600), the Hone are
called the daughters of Time; and by late poets they
were named the children of the year, and their num-
ber was increased to twelve.
called the daughters of Time; and by late poets they
were named the children of the year, and their num-
ber was increased to twelve.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
(Thirlwall's Greece, vol.
1, p.
246.
)
This supposition is involved in still greater difficulty
than the former, for we have here a race of bards,
who, though living at different periods, and though
the language was, during all this time, undergoing
changes cf some kind or other, yet write all of them
in a manner so similar, and display so few, if any, dis-
crepances, that their various productiens, when col-
? ? lected together, wear all the appearance of a poem by
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOMERUS.
HUMERUS.
eomp<<Hed the rhapsodists to follow one another, ar-
cording to the order of the poem, ant] for having thus
restored these great works, which were falling into
fragments, to their pristine integrity. It is iidccd
true, that some arbitrary additions may have oeen made
to them at this period; which, however, we can only
hope to be able to distinguish from the rest of the
roem, by first coming to some general agreement as
lo the original form and subsequent destiny of the Ho-
meric compositions. {Midler, Hist. Gr. Lit. , p. 62,
Introduction of the Homeric Poena into Greece.
Two different accounts are given on this head. 1.
First, it is said that Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator,
met with the poems of Homer during his travels in
Asia, and, being charmed with them, carried them
with ln. 'ii by some means, ami in some shape or other,
tuck to his native city. The authority for this is a
passage of a fragment of Heraclides Ponticus, in which
he says that Lycurgus, "having procured the poetry
of Homer from the descendants of Creophylus, first
introduced it into the Peloponnesus. " /Elian {V. II,
13, 14) repeats this with advantage: "Lycurgus the
Spartan first carried the poetry of Homer in a mass
into Greece. " Plutarch (Vit. Ltjcurg. ) finishes off the
story in his usual manner. "There (in Asia) Lycur-
fros first fell in with the poems of Homer, probably in
the keeping of the descendants of Cleophylus; he
rrr? : them out eagerly, and collected them together
for the purpose of bringing them hither into Greece;
tor there was already at that time an obscure rumour
of these verses among the Greeks, but <<we few only
possessed some scattered fragments of this poetry,
which were circulated in a chance manner. Lycurgus
had the principal hand in making it known. " This
Creophylus or Cleophylus, a Samian, is said to have
been Homer's host in Samos, and a poet himself.
The nucleus of fact in this story may probably consist
z this; that Lycurgus became more acquainted with
*he Homeric versos among the Ionian rhapsodists, and
succeeded in introducing, by means of his own or oth-
tn' memory, some connected portions of them into
Western Greece. That he wrote them all out is, as
we may sec, so far as the original authority goes, due
to the ingenious biographer alone. But the better
founded account of tho introduction, or, at least, of
? be formal collection of the Homeric verses, though
not inconsistent with the other, is, that, after Solon had
directed that the rhapsodists should, upon public oc-
casions, recite in a certain order of poetical narration,
and not confusedly, the end before the beginning, as
had been the previous practice, Pisistratus, with the
ielp of a large body of the most celebrated poets of
llis age, made a regular collection of the different rhap-
sodies which passed under Homer's name, committed
them all to writing, and arranged them very much in
the terics in which we now possess them. The di-
vision of the rhapsodies into books corresponding with
the letters of the Greek alphabet, was probably the
work of the Alexandrean critics many centuries after-
ward. Now the authorities for attributing this primary
reduction into form to Pisistratus, are numerous and
express, and a few quotations from them will be the
most satisfactory way of putting the student in pos-
session of the opinions of the ancients upon this sub-
|ect--" Who," says Cicero, "was more learned in
that age, or whose eloquence is reported to have been
more refined by literature than that of Pisistratus,
? ? who is said first to have disposed the books of Homer,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOMERUS.
HUMERUS.
> poet oi Colophon; and of another very celebrated
oi. e by Aristotle, which edition Alexander is said to
have himself corrected and kept in a very precious
casket, taken among the spoils of the camp of Darius.
This edition was called 7 Ik tov vupdnnoc. The edi-
tions by any known individual were called oi hot' uv-
tpa, to distinguish them from several editions existing
in different cities, but not attributed to any particular
editors. These latter were called al xaru rtoXeic, or
al rx itoXeav. The Massiliotic, Chian, Argive, Sino-
pic, Cyprian, and Cretan are mentioned. There are
three other names very conspicuous among the mul-
titude of clitics, and commentators, and editors of
the Iliad in subsequent times; these are Zenodotus,
Aristophanes, the inventor of accents, and Aristarchus.
This last celebrated man lived in the reign of Ptolemy
Philometor, B. C. 150, and, after a collation of all the
copies then existing, he published a new edition, or
&top0uoic, of the Iliad, divided into books, the text of
which, according to the general opinion of critics, has
finally prevailed as the genuine diction of Homer.
{Coleridge, Introduction, &. c, p. 37-55. ) In the
preface to Gronovius' Thesaurus (vol. 5), there is a
particular and curious account of the manner in which
Pisistratus put together the poems of Homer. It is
taken from the Commentary of Diomedes Scholasticus
on the grammar of Dionysius the Thracian, and was
first published in the original Greek by Bekker, in the
second vol. of his Anecdota Grctca (p. 767, seqq. ). It
is in substance as follows: The poems of Homer
were in a fragmentary state, in different hands. One
man had a hundred verses; another two hundred; a
third a thousand, &c. Thereupon Pisistratus, not
being able to find the poems entire, proclaimed all
over Greece, that whoever brought to him verses of
Homer, should receive so much for each line. All
who brought any received the promised reward, even
those who brought lines which he had already obtained
from others. Sometimes people brought him verses
of their own for those of Homer, now marked with an
obelus (roi>c vvv o6eXi(o/ievovc). After having thus
made a collection, he employed 72 grammarians to
pu' together the verses of Homer in the manner they
I'. iought best. After each had separately arranged the
verses, he brought them all together, and made each
show to the whole his own particular work. Having
all in a body examined carefully and impartially, they
with one accord gave the preference to the composi-
tions of Aristarchus and Zenodotus, and determined
still farther, that the former had made the better one of
the two. (Bekker, Anec. Grac. , I. c. )
Iliad and Odyssey.
For an account of these two poems, and the discus-
sions connected with them, consult the articles Ilias
and Odyssea. The remainder of our remarks on the
present occasion will be confined to a brief consider-
ation of a few minor productions that are commonly
attributed to Homer.
1. Margites.
This poem, which was a satire upon some Strenuous
blockhead, as the name implies, does not now exist;
but it was so famous in former times that it seems
proper to select it for a slight notice from among the
score of lost works attributed to the hand of Homer.
It is said by Harpocration that Callimachus admired
ths Margites, and Dio Chrysostom says (Diss. 53)
that Zeno the philosopher wrote a commentary on it.
? ? A genuine verse, taken from this poem, is well known:
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOM
HON
m great reputation at Syracuse about 500 B. C. . was
supposed by many to be the real Homer of this par-
ticular poem. One thing, however, is certain, that
these hymns are extremely ancient, and it is probable
that some of them only yield to the Iliad and Odyssey
in remoteness of date. They vary in character and
poetical merit; but there is scarcely one among them
that has not something to interest us, and they have
ill of them, in a greater or less degree, that simple
Homeric liveliness which never fails to charm us
wherever we meet with it.
4. Epigrams.
Under the title of Epigrams are classed a few verses
on different subjects, chiefly addresses to cities or
private individuals. There is one short hymn to Nep-
tune which seems out of its place here. In the fourth
epigram, Homer is represented as speaking of his
blindness and his itinerant life. As regards the gen-
eral character of the Greek Epigram, it mav here be
remarked, that u is so far from being the same with,
or even like to, the Epigram of modern times, that
sometimes it is completely the reverse. In general,
the songs in Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, Waller, and,
where he writes with simplicity, in Moore, give a better
notion of the Greek Epigrams than any other species
of modern composition.
5. Fragments.
The Fragments, as they are called, consist of a few
scattered lines which are said to have been formerly
found in the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the other sup-
posed works of Homer, end to have been omitted as
spurious or dropped by chance from their ostensible
context. Besides these, there are some passages from
toe Little Iliad, and a string of verses taken from Ho-
mer's answers in the old work, called the Contests of
Homer and Hesiod. {Coleridge, Introduction, dec,
p. 235. )
Conclusion.
Since the Homeric question was first agitated by
Wolf and Heyne, it has been placed on a very differ-
ent footing by the labours of more recent scholars.
The student may consult with advantage the following
works: Xitzsch, de Hisloria Homeri Meletemata. --
Kreuser, Vor/ragen Other Homcros. --Id. , Homerisehe
Rkaptodcn. -- Miillcr, Homerisehe Vorschulc. -- Hci-
ncckc, Homer und Lt/eurg. --Knight, Prolegomena ad
Homerum. -- London Quarterly Review, No. 87. --
Miller's Review of Nitzsch's work, in the GStlingen,
Gel. Anteigen, for Fcbr. , 1831. --Hermann's remarks
m the Wiracr Jahrbiieher, vol. 64. --Hug, Erfindung
der Buchstabenschrift. --An argument which confines
itself to the writings of Wolf and Heyne, can now add
hut little to our means of forming a judgment on the
Homeric question, and must keep some of its most
impoitant elements out of sight. (ThirlwaU's Greece,
vol. 1, p 248, t'n notis. )--The best edition of the Iliad
is that of Heyne, Lips. , 1802-1822,9 vols. 8vo. The
most popular edition of the entire works is that of
Clarke, improved by Ernesti, Lips. , 1759, 1824,
Glasg. , 1814, 5 vols. 8vo. The most critical one,
however, is that of Wolf, Lips. , 1804-1807, 4 vols.
12mo. A good edition of the Odyssey is still needed,
though the want may in a great measure be supplied
by the excellent commentary of Nitzsch, Hannor. ,
1826-1831, 2 vols. 8vo. --II. A poet, surnamed, for
distinction' sake, the Younger. He was a native of
Hierapolis in Caria, and flourished under Ptolemy
? ? Philadelphia. Homer the Younger formed one of the
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOR
HOUaTILS.
nus died of the dropsy at Ravenna, in August, 423,
leav'ng no issue. {Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 39,
teqq. --Encycl. Vs. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 281. )
Horapollo, or Hobus Apollo, a grammarian of
Alexandrca, according to Suidas, in the time of the
Roman emperor Theodosius. He taught, first in his
native city, and afterward in Constantinople, and
wrote, under the title of Te/tevixu, a work on conse-
crated places. Several other writers of this name are
mentioned by Suidas, by Stephanus of Byzantium
(j v. *eve6j;6't{->, by Photins (p. 536, ed. Bekker), and
by Eustathius (ad Od. 4). It is doubtful to which one
of the whole number a treatise which has come down
tc us on Egyptian Hieroglyphics is to be ascribed.
According to the inscription that is found in most
MSS. , the work was originally written in Egyptian,
and translated into Greek by a person named Philip.
Bit, whatever opinion we may form respecting the
author, it is evident that the work could not have been
written before the Christian era, since it contains allu-
sions to the philosophical tenets of the Gnostics. Its
merits are differently estimated. The object of the
writer appears to have been, not to furnish *a key to
the Hieroglyphic system, but to 'explain the emblems
and attributes of the gods. Champollion, and Lee-
mans in his edition of the work, are disposed to at-
tribute greater importance to it than former critics had
been willing to allow. The best edition is that of Lee-
mar. s, Amsl. , 1834, 8vo. Previous to the appearance
of this, the best edition was that of De Pauw, Traj. ad
Rhen. , 1727, 4to.
HoRi? ('ilpai), the Seasons or Hours, who had
charge of the gates of Heaven. Hesiod says that they
were the daughters of Jupiter and Themis; and he
names them Eunomia (Order), Dike (Justice), and
Eirene(Peace). "They watch," adds the poet, "over
the works of mortal man" (ipy' upaiovoi Karathnrotat
QpoToioi. --Thcog. , 903). By an unknown poet (ap.
Htobaum. --Lobeck, Aglaoph. , p.
600), the Hone are
called the daughters of Time; and by late poets they
were named the children of the year, and their num-
ber was increased to twelve. . (Nonnus, 11, 486. --Id. ,
12, 17. ) Some made them seven or ten in number.
(Hygin. , fab. , 183. )--The Hora seem to have been
originally regarded as presiding over the three seasons
into which the ancient Greeks divided the year.
(Wclcker, Tril. , p. 500, not. ) As the day was simi-
larly divided (11. , 21, 111), they came to be regarded
as presiding over its parts also; and when it was far-
ther subdivided into hours, these minor parts were
placed under their charge, and were named from them.
(Quint. , Smyrn , 2, 595. --Nonnus, I. c. ) Order and
regularity being their prevailing attributes, the transi-
tion was easy from the natural to the moral world;
and the guardian goddesses of the seasons were re-
garded as presiding over law, justice, and peace, the
great producers of order and harmony among men.
(Keighlley's Mythology, p. 190, seq. )
Horatu, the sister of the Horatii, killed by her
surviving brother for deploring the death of her be-
trothed, one of the Curiatii, and for reproaching him
with the deed by which she had lost her lover. (Vid.
Horatius II. )
Horatios, I. Quintus Flaccds, a celebrated Ro-
man poet, born at Venusia or Venusiurn, December
8ih, B. C. 65, during the consulship of I,. Aurclius
Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus. (Od. , 3, 21 1.
? ? Epod. , 13, 6. ) His father, who was a frccdman of
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HUKATIUS.
II UR
lun, no would either study hard or te luxuriously idle.
The country was the place where his heart abode, and
here be displayed all the kindness of his disposition.
At times reclining under the shade of a spreading tree,
by the side of some " bubbling runnel," he would tem-
per his Massir with the cooling lymph; at others he
would handle the spado and mattock, and delight in
the good-humoured jokes or his country neighbours
? hen they laughed at him, with his little punchy fig-
ore, puffing and blowing a', the unwonted work. But
bis suppers here were the chief scene of his enjoy-
ment. He would then collect around him the patri-
archs of the neighbourhood, listen to their homely but
practical wisdom, and participate in the merriment of
his slaves seated around the blazing fire. Well and
truly might he exclaim, " Nodes ciznaque Deutn . "'--
The character of Horace is as clearly developed in his
writings, as the manner in which he passed his time,
or the locality of his favourite haunts. Good sense
sras the distinguishing characteristic of his intellect;
teaderness that of his heart. He acknowledged no
raster in philosophy, and his boast waa not a vain one.
Although leaning to the tenets of Epicurus, the "sum-
mn bonum" of Horace soared far above selfishness.
His happiness centred not in self, but was reflected
from that of others. Culling what was best from each
sect, he ridiculed unsparingly the vague theories of all;
and, notwithstanding his shafts were chiefly directed
? gainst the Stoics, he assented to the loftier and* better
part of their doctrine, the superintendence of the di-
vinity over the ways of man. Like those of every
other mortal, the sterling qualities of Horace were
railed with baser alloy. His philosophy could not pre-
serve him, even at the age of fifty, from tho weak-
nesses of a boy, and he did not escape unsullied by the
vices of the time. These frailties apart, we recognise
in Horace all the amenities, and most of the virtues,
which adorn humanity. --The productions of Horace
are divided into fides, Epodcs, Satires, and Epistles.
The Odes, which for the most part are little more
than translations or imitations of the Greek poets, are
generally written in a very artificial manner, and ad-
eem depict the stronger and more powerful feelings of
human nature. The best are those in which the poet
describes the pleasures of a country life, or touches on
the beauties of nature, for which he had the most lively
perception snd the most exquisite relish: nor yet, at
the same time, arc his lyrical productions altogether
without those touches which excite our warmer sym-
pathies. But if we were to nsme those qualities in
which Horace most excels, we should mention his
strong good sense, his clear judgment, and the pu-
rity of his taste. --The best edition of Horace is that
of Boring, Lips. , 1803, 1815, 1828, 2 vols. 8vo,
reprinted at the London press, and also at Oxford,
1838, in one volume 8vo. --Many critics have main-
tained that each ode, each satire, dec, was published
separately by the poet. But Bentley, in the preface to
bis edition of the poet's works, argues, from the words
of Suetonius, the practice of other Latin poets, and
the expressions of Horace himself, that his works were
originally published in books, in the order in which
they now appear. Consult on this subject the " Ho-
rativs Restitutus" of Tate, Cambr. , 1832; 2d cd. ,
1837. (Bihr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 220, seqq.
-Quarterly Review, No. 124. --Encycl. Vs. Knotcl. ,
*ol. 12, p. 290. )--II. The name of three brave Ro-
? ? man twin-brothers, who fought, according to the old
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HORTENSIUS.
H 0K
orsistcnt wii'li his advanced age and consular digni-
ty, which required something more serious and com-
posed, his reputation in consequence diminished with
increase of years. Besides, from his declining health
and strength, which greatly failed in his latter years, he
may not have been able to give full effect to that showy
species of rhetoric in which he indulged. A constant
toothache and swelling in the jaws greatly impaired
his j'Owcrs of elocution and utterance, and became at
length so severe as to accelerate his end. A few
montlis, however, before his death, which happened in
703, h<; pleaded for his nephew Messala, who was ac-
cused >f illegal canvassing, and who was acquitted
more in consequence of the astonishing exertions of his
advocate than the justice of his cause. So unfavoura-
ble, indeed, was his case esteemed, that, however much
the speech of Hortensius had been admired, he was re-
ceived, on entering the theatre of Curio on the follow-
ing day, with loud clamours and hisses, which were the
more remarked as he had never met with similar treat-
ment in the whole course of his forensic career. (Vic. ,
/'. '/'. >"l h'am. , 8,2. ) The speech, however, revived all
the ancient admiration of the public for his oratorical
talents, and convinced them that, had he possessed
the same perseverance as Cicero, he would not have
ranked second to that orator. The speeches of Hor-
tensius, as has already been mentioned, lost part of
their effect by the orator's advance in years, but they
suffered still more by being transferred to writing. As
his chief excellence consisted in action and delivery,
his writings were much inferior to what was expected
from the high fame which he had enjoyed; and ac-
cordingly, after death, he retained little of that esteem
? vhich he had so abundantly possessed during life.
(Quint, Inst. Oral. , 11, 3. ) It appears from Macro-
tuns, that he was much ridiculed by his contempora-
ries on account of his affected gestures. In pleading,
his hands were constantly in motion, whence he was
often attacked by his adversaries in the forum for re-
sembling an actor; and on one occasion he received
. 'rom his opponent the appellation of Dionysia, which
was the name of a celebrated dancing girl. (Aulut
Gclhm, 1,8. ) jEsopus and Roscius frequently attend-
ed his pleadings to catch his gestures and imitate them
on the stage. (Vol. Max. , 8, 10. ) Such, indeed, was
his exertion in action, that it was commonly said that
it could not be determined whether people went to hear
or to see him. Like Demosthenes, he chose and put
on his dress with the most studied care and neatness.
He is said not only to have prepared his gestures, but
also to have adjusted the plaits of his gown before a
mirror when about to issue forth to the forum; and to
have taken no less care in arranging them than in
moulding the periods of his discourse. He so tucked
up his gown that the folds did not fall by chance, but
wore formed with great care by help of a knot care-
fully tied, and concealed by the plies of his robe, which
apparently flowed carelessly around him. (Macrobi-
tu, Sat. , 3, 13. ) Macrobius also records i story of his
instituting an action of damages sgainst a person who
had jostled him while walking in this elaborate dress,
and had ruffled his toga when he was about to appear
in public with his drapery adjusted according to the
? appiest arrangement; an anecdote which, whether
irue or false, shows by its currency the opinion enter-
tained of his finical attention to everything that con-
cerned the elegance of his attire, or the gracefulness
? ? of his figure and attitudes. This appears to have been
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:11 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? h <<JN
HUNNI
to tiie son, he avenges him on Typhon: the solstitial
tun brings hack the Nile from the bottom of Egypt,
where it had appeared to be sleeping the sleep of
death; the waters spread themselves over the land,
everything receives new life; contagious maladies,
hurtful reptiles, parching heats which had engendered
them, all disappear before the conqueror of Typhon;
'. hrough him nature revives, ar. d Egypt resumes her I
fertility. --Horus wi3 the ieity of ApollinopolisMagna
(EJjou), where he had a magnificent temple. The
Greeks compared him to their Apollo. He is the con-
queror of Typhon, as Apollo is of Python, and Crishna
of the serpent Caliya. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p.
276. -- Creuzer, par Guigniaul, vol. 1, p. 400. --Com-
pare the remarks of Jomard, in the "Description dc
lEgypte--Antiq. ," vol. 1, p. 26, seqq. )
Hostilu, a village on the Padus, or Po, now Os-
tigiia, in the vicinity of Cremona. {Tacit. , Ann. , 2,
40. )
HostIl-s, a Roman poet, contemporary with Lucil-
ms the satirist. He wrote a poem on the Istrian war,
which took place 576 A. U. C. , or B. C. 178. Some
fragments of this have reached our time. Hostius
wrote also metrical annals, after the manner of En-
nius. (Wcichcrl, de Hoslio pocta, ejusqur. carm. reli-
quiit, Commcnta/io, p. 1-18. ) Some make him to
have been the father, others the grandfather, of the
Cynthia of Propertius. (Consult Hrouckhus. , ad Pro-
pert. , Elcg. , 3, 18, 8. )
Hunni, one of the barbarian nations that invaded
the Roman empire. The first ancient author who
makes mention of the Huns is Dionysius Periegetes.
This gsngrapiai', who wrote probably about 30 years
bef ;. c our era, names four nations, which, in the order
of his narrative, followed from north to south along
the western shores of the Caspian Sea, viz. , the Scy-
thians, the Huns (Oiiwoj), the Caspians, and the Al-
banians. Eratosthenes, cited by Strabo, places these
tuitions in the same order; but, in place of Huns, he
calls the second Ovirioi, Huitii, who were probably
the Hunnic tribe farthest to the west. Ptolemy, who
jved about the middle of the third century, placed the
Huns (Xoivoi) between the Dastarna; and Koxolani,
consequently on the two banks of the Borysthencs.
The Armenian historians know this people under the
denomination of Hounk, and placo them to the north
of Caucasus, between the Wolga and the Don. Hence
they call the defile of Derbcnd the " Rampart of the
Huns. " In the geographical work falsely attributed
to Moses of Chorcne, the following passage occurs:
"The Massagetas dwell as far as the Caspian Sea,
where is the branch of Mount Caucasus that contains
the rampart of Tarpant (Derbend) and a wonderful
tower built in the sea: to the north arc the Huns
within the city of Varkatchan, and others besides. "
Moses "of Chorenc relates, in his Armenian history,
the wars which Tiridates the Great, who reigned from
259 to 312, sustained against certain northern nations
that had made an irruption into Armenia. This prince
attacked and defeated them, slew their king, and pur-
sued them into the country of the Hounk (Huns).
Zonaras states, that, according to some, the Emperor
Caras was slain (A. D. 283) in an expedition against
the Huns. From ai". that has been stated, we see
clearly that this people were already known before
their invasion of Europe, and that, when Ammianus
Marcellinus speaks of them as a nation "little known
? ? to the ancients," he is not to be considered as mean-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:11 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 11 V A
HYA
:essor Vilhimir endeavoured in rain to make head
(gainst the victors; he was slain in battle, and the
Ostrogoths were dispersed.
This supposition is involved in still greater difficulty
than the former, for we have here a race of bards,
who, though living at different periods, and though
the language was, during all this time, undergoing
changes cf some kind or other, yet write all of them
in a manner so similar, and display so few, if any, dis-
crepances, that their various productiens, when col-
? ? lected together, wear all the appearance of a poem by
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOMERUS.
HUMERUS.
eomp<<Hed the rhapsodists to follow one another, ar-
cording to the order of the poem, ant] for having thus
restored these great works, which were falling into
fragments, to their pristine integrity. It is iidccd
true, that some arbitrary additions may have oeen made
to them at this period; which, however, we can only
hope to be able to distinguish from the rest of the
roem, by first coming to some general agreement as
lo the original form and subsequent destiny of the Ho-
meric compositions. {Midler, Hist. Gr. Lit. , p. 62,
Introduction of the Homeric Poena into Greece.
Two different accounts are given on this head. 1.
First, it is said that Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator,
met with the poems of Homer during his travels in
Asia, and, being charmed with them, carried them
with ln. 'ii by some means, ami in some shape or other,
tuck to his native city. The authority for this is a
passage of a fragment of Heraclides Ponticus, in which
he says that Lycurgus, "having procured the poetry
of Homer from the descendants of Creophylus, first
introduced it into the Peloponnesus. " /Elian {V. II,
13, 14) repeats this with advantage: "Lycurgus the
Spartan first carried the poetry of Homer in a mass
into Greece. " Plutarch (Vit. Ltjcurg. ) finishes off the
story in his usual manner. "There (in Asia) Lycur-
fros first fell in with the poems of Homer, probably in
the keeping of the descendants of Cleophylus; he
rrr? : them out eagerly, and collected them together
for the purpose of bringing them hither into Greece;
tor there was already at that time an obscure rumour
of these verses among the Greeks, but <<we few only
possessed some scattered fragments of this poetry,
which were circulated in a chance manner. Lycurgus
had the principal hand in making it known. " This
Creophylus or Cleophylus, a Samian, is said to have
been Homer's host in Samos, and a poet himself.
The nucleus of fact in this story may probably consist
z this; that Lycurgus became more acquainted with
*he Homeric versos among the Ionian rhapsodists, and
succeeded in introducing, by means of his own or oth-
tn' memory, some connected portions of them into
Western Greece. That he wrote them all out is, as
we may sec, so far as the original authority goes, due
to the ingenious biographer alone. But the better
founded account of tho introduction, or, at least, of
? be formal collection of the Homeric verses, though
not inconsistent with the other, is, that, after Solon had
directed that the rhapsodists should, upon public oc-
casions, recite in a certain order of poetical narration,
and not confusedly, the end before the beginning, as
had been the previous practice, Pisistratus, with the
ielp of a large body of the most celebrated poets of
llis age, made a regular collection of the different rhap-
sodies which passed under Homer's name, committed
them all to writing, and arranged them very much in
the terics in which we now possess them. The di-
vision of the rhapsodies into books corresponding with
the letters of the Greek alphabet, was probably the
work of the Alexandrean critics many centuries after-
ward. Now the authorities for attributing this primary
reduction into form to Pisistratus, are numerous and
express, and a few quotations from them will be the
most satisfactory way of putting the student in pos-
session of the opinions of the ancients upon this sub-
|ect--" Who," says Cicero, "was more learned in
that age, or whose eloquence is reported to have been
more refined by literature than that of Pisistratus,
? ? who is said first to have disposed the books of Homer,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOMERUS.
HUMERUS.
> poet oi Colophon; and of another very celebrated
oi. e by Aristotle, which edition Alexander is said to
have himself corrected and kept in a very precious
casket, taken among the spoils of the camp of Darius.
This edition was called 7 Ik tov vupdnnoc. The edi-
tions by any known individual were called oi hot' uv-
tpa, to distinguish them from several editions existing
in different cities, but not attributed to any particular
editors. These latter were called al xaru rtoXeic, or
al rx itoXeav. The Massiliotic, Chian, Argive, Sino-
pic, Cyprian, and Cretan are mentioned. There are
three other names very conspicuous among the mul-
titude of clitics, and commentators, and editors of
the Iliad in subsequent times; these are Zenodotus,
Aristophanes, the inventor of accents, and Aristarchus.
This last celebrated man lived in the reign of Ptolemy
Philometor, B. C. 150, and, after a collation of all the
copies then existing, he published a new edition, or
&top0uoic, of the Iliad, divided into books, the text of
which, according to the general opinion of critics, has
finally prevailed as the genuine diction of Homer.
{Coleridge, Introduction, &. c, p. 37-55. ) In the
preface to Gronovius' Thesaurus (vol. 5), there is a
particular and curious account of the manner in which
Pisistratus put together the poems of Homer. It is
taken from the Commentary of Diomedes Scholasticus
on the grammar of Dionysius the Thracian, and was
first published in the original Greek by Bekker, in the
second vol. of his Anecdota Grctca (p. 767, seqq. ). It
is in substance as follows: The poems of Homer
were in a fragmentary state, in different hands. One
man had a hundred verses; another two hundred; a
third a thousand, &c. Thereupon Pisistratus, not
being able to find the poems entire, proclaimed all
over Greece, that whoever brought to him verses of
Homer, should receive so much for each line. All
who brought any received the promised reward, even
those who brought lines which he had already obtained
from others. Sometimes people brought him verses
of their own for those of Homer, now marked with an
obelus (roi>c vvv o6eXi(o/ievovc). After having thus
made a collection, he employed 72 grammarians to
pu' together the verses of Homer in the manner they
I'. iought best. After each had separately arranged the
verses, he brought them all together, and made each
show to the whole his own particular work. Having
all in a body examined carefully and impartially, they
with one accord gave the preference to the composi-
tions of Aristarchus and Zenodotus, and determined
still farther, that the former had made the better one of
the two. (Bekker, Anec. Grac. , I. c. )
Iliad and Odyssey.
For an account of these two poems, and the discus-
sions connected with them, consult the articles Ilias
and Odyssea. The remainder of our remarks on the
present occasion will be confined to a brief consider-
ation of a few minor productions that are commonly
attributed to Homer.
1. Margites.
This poem, which was a satire upon some Strenuous
blockhead, as the name implies, does not now exist;
but it was so famous in former times that it seems
proper to select it for a slight notice from among the
score of lost works attributed to the hand of Homer.
It is said by Harpocration that Callimachus admired
ths Margites, and Dio Chrysostom says (Diss. 53)
that Zeno the philosopher wrote a commentary on it.
? ? A genuine verse, taken from this poem, is well known:
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOM
HON
m great reputation at Syracuse about 500 B. C. . was
supposed by many to be the real Homer of this par-
ticular poem. One thing, however, is certain, that
these hymns are extremely ancient, and it is probable
that some of them only yield to the Iliad and Odyssey
in remoteness of date. They vary in character and
poetical merit; but there is scarcely one among them
that has not something to interest us, and they have
ill of them, in a greater or less degree, that simple
Homeric liveliness which never fails to charm us
wherever we meet with it.
4. Epigrams.
Under the title of Epigrams are classed a few verses
on different subjects, chiefly addresses to cities or
private individuals. There is one short hymn to Nep-
tune which seems out of its place here. In the fourth
epigram, Homer is represented as speaking of his
blindness and his itinerant life. As regards the gen-
eral character of the Greek Epigram, it mav here be
remarked, that u is so far from being the same with,
or even like to, the Epigram of modern times, that
sometimes it is completely the reverse. In general,
the songs in Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, Waller, and,
where he writes with simplicity, in Moore, give a better
notion of the Greek Epigrams than any other species
of modern composition.
5. Fragments.
The Fragments, as they are called, consist of a few
scattered lines which are said to have been formerly
found in the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the other sup-
posed works of Homer, end to have been omitted as
spurious or dropped by chance from their ostensible
context. Besides these, there are some passages from
toe Little Iliad, and a string of verses taken from Ho-
mer's answers in the old work, called the Contests of
Homer and Hesiod. {Coleridge, Introduction, dec,
p. 235. )
Conclusion.
Since the Homeric question was first agitated by
Wolf and Heyne, it has been placed on a very differ-
ent footing by the labours of more recent scholars.
The student may consult with advantage the following
works: Xitzsch, de Hisloria Homeri Meletemata. --
Kreuser, Vor/ragen Other Homcros. --Id. , Homerisehe
Rkaptodcn. -- Miillcr, Homerisehe Vorschulc. -- Hci-
ncckc, Homer und Lt/eurg. --Knight, Prolegomena ad
Homerum. -- London Quarterly Review, No. 87. --
Miller's Review of Nitzsch's work, in the GStlingen,
Gel. Anteigen, for Fcbr. , 1831. --Hermann's remarks
m the Wiracr Jahrbiieher, vol. 64. --Hug, Erfindung
der Buchstabenschrift. --An argument which confines
itself to the writings of Wolf and Heyne, can now add
hut little to our means of forming a judgment on the
Homeric question, and must keep some of its most
impoitant elements out of sight. (ThirlwaU's Greece,
vol. 1, p 248, t'n notis. )--The best edition of the Iliad
is that of Heyne, Lips. , 1802-1822,9 vols. 8vo. The
most popular edition of the entire works is that of
Clarke, improved by Ernesti, Lips. , 1759, 1824,
Glasg. , 1814, 5 vols. 8vo. The most critical one,
however, is that of Wolf, Lips. , 1804-1807, 4 vols.
12mo. A good edition of the Odyssey is still needed,
though the want may in a great measure be supplied
by the excellent commentary of Nitzsch, Hannor. ,
1826-1831, 2 vols. 8vo. --II. A poet, surnamed, for
distinction' sake, the Younger. He was a native of
Hierapolis in Caria, and flourished under Ptolemy
? ? Philadelphia. Homer the Younger formed one of the
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HOR
HOUaTILS.
nus died of the dropsy at Ravenna, in August, 423,
leav'ng no issue. {Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 39,
teqq. --Encycl. Vs. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 281. )
Horapollo, or Hobus Apollo, a grammarian of
Alexandrca, according to Suidas, in the time of the
Roman emperor Theodosius. He taught, first in his
native city, and afterward in Constantinople, and
wrote, under the title of Te/tevixu, a work on conse-
crated places. Several other writers of this name are
mentioned by Suidas, by Stephanus of Byzantium
(j v. *eve6j;6't{->, by Photins (p. 536, ed. Bekker), and
by Eustathius (ad Od. 4). It is doubtful to which one
of the whole number a treatise which has come down
tc us on Egyptian Hieroglyphics is to be ascribed.
According to the inscription that is found in most
MSS. , the work was originally written in Egyptian,
and translated into Greek by a person named Philip.
Bit, whatever opinion we may form respecting the
author, it is evident that the work could not have been
written before the Christian era, since it contains allu-
sions to the philosophical tenets of the Gnostics. Its
merits are differently estimated. The object of the
writer appears to have been, not to furnish *a key to
the Hieroglyphic system, but to 'explain the emblems
and attributes of the gods. Champollion, and Lee-
mans in his edition of the work, are disposed to at-
tribute greater importance to it than former critics had
been willing to allow. The best edition is that of Lee-
mar. s, Amsl. , 1834, 8vo. Previous to the appearance
of this, the best edition was that of De Pauw, Traj. ad
Rhen. , 1727, 4to.
HoRi? ('ilpai), the Seasons or Hours, who had
charge of the gates of Heaven. Hesiod says that they
were the daughters of Jupiter and Themis; and he
names them Eunomia (Order), Dike (Justice), and
Eirene(Peace). "They watch," adds the poet, "over
the works of mortal man" (ipy' upaiovoi Karathnrotat
QpoToioi. --Thcog. , 903). By an unknown poet (ap.
Htobaum. --Lobeck, Aglaoph. , p.
600), the Hone are
called the daughters of Time; and by late poets they
were named the children of the year, and their num-
ber was increased to twelve. . (Nonnus, 11, 486. --Id. ,
12, 17. ) Some made them seven or ten in number.
(Hygin. , fab. , 183. )--The Hora seem to have been
originally regarded as presiding over the three seasons
into which the ancient Greeks divided the year.
(Wclcker, Tril. , p. 500, not. ) As the day was simi-
larly divided (11. , 21, 111), they came to be regarded
as presiding over its parts also; and when it was far-
ther subdivided into hours, these minor parts were
placed under their charge, and were named from them.
(Quint. , Smyrn , 2, 595. --Nonnus, I. c. ) Order and
regularity being their prevailing attributes, the transi-
tion was easy from the natural to the moral world;
and the guardian goddesses of the seasons were re-
garded as presiding over law, justice, and peace, the
great producers of order and harmony among men.
(Keighlley's Mythology, p. 190, seq. )
Horatu, the sister of the Horatii, killed by her
surviving brother for deploring the death of her be-
trothed, one of the Curiatii, and for reproaching him
with the deed by which she had lost her lover. (Vid.
Horatius II. )
Horatios, I. Quintus Flaccds, a celebrated Ro-
man poet, born at Venusia or Venusiurn, December
8ih, B. C. 65, during the consulship of I,. Aurclius
Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus. (Od. , 3, 21 1.
? ? Epod. , 13, 6. ) His father, who was a frccdman of
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HUKATIUS.
II UR
lun, no would either study hard or te luxuriously idle.
The country was the place where his heart abode, and
here be displayed all the kindness of his disposition.
At times reclining under the shade of a spreading tree,
by the side of some " bubbling runnel," he would tem-
per his Massir with the cooling lymph; at others he
would handle the spado and mattock, and delight in
the good-humoured jokes or his country neighbours
? hen they laughed at him, with his little punchy fig-
ore, puffing and blowing a', the unwonted work. But
bis suppers here were the chief scene of his enjoy-
ment. He would then collect around him the patri-
archs of the neighbourhood, listen to their homely but
practical wisdom, and participate in the merriment of
his slaves seated around the blazing fire. Well and
truly might he exclaim, " Nodes ciznaque Deutn . "'--
The character of Horace is as clearly developed in his
writings, as the manner in which he passed his time,
or the locality of his favourite haunts. Good sense
sras the distinguishing characteristic of his intellect;
teaderness that of his heart. He acknowledged no
raster in philosophy, and his boast waa not a vain one.
Although leaning to the tenets of Epicurus, the "sum-
mn bonum" of Horace soared far above selfishness.
His happiness centred not in self, but was reflected
from that of others. Culling what was best from each
sect, he ridiculed unsparingly the vague theories of all;
and, notwithstanding his shafts were chiefly directed
? gainst the Stoics, he assented to the loftier and* better
part of their doctrine, the superintendence of the di-
vinity over the ways of man. Like those of every
other mortal, the sterling qualities of Horace were
railed with baser alloy. His philosophy could not pre-
serve him, even at the age of fifty, from tho weak-
nesses of a boy, and he did not escape unsullied by the
vices of the time. These frailties apart, we recognise
in Horace all the amenities, and most of the virtues,
which adorn humanity. --The productions of Horace
are divided into fides, Epodcs, Satires, and Epistles.
The Odes, which for the most part are little more
than translations or imitations of the Greek poets, are
generally written in a very artificial manner, and ad-
eem depict the stronger and more powerful feelings of
human nature. The best are those in which the poet
describes the pleasures of a country life, or touches on
the beauties of nature, for which he had the most lively
perception snd the most exquisite relish: nor yet, at
the same time, arc his lyrical productions altogether
without those touches which excite our warmer sym-
pathies. But if we were to nsme those qualities in
which Horace most excels, we should mention his
strong good sense, his clear judgment, and the pu-
rity of his taste. --The best edition of Horace is that
of Boring, Lips. , 1803, 1815, 1828, 2 vols. 8vo,
reprinted at the London press, and also at Oxford,
1838, in one volume 8vo. --Many critics have main-
tained that each ode, each satire, dec, was published
separately by the poet. But Bentley, in the preface to
bis edition of the poet's works, argues, from the words
of Suetonius, the practice of other Latin poets, and
the expressions of Horace himself, that his works were
originally published in books, in the order in which
they now appear. Consult on this subject the " Ho-
rativs Restitutus" of Tate, Cambr. , 1832; 2d cd. ,
1837. (Bihr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 220, seqq.
-Quarterly Review, No. 124. --Encycl. Vs. Knotcl. ,
*ol. 12, p. 290. )--II. The name of three brave Ro-
? ? man twin-brothers, who fought, according to the old
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HORTENSIUS.
H 0K
orsistcnt wii'li his advanced age and consular digni-
ty, which required something more serious and com-
posed, his reputation in consequence diminished with
increase of years. Besides, from his declining health
and strength, which greatly failed in his latter years, he
may not have been able to give full effect to that showy
species of rhetoric in which he indulged. A constant
toothache and swelling in the jaws greatly impaired
his j'Owcrs of elocution and utterance, and became at
length so severe as to accelerate his end. A few
montlis, however, before his death, which happened in
703, h<; pleaded for his nephew Messala, who was ac-
cused >f illegal canvassing, and who was acquitted
more in consequence of the astonishing exertions of his
advocate than the justice of his cause. So unfavoura-
ble, indeed, was his case esteemed, that, however much
the speech of Hortensius had been admired, he was re-
ceived, on entering the theatre of Curio on the follow-
ing day, with loud clamours and hisses, which were the
more remarked as he had never met with similar treat-
ment in the whole course of his forensic career. (Vic. ,
/'. '/'. >"l h'am. , 8,2. ) The speech, however, revived all
the ancient admiration of the public for his oratorical
talents, and convinced them that, had he possessed
the same perseverance as Cicero, he would not have
ranked second to that orator. The speeches of Hor-
tensius, as has already been mentioned, lost part of
their effect by the orator's advance in years, but they
suffered still more by being transferred to writing. As
his chief excellence consisted in action and delivery,
his writings were much inferior to what was expected
from the high fame which he had enjoyed; and ac-
cordingly, after death, he retained little of that esteem
? vhich he had so abundantly possessed during life.
(Quint, Inst. Oral. , 11, 3. ) It appears from Macro-
tuns, that he was much ridiculed by his contempora-
ries on account of his affected gestures. In pleading,
his hands were constantly in motion, whence he was
often attacked by his adversaries in the forum for re-
sembling an actor; and on one occasion he received
. 'rom his opponent the appellation of Dionysia, which
was the name of a celebrated dancing girl. (Aulut
Gclhm, 1,8. ) jEsopus and Roscius frequently attend-
ed his pleadings to catch his gestures and imitate them
on the stage. (Vol. Max. , 8, 10. ) Such, indeed, was
his exertion in action, that it was commonly said that
it could not be determined whether people went to hear
or to see him. Like Demosthenes, he chose and put
on his dress with the most studied care and neatness.
He is said not only to have prepared his gestures, but
also to have adjusted the plaits of his gown before a
mirror when about to issue forth to the forum; and to
have taken no less care in arranging them than in
moulding the periods of his discourse. He so tucked
up his gown that the folds did not fall by chance, but
wore formed with great care by help of a knot care-
fully tied, and concealed by the plies of his robe, which
apparently flowed carelessly around him. (Macrobi-
tu, Sat. , 3, 13. ) Macrobius also records i story of his
instituting an action of damages sgainst a person who
had jostled him while walking in this elaborate dress,
and had ruffled his toga when he was about to appear
in public with his drapery adjusted according to the
? appiest arrangement; an anecdote which, whether
irue or false, shows by its currency the opinion enter-
tained of his finical attention to everything that con-
cerned the elegance of his attire, or the gracefulness
? ? of his figure and attitudes. This appears to have been
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:11 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? h <<JN
HUNNI
to tiie son, he avenges him on Typhon: the solstitial
tun brings hack the Nile from the bottom of Egypt,
where it had appeared to be sleeping the sleep of
death; the waters spread themselves over the land,
everything receives new life; contagious maladies,
hurtful reptiles, parching heats which had engendered
them, all disappear before the conqueror of Typhon;
'. hrough him nature revives, ar. d Egypt resumes her I
fertility. --Horus wi3 the ieity of ApollinopolisMagna
(EJjou), where he had a magnificent temple. The
Greeks compared him to their Apollo. He is the con-
queror of Typhon, as Apollo is of Python, and Crishna
of the serpent Caliya. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p.
276. -- Creuzer, par Guigniaul, vol. 1, p. 400. --Com-
pare the remarks of Jomard, in the "Description dc
lEgypte--Antiq. ," vol. 1, p. 26, seqq. )
Hostilu, a village on the Padus, or Po, now Os-
tigiia, in the vicinity of Cremona. {Tacit. , Ann. , 2,
40. )
HostIl-s, a Roman poet, contemporary with Lucil-
ms the satirist. He wrote a poem on the Istrian war,
which took place 576 A. U. C. , or B. C. 178. Some
fragments of this have reached our time. Hostius
wrote also metrical annals, after the manner of En-
nius. (Wcichcrl, de Hoslio pocta, ejusqur. carm. reli-
quiit, Commcnta/io, p. 1-18. ) Some make him to
have been the father, others the grandfather, of the
Cynthia of Propertius. (Consult Hrouckhus. , ad Pro-
pert. , Elcg. , 3, 18, 8. )
Hunni, one of the barbarian nations that invaded
the Roman empire. The first ancient author who
makes mention of the Huns is Dionysius Periegetes.
This gsngrapiai', who wrote probably about 30 years
bef ;. c our era, names four nations, which, in the order
of his narrative, followed from north to south along
the western shores of the Caspian Sea, viz. , the Scy-
thians, the Huns (Oiiwoj), the Caspians, and the Al-
banians. Eratosthenes, cited by Strabo, places these
tuitions in the same order; but, in place of Huns, he
calls the second Ovirioi, Huitii, who were probably
the Hunnic tribe farthest to the west. Ptolemy, who
jved about the middle of the third century, placed the
Huns (Xoivoi) between the Dastarna; and Koxolani,
consequently on the two banks of the Borysthencs.
The Armenian historians know this people under the
denomination of Hounk, and placo them to the north
of Caucasus, between the Wolga and the Don. Hence
they call the defile of Derbcnd the " Rampart of the
Huns. " In the geographical work falsely attributed
to Moses of Chorcne, the following passage occurs:
"The Massagetas dwell as far as the Caspian Sea,
where is the branch of Mount Caucasus that contains
the rampart of Tarpant (Derbend) and a wonderful
tower built in the sea: to the north arc the Huns
within the city of Varkatchan, and others besides. "
Moses "of Chorenc relates, in his Armenian history,
the wars which Tiridates the Great, who reigned from
259 to 312, sustained against certain northern nations
that had made an irruption into Armenia. This prince
attacked and defeated them, slew their king, and pur-
sued them into the country of the Hounk (Huns).
Zonaras states, that, according to some, the Emperor
Caras was slain (A. D. 283) in an expedition against
the Huns. From ai". that has been stated, we see
clearly that this people were already known before
their invasion of Europe, and that, when Ammianus
Marcellinus speaks of them as a nation "little known
? ? to the ancients," he is not to be considered as mean-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:11 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 11 V A
HYA
:essor Vilhimir endeavoured in rain to make head
(gainst the victors; he was slain in battle, and the
Ostrogoths were dispersed.
