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may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. b000567496
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: University of California
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2023-01-10 06:16 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
## p. (#2) ##################################################
BERKELEY
LIERARY
UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA
## p. (#3) ##################################################
## p. (#4) ##################################################
1
## p. i (#5) ################################################
5
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
i
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Portod
## p. ii (#6) ###############################################
The Syndics of the University Press are deeply
indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata for his gener:jus
contribution towards the cost of the illustrations
in this volume.
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
Six Volumes
Vol. 1 Ancient India
Rs. 35
Vol. II In Preparation
Vol. III Turks and Afghans
In Press
Vol. IV The Mughal Period
Rs. 35
Vol. V The British India 1497-1858
Rs. 30
Vol. VI The Indian Empire
In Press
## p. iii (#7) ##############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF INDIA
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Period
PLANNED BY
LT. COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. , C. B. E. , M. A.
EDITED BY
SIR RICHARD BURN
C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
S. CHAND & CO.
DELHI JULLUNDUR LUCKNOW,
-
## p. iv (#8) ###############################################
Published in India by S. Chand & Co. by
arrangement with the Cambridge University
Press, London.
LOAN STACK
addi
August 1957.
S. CHAND & CO. ,
Fountain
Delhi
Asaf Ali Road New Delhi
Mai Hira Gate - Jullundur City
Jai Hind Cinema Buildings Lucknow.
Price Rs. 351-
Printed by D. P. Sinha, New Age Printing Press, 64, Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi
## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
7. 4
Copa
PREFACE
This VOLUME was planned by Sir Wolseley Haig, whose
serious illness unfortunately disabled him from editorial work on any
of the material which he had received, and even from revising finally
all the chapters to which his name is attached. Thus while Chapters
III, IV and v were completed by him in final form and appear as he
left them, Chapters ix, XII and xv have been re-written from his full
notes.
In the preceding volume the history terminated, in the case of
Delhi at 1526, and in the case of the other Muslim kingdoms of
northern and southern India and of the Hindu kingdom of Vijaya-
nagar at later dates between 1565 and 1600 which marked their
extinction or definite stages in their history. The narrative is carried
on here to the accession of Shah 'Alam II, during whose nominal rule
Delhi was to be included in British territory. As the volume deals
primarily with Mughul India references to the European powers
which obtained a footing in the country are incidental, and fuller
accounts of their progress or varying fortunes will be found in
Volumes V and vi.
Disappointed of his hopes to recover the seat of his ancestors in
Central Asia Babur had already raided India, when he was invited to
penetrate farther, and succeeded in founding a new empire there
owing to the mutual distrust of each other which characterised the
Afghan chiefs in northern India, and to the superiority of his small
but trained force. His son Humayun, whose character shows alternate
energy and sloth, bravery and indecision, conquered areas and lost
them during ten years, till he was driven into exile by Sher Shah, the
single Afghan ruler in India who could hold Afghans together, and
who had had practical experience of administration in lower grades.
Sher Shah's early death and the incompetence of his successors led to
Humayun's return, but an accident cut short his life after a few
months.
Akbar, succeeding as a boy to a much smaller area than his grand-
father had held, left at his death an empire extending from Qandahar
to the Bay of Bengal and from the Hindu Kush to the Deccan; and
apart from mere territorial acquisition he had realised as none of his
predecessors had done that successful government is bound up with
consent by the governed as well as with domination by the ruler. His
methods of administration remained the ideal throughout the Mughul
period, though neglected or distorted, and some of them still survive.
Political success too often feeds egotism, and in Akbar's case illiteracy
withheld restraint so that his religious speculations bred derision.
601
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
vi
PREFACE
At his death reaction was certain and under Jahangir, whose tem-
perament was artistic rather than practical and in whom generosity
degenerated into self-indulgence, administration declined. For a time
there was a revival under Shah Jahan, whose success in India led
him to attempt the traditional enterprise of his line for the recovery
of Central Asia. But a century of life in India had produced Mughul
princes disinclined for the rigours and solitudes to be endured north
of the Hindu Kush and the effort failed.
Succession to Babur and his descendants had not taken place with-
out jealousy or open dispute, and Jahangir and Shah Jahan had each
rebelled in his father's lifetime. The serious illness of Shah Jahan
kindled the smouldering envy of his four sons and war ensued from
which Aurangzib emerged successful, having killed or exiled his three
brothers, and made his father a prisoner in the fort of Agra, to
survive there for eighteen years. Aurangzib's reign falls into two
periods. From 1658 to 1681 he remained in northern India, where
his narrow-minded efficiency and religious intolerance caused the
alienation of the warlike frontier tribes and destroyed the loyalty of
the Rajputs to the empire which had been won by Akbar and main-
tained by Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Having, as he believed, subdued
these discordant elements, he left for southern India to extinguish the
remaining Muslim powers there and to quell the rising activities of
the Marathas. Success in the former enterprise increased his difficul-
ties in the latter and after ceaseless strife his life ended with the
limits of the empire extended, but its resources squandered and its
army ruined, while in the north the Sikhs and Jats were also show-
ing rebellious tendencies.
Aurangzib's dying efforts to prevent his sons from repeating the
fratricidal war for which he had set them an example failed. His son
Shah 'Alam Bahadur defeated his brothers, but was old and tired and
reigned only a few years. The Delhi empire now becomes the subject
of contests between nobles who set up puppet rulers, establish a new
hereditary rule of succession to public office, and carve out princi-
palities for themselves which are independent of the emperor in all
but name, and of which Hyderabad, Bengal, Oudh and Rohilkhand
are the chief. The Marathas, first enlisted by the Deccan kingdoms
to oppose Jahangir's invading army, and gradually turning into a
compact nation in their homeland, later engage in guerrilla expedi-
tions beyond its limits. The Nizam of Hyderabad, to protect himself
diverts them against Delhi, and the Nawab of Oudh rashly invites
their assistance against his rival the Nawab of Farrukhabad and thus
brings them into the Duab. Weakened by the shattering raid of Nadir
Shah the Delhi empire cannot withstand them and they advance far
into the Punjab. With a stable and effective administration at home
their activities outside the Deccan are chiefly predatory till their mili-
tary officers in Gujarat, Malwa and Nagpur assume independence.
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
vii
The story is ended in this volume by the temporary union of the
disintegrating Muslim powers with the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah
Abdali, who delivers a shattering blow to Maratha pretensions at
Panipat, while the Rajputs, who have also suffered, hold aloof, and
Shah 'Alam II succeeds to a shrunken territory, hemmed in by Hindu
states on three sides and the new Rohilla and Oudh rulers on the
other.
For the first time in Indian history the politics of Burma and India
clash, largely owing to acts of piracy committed by Arakanese and
refugees from Portuguese settlements. Chapter XVII also describes
the separate dynasties which held power in Burma till Alaungpaya
founded the latest.
For the revenue system of the Mughuls more information is avail-
able than was the case with their predecessors. Its importance
justifies the allotment of a separate chapter, xvi. As in Volume II, the
monuments are the subject of a chapter, XVIII, with numerous illus-
trations, including references to the buildings of Bijapur, Khandesh,
Sind and the Rajputs dating from the Mughul period. Permission to
reproduce Figs. 24 and 25 has been generously given by the authori.
ties of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and Fig. 67 by the
Archaeological Survey of India, which retains the copyright. Prints
for the other plates were obtained from the following sources: Messrs
Johnston and Hoffman, Calcutta: Figs. 7, 17, 37, 45, 46, 57, 61, 63,
83. Messrs Plâte, Ltd. , Colombo: Fig. 18, 36, 44, 60, 62, 85. Messrs
Bourne and Shepherd, Calcutta : Figs. 38, 43, 47, 52, 73, 86.
Sir Wolseley Haig's scheme of transliteration in Volume 111 has
been mainly followed though hamza has been more sparingly marked
in words such as ta'rikh and Sha'n, which are pronounced in India to-
day as tarikh and Shan. Names of places are usually spelt as in the
Imperial Gazetteer of India, for which special enquiries were made to
ascertain the correct modern vernacular form. That form was trans-
literated according to a uniform plan except in cases where official or
English literary usage had established a corruption, such as Calcutta,
Bombay or Cawnpore. The index contains a number of alternative
forms, sometimes not used in the book, for names often spelt dif-
ferently or for names newly identified in it.
Personal names cause greater difficulty. Those of Hindus are usually
derived from Sanskrit, but in the modern vernaculars have assumed
differing forms, so that a single Sanskrit name may have even more
spellings in its modern dress than “Philip" has in the languages of
Europe, and a still larger number of pronunciations. While names of
Muslims are more regular an additional complication arises from the
use of titles especially during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, when we find a series of individuals each with the title of
Khan Jahan or Firuz Jang, or on the other hand an individual bearing
different titles in succession. In the text an attempt has been made
>
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
vill
PREFACE
.
to reduce confusion by using the appellation held for the longest
period, while the index includes other titles and cross-references to
them.
In rendering official designations into English it is desirable to
avoid terms which have a specialised sense in European countries.
This applies particularly to the term jagir, which appears as "assign-
ment”. Many writers have translated it by “fief”, which is not
appropriate for several reasons. The system is explained at pp. 455-
456, and the reason for discarding the term "fief" is that the assign-
ment” of an official was always liable to change, was not hereditary,
and was not necessarily within the area of the official's jurisdiction.
The largest administrative division of the empire (suba) has been
called a province, and the officer in charge (sipah salar or subadar) a
viceroy. The term "commandant” represents the officer in executive
charge of a smaller area (Faujdar) or of a fort (qila'dar).
One of the maps has been adapted from a map in Volume iii, and
three are taken with small changes from maps in the Cambridge
Shorter History of India. Map V has been redrawn, by permission of
Messrs Longmans, from the map facing p. 152, History of Burma,
by G. E. Harvey. May VI has been specially prepared to show the
more important places mentioned in the book.
The index is not exhaustive of all references to well-known
places such as Agra which are frequently mentioned, but it includes
indications of important items concerning them.
Dates of the Hijra year have been converted into the Christian
era by using New Style from 1583, when Pope Gregory XIII re-
formed the Christian calendar, though Britain did not adopt the new
reckoning till 1752.
Acknowledgments are due to all the contributors to this volume
for their readiness to co-operate in obliterating the differences which
arise when the same series of events has to be dealt with by a number
of writers and in all other matters connected with the book, Special
assistance outside his own chapter has been received from Mr W. H.
Moreland, C. S. I. , C. I. E. , and Sir Jadunath Sarkar undertook at very
short notice Chapter XIII, which Sir Wolseley Haig had intended to
write. I am also indebted to Sir Verney Lovett, K. C. S. I. , for in-
structive criticism, and to Mr C. E. A. W. Oldham, C. S. I. , Mr Ghulam
Yazdani, Director of Archaeology, Hyderabad State, and to the late
S. Ahmad Hasan, C. I. E. , for throwing light on a number of obscuri-
ties. During the printing of the volume the University Press has
given invaluable help to reconcile discrepancies and avoid blemishes.
7
R. B.
January 1937
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL PLAN
PAGE
1-20
21-44
45-59
70-107
108-155
156-182
183-221
222-259
260-280
281-318
Babur
Humayun, 1530-1540°
Sher Shah, the Sur dynasty, Humayun, 1555-1556
Akbar, 1556-1573
Akbar, Mystic and Prophet, 1573-1805
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
Aurangzib, 1658-1681
Independent kingdoms of the Deccan and rise of the Marathas
Aurangzib, 1681-1707
Bahadur Shah 1, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh-siyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat and
Rafi-ud-Daula
Muhammad Shah
The Hyderabad State, 1724-с. i761
Growth of the Maratha power to 1761
Ahmad Shah, 'Alamgir II to 1761
The Revenue System of the Mughuls
The History of Burma
Monuments of the Mughul period
Bibliographies
Chronology, India
Chronology, Burma
Dynasties and Genealogical Tables
Index
1
319-340
341-376
377-391
392-427
428-418
449-475
476-522
523-576
577-601
602-614
615-613
617-627
629-633
CHAPTER I
BABUR
By SIR E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , D. Litt. , Director of the
School of Oriental Studies, London.
The situation in Persia and Turkestan
Wars and intrigues in Babur's youth
Babur's birth and parentage
Early vicissitudes
Babur establishes himself in Kabul
His first raid into India
Babur assumes title of emperor
Babur and Shah Isma'il
Hopes of rule in Samarqand abandoned
Buhlul Lodi
The four invasions of India
*Alam Khan and Daulat Khan
Babur subdues the Punjab
The battle of Panipat
Babur's description of India
Babur settles in Hindustan
War against the Rajputs
o ter voor ons WON
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
х
CONTENTS
PACE
The battle of Khanua
Babur's illness and death
His character
Memoirs and poems
17
18
19
20
CHAPTER II
21
22
23
2+
25
26
27
28
29
HUMAYUN
By SIR RICHARD BURN, C. S. I. , F. R. A. S.
It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights
may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. b000567496
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: University of California
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2023-01-10 06:16 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
## p. (#2) ##################################################
BERKELEY
LIERARY
UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA
## p. (#3) ##################################################
## p. (#4) ##################################################
1
## p. i (#5) ################################################
5
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
i
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Portod
## p. ii (#6) ###############################################
The Syndics of the University Press are deeply
indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata for his gener:jus
contribution towards the cost of the illustrations
in this volume.
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
Six Volumes
Vol. 1 Ancient India
Rs. 35
Vol. II In Preparation
Vol. III Turks and Afghans
In Press
Vol. IV The Mughal Period
Rs. 35
Vol. V The British India 1497-1858
Rs. 30
Vol. VI The Indian Empire
In Press
## p. iii (#7) ##############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF INDIA
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Period
PLANNED BY
LT. COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. , C. B. E. , M. A.
EDITED BY
SIR RICHARD BURN
C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
S. CHAND & CO.
DELHI JULLUNDUR LUCKNOW,
-
## p. iv (#8) ###############################################
Published in India by S. Chand & Co. by
arrangement with the Cambridge University
Press, London.
LOAN STACK
addi
August 1957.
S. CHAND & CO. ,
Fountain
Delhi
Asaf Ali Road New Delhi
Mai Hira Gate - Jullundur City
Jai Hind Cinema Buildings Lucknow.
Price Rs. 351-
Printed by D. P. Sinha, New Age Printing Press, 64, Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi
## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
7. 4
Copa
PREFACE
This VOLUME was planned by Sir Wolseley Haig, whose
serious illness unfortunately disabled him from editorial work on any
of the material which he had received, and even from revising finally
all the chapters to which his name is attached. Thus while Chapters
III, IV and v were completed by him in final form and appear as he
left them, Chapters ix, XII and xv have been re-written from his full
notes.
In the preceding volume the history terminated, in the case of
Delhi at 1526, and in the case of the other Muslim kingdoms of
northern and southern India and of the Hindu kingdom of Vijaya-
nagar at later dates between 1565 and 1600 which marked their
extinction or definite stages in their history. The narrative is carried
on here to the accession of Shah 'Alam II, during whose nominal rule
Delhi was to be included in British territory. As the volume deals
primarily with Mughul India references to the European powers
which obtained a footing in the country are incidental, and fuller
accounts of their progress or varying fortunes will be found in
Volumes V and vi.
Disappointed of his hopes to recover the seat of his ancestors in
Central Asia Babur had already raided India, when he was invited to
penetrate farther, and succeeded in founding a new empire there
owing to the mutual distrust of each other which characterised the
Afghan chiefs in northern India, and to the superiority of his small
but trained force. His son Humayun, whose character shows alternate
energy and sloth, bravery and indecision, conquered areas and lost
them during ten years, till he was driven into exile by Sher Shah, the
single Afghan ruler in India who could hold Afghans together, and
who had had practical experience of administration in lower grades.
Sher Shah's early death and the incompetence of his successors led to
Humayun's return, but an accident cut short his life after a few
months.
Akbar, succeeding as a boy to a much smaller area than his grand-
father had held, left at his death an empire extending from Qandahar
to the Bay of Bengal and from the Hindu Kush to the Deccan; and
apart from mere territorial acquisition he had realised as none of his
predecessors had done that successful government is bound up with
consent by the governed as well as with domination by the ruler. His
methods of administration remained the ideal throughout the Mughul
period, though neglected or distorted, and some of them still survive.
Political success too often feeds egotism, and in Akbar's case illiteracy
withheld restraint so that his religious speculations bred derision.
601
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
vi
PREFACE
At his death reaction was certain and under Jahangir, whose tem-
perament was artistic rather than practical and in whom generosity
degenerated into self-indulgence, administration declined. For a time
there was a revival under Shah Jahan, whose success in India led
him to attempt the traditional enterprise of his line for the recovery
of Central Asia. But a century of life in India had produced Mughul
princes disinclined for the rigours and solitudes to be endured north
of the Hindu Kush and the effort failed.
Succession to Babur and his descendants had not taken place with-
out jealousy or open dispute, and Jahangir and Shah Jahan had each
rebelled in his father's lifetime. The serious illness of Shah Jahan
kindled the smouldering envy of his four sons and war ensued from
which Aurangzib emerged successful, having killed or exiled his three
brothers, and made his father a prisoner in the fort of Agra, to
survive there for eighteen years. Aurangzib's reign falls into two
periods. From 1658 to 1681 he remained in northern India, where
his narrow-minded efficiency and religious intolerance caused the
alienation of the warlike frontier tribes and destroyed the loyalty of
the Rajputs to the empire which had been won by Akbar and main-
tained by Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Having, as he believed, subdued
these discordant elements, he left for southern India to extinguish the
remaining Muslim powers there and to quell the rising activities of
the Marathas. Success in the former enterprise increased his difficul-
ties in the latter and after ceaseless strife his life ended with the
limits of the empire extended, but its resources squandered and its
army ruined, while in the north the Sikhs and Jats were also show-
ing rebellious tendencies.
Aurangzib's dying efforts to prevent his sons from repeating the
fratricidal war for which he had set them an example failed. His son
Shah 'Alam Bahadur defeated his brothers, but was old and tired and
reigned only a few years. The Delhi empire now becomes the subject
of contests between nobles who set up puppet rulers, establish a new
hereditary rule of succession to public office, and carve out princi-
palities for themselves which are independent of the emperor in all
but name, and of which Hyderabad, Bengal, Oudh and Rohilkhand
are the chief. The Marathas, first enlisted by the Deccan kingdoms
to oppose Jahangir's invading army, and gradually turning into a
compact nation in their homeland, later engage in guerrilla expedi-
tions beyond its limits. The Nizam of Hyderabad, to protect himself
diverts them against Delhi, and the Nawab of Oudh rashly invites
their assistance against his rival the Nawab of Farrukhabad and thus
brings them into the Duab. Weakened by the shattering raid of Nadir
Shah the Delhi empire cannot withstand them and they advance far
into the Punjab. With a stable and effective administration at home
their activities outside the Deccan are chiefly predatory till their mili-
tary officers in Gujarat, Malwa and Nagpur assume independence.
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
vii
The story is ended in this volume by the temporary union of the
disintegrating Muslim powers with the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah
Abdali, who delivers a shattering blow to Maratha pretensions at
Panipat, while the Rajputs, who have also suffered, hold aloof, and
Shah 'Alam II succeeds to a shrunken territory, hemmed in by Hindu
states on three sides and the new Rohilla and Oudh rulers on the
other.
For the first time in Indian history the politics of Burma and India
clash, largely owing to acts of piracy committed by Arakanese and
refugees from Portuguese settlements. Chapter XVII also describes
the separate dynasties which held power in Burma till Alaungpaya
founded the latest.
For the revenue system of the Mughuls more information is avail-
able than was the case with their predecessors. Its importance
justifies the allotment of a separate chapter, xvi. As in Volume II, the
monuments are the subject of a chapter, XVIII, with numerous illus-
trations, including references to the buildings of Bijapur, Khandesh,
Sind and the Rajputs dating from the Mughul period. Permission to
reproduce Figs. 24 and 25 has been generously given by the authori.
ties of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and Fig. 67 by the
Archaeological Survey of India, which retains the copyright. Prints
for the other plates were obtained from the following sources: Messrs
Johnston and Hoffman, Calcutta: Figs. 7, 17, 37, 45, 46, 57, 61, 63,
83. Messrs Plâte, Ltd. , Colombo: Fig. 18, 36, 44, 60, 62, 85. Messrs
Bourne and Shepherd, Calcutta : Figs. 38, 43, 47, 52, 73, 86.
Sir Wolseley Haig's scheme of transliteration in Volume 111 has
been mainly followed though hamza has been more sparingly marked
in words such as ta'rikh and Sha'n, which are pronounced in India to-
day as tarikh and Shan. Names of places are usually spelt as in the
Imperial Gazetteer of India, for which special enquiries were made to
ascertain the correct modern vernacular form. That form was trans-
literated according to a uniform plan except in cases where official or
English literary usage had established a corruption, such as Calcutta,
Bombay or Cawnpore. The index contains a number of alternative
forms, sometimes not used in the book, for names often spelt dif-
ferently or for names newly identified in it.
Personal names cause greater difficulty. Those of Hindus are usually
derived from Sanskrit, but in the modern vernaculars have assumed
differing forms, so that a single Sanskrit name may have even more
spellings in its modern dress than “Philip" has in the languages of
Europe, and a still larger number of pronunciations. While names of
Muslims are more regular an additional complication arises from the
use of titles especially during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, when we find a series of individuals each with the title of
Khan Jahan or Firuz Jang, or on the other hand an individual bearing
different titles in succession. In the text an attempt has been made
>
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
vill
PREFACE
.
to reduce confusion by using the appellation held for the longest
period, while the index includes other titles and cross-references to
them.
In rendering official designations into English it is desirable to
avoid terms which have a specialised sense in European countries.
This applies particularly to the term jagir, which appears as "assign-
ment”. Many writers have translated it by “fief”, which is not
appropriate for several reasons. The system is explained at pp. 455-
456, and the reason for discarding the term "fief" is that the assign-
ment” of an official was always liable to change, was not hereditary,
and was not necessarily within the area of the official's jurisdiction.
The largest administrative division of the empire (suba) has been
called a province, and the officer in charge (sipah salar or subadar) a
viceroy. The term "commandant” represents the officer in executive
charge of a smaller area (Faujdar) or of a fort (qila'dar).
One of the maps has been adapted from a map in Volume iii, and
three are taken with small changes from maps in the Cambridge
Shorter History of India. Map V has been redrawn, by permission of
Messrs Longmans, from the map facing p. 152, History of Burma,
by G. E. Harvey. May VI has been specially prepared to show the
more important places mentioned in the book.
The index is not exhaustive of all references to well-known
places such as Agra which are frequently mentioned, but it includes
indications of important items concerning them.
Dates of the Hijra year have been converted into the Christian
era by using New Style from 1583, when Pope Gregory XIII re-
formed the Christian calendar, though Britain did not adopt the new
reckoning till 1752.
Acknowledgments are due to all the contributors to this volume
for their readiness to co-operate in obliterating the differences which
arise when the same series of events has to be dealt with by a number
of writers and in all other matters connected with the book, Special
assistance outside his own chapter has been received from Mr W. H.
Moreland, C. S. I. , C. I. E. , and Sir Jadunath Sarkar undertook at very
short notice Chapter XIII, which Sir Wolseley Haig had intended to
write. I am also indebted to Sir Verney Lovett, K. C. S. I. , for in-
structive criticism, and to Mr C. E. A. W. Oldham, C. S. I. , Mr Ghulam
Yazdani, Director of Archaeology, Hyderabad State, and to the late
S. Ahmad Hasan, C. I. E. , for throwing light on a number of obscuri-
ties. During the printing of the volume the University Press has
given invaluable help to reconcile discrepancies and avoid blemishes.
7
R. B.
January 1937
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL PLAN
PAGE
1-20
21-44
45-59
70-107
108-155
156-182
183-221
222-259
260-280
281-318
Babur
Humayun, 1530-1540°
Sher Shah, the Sur dynasty, Humayun, 1555-1556
Akbar, 1556-1573
Akbar, Mystic and Prophet, 1573-1805
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
Aurangzib, 1658-1681
Independent kingdoms of the Deccan and rise of the Marathas
Aurangzib, 1681-1707
Bahadur Shah 1, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh-siyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat and
Rafi-ud-Daula
Muhammad Shah
The Hyderabad State, 1724-с. i761
Growth of the Maratha power to 1761
Ahmad Shah, 'Alamgir II to 1761
The Revenue System of the Mughuls
The History of Burma
Monuments of the Mughul period
Bibliographies
Chronology, India
Chronology, Burma
Dynasties and Genealogical Tables
Index
1
319-340
341-376
377-391
392-427
428-418
449-475
476-522
523-576
577-601
602-614
615-613
617-627
629-633
CHAPTER I
BABUR
By SIR E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , D. Litt. , Director of the
School of Oriental Studies, London.
The situation in Persia and Turkestan
Wars and intrigues in Babur's youth
Babur's birth and parentage
Early vicissitudes
Babur establishes himself in Kabul
His first raid into India
Babur assumes title of emperor
Babur and Shah Isma'il
Hopes of rule in Samarqand abandoned
Buhlul Lodi
The four invasions of India
*Alam Khan and Daulat Khan
Babur subdues the Punjab
The battle of Panipat
Babur's description of India
Babur settles in Hindustan
War against the Rajputs
o ter voor ons WON
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
х
CONTENTS
PACE
The battle of Khanua
Babur's illness and death
His character
Memoirs and poems
17
18
19
20
CHAPTER II
21
22
23
2+
25
26
27
28
29
HUMAYUN
By SIR RICHARD BURN, C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
Humayun divides the empire
The difficulties before him
Humayun invades Gujarat
Capture of Mandu and Champaner
Humayun fails to hold Gujarat
Return to Mandu
Gujarat lost, and revolt in eastern provinces
Expedition against Sher Khan
Chunar taken and Bihar and Bengal invaded
Gaur occupied and then abandoned
Humayun's retreat from Bengal
Hindal and Kamran fail to help him
Sher Khan routs Mughul army at Chausa
Humayun again defeated by Sher Khan near Kanauj
Humayun flees to the Punjab
Schemes for a place of refuge
Failure to occupy Sind
Marriage to Hamida Begam
Hopes of aid in Rajputana
Humayun takes refuge in Persia
Capture of Qandahar and Kabul
Kamran in revolt
Character of Humayun
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
১৪
39
40
41
42
43
CHAPTER III
SHER SHAH AND THE SUR DYNASTY.
THE RETURN OF HUMAYUN
By Lt. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG, K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M.
Find more books at https://www. hathitrust. org.
Title: The Cambridge history of India.
Publisher: Delhi : S. Chand, 1965-, [1922-].
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illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights
may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. b000567496
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
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Original from: University of California
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2023-01-10 06:16 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
## p. (#2) ##################################################
BERKELEY
LIERARY
UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA
## p. (#3) ##################################################
## p. (#4) ##################################################
1
## p. i (#5) ################################################
5
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
i
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Portod
## p. ii (#6) ###############################################
The Syndics of the University Press are deeply
indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata for his gener:jus
contribution towards the cost of the illustrations
in this volume.
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
Six Volumes
Vol. 1 Ancient India
Rs. 35
Vol. II In Preparation
Vol. III Turks and Afghans
In Press
Vol. IV The Mughal Period
Rs. 35
Vol. V The British India 1497-1858
Rs. 30
Vol. VI The Indian Empire
In Press
## p. iii (#7) ##############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF INDIA
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Period
PLANNED BY
LT. COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. , C. B. E. , M. A.
EDITED BY
SIR RICHARD BURN
C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
S. CHAND & CO.
DELHI JULLUNDUR LUCKNOW,
-
## p. iv (#8) ###############################################
Published in India by S. Chand & Co. by
arrangement with the Cambridge University
Press, London.
LOAN STACK
addi
August 1957.
S. CHAND & CO. ,
Fountain
Delhi
Asaf Ali Road New Delhi
Mai Hira Gate - Jullundur City
Jai Hind Cinema Buildings Lucknow.
Price Rs. 351-
Printed by D. P. Sinha, New Age Printing Press, 64, Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi
## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
7. 4
Copa
PREFACE
This VOLUME was planned by Sir Wolseley Haig, whose
serious illness unfortunately disabled him from editorial work on any
of the material which he had received, and even from revising finally
all the chapters to which his name is attached. Thus while Chapters
III, IV and v were completed by him in final form and appear as he
left them, Chapters ix, XII and xv have been re-written from his full
notes.
In the preceding volume the history terminated, in the case of
Delhi at 1526, and in the case of the other Muslim kingdoms of
northern and southern India and of the Hindu kingdom of Vijaya-
nagar at later dates between 1565 and 1600 which marked their
extinction or definite stages in their history. The narrative is carried
on here to the accession of Shah 'Alam II, during whose nominal rule
Delhi was to be included in British territory. As the volume deals
primarily with Mughul India references to the European powers
which obtained a footing in the country are incidental, and fuller
accounts of their progress or varying fortunes will be found in
Volumes V and vi.
Disappointed of his hopes to recover the seat of his ancestors in
Central Asia Babur had already raided India, when he was invited to
penetrate farther, and succeeded in founding a new empire there
owing to the mutual distrust of each other which characterised the
Afghan chiefs in northern India, and to the superiority of his small
but trained force. His son Humayun, whose character shows alternate
energy and sloth, bravery and indecision, conquered areas and lost
them during ten years, till he was driven into exile by Sher Shah, the
single Afghan ruler in India who could hold Afghans together, and
who had had practical experience of administration in lower grades.
Sher Shah's early death and the incompetence of his successors led to
Humayun's return, but an accident cut short his life after a few
months.
Akbar, succeeding as a boy to a much smaller area than his grand-
father had held, left at his death an empire extending from Qandahar
to the Bay of Bengal and from the Hindu Kush to the Deccan; and
apart from mere territorial acquisition he had realised as none of his
predecessors had done that successful government is bound up with
consent by the governed as well as with domination by the ruler. His
methods of administration remained the ideal throughout the Mughul
period, though neglected or distorted, and some of them still survive.
Political success too often feeds egotism, and in Akbar's case illiteracy
withheld restraint so that his religious speculations bred derision.
601
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
vi
PREFACE
At his death reaction was certain and under Jahangir, whose tem-
perament was artistic rather than practical and in whom generosity
degenerated into self-indulgence, administration declined. For a time
there was a revival under Shah Jahan, whose success in India led
him to attempt the traditional enterprise of his line for the recovery
of Central Asia. But a century of life in India had produced Mughul
princes disinclined for the rigours and solitudes to be endured north
of the Hindu Kush and the effort failed.
Succession to Babur and his descendants had not taken place with-
out jealousy or open dispute, and Jahangir and Shah Jahan had each
rebelled in his father's lifetime. The serious illness of Shah Jahan
kindled the smouldering envy of his four sons and war ensued from
which Aurangzib emerged successful, having killed or exiled his three
brothers, and made his father a prisoner in the fort of Agra, to
survive there for eighteen years. Aurangzib's reign falls into two
periods. From 1658 to 1681 he remained in northern India, where
his narrow-minded efficiency and religious intolerance caused the
alienation of the warlike frontier tribes and destroyed the loyalty of
the Rajputs to the empire which had been won by Akbar and main-
tained by Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Having, as he believed, subdued
these discordant elements, he left for southern India to extinguish the
remaining Muslim powers there and to quell the rising activities of
the Marathas. Success in the former enterprise increased his difficul-
ties in the latter and after ceaseless strife his life ended with the
limits of the empire extended, but its resources squandered and its
army ruined, while in the north the Sikhs and Jats were also show-
ing rebellious tendencies.
Aurangzib's dying efforts to prevent his sons from repeating the
fratricidal war for which he had set them an example failed. His son
Shah 'Alam Bahadur defeated his brothers, but was old and tired and
reigned only a few years. The Delhi empire now becomes the subject
of contests between nobles who set up puppet rulers, establish a new
hereditary rule of succession to public office, and carve out princi-
palities for themselves which are independent of the emperor in all
but name, and of which Hyderabad, Bengal, Oudh and Rohilkhand
are the chief. The Marathas, first enlisted by the Deccan kingdoms
to oppose Jahangir's invading army, and gradually turning into a
compact nation in their homeland, later engage in guerrilla expedi-
tions beyond its limits. The Nizam of Hyderabad, to protect himself
diverts them against Delhi, and the Nawab of Oudh rashly invites
their assistance against his rival the Nawab of Farrukhabad and thus
brings them into the Duab. Weakened by the shattering raid of Nadir
Shah the Delhi empire cannot withstand them and they advance far
into the Punjab. With a stable and effective administration at home
their activities outside the Deccan are chiefly predatory till their mili-
tary officers in Gujarat, Malwa and Nagpur assume independence.
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
vii
The story is ended in this volume by the temporary union of the
disintegrating Muslim powers with the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah
Abdali, who delivers a shattering blow to Maratha pretensions at
Panipat, while the Rajputs, who have also suffered, hold aloof, and
Shah 'Alam II succeeds to a shrunken territory, hemmed in by Hindu
states on three sides and the new Rohilla and Oudh rulers on the
other.
For the first time in Indian history the politics of Burma and India
clash, largely owing to acts of piracy committed by Arakanese and
refugees from Portuguese settlements. Chapter XVII also describes
the separate dynasties which held power in Burma till Alaungpaya
founded the latest.
For the revenue system of the Mughuls more information is avail-
able than was the case with their predecessors. Its importance
justifies the allotment of a separate chapter, xvi. As in Volume II, the
monuments are the subject of a chapter, XVIII, with numerous illus-
trations, including references to the buildings of Bijapur, Khandesh,
Sind and the Rajputs dating from the Mughul period. Permission to
reproduce Figs. 24 and 25 has been generously given by the authori.
ties of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and Fig. 67 by the
Archaeological Survey of India, which retains the copyright. Prints
for the other plates were obtained from the following sources: Messrs
Johnston and Hoffman, Calcutta: Figs. 7, 17, 37, 45, 46, 57, 61, 63,
83. Messrs Plâte, Ltd. , Colombo: Fig. 18, 36, 44, 60, 62, 85. Messrs
Bourne and Shepherd, Calcutta : Figs. 38, 43, 47, 52, 73, 86.
Sir Wolseley Haig's scheme of transliteration in Volume 111 has
been mainly followed though hamza has been more sparingly marked
in words such as ta'rikh and Sha'n, which are pronounced in India to-
day as tarikh and Shan. Names of places are usually spelt as in the
Imperial Gazetteer of India, for which special enquiries were made to
ascertain the correct modern vernacular form. That form was trans-
literated according to a uniform plan except in cases where official or
English literary usage had established a corruption, such as Calcutta,
Bombay or Cawnpore. The index contains a number of alternative
forms, sometimes not used in the book, for names often spelt dif-
ferently or for names newly identified in it.
Personal names cause greater difficulty. Those of Hindus are usually
derived from Sanskrit, but in the modern vernaculars have assumed
differing forms, so that a single Sanskrit name may have even more
spellings in its modern dress than “Philip" has in the languages of
Europe, and a still larger number of pronunciations. While names of
Muslims are more regular an additional complication arises from the
use of titles especially during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, when we find a series of individuals each with the title of
Khan Jahan or Firuz Jang, or on the other hand an individual bearing
different titles in succession. In the text an attempt has been made
>
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
vill
PREFACE
.
to reduce confusion by using the appellation held for the longest
period, while the index includes other titles and cross-references to
them.
In rendering official designations into English it is desirable to
avoid terms which have a specialised sense in European countries.
This applies particularly to the term jagir, which appears as "assign-
ment”. Many writers have translated it by “fief”, which is not
appropriate for several reasons. The system is explained at pp. 455-
456, and the reason for discarding the term "fief" is that the assign-
ment” of an official was always liable to change, was not hereditary,
and was not necessarily within the area of the official's jurisdiction.
The largest administrative division of the empire (suba) has been
called a province, and the officer in charge (sipah salar or subadar) a
viceroy. The term "commandant” represents the officer in executive
charge of a smaller area (Faujdar) or of a fort (qila'dar).
One of the maps has been adapted from a map in Volume iii, and
three are taken with small changes from maps in the Cambridge
Shorter History of India. Map V has been redrawn, by permission of
Messrs Longmans, from the map facing p. 152, History of Burma,
by G. E. Harvey. May VI has been specially prepared to show the
more important places mentioned in the book.
The index is not exhaustive of all references to well-known
places such as Agra which are frequently mentioned, but it includes
indications of important items concerning them.
Dates of the Hijra year have been converted into the Christian
era by using New Style from 1583, when Pope Gregory XIII re-
formed the Christian calendar, though Britain did not adopt the new
reckoning till 1752.
Acknowledgments are due to all the contributors to this volume
for their readiness to co-operate in obliterating the differences which
arise when the same series of events has to be dealt with by a number
of writers and in all other matters connected with the book, Special
assistance outside his own chapter has been received from Mr W. H.
Moreland, C. S. I. , C. I. E. , and Sir Jadunath Sarkar undertook at very
short notice Chapter XIII, which Sir Wolseley Haig had intended to
write. I am also indebted to Sir Verney Lovett, K. C. S. I. , for in-
structive criticism, and to Mr C. E. A. W. Oldham, C. S. I. , Mr Ghulam
Yazdani, Director of Archaeology, Hyderabad State, and to the late
S. Ahmad Hasan, C. I. E. , for throwing light on a number of obscuri-
ties. During the printing of the volume the University Press has
given invaluable help to reconcile discrepancies and avoid blemishes.
7
R. B.
January 1937
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL PLAN
PAGE
1-20
21-44
45-59
70-107
108-155
156-182
183-221
222-259
260-280
281-318
Babur
Humayun, 1530-1540°
Sher Shah, the Sur dynasty, Humayun, 1555-1556
Akbar, 1556-1573
Akbar, Mystic and Prophet, 1573-1805
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
Aurangzib, 1658-1681
Independent kingdoms of the Deccan and rise of the Marathas
Aurangzib, 1681-1707
Bahadur Shah 1, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh-siyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat and
Rafi-ud-Daula
Muhammad Shah
The Hyderabad State, 1724-с. i761
Growth of the Maratha power to 1761
Ahmad Shah, 'Alamgir II to 1761
The Revenue System of the Mughuls
The History of Burma
Monuments of the Mughul period
Bibliographies
Chronology, India
Chronology, Burma
Dynasties and Genealogical Tables
Index
1
319-340
341-376
377-391
392-427
428-418
449-475
476-522
523-576
577-601
602-614
615-613
617-627
629-633
CHAPTER I
BABUR
By SIR E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , D. Litt. , Director of the
School of Oriental Studies, London.
The situation in Persia and Turkestan
Wars and intrigues in Babur's youth
Babur's birth and parentage
Early vicissitudes
Babur establishes himself in Kabul
His first raid into India
Babur assumes title of emperor
Babur and Shah Isma'il
Hopes of rule in Samarqand abandoned
Buhlul Lodi
The four invasions of India
*Alam Khan and Daulat Khan
Babur subdues the Punjab
The battle of Panipat
Babur's description of India
Babur settles in Hindustan
War against the Rajputs
o ter voor ons WON
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
х
CONTENTS
PACE
The battle of Khanua
Babur's illness and death
His character
Memoirs and poems
17
18
19
20
CHAPTER II
21
22
23
2+
25
26
27
28
29
HUMAYUN
By SIR RICHARD BURN, C. S. I. , F. R. A. S.
It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights
may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. b000567496
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: University of California
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2023-01-10 06:16 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
## p. (#2) ##################################################
BERKELEY
LIERARY
UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA
## p. (#3) ##################################################
## p. (#4) ##################################################
1
## p. i (#5) ################################################
5
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
i
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Portod
## p. ii (#6) ###############################################
The Syndics of the University Press are deeply
indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata for his gener:jus
contribution towards the cost of the illustrations
in this volume.
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
Six Volumes
Vol. 1 Ancient India
Rs. 35
Vol. II In Preparation
Vol. III Turks and Afghans
In Press
Vol. IV The Mughal Period
Rs. 35
Vol. V The British India 1497-1858
Rs. 30
Vol. VI The Indian Empire
In Press
## p. iii (#7) ##############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF INDIA
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Period
PLANNED BY
LT. COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. , C. B. E. , M. A.
EDITED BY
SIR RICHARD BURN
C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
S. CHAND & CO.
DELHI JULLUNDUR LUCKNOW,
-
## p. iv (#8) ###############################################
Published in India by S. Chand & Co. by
arrangement with the Cambridge University
Press, London.
LOAN STACK
addi
August 1957.
S. CHAND & CO. ,
Fountain
Delhi
Asaf Ali Road New Delhi
Mai Hira Gate - Jullundur City
Jai Hind Cinema Buildings Lucknow.
Price Rs. 351-
Printed by D. P. Sinha, New Age Printing Press, 64, Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi
## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
7. 4
Copa
PREFACE
This VOLUME was planned by Sir Wolseley Haig, whose
serious illness unfortunately disabled him from editorial work on any
of the material which he had received, and even from revising finally
all the chapters to which his name is attached. Thus while Chapters
III, IV and v were completed by him in final form and appear as he
left them, Chapters ix, XII and xv have been re-written from his full
notes.
In the preceding volume the history terminated, in the case of
Delhi at 1526, and in the case of the other Muslim kingdoms of
northern and southern India and of the Hindu kingdom of Vijaya-
nagar at later dates between 1565 and 1600 which marked their
extinction or definite stages in their history. The narrative is carried
on here to the accession of Shah 'Alam II, during whose nominal rule
Delhi was to be included in British territory. As the volume deals
primarily with Mughul India references to the European powers
which obtained a footing in the country are incidental, and fuller
accounts of their progress or varying fortunes will be found in
Volumes V and vi.
Disappointed of his hopes to recover the seat of his ancestors in
Central Asia Babur had already raided India, when he was invited to
penetrate farther, and succeeded in founding a new empire there
owing to the mutual distrust of each other which characterised the
Afghan chiefs in northern India, and to the superiority of his small
but trained force. His son Humayun, whose character shows alternate
energy and sloth, bravery and indecision, conquered areas and lost
them during ten years, till he was driven into exile by Sher Shah, the
single Afghan ruler in India who could hold Afghans together, and
who had had practical experience of administration in lower grades.
Sher Shah's early death and the incompetence of his successors led to
Humayun's return, but an accident cut short his life after a few
months.
Akbar, succeeding as a boy to a much smaller area than his grand-
father had held, left at his death an empire extending from Qandahar
to the Bay of Bengal and from the Hindu Kush to the Deccan; and
apart from mere territorial acquisition he had realised as none of his
predecessors had done that successful government is bound up with
consent by the governed as well as with domination by the ruler. His
methods of administration remained the ideal throughout the Mughul
period, though neglected or distorted, and some of them still survive.
Political success too often feeds egotism, and in Akbar's case illiteracy
withheld restraint so that his religious speculations bred derision.
601
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
vi
PREFACE
At his death reaction was certain and under Jahangir, whose tem-
perament was artistic rather than practical and in whom generosity
degenerated into self-indulgence, administration declined. For a time
there was a revival under Shah Jahan, whose success in India led
him to attempt the traditional enterprise of his line for the recovery
of Central Asia. But a century of life in India had produced Mughul
princes disinclined for the rigours and solitudes to be endured north
of the Hindu Kush and the effort failed.
Succession to Babur and his descendants had not taken place with-
out jealousy or open dispute, and Jahangir and Shah Jahan had each
rebelled in his father's lifetime. The serious illness of Shah Jahan
kindled the smouldering envy of his four sons and war ensued from
which Aurangzib emerged successful, having killed or exiled his three
brothers, and made his father a prisoner in the fort of Agra, to
survive there for eighteen years. Aurangzib's reign falls into two
periods. From 1658 to 1681 he remained in northern India, where
his narrow-minded efficiency and religious intolerance caused the
alienation of the warlike frontier tribes and destroyed the loyalty of
the Rajputs to the empire which had been won by Akbar and main-
tained by Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Having, as he believed, subdued
these discordant elements, he left for southern India to extinguish the
remaining Muslim powers there and to quell the rising activities of
the Marathas. Success in the former enterprise increased his difficul-
ties in the latter and after ceaseless strife his life ended with the
limits of the empire extended, but its resources squandered and its
army ruined, while in the north the Sikhs and Jats were also show-
ing rebellious tendencies.
Aurangzib's dying efforts to prevent his sons from repeating the
fratricidal war for which he had set them an example failed. His son
Shah 'Alam Bahadur defeated his brothers, but was old and tired and
reigned only a few years. The Delhi empire now becomes the subject
of contests between nobles who set up puppet rulers, establish a new
hereditary rule of succession to public office, and carve out princi-
palities for themselves which are independent of the emperor in all
but name, and of which Hyderabad, Bengal, Oudh and Rohilkhand
are the chief. The Marathas, first enlisted by the Deccan kingdoms
to oppose Jahangir's invading army, and gradually turning into a
compact nation in their homeland, later engage in guerrilla expedi-
tions beyond its limits. The Nizam of Hyderabad, to protect himself
diverts them against Delhi, and the Nawab of Oudh rashly invites
their assistance against his rival the Nawab of Farrukhabad and thus
brings them into the Duab. Weakened by the shattering raid of Nadir
Shah the Delhi empire cannot withstand them and they advance far
into the Punjab. With a stable and effective administration at home
their activities outside the Deccan are chiefly predatory till their mili-
tary officers in Gujarat, Malwa and Nagpur assume independence.
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
vii
The story is ended in this volume by the temporary union of the
disintegrating Muslim powers with the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah
Abdali, who delivers a shattering blow to Maratha pretensions at
Panipat, while the Rajputs, who have also suffered, hold aloof, and
Shah 'Alam II succeeds to a shrunken territory, hemmed in by Hindu
states on three sides and the new Rohilla and Oudh rulers on the
other.
For the first time in Indian history the politics of Burma and India
clash, largely owing to acts of piracy committed by Arakanese and
refugees from Portuguese settlements. Chapter XVII also describes
the separate dynasties which held power in Burma till Alaungpaya
founded the latest.
For the revenue system of the Mughuls more information is avail-
able than was the case with their predecessors. Its importance
justifies the allotment of a separate chapter, xvi. As in Volume II, the
monuments are the subject of a chapter, XVIII, with numerous illus-
trations, including references to the buildings of Bijapur, Khandesh,
Sind and the Rajputs dating from the Mughul period. Permission to
reproduce Figs. 24 and 25 has been generously given by the authori.
ties of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and Fig. 67 by the
Archaeological Survey of India, which retains the copyright. Prints
for the other plates were obtained from the following sources: Messrs
Johnston and Hoffman, Calcutta: Figs. 7, 17, 37, 45, 46, 57, 61, 63,
83. Messrs Plâte, Ltd. , Colombo: Fig. 18, 36, 44, 60, 62, 85. Messrs
Bourne and Shepherd, Calcutta : Figs. 38, 43, 47, 52, 73, 86.
Sir Wolseley Haig's scheme of transliteration in Volume 111 has
been mainly followed though hamza has been more sparingly marked
in words such as ta'rikh and Sha'n, which are pronounced in India to-
day as tarikh and Shan. Names of places are usually spelt as in the
Imperial Gazetteer of India, for which special enquiries were made to
ascertain the correct modern vernacular form. That form was trans-
literated according to a uniform plan except in cases where official or
English literary usage had established a corruption, such as Calcutta,
Bombay or Cawnpore. The index contains a number of alternative
forms, sometimes not used in the book, for names often spelt dif-
ferently or for names newly identified in it.
Personal names cause greater difficulty. Those of Hindus are usually
derived from Sanskrit, but in the modern vernaculars have assumed
differing forms, so that a single Sanskrit name may have even more
spellings in its modern dress than “Philip" has in the languages of
Europe, and a still larger number of pronunciations. While names of
Muslims are more regular an additional complication arises from the
use of titles especially during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, when we find a series of individuals each with the title of
Khan Jahan or Firuz Jang, or on the other hand an individual bearing
different titles in succession. In the text an attempt has been made
>
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
vill
PREFACE
.
to reduce confusion by using the appellation held for the longest
period, while the index includes other titles and cross-references to
them.
In rendering official designations into English it is desirable to
avoid terms which have a specialised sense in European countries.
This applies particularly to the term jagir, which appears as "assign-
ment”. Many writers have translated it by “fief”, which is not
appropriate for several reasons. The system is explained at pp. 455-
456, and the reason for discarding the term "fief" is that the assign-
ment” of an official was always liable to change, was not hereditary,
and was not necessarily within the area of the official's jurisdiction.
The largest administrative division of the empire (suba) has been
called a province, and the officer in charge (sipah salar or subadar) a
viceroy. The term "commandant” represents the officer in executive
charge of a smaller area (Faujdar) or of a fort (qila'dar).
One of the maps has been adapted from a map in Volume iii, and
three are taken with small changes from maps in the Cambridge
Shorter History of India. Map V has been redrawn, by permission of
Messrs Longmans, from the map facing p. 152, History of Burma,
by G. E. Harvey. May VI has been specially prepared to show the
more important places mentioned in the book.
The index is not exhaustive of all references to well-known
places such as Agra which are frequently mentioned, but it includes
indications of important items concerning them.
Dates of the Hijra year have been converted into the Christian
era by using New Style from 1583, when Pope Gregory XIII re-
formed the Christian calendar, though Britain did not adopt the new
reckoning till 1752.
Acknowledgments are due to all the contributors to this volume
for their readiness to co-operate in obliterating the differences which
arise when the same series of events has to be dealt with by a number
of writers and in all other matters connected with the book, Special
assistance outside his own chapter has been received from Mr W. H.
Moreland, C. S. I. , C. I. E. , and Sir Jadunath Sarkar undertook at very
short notice Chapter XIII, which Sir Wolseley Haig had intended to
write. I am also indebted to Sir Verney Lovett, K. C. S. I. , for in-
structive criticism, and to Mr C. E. A. W. Oldham, C. S. I. , Mr Ghulam
Yazdani, Director of Archaeology, Hyderabad State, and to the late
S. Ahmad Hasan, C. I. E. , for throwing light on a number of obscuri-
ties. During the printing of the volume the University Press has
given invaluable help to reconcile discrepancies and avoid blemishes.
7
R. B.
January 1937
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL PLAN
PAGE
1-20
21-44
45-59
70-107
108-155
156-182
183-221
222-259
260-280
281-318
Babur
Humayun, 1530-1540°
Sher Shah, the Sur dynasty, Humayun, 1555-1556
Akbar, 1556-1573
Akbar, Mystic and Prophet, 1573-1805
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
Aurangzib, 1658-1681
Independent kingdoms of the Deccan and rise of the Marathas
Aurangzib, 1681-1707
Bahadur Shah 1, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh-siyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat and
Rafi-ud-Daula
Muhammad Shah
The Hyderabad State, 1724-с. i761
Growth of the Maratha power to 1761
Ahmad Shah, 'Alamgir II to 1761
The Revenue System of the Mughuls
The History of Burma
Monuments of the Mughul period
Bibliographies
Chronology, India
Chronology, Burma
Dynasties and Genealogical Tables
Index
1
319-340
341-376
377-391
392-427
428-418
449-475
476-522
523-576
577-601
602-614
615-613
617-627
629-633
CHAPTER I
BABUR
By SIR E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , D. Litt. , Director of the
School of Oriental Studies, London.
The situation in Persia and Turkestan
Wars and intrigues in Babur's youth
Babur's birth and parentage
Early vicissitudes
Babur establishes himself in Kabul
His first raid into India
Babur assumes title of emperor
Babur and Shah Isma'il
Hopes of rule in Samarqand abandoned
Buhlul Lodi
The four invasions of India
*Alam Khan and Daulat Khan
Babur subdues the Punjab
The battle of Panipat
Babur's description of India
Babur settles in Hindustan
War against the Rajputs
o ter voor ons WON
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
х
CONTENTS
PACE
The battle of Khanua
Babur's illness and death
His character
Memoirs and poems
17
18
19
20
CHAPTER II
21
22
23
2+
25
26
27
28
29
HUMAYUN
By SIR RICHARD BURN, C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
Humayun divides the empire
The difficulties before him
Humayun invades Gujarat
Capture of Mandu and Champaner
Humayun fails to hold Gujarat
Return to Mandu
Gujarat lost, and revolt in eastern provinces
Expedition against Sher Khan
Chunar taken and Bihar and Bengal invaded
Gaur occupied and then abandoned
Humayun's retreat from Bengal
Hindal and Kamran fail to help him
Sher Khan routs Mughul army at Chausa
Humayun again defeated by Sher Khan near Kanauj
Humayun flees to the Punjab
Schemes for a place of refuge
Failure to occupy Sind
Marriage to Hamida Begam
Hopes of aid in Rajputana
Humayun takes refuge in Persia
Capture of Qandahar and Kabul
Kamran in revolt
Character of Humayun
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
১৪
39
40
41
42
43
CHAPTER III
SHER SHAH AND THE SUR DYNASTY.
THE RETURN OF HUMAYUN
By Lt. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG, K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M.
