, Frontieres et
conqu�tes
spatiales, Dordrecht, I988, pp.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
I 6. Good accounts ofthis theory are contained in E. Brehier, Ch sippe (Paris,
I95I), pp. II4-I27; S. Sambursky, The Physi of the Stoics (London, I959), pp. II-I7. C Stoi iens, pp. I67-I69 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 37, I077-I078).
I7. Stoi iens, p. I69 [= Plutarch, On Common Notions I078D-E -Trans. ]. I8. Hubert Reeves, Patience dans l'azur (Paris, I988), p. 259.
Notes to Pages 141-152 329
19. Francis Thompson, The Mistress sion (Ayles rd: St. Albert's Press, 1966).
20. Euripides, . 898, in A. Nauck, ed. , Tragicorum Graecorum agmenta (Leipzig: Teubner, 1889; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1964).
2 I . Nietzsche, E e homo. y I am so Intell ent, I O [= Friedrich Nietzsche: S mtliche Werke, Kritische Studienausgabe herausgegeben von Giorgio Colli und Mazzino Montinari (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), vol. 6, p. 297, 24-29; cf Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy Morals and Ecce Homo, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), p. 258 - Trans. ].
22. Nietzsche, Nietzsche Contra Wagner, Epilogue, I [= vol. 6, p. 436, 1 5-19 Colli/Montinari; c The Portable Nietzsche, selected and translated by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Viking Press, 1954), p. 680 -Trans. ].
23. Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragments, late 1886-Spring 1887, 7 (38) [= vol. 12, pp. 307-308 Colli/Montinari; c Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, edited by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), pp. 532-533 (no. ro32) -Trans. ].
24. Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragments, Spring-Summer 1888, 16 (32) [= vol. 13, p. 492, 3l-493, 7 Colli/Montinari; cf Kaufmann/Hollingdale, pp. 536-537
(no. ro41) -Trans. ].
25. William Blake, "Auguries oflnnocence," in G. Keynes, ed. , Blake, Com-
plete Writings (London, 1966), p. 43I.
26. Seneca, On Bene ts, VII, 3 .
27. Stoi iens, p. 140 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, VIII, ro62a).
28. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 74, 27.
29. On these notions, see P. Hadot, "Only the Present," in Philosophy as a
Way ofL e, pp. 63-75.
30. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 6. 43l I.
3 I. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, l6, 4.
32. This has been the view ofscholars om Renan toJ. M. Rist (in Meyer
and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition, p. 29).
3 3 . Here I am llowing the text of Theiler.
34. Aristotle, Protrepticus, . 2, pp. 27-28 in W. D. Ross, ed. , Aristotelis F g
menta Selecta (Ox rd, 1955).
35. Seneca,LetterstoLucilius, 16,4. Inthispassage,wecanrecognizeseveralof
Marcus Aurelius' hypotheses: an impersonal providence (= hypothesis 4 in our diagram); a personal providence (= hypothesis 5); and chance (= hypothesis l). On these various hypotheses, c W. Theiler, "Tacitus und die antike Schicksal slehre,"inPhylloboliaf rPetervonderMiihll(Basel, 1945), pp. 35-90 [reprintedin Theiler's Forschungen zum Neuplatonismus (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1966) - Trans. ].
36. C M. Frede, Die Stoische Logik (Gottingen, 1974), pp. 98-roo; Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XVI, 8, 14.
3 30 Notes to Pages l 53-171
37. Chrysippus,inAulusGellius,AtticNights,VII,l, 7-13.
38. Cicero, On the Nature ofthe Gods, III, 35, 86. See also II, 66, 167: the gods are concerned about great things, and neglect the minor ones. Cf Philo of Alexandria, On Providence, II, § r o2 : the cataclysms brought about by the natural trans rmation ofthe elements are only accidental consequences of ndamental natural processes.
39. Cf Marcus Aurelius' use ofthe word toioutos in Meditations, V, 8, 4, where the cosmos is described as "such-and-such" a body, and destiny as "such-and such" a cause. See also IV, 33, 3.
40. Pascal, Pensees, §77, trans. W. F. Trotter (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1958), no. 77, p. 23.
4r. [The word translated here as "reasons" is the Greek logos, which has a wide variety ofmeanings, including " rmula," "de nition," "proposition," and "account," to name but a w. -Trans. ]
42. Stoidens, p. 59 (§§135-136); SVF vol. II, §ro27 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 135-136; cf Long and Sedley no. 46B, vol. I, p. 275 (translation); vol. II, p. 272 (Greek text and commentary) -Trans. ] .
43 . Seneca, Natural Questions, I, Pre ce, 3 .
44. Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus, translation by A. -J. Festugiere, La Revelation d'Hermes Trismegiste, vol. 2 (Paris, 1949), p. 313; see also Stoidens, p. 8.
45. Seneca, Natural Questions, II, 45, r.
46. Ibid. , II, 45, 2-3.
47. Ibid. , II, 46.
48. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 12, 8; I, 20, l 5; Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, III,
16,3;X,ll, 4;XII,27,2;XII,3l, 2(ontheidentityof llowingReasonand llowing God) .
49. Cf. P. Hadot, "Introduction" to Plotin, Traite 50 (Paris, 1990), p. 68.
50. Origen, Against Celsus, IV, 74; cf S , vol. II, §§u56-u57.
5l. H. Bergson,LesDeuxSourcesdelamo leetdelareligion,p. 343(thephrase
quoted is the last sentence of this work) .
52. Cicero, On the Nature ofthe Gods, II, 66, 165-166.
53. On this passage om Marcus Aurelius, see the remarkable article by
Andre-Jean Voelke, "Sante du monde et sante de l'individu: Marc Aurele V, 8," Revue inte ationale de philosophie, 1991, pp. 322-335. These pages are all the more moving in that, as he was writing them, the author was quite aware of his own imminent death.
54. Kaiser Marc Aurel und seine Zeit, ed. Klaus Stemmer (Berlin, 1988), p. xii. 55. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 68.
56. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, ro7, 2.
57. Plotinus, Enneads, Treatise 38 (VI, 7), 22, 3r.
5 8 . I n Nietzsche Contra Wagner, " Epilogue , " I .
59. Jou al de l'abbe Mugnier (Paris: Mercure de France, 1985), p. 221 [= the diaries of the French clergyman Arthur Mugnier (1853-1944); the princess in
Notes to Pages I72-I89 33I
question is Mugnier's Romanian correspondent Martha Bibesco (c. I887-I973) -Trans. ].
60. Note the "view om above" mentioned in the citations om Nietzsche quoted above. On the theme ofthe "view om above," cf. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, pp. I55-I6I, 25I; P. Hadot, "La terre vue d'en haut et le voyage cosmique," in ]. Schneider and M. Leger-Orine, eds.
, Frontieres et conqu�tes spatiales, Dordrecht, I988, pp. 3I-39 [trans. in Pierre Hadot, Philosophy As a Way L e (Ox rd, I995), pp. 238-250 -Trans. ].
6r. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, ro2, 2r.
62. I n the Loeb Classical Library edition, ed. and trans. A . M . Harmon, vol. 2 . 63 . This was the theme of a well-known eighteenth-century novel, diable
boiteux, writ�en by Lesage ["The Limping Devil. " Alain Rene Lesage, author of The Adventures of Gil Blas de Santi/lane, wrote this work in I 707. For an English translation, see Asmodeus; or, The devil on two sticks (London, I 84I) -Trans. ] .
64. Lucian, Dialogues the Dead, vol. 7 ofthe Loeb Classical Library edition ofLucian. Charon is in vol. 2.
65. Epictetus, Discourses, III, 22, 24; E. Norden, Beitr ge zur Geschichte der grieschischen Philosophic (=]ahrbiicherfur classische Philologie, I9. Supplementband)
(Leipzig, I893), pp. 375-385.
6 6 . A r t h u r S c h o p e n h a u e r , T h e Wo r l d a s Wi l l a n d R e p r e s e n t a t i o n , t r a n s . E . F . ] .
Payne (New York: Dover, I966) ( rst edition, I958), vol. 2, p. 444. [The Latin motto may be translated "Always the same things, but in a di erent way. " -Trans. ]
67. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, III, 944.
68. See Epictetus, Manual, chap. IT "in the drama ofthe world, you play the role the Director wants you to play. " On this theme, c Goldschmidt, Systeme stoiden, pp. I8o
69. Immanuel Kant, Critique ofPractical Reason (Hamburg, roth edition, I990), p. I 86 [emphasis by Hadot -Trans. ] .
8. The Discipline Action, or Action in the Se ice ofMankind
r . F r o n t o , D e fe r i i s A l s i e n s i b u s , I I I , 7 , p . 2 I 6 , I I V a n d e n H o u t = v o l . 2 , p . I 2 Haines: "Si quempiam condemnas, parum cavisse videtur. "
2. I have borrowed this translation om I. G. Kidd, "Posidonius on Emo tions," in A. A. Long, ed. , Problems in Stoicism (London, I97I), p. 20I; see the article by Kidd in the same collection: "Stoic Intermediates and the End r Man. " See also I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 72-78; and in V. D'Agostino, Studi sul Neostoicismo, the chapter entitled "I doveri dell'etica sociale in Marco Aurelio," pp. I20-I40; Goldschmidt, Systeme stoiden, pp. r45-I68.
3. Stoidens, p. 50 ("Le convenable") [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, Book VII, ro7-I IO -Trans. ].
332 Notes to Pages 189-219
4. See Cicero, On the Limits ofGoods and Evils, III, 5, r6 , together with the remarkable commentary ofGoldschmidt, Systeme stoi'cien, pp. 126-132.
5. Seneca, On Bene ts, IV, 33, 2.
6. Cicero, On Duties, III, r3, I5 On these casuistic problems, see I. Hadot, "Tradition stolcienne et idees politiques aux temps des Gracques," Revue des Etudes Latines, vol. 48, pp. 161-178.
7. Cicero, OnDuties, III, 12, 51-53.
8. Cf Voelke, L'Idee de volonte, pp. 73-75.
9. Marcus Aurelius, IV, r, 2; V, 20, 2; VI, 50, 2; Epictetus, Manual, 62, 2;
Epictetus, quoted by Marcus, XI, 37, r. For Seneca, see the texts cited in the llowing notes.
IO. Seneca, On Peace ofMind, XIII, 2-3 .
rr. Seneca, On Ben ts, IV, 34, 4-5.
12. Ibid.
r3. Cicero, On The Limits Goods and Evils, III, 6, 22. 14. Seneca, On Providence, II, r, 4.
r5. Seneca, OnBene ts, II, IO, r.
16. Ibid. , II, IO, 3.
17. SVF, vol. III, §45 [= Servius, Commentary on il's Aeneid, I, 604 -
Trans. ]. Cf Seneca, On the Happy Life, IX, 4: "(virtus) ipsa pretium sui"; Spinoza, Ethics, V, proposition XLII.
18. Here, I am llowing the text ofFarquharson.
19. Matthew 6:3.
20. Plotinus, Enneads, I 4, IO, 26
2r. Seneca, On Ben ts, IV, 34, 4; On Peace ofMind, XIII, 3.
22. Cicero gives a history of this exercise in his Tusculan Disputations, III, r 3 ,
28 ; cf I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 6o-6r.
23 . Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, II, §46, 6-IO.
2 4 . I owe this excellent expression t o Mireille Armisen-Marchetti, " Imagina
tion et meditation chez Seneque. L'exemple de la praemeditatio, " Revue des Etudes Latines, 64 (1986): 185-195.
25. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 98, 6.
2 6 . Immanuel Kant, Foundations the Metaphysics ofMorals, 2nd section.
27. Stoi'ciens, p. 49 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, I05-I07 -Trans. ]. Cf
E. Brehier, Etudes dephilosophie antique (Paris, 1987), pp. 135-138.
28. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 89, 14.
29. "Their" representation. We can render the Greek text more explicit in
this way, both because of the context and because of the parallel in Epictetus, Manual, §6r.
30. SVF, vol. III, §262; Philo ofAlexandria, Allegory ofthe Laws, I, §87; cf. Marcus Aurelius, I, 16, 5.
3r. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4.
32. Plato, Laws, VI, 756e-758a; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, V, 6, rr3ra-b.
Notes to Pages 219-240 333
3 3 . Herodian, Histo of the Empire, I , 2 , 2 . Herodian is thinking in particular of the marriage of Lucilla, widow of the emperor Lucius Verus, with Claudius Pompeianus. It appears that this marriage was pleasing neither to Lucilla nor to her mother, Faustina.
34. SVF, vol. III, §125.
35. Plato, Republic, 617e1; 620d8; Phaedo, I07d7.
3 6 . Louis Lavelle, L'Erreur de Narcisse (Paris, 1 9 3 9) , p. l I I [trans. W. T. Gaird
ner, The Dilemma Narcissus, London and New York, 1973. Lavelle (1883- 1951), professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne and the College de France,
proposed a spiritual version ofexistentialism. -Trans. ].
37. Socrates in Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, VII, 3, 1145b21-27; Plato, Pro
tagoras, 345d; Gorgias, 509e; Timaeus, 86d.
3 8 . Galen, De animi cuiuslibet peccatorum dignotione et curatione , ed. W. de Boer,
Galeni de animi cuiuslibet peccatorum dignotione et curatione (= Corpus medicorum Graecorum, vol. 5. 4. r. 1 [Leipzig: Teubner, 1937]), p. 53 DeBoer=vol. V, p. 77 Kiihn.
39. Seneca, On Clemency, III, 4.
40. Lavelle, L'Erreur de Narcisse, p. 196. C£ J. de Romilly, La douceur dans la pensee grecque (Paris, l 979) .
41. Epictetus, Discourses, III, 22, 54. 42. Matthew 25:40.
43 . Seneca, On Clemency, III, 3 .
9 . rtue andJoy
r . Protagoras, 325a; 329c; Republic, 487a5; Phaedo, 69b2; Laws, I, 630-63 l and XII, 963 .
2. Stoidens, pp. 44-46 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, §§87-93]; 56-58 [=D.
