Joyce leans
to condensation when writing in his own person-never a word too
many.
to condensation when writing in his own person-never a word too
many.
re-joyce-a-burgess
The Lakyrinth
surgeon, we have no excuse for confusing this. Bloom with our hero.
The duplication of names is a mere mechamcal hazard. When the Viceroy of Ireland goes grandly by, only ignorance convmces two old women that they are seeing 'the lord mayor and lady mayoress without his golden chain' and Gerty MacDowell that this is 'the lord lieutenant'. The chapter is crammed with fallible machines: at one end is the whole clockwork universe which Stephen thinks an act of imagination might bid collapse 'but stun myself too in th~blow'; at the other is Master Dignam's collar-stud, too smal! for its hole, so that his collar springs apart in salute of the Viceroy; in the middle
is news from America of an explosion on the General Slocum and consequent ship"Teck. On the whole the cosmic machine works well and the apparent rock-clashing confusion is really an artful laby- rinth. At the same time, though, a machine whose parts mterlock so wonderfully may really be as unpredictable as the Symplegades. Parnell's brother plays chess in a DBC teashop: how much is skill
and how much is chance?
Surrounded by machines-racing bicycles, dynamos in the power-
house, 'Mickey Anderson's all time ticking watches', T om ! t0ch- ford'slatestinvention(adevicetoshowlatecomerstothemusl~-~all what turn is 'on and what turns are over)-we may think that hvmg is merely a matter of learning certain mechanical tr~cks of control. But Bloom and Stephen are here to remind us of the Imponderable~, the uncontrollable manic forces which will not submit to a mecham- cal reduction. Bloom, at a bookstall, is set upon by images . of con- cupiscence conjured by Sweets of Sin; he becomes a mmor of
adulterous Boylan. Stephen, also at a bookstall, meets his sist~r Dilly, who has bought a second-hand French grammar, and he is overcome with regret and despair-the family IS breaking up, he cannot save his kin who are drowning in poverty: 'Agenblte of mWlt. Inwit's agenbite. Misery 1Misery l' (It is typical of Stephen, inciden- tally', that he should describe this very privy prick of c~nscience m
archaic terms. It is an attempt to push the pam back mto ancient literature, make it remote. This does not work, however. The past
is all too real. ) . Meanwhile the band like a well-oiled engine, marches along, itS
polished instruments discoursing 'My Girl's a Yorkshit;e Girl'. T~e viceregal cavalcade slides through the city: the State IS sure of itS mechanical ability to order life. But so is the Church: Father Conmee, his 'smooth watch' ticking in his pocket, goes his smooth parallel way. The Viceroy is going to 'inaugurate the Mirljs bazaar in aid of funds
13 6
Labyrinth and FUf,ue
for Mercer's hospital'; the priest is going to help the Dignams. Even the exercise of charity is drawn into the machine: the heart is a ticking watch. But the hearts of Bloom and Stephen keep more irregular, more human, time.
When c~m a machine be also a living organism? When it is a piece of music. In this 'Wandering Rocks' episode Joyce has been essaying a sort o f counterpoint, trying to achieve a kind o f simultaneity o f action in a medium that, being time-bound, fights against it. The labyrinth is mechanical, however, timed with a stop-watch and measured with a slide-rule. But music has been trying to dominate the chapter. The band plays; there is a significant conversation in Italian between Stephen and his teacher, Almidano Artifoni, about the sacrifice of Stephen's (or Joyce's) voice; even Father Conmee thinks of a song about the joy-bells ringing in gay Malahide. The' cavalcade and the loud band take us straight into the next chapter, which is dominated by music. The mechanical labyrinth has become a work of art-a fugue; the ear is the presiding organ; we have come to the bone-heaped island of the Sirens.
The way into the lair of Miss Douce and Miss Kennedy- barmaids
at the Ormond-is not easy. The first thing we meet is a collection of
unintelligible fragments: .
Trilling, trilling: Idolores.
Peep! Who's in the . . . peepofgold?
Tink cried to bronze in pity.
And a call, pure, long and throbbing. Longindying call.
There are just over two pages of these. Having sailed successfully between the Wandering Rocks, we would be right in guessing that lines like 'ClapcJop. ClipcJap. ClappycJap' and 'Goodgod henev erheard inaH' will make sense when we meet them in context. They are, in fact, displacements of the kind we have already met in the preceding chapter. But their function is different: they are the musical themes which are to be developed in the score to come. Joyce loves a puzzle, but he does not like us to have to wait too long for the solution. And so his second theme-'Imperthnthn thnthnthn' - makes sense very quickly. The pageboy has brought tea to the two Sirens. He is cheeky, and Miss Douce complains of his 'impertinent
insolence'. The young brat immediately deforms that, cheeky still, into 'Imperthnthn thnthnthn'.
We have two things to WTestle with-the detail of the Homeric
? correspondence; a technique which tries to turn words into music
with onomatopoeic fidelity. The Sirens themselves are the less 137
? ? The Labyrinth
Labyrinth and Fugue
trouble. Both have musical names-Mina (a pun on 'minor) and Lydia (a reference to the Lydian scale-F major with B natural instead of B flat). Because their Homeric prototypes lived on an island, they must be surrounded by marine associations. They 'cower under their reef o f counter'; Miss Douce has been on holiday and has lain on the beach all day- 'tempting poor simple males', teases Mr Dedalus; to remind us what they are in their mythical aspect, Bloom is made to look at a poster which shows 'a swaying mermaid smoking mid nice waves. Smoke mermaids, coolest whiff of all. ' Miss Doucelslneonly--Siren who sings, and she does not know the words of her song very weIE'O, Idolores, queen of the eastern seasl'-meaning 'my Dolores'. The singing in this chapter is reserved for the tempted males. As for tempting, there is not much of that: they are barmaids, and it is part of their office to flirt mechanically with the customers. The Sirens are swirled up into the whorl of a huge ear, caught in a web of music.
The technique of this episode is described by the author as that of afuga per canonem-a strict form which words' are not really competent to imitate. We need not take it too seriously, then, though we ought to note that the subject of the fugue-the theme, that is, on which the composition is based-is represented by the Sirens themselves; the answer (technically, the subject sounded in another voice, a fifth higher or fourth lower) is Mr Bloom, entering the Ormond and monologuising; the counter-subject-the contrapuntal accompani- ment to the answer and, from then on, to every re-statement of the subject-is Blazes Boylan, taking a final drink before going to Eccles Street then jingling off. Between re-statements of subject and answer there have to be brief interludes known as 'episodes', and these are provided by the songs sung by Mr Dedalus (tenor) and Ben Dollard (bass). It is all rather fanciful, but Joyce's real achieve- ment here-foreshadowed among the Wandering Rocks-is the crea- tion of genuine counterpoint of action. While the Sirens are drinking their tea and gossiping, Bloom is buying notepaper so that he can write a reply to his pen-friend, Martha Clifford. A mere reference to his name ('But Bloom ? ') is enough to make us aware of his own
music playing horizontally to that of the Sirens. As the chapter
advances, the technique grows subtler, and we can take in three or four strands of counterpoint at the same time-Bloom's unspoken thoughts; ine singing in the concert-room; the knocking of Boylan at the door of Number 7 Eccles Street (,with a cock with a carra') and the tapping (,Tap. Tap. Tap') of the stick of the blind piano-
138
tuner (the one whom Bloom helped across the road earlier that day) as he comes back to the Ormond to recover his tuning-fork (left on top ofthe piano he has tuned). The quasi-musical technique enables Joyce to indulge fully in a daring but successful device-,that of
allowing a single word, like a musical note, to sound a whole world
of. harmonics. Thus the word 'jingle'-thrown into the text with neither preparation nor resolution-stands for Boylan's riding off to see Molly Bloom in a jaunting-car and, proleptically, for the boun- cing of the adulterous springs.
Bloom has been gathering themes all day. His most recent is provided by the book he has borrowed for Molly-Sweets of Sin- and its adulterer-villain Raoul. Raoul he identifies with Boylan; 'sweets of' or 'sweet are the sweets of' is enough to sound the over- tones of his own sensual imaginings, his awareness of what is hap- pening in Eccles Street (the hour is four in the afternoon), and a
kind of pleased acquiescence in his cuckoldry. Soon this technique
will not merely serve a celebration of the art of music: it will be integral to the whole pattern of the Bloom or Stephen interior monologue.
Bloom comes to the Ormond for a meal-liver and bacon: he re-
mains inner-organ-Ioving and still defies the taboos of his ancestral religion. Stephen's uncle, Richie Goulding, sits near him, eating steak-and-kidney pie. Bloom is cut off from the seduction of the Sirens in the bar; he is also cut off from the sight of Mr Dedalus and Ben Dollard singing in the concert-room. Still, a true Dubliner, vocal music affects him deeply, colours his musings, drives his moods from joy to sadness. We disentangle him from a mass of musical tricks-a tremolo, for instance: 'Her wavyavyeavyheavy-
eavyevyevy hair un comb:'d'; a staccato triplet: '1. Want. You. '; hollow fifths: 'Blmstdp'-in which the vowels are missing ('Bloom stood up') on the analogy of suppressed thirds in common chords.
We have recapitulations, ornamented cadences, appoggiaturas, but
above everything we have an exploitation of the musical possibilities of sheer sound which can only be matched by that ultimate word- symphony Finnegans Wake.
Does the virtuoso display obscure this latest phase of the story? No, since the essence of the whole book is Bloom and his qualifica- tions for the spiritual fatherhood of a poet, and we must meet Bloom's inner world at all its levels. Every fresh stimulus brings to
the surface a new aspect ofthe man, and music-in a city passionately
devoted to it-is a stimulus of considerable potency. But Joyce does 139
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Labyrinth and Fugue
not forget that a crucial event is taking place at this afternoon hour- Bloom's cuckolding. Boylan enters the bar to the tune of Lenehan's 'See the conquering hero comes', counter-subject to 'Between the car and window, warily walking, went Bloom, unconquered hero. ' Joyce means this latter. Boylan is smiled on by the barmaids (one of whom snaps her garter for him-'Sonnez fa cloche') and shines in all the glory of a provincial Don Giovanni, but he is essentially ridiculous, and the musical technique serves to bring this out:
By Bachelor's walk jogjaunty jingled Blazes Boylan, bachelor, in sun, in heat, mare's glossy rump atrot, with flick of whip, on bounding tyres: sprawled, warrnseated, Boylan impatience, arrlentbold. Horn. Have you the? Horn. Have you the? Haw haw horn.
(He has been described as 'Boylan with impatience' by Lenehan, who also asked: 'Got the hom or what? Wait. ') Impatient, anxious to put horns on Bloom, Boylan continues on his way:
Jingle by monuments of sir John Gray, Horatio onehandled Nelson, reverend father Theobald Matthew, jaunted as said before just now. Atrot, in heat, heatseated. Cloche. Sonnez la. -Cloche. Sonnez la. Slower the mare went up the hill by the Rotunda, Rutland square. Too slow for Boylan, blazes Boylan, impatience Boylan, joggled the mare.
Soon he is near Bloom's kidney-seller:
This is the jingle that joggled and jingled. By Dlugacz' porkshop bright tubes of Agendath trotted a gallantbuttocked mare.
('Bright tubes' of sausages and the advertisement for 'Agendath Netaim: planter's company' refer us back to that morning excursion of breakfast"buying Bloom-before the letter from Boylan had arrived. )
Bloom, meanwhile, liver and bacon finished, is writing his letter to Martha Clifford-a more subtle kind of infidelity than his wife's. At last Boylan arrives:
Jog jig jogged stopped. Dandy tan shoe of dandy Boylan socks skyblue docks came light to earth.
And then:
One rapped on a door, one tapped with a knock, did he knock Paul de
Kock, with a loud proud knocker, with a cock carracarracarra cock.
Cockcock.
(Boylan has already been identified by Bloom with one porno- graphical villain. Now he becomes the actual writer of certain spicy romances beloved of Molly Bloom: 'Paul de Kock. Nice name he
'40
has. ') The ridiculous betrayer is heard periodically from now till the end of the chapter: 'Cockcarraearra . . . With a cock with a carra. ' Music must end soon, since it has been debased into silly rhythms to match Boylan's silly lust. The tap of the stick of the blind piano- tuner is heard more frequently now-a mere noise, though it suggests the still centre ofsound represented by the tuning-fork he is coming for. Noises are starting in Bloom's inner organs: 'Pwee! A wee little wind piped eeee. In Bloom's little wee. '
Bloom, in Hades that morning, did not meet the seer Tiresias, in
his reincarnation as Robert Emmet. But now he sees Emmet's last
words in Lionel Marks's window: 'When my country takes her place among. Nations of the earth. Then and not till then. Let my epitaph be. Written. I have. Done. ' This is punctuated by. new, more urgent noises (Bloom blames his flatulence on the noontime glass of burgundy): 'Prrprr . . . Fff. 00. Rrpr . . . Pprrpffrrppflf. ' We are reminded of Joyce's devotion to sheer sound, meaningful or otherwise-the eat's cry, the noise of the printing machines in the 'lEolus' episode, the squeaking of Stephen's ashplant as he trails its ferrule on the ground behind him. And so, after a stretto in which all the themes of the chapter are gathered together over a pedal- point ('Tap. Tap. Tap. Tap'), Bloom pushes on to his next adven- ture. The song of the cuckoo, which mocks married men, is to be deferred till nightfall, but 'Love's Old Sweet Song' is doubtless now jingling happily away.
? ? 8: Fireworks
W E MUST NOTE TWO CHANGES THA T TAKE PLACE IN
JOYCE'S
stake of wood in the fire, then put out Polyphemus's one eye with it.
Polyphemus yelled, his neighbours came near his cave to ask what the matter was: had anyone harmed him? He replied that No-man had harmed him. His neighbours concluded that he was dreaming or delirious and went back to their homes. Odysseus and his uneaten
. men got away by clinging to the fleecy bellies of the giant sheep and being driven out to pasture with them, but, once embarked, the hero could not resist boasting. In rage, Polyphemus hurled a huge rock at the ship but, naturally, missed. A near thing, all the same.
It i~Joyce's main pu~pose to emphasise the absurdity of gigantism, especially when it is one-eyed. The Citizen's vision is limited to the trampled-on greatness of Ireland, the hopes of her re-birth when the foul foreigner shall be driven out. His patriotism, he considers, earns him many free drinks and, by extension, his dog Garryowen free biscuits. But he is also a hero in his own right, a once-great athlete still a man of muscle. Muscle is the part of the body that rules here; and the art of politics-in its narrowest aspect of chauvinism-sits over everything like the Irish giant himself. Joyce lets the Citizen have his say, but is quick to inflate him in the mock-epic style,
. though on a scale of ridicule unknown to his picaresque forebears:
The figure seated on a large boulder at the foot of a round tower was that of a broadshouldered deepchested stronglimbed frankeyed redhaired fr~ely freckled shaggybearded widemouthed largenosed longheaded deep- VOIced barekneed brawnyhanded hairylegged ruddyfaced sinewyarmed hero. From shoulder to shoulder he measured several ells and his rocklike mountainous knees were covered, as was likewise the rest of his body wherever visible, with a strong growth of tawny prickly hair in hue and toughness similar to the mountain gorse (Ulex Europeus).
Joyce, like Rabelais, dearly loves a catalogue pushed to intolerable length, and he spends a page listing the 'tribal images of many Irish heroes and heroines of antiquity' which are engraved on the stones that dangle from the giant's girdle:
. . . Cuchulin, Conn of hundred battles, Niall of nine hostages Brian of Kincora, the Ardri Malachi, Art MacMurragh, Shane O'NeilI, Father John Murphy, Owen Roe . . . Henry Joy McCracken, Goliath, Horace Wheatley, Thomas Conneff, Peg Woffington, the Village Blacksmith, Captain Moonlight, Captain Boycott, Dante Alighieri, Christopher Colum- bus, S. Fursa, S. Brendan, Marshal MacMahon, Charlemagne, Theobald Wolfe Tone, the Mother of the Maccabees, the Last of the Mohicans the Rose of Castille, the Man for Galway, The Man that Broke the Ba~k at
Monte Carlo, the Man in the Gap, the Woman Who Didn't, Benjamin Franklin, Napoleon Bonaparte, John L. Sullivan, Cleopatra, Savourneen Deelish, Julius Caesar . . .
143
approach to his technique from about the middle of Ulysses on. First, the chapters grow longer, as if the author is trying to make the fictional time-the time required for the enactment of the fictional events-correspond exactly to the reading time-the time required to read about those events. Second, he makes far greater use of parody. We have met parody sporadically so far-the skits on news- paper headlines and on newspaper rhetoric in the '. lEoIus' episode, the Elizabethan and Irish Renaissance pastiches in the National Library. Now we find it employed pretty consistently.
Joyce leans
to condensation when writing in his own person-never a word too
many. It is natural, then, that he should choose for parody styles which are tedious, gaseous, inflated. The length of the chapters and the nature of the parodies thus become aspects of each other.
Bloom goes to Barney Kiernan's tavern at five in the afternoon,
looking for Martin Cunningham. Martin Cunningham has his con-
nections with Green Street Courthouse, and Barney Kiernan's- crammed with curiosities of crime (murder-weapons, rope, forged money)-is close to the Courthouse. Bloom wants to arrange for the payment of Dignam's widow's insurance money, and Cunningham knows all about that. His errand, then, is a charitable one, but he runs stra,ight into hate and contempt. In this tavern there is a loud- mouthed, drink-cadging Irish Nationalist known as 'The Citizen', a jingoist who hates all foreigners, especially Jews. His Homeric prototype is the giant cannibal Polyphemus, one of the race of one- eyed Cyclopes, shepherds good to their sheep but always ready to dash a man's brains out and devour his body in a couple of gulps. Polyphemus ate most of Odysseus's companions who went ashore and into his cave, but Odysseus saved himself by his usual cunning. He gave his name as Outis or No-man, he introduced Polyphemus. to wine. When the giant was vinously asleep he prepared a pointed
142
Fireworks
? ? The Labyrinth
Fireworks
i I
And so on, not forgetting Patrick W. Shakespeare, Thomas Cook and Son, and Adam and Eve. This ubiquitous cataloguing derives from Homer himself, who is precise and detailed about the furniture of the Cyclops's dwelling. Bere, finally, is Garryowen:
At his feet reposed a savage animal of the canine tribe whose stertorous gasps announced that he was sunk in uneasy slumber, a supposition Con- firmed by hoarse growls and spasmodic movements which his master repressed from time to time by tranquillising blows of a mighty cudgel rudely fashioned out of paleolithic stone.
Then Comes deflation into demotic Dublinese:
So anyhow Terry brought the three pints Joe was standing and begob the sight nearly left my eyes when I saw him land out a quid. 0, as true as I'm telling you. A goodlooking sovereign.
The straight narrative, as opposed to the gigantesque commentary, is put into the mouth of an anonymous Dubliner with no literary pretensions-indeed) no pretensions at all except to the unlimited imbibing of other men's beer-treats. Anonymity and pseudonymity are appropriate to a chapter in which Bloom ceases to be Odysseus and becomes No-man. Thus, some play is made with Bloom's ancestral name, Virag; the Citizen's name is never once mentioned; the narrator is not sure whether a character is called Crofton or Crofter; Garryowen becomes Owen Garry-and so on. There are two other Homeric motifs which are cunningly planted-mere decoration-in the narrative: the eye (always singular) and the stake which put out the eye. These appear at the very start ofthe chapter, together with another Homeric reference:
I was just passing the time of day with old Troy of the D. M. P . at the corner o f Arbour hill there and be damned but a bloody sweep came along and he near drove his gear into my eye.
Later we find Bloom smQking a 'knockmedown cigar'-again, a purely decorative allusion, since Bloom does not use the cigar as a weapon. But Joyce seems to find it necessary to press home the classical parallel even if his references are mere fancy. At the end of the chapter Bloom's name is suppressed entirely to remind us that he is No-man and 'a loafer with a patch over his eye starts singing I f the man in the moon was a jew, jew) jew. ' But what really interests us is not the ingenuity of technique so much as the genuinely heroic qualities that Bloom shows when set among jingoists, cadgers, and
Jew-baiters.
Bloom is feared because he is both Jewish and part-Bungarian-
'44
doubly a foreigner and, moreover, a man allegedly given to un-Irish i
practices, such as selling Bungarian lottery tickets and buying cream
for his wife. He is recognised as uxorious but is also called a 'pishogue
-a half-and-half'. Unlike the Citizen, he does not believe in the use of force to settle arguments and-to a response of contempt which turns to outrage-he dares to preach the doctrine oflove. The paro- dic technique seems to sneer along with the Citizen:
Love loves to love love. Nurse loves the new chemist. Constable 14A
loves Mary Kelly. Gerty MacDowell loves the boy that has the bicycle.
M. B. loves a fair gentleman. Li Chi Han lovey up kissy eha Pu Chow.
Jumbo the elephant loves Alice the elephant . . . His Majesty the King
loves Her Majesty the Qyeen. Mrs Norman W. Tupper loves officer Taylor. You love a certain person. And this person loves that other person because everybody loves somebody but God loves everybody.
But Bloom finds himself in trouble for another reason. When he leaves the pub to look for Martin Cunningham in the Courthouse, Lenehan, prince of cadgers, says: '. . . The courthouse is a blind. Be had a few bob on Throwaway and he's gone to gather in the shekels. ' We remember that, quite by accident, Bloom gave Throw- away as a tip for the Ascot Gold Cup to Bantam Lyons, telling him that he could keep his newspaper: 'I was going to throw it away that moment. ' Nobody doubts for one second that this man who is a dark horse himself, possessor of access to secret information (,He's the only man in Dublin has it'), has made a tidy win: it is clearly his duty to push the boat out. But when he comes back he makes no move to order pints all round. Everything is set for a pogrom, and the Citizen is ready to start it. The narrator sums up the general attitude:
Courthouse my eye and your pockets hanging down with gold and silver. Mean bloody scut! Stand us a drink itself Devil a sweet fear! There's a jew for you! All for number one. Cute as a shithouse rat. Hundred to five.
The Citizen says: 'Don't tell anyone', and Martin Cunningham- who is the book's real model of prudence-gets Bloom away, aware of coming trouble. The Citizen bawls: 'Three cheers for Israel! ' and Bloom courageously answers him back:
- Mendelssohn was a jew and Karl Marx and Mercadante and Spinoza. And the Saviour was a jew and his father was a jew. . . . Your God was a jew. Christ was a jew like me.
This leads to one of the two solitary acts of violence in the whole of Ulysses, though it is weak and ineffectual enough. The Citizen- 'By Jesus, I'll brain that bloody jewman for using the holy name. By
'45
i
r
? ? Th, Labyrinth
Fireworks
Jesus, I'll crucify him so' I will' - h{,r1s after Bloom the biscuit-tin from which Garryowen has been devouring crumbs. The sun is in his eyes (i. e. , he is drunk) and so, like Polyphemus, he misses. But the prose at once explodes gigantically:
The catastrophe was terrific and instantaneous in its effect. The ob- servatory at Dunsink registered in all eleven shocks, all of the fifth grade of Mercal1i's scale, and there is no record extant of a similar seismic dis- turbance in our island since the earthquake of 1534, the year of the rebellion of Silken Thomas. The epicentre . . .
And so on.
What emerges from this brilliant and extremely funny series of
parodies is a sense ofthe falsenessofthe values that the public world tries to impose on the individual. Joyce gives us skits on all kinds of puffed-up writing, from provincial newspaper reportage to Wardour Street English, taking in also technical jargon, monstrous but vacuous catalogues, rituals from which the life has gone, and the sesquipedalian evasiveness of parliamentary answers. It is the lan- guage which the State uses to hide behind when aware ofthe corrup- tion of its enactments (politics, we remember, is the pseudo-art ruling this chapter); it is also the language of romanticism gone bad and turned to sentimentality-pretending to feeling when feeling has fled; it is the postures of little men pretending to be big. The com- munication media inflate language because they dare not be honest and call a spade a spade; popular historical novels falsify the past and simplify the motives which make historical change. Men are influenced by big loud empty words, styes which swell the eyelids and impede vision of the truth. Low as the garrulous narrator is, we can still see him as a creature not really taken in by humbug and, perhaps, ultimately on the side of Bloom rather than the Citizen:
his speech is all deflation.
Bloom himself is totally undeceived by the shouts and promises
of the politicians. If the world is to be improved it must be by the exercise of individual charity (he has only entered this ambience at all because ofhis desire to perform a charitable act). He uses the word 'love' and is derided for it. He is also derided for seeming to use the very language of inflation which fills the bellies of his enemies- terms like 'phenomenon' and 'mortgag/ee'. But when Bloom uses a word he normally uses it accurately. He comes close to Stephen, if not in imagination or the poetic gift, at least in a desire to rule lan- guage, make it serve truth, and not be ruled by it. He is David against the Philistines as well as against Goliath. He is the real deflator.
146
He wins through at a price. We do not meet him again till nearly
nightfall-eight o'clock-and then he has become passive, convales-
cent, resting alone among the rocks on Sandymount shore. The encounter with violence has shaken this man of peace. But an unex- pected reward awaits him. He is to possess the heart of the king's daughter Nausicaa, and she, in imagination, is to give herself to him. A direct sexual encounter would be vulgar, fit only for lechers like Boylan; what is needed for Bloom is the dignity of ritual, the rite of Onan. By a fine irony his happiness is to be encompassedby the very forces of inflation that have struck at him in the precedmg chapter, only this time we can call inflation by a new name-
tumescence.
Nausicaa is changed, by metempsychosis, into Gerty MacDowell, a sweetly pretty girl given to dreams and the reading of ! ,opular trash for women. It is in terms of this trash that she IS descnbed:
The waxen pallor of her face was almost spiritual in its ivorylike purity though her rosebud mouth was a genuine Cupid's bow, Greekly perfect. Her hands were of finely veined alabaster with tapering fingers and ~s white as lemon juice and queen of ointments could make them though 1t was not true that she used to wear kid gloves in bed or take a mi~k footba~h either. Bertha Supple told that once to Edy Boardman, a delIberate he, when she was black out at daggers drawn with Gerty (the girl chums had of course their little tiffs from time to time like the rest of mortals) and she told her not let on whatever she did that it was her that told her or she'd never speak to her again.
The parallel with Homer's princess (who Samuel Butler believed was the authoress ofthe Odyssey) is maintained fairly closely through all the flat whimsy. Nausicaa's race was known for its cult of clean linen and it was to hold a large wash-day that she went down to the shor; where Odysseus, hidden from sight, slept off the weariness of his long sea-tossing. Gerty MacDowell washes no garments now, but references are made to her delight in spotless undies and her
pride in her many sets. She has come down to the seashore with attendant nymphs, most unnymphlike-Cissy Caffrey and Edy Boardman, together with 'the baby in the pushcar and Tommy a~d Jacky Caffrey, two little curly-headed boys, d;essed m sallor Slilt;' with caps to match and the name H. M. S. BellelSle prmted on both. Nausica. and her attendants played with a ball after the clothes- washing, and it was this ball, over-thrown, that woke up Odysseus. So here 'Master Jacky who was really as bold as brass there was no getting behind that' kicks the ball towards the rocks and . Bloom, who is lying there, throws it back. It is then that Gerty notices our
'47
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Fireworks
dark hero, mature, in mourning, his face wan and drawn, and is
strongly attracted.
She could see at once by his dark eyes ? and his pale intellectual face that he ~a~ a ,foreigner, the image of the photo she had of Martin Harvey, the matmee Idol, only for the moustache which she preferred because she wasn't stage-struck like Winny Rippingham that wanted they two to always dress t~~ same on aCCOli,nt of a play but she could not see whether he had an aqUIlIne nose or a slightly retrousse from where he was sitting.
Gerty is virginal but all woman, like'Mary, star of tbe sea', whose church on Sandymount strand is holding an evening service ('. . . there streamed fortb at times upon the stillness the voice of prayer to her who is in her pure radiance a beacon ever to tbe storm-tossed heart of man'). She is to be worshipped rather than possessed, gazed on in her pure radiance, but she knows that the eye-which, along with the nose, is the dominant organ of the chapter-can be the window which lets passion come raging in. Whentbe Mirus Bazaar fireworks begin and her companions rush off to see them over the housetops, she remains on the beach and feasts Bloom's eyes on a dream o f well- filled hose, a richer, more leisurely, meal than sonnez fa cloche.
We know what happens to Bloom because the fireworks tell us so:
And then a rocket sprang and bang shot blind blank and 0 J then the
Roman candle burst and it was like asigh ofO! and everyone cried O! O! in raptures and it gushed out of it a stream of rain gold hair threads and they shed and ah! they were all greeny dewy stars falling with golden, o so lovely! 0 so soft, sweet, soft!
Tumescence has reached its limit. Bloom, who did not, after all, masturbate in the bath that morning, receives tbe reward of his continence. The tumescent prose comes to an end with Gerty walk- ing off 'with a certain quiet dignity characteristic of her but with care and very slowly because, because Gerty MacDowell was . . . ' Bloom's interior monologue, taking over at once, completes the sentence: 'Tight boots? No. She's lame! O! ' And now a long session of detumescent evening musings brings on night and the toughest, yet most magical, part of the book.
The colours of this chapter are blue (for the Blessed Virgin) and grey (for the bitter waters of the sea-this, remember, is Stephen's territory-and the falling dusk). The art fignred here is painting, but this does not quite come off. Joyce's intention is to give the eye (put out in the preceding episode) more than a feast offrillies, but he is temperamentally incapable of being very interested in this organ. Little pictorial episodes follow each other, like lantern-slides, in the
'48
romantic dreams of Gerty: pictures are her substitute for tbonght. Bloom thinks of colours ('depend on the light you see') and re-enacts in memory the tableaux of party charades, but his author's heart is not in it. Joyce is happier with tbe other organ, the nose, and lets Bloom luxuriate in remembered perfumes, especially the perfumes of women. But all women lead home to one-the adulterous Molly.
Has Bloom himself been unfaithful here on Sandymount strand? Technically, no. But he has achieved a sexual conquest more satisfy- ing than any enacted on a strange bed-pleasure without regret or recriminations, no fear of pregnancy, no weeping, no going back, in detumescence, on tumescent promises. 'For this relief much thanks. ' (We can never get away from Hamlet. ) He has done better than Boylan today-an adoring letter and a sort of surrender, and both
from virgins. And this brief auto-erotic session is also an unpremedi- tated preparation for the taking up of his responsibilities later that night. He will follow Stephen to Nighttown, but, being spent of seed, he will not be tempted by female flesh: he will be stern with prostitutes, unseducible. Odysseus was saved from enchantment into a swine because he carried Mercury's gift, the flower moly. Bloom carries this flower in his trousers-'a languid floating flower', no rod to beat him to his knees, gibbering in beast's lust, in tbe house of Circe.
Bloom closes his eyes for a moment at the end of the chapter-
'just for a few'. The interior monologue swoops deeper than ever it
did in full daylight; it touches the borders of dreams and anticipates the sleep langnage of Finnegans Wake:
o sweety all your little girlwhite up I saw dirty bracegirdle made me do love sticky we two naughty Grace darling she him half past the bed met him pike hoses frillies for Raoul to perfume your wife black hair heave under embon senorita young eyes Mulvey plump years dreams return tail end Agendath swoony lovey showed me her next year in drawers return in her next her next.
One is persuaded that this is how the mind receives its images (little pictures all separate, no gluing of ideas together into logical state- ments) when it approaches sleep. Any reader presented with tbis passage unprepared would be baffled by it. If we have read UI)'Sses without skipping up to this point we shall recognise every single motif-Molly's version of 'metempsychosis" for instance, and the villain ofSweets o/Sin, Raoul, who is identified witb Boylan; Molly's first lover, Mulvey; the bit ofnewspaper (,Agendath Netaim') Bloom picked up in the butcher's that morning. Bloom's own recent sexual
'49
? ? The Labyrinth
~bandonand his briefsen~ualityon the street before breakfast, Mully III bed readmg her lover s letter, the phrase 'her heaving embon- point' from Sweets ofS,n-all are fused into a single emblem of desire and its fulfilment. It is a miracle of compression.
But the bats fly, sedng nothing, and Bloom will not come face to face with the fact of his cuckolding. It is left to the cuckoo-clock in the priest's house, where, evening service over, Canon O'Hanlon and Father Conroy and the Reverend John Hughes S. ]. are eating mutton chops with catsup, to proclaim to the world what Bloom now is-Cuckoo Cuckoo Cuckoo, and on to the stroke of nine. The night in which, cuckold or not, he shall beget a son and conquer all the suitors, is now beginning.
9: Bullockbefrienders
SHEER GOODNESS OF HEART,AND AKINDOFVICARIOUS MASOCHISM, send Bloom to the Lying-in Hospital in Holies Street at an hour when the pubs are gay and the theatres playing. Mrs Purefoy is trying to give birth and, as Mrs Breen told Bloom at lunchtime, having a hard time of it. Bloom knows her well and, with his capacity for imaginative penetration into the sufferings of women, is anxious to know how long it will be before she delivers. This is his motive for going to Sir Andrew Horne's house of labour and joy, but what comes out of the visit is the first fruitful meeting between himself and Stephen Dedalus. There have been two abortive con- tacts earlier in the day, but now Bloom and Stephen are to sit at the same table. Admittedly there will be the distraction of noisy company, tipsiness and ribaldry, for Stephen is carousing with the medical students in their common-room, but at last the rapproche- ment between body and soul, common sense and imagination is ready for parturition, and this chapter is an important one. Typically, Joyce refuses to let us have too clear a view of what is happening; he flashes an almost intolerable technical brilliance into our eyes, though this is not sheer wantonness. The Homeric correspondence must be kept up, an art or science celebrated, and a fresh literary technique attempted. This, though, is the most consciously virtuoso of all the episodes of Ulysses, and for some readers Joyce will seem to go too far.
Before, as a schoolboy, I smuggled my own copy of Ulysses into England, I was lent the Odyssey Press edition by my history master. This was in two volumes, and he gave me the second volume first. The second volume starts with this maternity hospital chapter, and I was thrown into the most difficult part of the whole book without preparation. But it seemed pretty clear what Joyce was trying to do. He begins with three ritual statements, each intoned three times.
surgeon, we have no excuse for confusing this. Bloom with our hero.
The duplication of names is a mere mechamcal hazard. When the Viceroy of Ireland goes grandly by, only ignorance convmces two old women that they are seeing 'the lord mayor and lady mayoress without his golden chain' and Gerty MacDowell that this is 'the lord lieutenant'. The chapter is crammed with fallible machines: at one end is the whole clockwork universe which Stephen thinks an act of imagination might bid collapse 'but stun myself too in th~blow'; at the other is Master Dignam's collar-stud, too smal! for its hole, so that his collar springs apart in salute of the Viceroy; in the middle
is news from America of an explosion on the General Slocum and consequent ship"Teck. On the whole the cosmic machine works well and the apparent rock-clashing confusion is really an artful laby- rinth. At the same time, though, a machine whose parts mterlock so wonderfully may really be as unpredictable as the Symplegades. Parnell's brother plays chess in a DBC teashop: how much is skill
and how much is chance?
Surrounded by machines-racing bicycles, dynamos in the power-
house, 'Mickey Anderson's all time ticking watches', T om ! t0ch- ford'slatestinvention(adevicetoshowlatecomerstothemusl~-~all what turn is 'on and what turns are over)-we may think that hvmg is merely a matter of learning certain mechanical tr~cks of control. But Bloom and Stephen are here to remind us of the Imponderable~, the uncontrollable manic forces which will not submit to a mecham- cal reduction. Bloom, at a bookstall, is set upon by images . of con- cupiscence conjured by Sweets of Sin; he becomes a mmor of
adulterous Boylan. Stephen, also at a bookstall, meets his sist~r Dilly, who has bought a second-hand French grammar, and he is overcome with regret and despair-the family IS breaking up, he cannot save his kin who are drowning in poverty: 'Agenblte of mWlt. Inwit's agenbite. Misery 1Misery l' (It is typical of Stephen, inciden- tally', that he should describe this very privy prick of c~nscience m
archaic terms. It is an attempt to push the pam back mto ancient literature, make it remote. This does not work, however. The past
is all too real. ) . Meanwhile the band like a well-oiled engine, marches along, itS
polished instruments discoursing 'My Girl's a Yorkshit;e Girl'. T~e viceregal cavalcade slides through the city: the State IS sure of itS mechanical ability to order life. But so is the Church: Father Conmee, his 'smooth watch' ticking in his pocket, goes his smooth parallel way. The Viceroy is going to 'inaugurate the Mirljs bazaar in aid of funds
13 6
Labyrinth and FUf,ue
for Mercer's hospital'; the priest is going to help the Dignams. Even the exercise of charity is drawn into the machine: the heart is a ticking watch. But the hearts of Bloom and Stephen keep more irregular, more human, time.
When c~m a machine be also a living organism? When it is a piece of music. In this 'Wandering Rocks' episode Joyce has been essaying a sort o f counterpoint, trying to achieve a kind o f simultaneity o f action in a medium that, being time-bound, fights against it. The labyrinth is mechanical, however, timed with a stop-watch and measured with a slide-rule. But music has been trying to dominate the chapter. The band plays; there is a significant conversation in Italian between Stephen and his teacher, Almidano Artifoni, about the sacrifice of Stephen's (or Joyce's) voice; even Father Conmee thinks of a song about the joy-bells ringing in gay Malahide. The' cavalcade and the loud band take us straight into the next chapter, which is dominated by music. The mechanical labyrinth has become a work of art-a fugue; the ear is the presiding organ; we have come to the bone-heaped island of the Sirens.
The way into the lair of Miss Douce and Miss Kennedy- barmaids
at the Ormond-is not easy. The first thing we meet is a collection of
unintelligible fragments: .
Trilling, trilling: Idolores.
Peep! Who's in the . . . peepofgold?
Tink cried to bronze in pity.
And a call, pure, long and throbbing. Longindying call.
There are just over two pages of these. Having sailed successfully between the Wandering Rocks, we would be right in guessing that lines like 'ClapcJop. ClipcJap. ClappycJap' and 'Goodgod henev erheard inaH' will make sense when we meet them in context. They are, in fact, displacements of the kind we have already met in the preceding chapter. But their function is different: they are the musical themes which are to be developed in the score to come. Joyce loves a puzzle, but he does not like us to have to wait too long for the solution. And so his second theme-'Imperthnthn thnthnthn' - makes sense very quickly. The pageboy has brought tea to the two Sirens. He is cheeky, and Miss Douce complains of his 'impertinent
insolence'. The young brat immediately deforms that, cheeky still, into 'Imperthnthn thnthnthn'.
We have two things to WTestle with-the detail of the Homeric
? correspondence; a technique which tries to turn words into music
with onomatopoeic fidelity. The Sirens themselves are the less 137
? ? The Labyrinth
Labyrinth and Fugue
trouble. Both have musical names-Mina (a pun on 'minor) and Lydia (a reference to the Lydian scale-F major with B natural instead of B flat). Because their Homeric prototypes lived on an island, they must be surrounded by marine associations. They 'cower under their reef o f counter'; Miss Douce has been on holiday and has lain on the beach all day- 'tempting poor simple males', teases Mr Dedalus; to remind us what they are in their mythical aspect, Bloom is made to look at a poster which shows 'a swaying mermaid smoking mid nice waves. Smoke mermaids, coolest whiff of all. ' Miss Doucelslneonly--Siren who sings, and she does not know the words of her song very weIE'O, Idolores, queen of the eastern seasl'-meaning 'my Dolores'. The singing in this chapter is reserved for the tempted males. As for tempting, there is not much of that: they are barmaids, and it is part of their office to flirt mechanically with the customers. The Sirens are swirled up into the whorl of a huge ear, caught in a web of music.
The technique of this episode is described by the author as that of afuga per canonem-a strict form which words' are not really competent to imitate. We need not take it too seriously, then, though we ought to note that the subject of the fugue-the theme, that is, on which the composition is based-is represented by the Sirens themselves; the answer (technically, the subject sounded in another voice, a fifth higher or fourth lower) is Mr Bloom, entering the Ormond and monologuising; the counter-subject-the contrapuntal accompani- ment to the answer and, from then on, to every re-statement of the subject-is Blazes Boylan, taking a final drink before going to Eccles Street then jingling off. Between re-statements of subject and answer there have to be brief interludes known as 'episodes', and these are provided by the songs sung by Mr Dedalus (tenor) and Ben Dollard (bass). It is all rather fanciful, but Joyce's real achieve- ment here-foreshadowed among the Wandering Rocks-is the crea- tion of genuine counterpoint of action. While the Sirens are drinking their tea and gossiping, Bloom is buying notepaper so that he can write a reply to his pen-friend, Martha Clifford. A mere reference to his name ('But Bloom ? ') is enough to make us aware of his own
music playing horizontally to that of the Sirens. As the chapter
advances, the technique grows subtler, and we can take in three or four strands of counterpoint at the same time-Bloom's unspoken thoughts; ine singing in the concert-room; the knocking of Boylan at the door of Number 7 Eccles Street (,with a cock with a carra') and the tapping (,Tap. Tap. Tap') of the stick of the blind piano-
138
tuner (the one whom Bloom helped across the road earlier that day) as he comes back to the Ormond to recover his tuning-fork (left on top ofthe piano he has tuned). The quasi-musical technique enables Joyce to indulge fully in a daring but successful device-,that of
allowing a single word, like a musical note, to sound a whole world
of. harmonics. Thus the word 'jingle'-thrown into the text with neither preparation nor resolution-stands for Boylan's riding off to see Molly Bloom in a jaunting-car and, proleptically, for the boun- cing of the adulterous springs.
Bloom has been gathering themes all day. His most recent is provided by the book he has borrowed for Molly-Sweets of Sin- and its adulterer-villain Raoul. Raoul he identifies with Boylan; 'sweets of' or 'sweet are the sweets of' is enough to sound the over- tones of his own sensual imaginings, his awareness of what is hap- pening in Eccles Street (the hour is four in the afternoon), and a
kind of pleased acquiescence in his cuckoldry. Soon this technique
will not merely serve a celebration of the art of music: it will be integral to the whole pattern of the Bloom or Stephen interior monologue.
Bloom comes to the Ormond for a meal-liver and bacon: he re-
mains inner-organ-Ioving and still defies the taboos of his ancestral religion. Stephen's uncle, Richie Goulding, sits near him, eating steak-and-kidney pie. Bloom is cut off from the seduction of the Sirens in the bar; he is also cut off from the sight of Mr Dedalus and Ben Dollard singing in the concert-room. Still, a true Dubliner, vocal music affects him deeply, colours his musings, drives his moods from joy to sadness. We disentangle him from a mass of musical tricks-a tremolo, for instance: 'Her wavyavyeavyheavy-
eavyevyevy hair un comb:'d'; a staccato triplet: '1. Want. You. '; hollow fifths: 'Blmstdp'-in which the vowels are missing ('Bloom stood up') on the analogy of suppressed thirds in common chords.
We have recapitulations, ornamented cadences, appoggiaturas, but
above everything we have an exploitation of the musical possibilities of sheer sound which can only be matched by that ultimate word- symphony Finnegans Wake.
Does the virtuoso display obscure this latest phase of the story? No, since the essence of the whole book is Bloom and his qualifica- tions for the spiritual fatherhood of a poet, and we must meet Bloom's inner world at all its levels. Every fresh stimulus brings to
the surface a new aspect ofthe man, and music-in a city passionately
devoted to it-is a stimulus of considerable potency. But Joyce does 139
? ? The Labyrinth
Labyrinth and Fugue
not forget that a crucial event is taking place at this afternoon hour- Bloom's cuckolding. Boylan enters the bar to the tune of Lenehan's 'See the conquering hero comes', counter-subject to 'Between the car and window, warily walking, went Bloom, unconquered hero. ' Joyce means this latter. Boylan is smiled on by the barmaids (one of whom snaps her garter for him-'Sonnez fa cloche') and shines in all the glory of a provincial Don Giovanni, but he is essentially ridiculous, and the musical technique serves to bring this out:
By Bachelor's walk jogjaunty jingled Blazes Boylan, bachelor, in sun, in heat, mare's glossy rump atrot, with flick of whip, on bounding tyres: sprawled, warrnseated, Boylan impatience, arrlentbold. Horn. Have you the? Horn. Have you the? Haw haw horn.
(He has been described as 'Boylan with impatience' by Lenehan, who also asked: 'Got the hom or what? Wait. ') Impatient, anxious to put horns on Bloom, Boylan continues on his way:
Jingle by monuments of sir John Gray, Horatio onehandled Nelson, reverend father Theobald Matthew, jaunted as said before just now. Atrot, in heat, heatseated. Cloche. Sonnez la. -Cloche. Sonnez la. Slower the mare went up the hill by the Rotunda, Rutland square. Too slow for Boylan, blazes Boylan, impatience Boylan, joggled the mare.
Soon he is near Bloom's kidney-seller:
This is the jingle that joggled and jingled. By Dlugacz' porkshop bright tubes of Agendath trotted a gallantbuttocked mare.
('Bright tubes' of sausages and the advertisement for 'Agendath Netaim: planter's company' refer us back to that morning excursion of breakfast"buying Bloom-before the letter from Boylan had arrived. )
Bloom, meanwhile, liver and bacon finished, is writing his letter to Martha Clifford-a more subtle kind of infidelity than his wife's. At last Boylan arrives:
Jog jig jogged stopped. Dandy tan shoe of dandy Boylan socks skyblue docks came light to earth.
And then:
One rapped on a door, one tapped with a knock, did he knock Paul de
Kock, with a loud proud knocker, with a cock carracarracarra cock.
Cockcock.
(Boylan has already been identified by Bloom with one porno- graphical villain. Now he becomes the actual writer of certain spicy romances beloved of Molly Bloom: 'Paul de Kock. Nice name he
'40
has. ') The ridiculous betrayer is heard periodically from now till the end of the chapter: 'Cockcarraearra . . . With a cock with a carra. ' Music must end soon, since it has been debased into silly rhythms to match Boylan's silly lust. The tap of the stick of the blind piano- tuner is heard more frequently now-a mere noise, though it suggests the still centre ofsound represented by the tuning-fork he is coming for. Noises are starting in Bloom's inner organs: 'Pwee! A wee little wind piped eeee. In Bloom's little wee. '
Bloom, in Hades that morning, did not meet the seer Tiresias, in
his reincarnation as Robert Emmet. But now he sees Emmet's last
words in Lionel Marks's window: 'When my country takes her place among. Nations of the earth. Then and not till then. Let my epitaph be. Written. I have. Done. ' This is punctuated by. new, more urgent noises (Bloom blames his flatulence on the noontime glass of burgundy): 'Prrprr . . . Fff. 00. Rrpr . . . Pprrpffrrppflf. ' We are reminded of Joyce's devotion to sheer sound, meaningful or otherwise-the eat's cry, the noise of the printing machines in the 'lEolus' episode, the squeaking of Stephen's ashplant as he trails its ferrule on the ground behind him. And so, after a stretto in which all the themes of the chapter are gathered together over a pedal- point ('Tap. Tap. Tap. Tap'), Bloom pushes on to his next adven- ture. The song of the cuckoo, which mocks married men, is to be deferred till nightfall, but 'Love's Old Sweet Song' is doubtless now jingling happily away.
? ? 8: Fireworks
W E MUST NOTE TWO CHANGES THA T TAKE PLACE IN
JOYCE'S
stake of wood in the fire, then put out Polyphemus's one eye with it.
Polyphemus yelled, his neighbours came near his cave to ask what the matter was: had anyone harmed him? He replied that No-man had harmed him. His neighbours concluded that he was dreaming or delirious and went back to their homes. Odysseus and his uneaten
. men got away by clinging to the fleecy bellies of the giant sheep and being driven out to pasture with them, but, once embarked, the hero could not resist boasting. In rage, Polyphemus hurled a huge rock at the ship but, naturally, missed. A near thing, all the same.
It i~Joyce's main pu~pose to emphasise the absurdity of gigantism, especially when it is one-eyed. The Citizen's vision is limited to the trampled-on greatness of Ireland, the hopes of her re-birth when the foul foreigner shall be driven out. His patriotism, he considers, earns him many free drinks and, by extension, his dog Garryowen free biscuits. But he is also a hero in his own right, a once-great athlete still a man of muscle. Muscle is the part of the body that rules here; and the art of politics-in its narrowest aspect of chauvinism-sits over everything like the Irish giant himself. Joyce lets the Citizen have his say, but is quick to inflate him in the mock-epic style,
. though on a scale of ridicule unknown to his picaresque forebears:
The figure seated on a large boulder at the foot of a round tower was that of a broadshouldered deepchested stronglimbed frankeyed redhaired fr~ely freckled shaggybearded widemouthed largenosed longheaded deep- VOIced barekneed brawnyhanded hairylegged ruddyfaced sinewyarmed hero. From shoulder to shoulder he measured several ells and his rocklike mountainous knees were covered, as was likewise the rest of his body wherever visible, with a strong growth of tawny prickly hair in hue and toughness similar to the mountain gorse (Ulex Europeus).
Joyce, like Rabelais, dearly loves a catalogue pushed to intolerable length, and he spends a page listing the 'tribal images of many Irish heroes and heroines of antiquity' which are engraved on the stones that dangle from the giant's girdle:
. . . Cuchulin, Conn of hundred battles, Niall of nine hostages Brian of Kincora, the Ardri Malachi, Art MacMurragh, Shane O'NeilI, Father John Murphy, Owen Roe . . . Henry Joy McCracken, Goliath, Horace Wheatley, Thomas Conneff, Peg Woffington, the Village Blacksmith, Captain Moonlight, Captain Boycott, Dante Alighieri, Christopher Colum- bus, S. Fursa, S. Brendan, Marshal MacMahon, Charlemagne, Theobald Wolfe Tone, the Mother of the Maccabees, the Last of the Mohicans the Rose of Castille, the Man for Galway, The Man that Broke the Ba~k at
Monte Carlo, the Man in the Gap, the Woman Who Didn't, Benjamin Franklin, Napoleon Bonaparte, John L. Sullivan, Cleopatra, Savourneen Deelish, Julius Caesar . . .
143
approach to his technique from about the middle of Ulysses on. First, the chapters grow longer, as if the author is trying to make the fictional time-the time required for the enactment of the fictional events-correspond exactly to the reading time-the time required to read about those events. Second, he makes far greater use of parody. We have met parody sporadically so far-the skits on news- paper headlines and on newspaper rhetoric in the '. lEoIus' episode, the Elizabethan and Irish Renaissance pastiches in the National Library. Now we find it employed pretty consistently.
Joyce leans
to condensation when writing in his own person-never a word too
many. It is natural, then, that he should choose for parody styles which are tedious, gaseous, inflated. The length of the chapters and the nature of the parodies thus become aspects of each other.
Bloom goes to Barney Kiernan's tavern at five in the afternoon,
looking for Martin Cunningham. Martin Cunningham has his con-
nections with Green Street Courthouse, and Barney Kiernan's- crammed with curiosities of crime (murder-weapons, rope, forged money)-is close to the Courthouse. Bloom wants to arrange for the payment of Dignam's widow's insurance money, and Cunningham knows all about that. His errand, then, is a charitable one, but he runs stra,ight into hate and contempt. In this tavern there is a loud- mouthed, drink-cadging Irish Nationalist known as 'The Citizen', a jingoist who hates all foreigners, especially Jews. His Homeric prototype is the giant cannibal Polyphemus, one of the race of one- eyed Cyclopes, shepherds good to their sheep but always ready to dash a man's brains out and devour his body in a couple of gulps. Polyphemus ate most of Odysseus's companions who went ashore and into his cave, but Odysseus saved himself by his usual cunning. He gave his name as Outis or No-man, he introduced Polyphemus. to wine. When the giant was vinously asleep he prepared a pointed
142
Fireworks
? ? The Labyrinth
Fireworks
i I
And so on, not forgetting Patrick W. Shakespeare, Thomas Cook and Son, and Adam and Eve. This ubiquitous cataloguing derives from Homer himself, who is precise and detailed about the furniture of the Cyclops's dwelling. Bere, finally, is Garryowen:
At his feet reposed a savage animal of the canine tribe whose stertorous gasps announced that he was sunk in uneasy slumber, a supposition Con- firmed by hoarse growls and spasmodic movements which his master repressed from time to time by tranquillising blows of a mighty cudgel rudely fashioned out of paleolithic stone.
Then Comes deflation into demotic Dublinese:
So anyhow Terry brought the three pints Joe was standing and begob the sight nearly left my eyes when I saw him land out a quid. 0, as true as I'm telling you. A goodlooking sovereign.
The straight narrative, as opposed to the gigantesque commentary, is put into the mouth of an anonymous Dubliner with no literary pretensions-indeed) no pretensions at all except to the unlimited imbibing of other men's beer-treats. Anonymity and pseudonymity are appropriate to a chapter in which Bloom ceases to be Odysseus and becomes No-man. Thus, some play is made with Bloom's ancestral name, Virag; the Citizen's name is never once mentioned; the narrator is not sure whether a character is called Crofton or Crofter; Garryowen becomes Owen Garry-and so on. There are two other Homeric motifs which are cunningly planted-mere decoration-in the narrative: the eye (always singular) and the stake which put out the eye. These appear at the very start ofthe chapter, together with another Homeric reference:
I was just passing the time of day with old Troy of the D. M. P . at the corner o f Arbour hill there and be damned but a bloody sweep came along and he near drove his gear into my eye.
Later we find Bloom smQking a 'knockmedown cigar'-again, a purely decorative allusion, since Bloom does not use the cigar as a weapon. But Joyce seems to find it necessary to press home the classical parallel even if his references are mere fancy. At the end of the chapter Bloom's name is suppressed entirely to remind us that he is No-man and 'a loafer with a patch over his eye starts singing I f the man in the moon was a jew, jew) jew. ' But what really interests us is not the ingenuity of technique so much as the genuinely heroic qualities that Bloom shows when set among jingoists, cadgers, and
Jew-baiters.
Bloom is feared because he is both Jewish and part-Bungarian-
'44
doubly a foreigner and, moreover, a man allegedly given to un-Irish i
practices, such as selling Bungarian lottery tickets and buying cream
for his wife. He is recognised as uxorious but is also called a 'pishogue
-a half-and-half'. Unlike the Citizen, he does not believe in the use of force to settle arguments and-to a response of contempt which turns to outrage-he dares to preach the doctrine oflove. The paro- dic technique seems to sneer along with the Citizen:
Love loves to love love. Nurse loves the new chemist. Constable 14A
loves Mary Kelly. Gerty MacDowell loves the boy that has the bicycle.
M. B. loves a fair gentleman. Li Chi Han lovey up kissy eha Pu Chow.
Jumbo the elephant loves Alice the elephant . . . His Majesty the King
loves Her Majesty the Qyeen. Mrs Norman W. Tupper loves officer Taylor. You love a certain person. And this person loves that other person because everybody loves somebody but God loves everybody.
But Bloom finds himself in trouble for another reason. When he leaves the pub to look for Martin Cunningham in the Courthouse, Lenehan, prince of cadgers, says: '. . . The courthouse is a blind. Be had a few bob on Throwaway and he's gone to gather in the shekels. ' We remember that, quite by accident, Bloom gave Throw- away as a tip for the Ascot Gold Cup to Bantam Lyons, telling him that he could keep his newspaper: 'I was going to throw it away that moment. ' Nobody doubts for one second that this man who is a dark horse himself, possessor of access to secret information (,He's the only man in Dublin has it'), has made a tidy win: it is clearly his duty to push the boat out. But when he comes back he makes no move to order pints all round. Everything is set for a pogrom, and the Citizen is ready to start it. The narrator sums up the general attitude:
Courthouse my eye and your pockets hanging down with gold and silver. Mean bloody scut! Stand us a drink itself Devil a sweet fear! There's a jew for you! All for number one. Cute as a shithouse rat. Hundred to five.
The Citizen says: 'Don't tell anyone', and Martin Cunningham- who is the book's real model of prudence-gets Bloom away, aware of coming trouble. The Citizen bawls: 'Three cheers for Israel! ' and Bloom courageously answers him back:
- Mendelssohn was a jew and Karl Marx and Mercadante and Spinoza. And the Saviour was a jew and his father was a jew. . . . Your God was a jew. Christ was a jew like me.
This leads to one of the two solitary acts of violence in the whole of Ulysses, though it is weak and ineffectual enough. The Citizen- 'By Jesus, I'll brain that bloody jewman for using the holy name. By
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Jesus, I'll crucify him so' I will' - h{,r1s after Bloom the biscuit-tin from which Garryowen has been devouring crumbs. The sun is in his eyes (i. e. , he is drunk) and so, like Polyphemus, he misses. But the prose at once explodes gigantically:
The catastrophe was terrific and instantaneous in its effect. The ob- servatory at Dunsink registered in all eleven shocks, all of the fifth grade of Mercal1i's scale, and there is no record extant of a similar seismic dis- turbance in our island since the earthquake of 1534, the year of the rebellion of Silken Thomas. The epicentre . . .
And so on.
What emerges from this brilliant and extremely funny series of
parodies is a sense ofthe falsenessofthe values that the public world tries to impose on the individual. Joyce gives us skits on all kinds of puffed-up writing, from provincial newspaper reportage to Wardour Street English, taking in also technical jargon, monstrous but vacuous catalogues, rituals from which the life has gone, and the sesquipedalian evasiveness of parliamentary answers. It is the lan- guage which the State uses to hide behind when aware ofthe corrup- tion of its enactments (politics, we remember, is the pseudo-art ruling this chapter); it is also the language of romanticism gone bad and turned to sentimentality-pretending to feeling when feeling has fled; it is the postures of little men pretending to be big. The com- munication media inflate language because they dare not be honest and call a spade a spade; popular historical novels falsify the past and simplify the motives which make historical change. Men are influenced by big loud empty words, styes which swell the eyelids and impede vision of the truth. Low as the garrulous narrator is, we can still see him as a creature not really taken in by humbug and, perhaps, ultimately on the side of Bloom rather than the Citizen:
his speech is all deflation.
Bloom himself is totally undeceived by the shouts and promises
of the politicians. If the world is to be improved it must be by the exercise of individual charity (he has only entered this ambience at all because ofhis desire to perform a charitable act). He uses the word 'love' and is derided for it. He is also derided for seeming to use the very language of inflation which fills the bellies of his enemies- terms like 'phenomenon' and 'mortgag/ee'. But when Bloom uses a word he normally uses it accurately. He comes close to Stephen, if not in imagination or the poetic gift, at least in a desire to rule lan- guage, make it serve truth, and not be ruled by it. He is David against the Philistines as well as against Goliath. He is the real deflator.
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He wins through at a price. We do not meet him again till nearly
nightfall-eight o'clock-and then he has become passive, convales-
cent, resting alone among the rocks on Sandymount shore. The encounter with violence has shaken this man of peace. But an unex- pected reward awaits him. He is to possess the heart of the king's daughter Nausicaa, and she, in imagination, is to give herself to him. A direct sexual encounter would be vulgar, fit only for lechers like Boylan; what is needed for Bloom is the dignity of ritual, the rite of Onan. By a fine irony his happiness is to be encompassedby the very forces of inflation that have struck at him in the precedmg chapter, only this time we can call inflation by a new name-
tumescence.
Nausicaa is changed, by metempsychosis, into Gerty MacDowell, a sweetly pretty girl given to dreams and the reading of ! ,opular trash for women. It is in terms of this trash that she IS descnbed:
The waxen pallor of her face was almost spiritual in its ivorylike purity though her rosebud mouth was a genuine Cupid's bow, Greekly perfect. Her hands were of finely veined alabaster with tapering fingers and ~s white as lemon juice and queen of ointments could make them though 1t was not true that she used to wear kid gloves in bed or take a mi~k footba~h either. Bertha Supple told that once to Edy Boardman, a delIberate he, when she was black out at daggers drawn with Gerty (the girl chums had of course their little tiffs from time to time like the rest of mortals) and she told her not let on whatever she did that it was her that told her or she'd never speak to her again.
The parallel with Homer's princess (who Samuel Butler believed was the authoress ofthe Odyssey) is maintained fairly closely through all the flat whimsy. Nausicaa's race was known for its cult of clean linen and it was to hold a large wash-day that she went down to the shor; where Odysseus, hidden from sight, slept off the weariness of his long sea-tossing. Gerty MacDowell washes no garments now, but references are made to her delight in spotless undies and her
pride in her many sets. She has come down to the seashore with attendant nymphs, most unnymphlike-Cissy Caffrey and Edy Boardman, together with 'the baby in the pushcar and Tommy a~d Jacky Caffrey, two little curly-headed boys, d;essed m sallor Slilt;' with caps to match and the name H. M. S. BellelSle prmted on both. Nausica. and her attendants played with a ball after the clothes- washing, and it was this ball, over-thrown, that woke up Odysseus. So here 'Master Jacky who was really as bold as brass there was no getting behind that' kicks the ball towards the rocks and . Bloom, who is lying there, throws it back. It is then that Gerty notices our
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dark hero, mature, in mourning, his face wan and drawn, and is
strongly attracted.
She could see at once by his dark eyes ? and his pale intellectual face that he ~a~ a ,foreigner, the image of the photo she had of Martin Harvey, the matmee Idol, only for the moustache which she preferred because she wasn't stage-struck like Winny Rippingham that wanted they two to always dress t~~ same on aCCOli,nt of a play but she could not see whether he had an aqUIlIne nose or a slightly retrousse from where he was sitting.
Gerty is virginal but all woman, like'Mary, star of tbe sea', whose church on Sandymount strand is holding an evening service ('. . . there streamed fortb at times upon the stillness the voice of prayer to her who is in her pure radiance a beacon ever to tbe storm-tossed heart of man'). She is to be worshipped rather than possessed, gazed on in her pure radiance, but she knows that the eye-which, along with the nose, is the dominant organ of the chapter-can be the window which lets passion come raging in. Whentbe Mirus Bazaar fireworks begin and her companions rush off to see them over the housetops, she remains on the beach and feasts Bloom's eyes on a dream o f well- filled hose, a richer, more leisurely, meal than sonnez fa cloche.
We know what happens to Bloom because the fireworks tell us so:
And then a rocket sprang and bang shot blind blank and 0 J then the
Roman candle burst and it was like asigh ofO! and everyone cried O! O! in raptures and it gushed out of it a stream of rain gold hair threads and they shed and ah! they were all greeny dewy stars falling with golden, o so lovely! 0 so soft, sweet, soft!
Tumescence has reached its limit. Bloom, who did not, after all, masturbate in the bath that morning, receives tbe reward of his continence. The tumescent prose comes to an end with Gerty walk- ing off 'with a certain quiet dignity characteristic of her but with care and very slowly because, because Gerty MacDowell was . . . ' Bloom's interior monologue, taking over at once, completes the sentence: 'Tight boots? No. She's lame! O! ' And now a long session of detumescent evening musings brings on night and the toughest, yet most magical, part of the book.
The colours of this chapter are blue (for the Blessed Virgin) and grey (for the bitter waters of the sea-this, remember, is Stephen's territory-and the falling dusk). The art fignred here is painting, but this does not quite come off. Joyce's intention is to give the eye (put out in the preceding episode) more than a feast offrillies, but he is temperamentally incapable of being very interested in this organ. Little pictorial episodes follow each other, like lantern-slides, in the
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romantic dreams of Gerty: pictures are her substitute for tbonght. Bloom thinks of colours ('depend on the light you see') and re-enacts in memory the tableaux of party charades, but his author's heart is not in it. Joyce is happier with tbe other organ, the nose, and lets Bloom luxuriate in remembered perfumes, especially the perfumes of women. But all women lead home to one-the adulterous Molly.
Has Bloom himself been unfaithful here on Sandymount strand? Technically, no. But he has achieved a sexual conquest more satisfy- ing than any enacted on a strange bed-pleasure without regret or recriminations, no fear of pregnancy, no weeping, no going back, in detumescence, on tumescent promises. 'For this relief much thanks. ' (We can never get away from Hamlet. ) He has done better than Boylan today-an adoring letter and a sort of surrender, and both
from virgins. And this brief auto-erotic session is also an unpremedi- tated preparation for the taking up of his responsibilities later that night. He will follow Stephen to Nighttown, but, being spent of seed, he will not be tempted by female flesh: he will be stern with prostitutes, unseducible. Odysseus was saved from enchantment into a swine because he carried Mercury's gift, the flower moly. Bloom carries this flower in his trousers-'a languid floating flower', no rod to beat him to his knees, gibbering in beast's lust, in tbe house of Circe.
Bloom closes his eyes for a moment at the end of the chapter-
'just for a few'. The interior monologue swoops deeper than ever it
did in full daylight; it touches the borders of dreams and anticipates the sleep langnage of Finnegans Wake:
o sweety all your little girlwhite up I saw dirty bracegirdle made me do love sticky we two naughty Grace darling she him half past the bed met him pike hoses frillies for Raoul to perfume your wife black hair heave under embon senorita young eyes Mulvey plump years dreams return tail end Agendath swoony lovey showed me her next year in drawers return in her next her next.
One is persuaded that this is how the mind receives its images (little pictures all separate, no gluing of ideas together into logical state- ments) when it approaches sleep. Any reader presented with tbis passage unprepared would be baffled by it. If we have read UI)'Sses without skipping up to this point we shall recognise every single motif-Molly's version of 'metempsychosis" for instance, and the villain ofSweets o/Sin, Raoul, who is identified witb Boylan; Molly's first lover, Mulvey; the bit ofnewspaper (,Agendath Netaim') Bloom picked up in the butcher's that morning. Bloom's own recent sexual
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~bandonand his briefsen~ualityon the street before breakfast, Mully III bed readmg her lover s letter, the phrase 'her heaving embon- point' from Sweets ofS,n-all are fused into a single emblem of desire and its fulfilment. It is a miracle of compression.
But the bats fly, sedng nothing, and Bloom will not come face to face with the fact of his cuckolding. It is left to the cuckoo-clock in the priest's house, where, evening service over, Canon O'Hanlon and Father Conroy and the Reverend John Hughes S. ]. are eating mutton chops with catsup, to proclaim to the world what Bloom now is-Cuckoo Cuckoo Cuckoo, and on to the stroke of nine. The night in which, cuckold or not, he shall beget a son and conquer all the suitors, is now beginning.
9: Bullockbefrienders
SHEER GOODNESS OF HEART,AND AKINDOFVICARIOUS MASOCHISM, send Bloom to the Lying-in Hospital in Holies Street at an hour when the pubs are gay and the theatres playing. Mrs Purefoy is trying to give birth and, as Mrs Breen told Bloom at lunchtime, having a hard time of it. Bloom knows her well and, with his capacity for imaginative penetration into the sufferings of women, is anxious to know how long it will be before she delivers. This is his motive for going to Sir Andrew Horne's house of labour and joy, but what comes out of the visit is the first fruitful meeting between himself and Stephen Dedalus. There have been two abortive con- tacts earlier in the day, but now Bloom and Stephen are to sit at the same table. Admittedly there will be the distraction of noisy company, tipsiness and ribaldry, for Stephen is carousing with the medical students in their common-room, but at last the rapproche- ment between body and soul, common sense and imagination is ready for parturition, and this chapter is an important one. Typically, Joyce refuses to let us have too clear a view of what is happening; he flashes an almost intolerable technical brilliance into our eyes, though this is not sheer wantonness. The Homeric correspondence must be kept up, an art or science celebrated, and a fresh literary technique attempted. This, though, is the most consciously virtuoso of all the episodes of Ulysses, and for some readers Joyce will seem to go too far.
Before, as a schoolboy, I smuggled my own copy of Ulysses into England, I was lent the Odyssey Press edition by my history master. This was in two volumes, and he gave me the second volume first. The second volume starts with this maternity hospital chapter, and I was thrown into the most difficult part of the whole book without preparation. But it seemed pretty clear what Joyce was trying to do. He begins with three ritual statements, each intoned three times.
