis, at the head of Bixty thousand
men, and rejoined Mardonius before the battle of Pla-
tca. He endeavoured to dissuade him from cngagingin
this conflict, but to no purpose; and, after the death of
Mardonius, succeeded in retreating to Asia with the
residue of his own forces, having obtained a safe pas-
sage through Thcssaly by assuring the inhabitants that
Mardonius had defeated the Greeks. (Herod. , 7, 66
--Id. ,8, 126-- Id. , 9, 41. --Id. , 9, 89. )--II A general
of Artaxerxes Longimanus. He remained faithful to
this prince as long as he reigned, and did everything
in his power to conquer Datamcs, who had revolted
against the king. He himself subsequently revolted
against Ochus, but, after fleeing into Macedonia, was
pardoned by that prince. He fought in the battle of
Arbela, on the side of Darius, and after the death of
that prince surrendered himself to Alexander, who
made him satrap of Bactriana. He had a large num-
ber of sons, to whom Alexander assigned governments.
His daughters were married, one to IHolcmy, son of
Lagus; another to Eumenes, of Cardia; and a third
to Seleucus. (Biogr. Univ. , vol 2, p. 542. )
Artabrum Promontorium, a promontory on the
northwestern coast of Spain, now Cape Ftnistcrrc, in
Gallicia. It was sometimes called Cdticvm Promon-
torium (Plm. , 4, 22), and also Nerrum. (Strab. , 106. )
ArtacoXna, the capital of Aria, now Herat, situate
on the river Alius, now the Hen. (Arrian, 3, 25. --
Strab. , 350. )
Artageras or Artaoicerta, a town of Armenia
Major, northeast of Amida, where Cains Caesar, a
nephew of Augustus, was dangerously wounded by
one AddruuB. It is now probably Ardis. (Veil.
Patere. , 2, 103. )
Artapiierneb, I. a brother of Darius, and son of
Hystaspes, governor of Sardis. (Herodot. , 5, 25. )--
II. A son of the preceding, whom Darius sent into
Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the battle
of Marathon by Miltiadcs. (Vid. Datis. --Herod. , 4,
153-- Id. , 5, 55. )
Artavasdes or Artabazus, king of Armenia, the
son and successor of Tigranes, began to reign about
70 B. C. It was principally through his treacherous
advice, as to the mode of entering Parthia, that Crassus
failed in his expedition against that country. He was
subsequently taken by Antony, to whom he had also
? ? acted a treacherous part in his Parthian expedition,
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? ARTAXERXES.
After the battle of Cunaxa, the Greeks began their
celebrated retreat, so graphic an account of which has
been preserved for us in the pages of Xenophon. (Kid.
Xenophon. ) Artaxerxes was now peaceable possessor
of the throne. Being irritated at the Lacedaemonians,
who had embraced his brother's cause, he lent aid to
Onon the Athenian admiral, and succeeded by his
means in wresting from Sparta the dominion of the
sea. He then furnished the necessary means for re-
building the walls of Athens, and finally, by employing
his gold in sowing dissensions among the Grecian
states, he forced A genii mis to abandon the extensive
conquests he had already made in the Persian domin-
ions. The war at length was brought to a close by a
memorable treaty, by which the Greek cities of Asia
were abandoned to his sway. Artaxerxcs was not
successful in checking a revolt on the part of the Egyp-
tians, nor was his march in person against the Cadusii,
in Upper Asia, crowned with any happier result. He
was governed entirely by his mother Parysatis, who, by
studying his inclinations, had gained a complete as-
cendency over him. After having put to death Darius,
his eldest son, for conspiring against him, he died at
the advanced age of ninety-four years, bowed down by
sorrow at the loss of two other sons whom Ochus, who
reigned after him, had managed to cut off. According
to Diodorus, he was on the throne forty-three years;
but according to Eusebius and the Alexandrine Chron-
icle, forty years. Plutarch makes his reign sixty-two
vears, but this is an error of a transcriber. (Diod.
Sic. 13, 104. -- Clinton's Fast. Hell. , vol. 1, p. 316,
333. )--III. The third of the name, called previously
Ochus, and known in history as Artaxerxcs Ochus, or
simply Ochus, succeeded his father Mnemon. He
commenced his reign with the massacre of his brothers,
and of all who belonged to the royal family.
Egypt
was at this time in full revolt, Artaxcrxes Mnemon
having in vain attempted to reduce it, and Ochus con-
tinued the war by means of his generals. Learning,
kowever. that the Egyptians indulged in railleries
against his person, and, moreover, that Phoenicia and
Cyprus had also rebelled, he paehimself at the head of
bis armies, took Sidon through the treachery of Mentor,
commander of the Greek mercenaries, and made an
indiscriminate slaughter of the inhabitants. He then
marched against Egypt, and reconquered it through
the military talents of Bagoas. Once master of the
country, he gave himself up to all manner of cruelty,
destroyed the temples, insulted the Egyptian deities,
md. to crown all. caused the sacred Apis to be killed,
and his flesh served up for a repast. This conduct
excited the indignation of Bagoas, who, being an Egyp-
tian by birth, was, of course, strongly attached to the
religion of his country. He concealed his angry feel-
ings, however, until Ochus had returned to Persia, and
resumed his indolent mode of life, giving up the reins
af government entirely to Bagoas. The latter there-
upon caused him to be poisoned, gave his body to bo
devoured by cats, and, to indicate his cruelty of dis-
position, had sabre handles made of his bones. Bagoas
placed on the vacant throne Arses, the youngest son
of Ochus, and put to death all the rest. Ochus reigned
eleven vears. not eighteen, as Manetho gives it. (Mli-
msu *. H, 6, 8. -- Justin, 10. 3. ) -- IV. A soldier of
fortune, founder of the dynasty of the Sassanidaj, and
called by the Greek historians Artaxerxcs. His true
aame was Ardcchir Babegan, and he was the son or
. rrandson of an individual named Sassan, who, though
? ? ui very reduced circumstances, claimed descent from
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? ART
ARV
points of mythology. The style is marked by a cer-
tain degree of neatness, if not elegance. The best
edition is that of Reiff, Leips. , 1805, 2 vols. 8vo. --
IV. A physician in the age of Hadrian. He is charged
with having mutilated the works of Hippocrates. Not
content with removing expressions that had fallen into
disuse, and substituting others that were more intelli-
gible in his own day, he is said also to have interpo-
lated the text, and to have struck out, at the same
time, whatever appeared to clash with the new matter
thus brought in by him. (Vid. Hippocrates. --Galen,
tomm. in lib. it not. hum. , p. 4. -- Sprengcl, Hist.
Med. , vol. 1, p. 294. )--V. A painter, whose country
is uncertain. He flourished towards the end of the
first century of our era, and is referred to by Martial
(/'. '/'. 5, 40), who censures him, because, in painting
Venus, he did not give that soft gracefulness to her
person which other artists had done, but rather a de-
gree of the austere dignity of Minerva. (Sillig, Diet.
Art. , s. v. )
Artemis ('Apreptc), the Greek name of Diana.
From a curious passage in Clemens Alexandrinus
{Strom. , 1, p. 384, Pott), it would appear, that the
goddess was called Artemis because of Phrygian origin
(ipvyiav re ouaav, KtK? J/a6at 'Aprepiv). Hence Ja-
blonski concludes, that the name itself is a Phrygian
one, and he compares it with the royal appellation Ar-
temas, as given in Xenophon to a king of Phrygia.
(Cyrop. , 2, 1, 5. ) It is very probable, that the primi-
tive root of the term Artemis is to be traced to the
Persian tongue (Arta, Arte, Art, Ar, all signifying
"great," or " excellent"), and thus Artemis or Diana
becomes identical with the " great" mother of Nature,
even as she was worshipped at Ephesus. As a col-
lateral confirmation of this etymology, we may state,
that the Persians, according to Herodotus (7, 61), ori-
ginally called themselves AriaH ('Apraiot), which Hel-
lanicus makes equivalent to the Greek ypuec," heroes,"
i. e. , great, strong, powerful. (Hellan. , Fragm. ,p 97,
Sturz. --Id. , ap. Sleph. Byz. , s. v. 'Apraia. ) Other
derivations of the name Artemis are not so satisfacto-
ry. Sickler, for example, deduces it from the Semitic
Ar, "a foe," and tama, "impurity," as indicating the
foe of what is unchaste, gloomy, or obscure. (Cadmus,
p. xc. ) 'Welcker, on the other hand, regards it as an
epithet of the same nature with Opis and Nemesis,
and says that it is apt-Qt/iic. (Schwenck, Etymol. My-
thol. Andeut. , p. 263. ) Plato, in his Cratylus, derives
'Apre/tte from upre/ufr, "whole," " uninjured," and,
therefore, "sound" and "pure," as referring to the
virgin purity of the goddess. This is about as correct
as the rest of Plato's attempts at etymology. (Cratyl. ,
p. 60. --Op. , ed. Bekk. , vol. 4, p. 248--Consult Crea-
zer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 190. )
Artemisia, I. daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnas-
sus, reigned over Halicamassus, and also over Cos
and other adjacent islands. She joined the fleet of
Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, with five vessels,
the best equipped of the whole fleet after those of the
Sidonians; and she displayed so much valour and skill
at the battle of Salamis, as to elicit from Xerxes the
well-known remark, that the men had acted like wom-
en in the fight, and the women like men. The Athe-
nians, indignant that a female should appear in arms
against them, offered a reward of 10,000 drachma; to
any one who should take her prisoner. She, however,
escaped after the action. (Herod. , 7. 99. --Id , 8. 88.
? ? --Id. , 8, 93. ) If we are to believe Ptolemy Hephes-
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? A SO
their temples. The hymn sung by these priests was
discovered in 1778. in opening the foundations of the
Kicristy of St. Peter's, inscribed on a Btonc. Consult
Forcelhni (Lex. Tot. Lai. , s. v. Arvales), where the
question is considered, whether the Arvales and the
Ambarvales were distinct priesthoods or not. Refer-
ence is there made to the work of Marinio, "Degli
Attiche Monument! de' Fratelli Arvali, scolpiti gia in
Utrolt ii mar mo, ed or a raccolti, dicifcratic commentatt.
Roma, 1795, 2 vols. 4to. "
AatiERis, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and
Osiris. (Vid. Horus. )
Arvhxi. a powerful people of Gaul, whose terri-
tories lay between the sources of the Elaver or Allier,
and Duranius or Dordogne, branches of the Liger and
Garumna. The district is now Auvergne. Their
capital was Augustunometum, now Clermont. They
were a powerful nation, and were only conquered after
great slaughter. Their name is supposed to be derived
From Ar, oral, "high," and Verann(fearann), "coun-
try" or "region. " (Thierry, Hist, its Gaulms, vol. 2,
p. " 29. )
AridsIcm Pbomontorium, a promontory of Chios.
The adjacent country was famous for producing a
wine (Vtniim Ariusium) that was considered the best
of all the Greek wines. (Vtrg. , Eclog. , 5,71. --Slrab. ,
955. --Plut. , non posse suav. vim, &c, c. 17. -- Clem.
Alex. , Pad. , 2, 2. )
Aruxs Tarquiwics, I. a brother of Lucius Tarquin-
ins, or Tarquin the Proud. He was of a meek and
? ratle spirit, and was married to the younger Tullia.
lis wife, a haughty and ambitious woman, murdered
him. according to the old legend, and married Tarquin
the Proud, who had, in like manner, made away with
his own spouse. (Liv. , 1, 46. --Arnold's Rome, vol.
I. p. 41. )--II. A son of Tarquin the Proud. In the
. first conflict that took place after the expulsion of his
father, he and Brutus slew each other. (Lh. , 2, 6. --
Arnold"s Rome, vol. 1. p. 108. )
Ahcxttus, I. a Roman writer, who, with an affecta-
tion of the style of Sallust, composed in the age of
Augustus a history of the first Punic war. (Voss. , de
Hut. Lot. . 1,18. )--II. A Roman poet, whose full name
was Aruntius Stella. He is highly praised by Statins.
who dedicated some of his productions to him, and
also by Martial. Among the works that he composed
was a poem on the victory of Domitian over the Sar-
mate. His writings have not come down to us. (Sta-
tnts, Syir.
