Symons,
personal
communication, July 26, 2001.
Steven-Pinker-The-Blank-Slate 1
Fiske, 1992, p.
698.
17. Trivers, 1974; Trivers, 1985.
18. Agrawal, Brodie, & Brown, 2001; Godfray, 1995; Trivers, 1985.
19. Haig, 1993.
20. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Hrdy, 1999.
21. Hrdy, 1999.
22. Trivers, 1976; Trivers, 1981.
23. Trivers, 1985.
24. Harris, 1998a; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe, 1994; Sulloway, 1996; Turkheimer, 2000.
25. Trivers, 1985, p. 159.
26. Used as the epigraph to Judith Rich Harris's The nurture assumption.
27. Dunn & Plomin, 1990.
28. Hrdy, 1999.
29. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Wilson, 1993.
30. Wilson, 1993.
31. Trivers, 1972; Trivers, 1985.
32. Blum, 1997; Buss, 1994; Geary, 1998; Ridley, 1993; Symons, 1979. {452}
33. Buss, 1994; Kenrick et al. , 1993; Salmon & Symons, 2001; Symons, 1979.
34. Buss, 2000.
35. Alexander, 1987.
36. Brown, 1991; Symons, 1979.
37. K. Kelleher, "When students 'hook up,' someone inevitably gets let down," Los Angeles Times, August 13,2001.
38. Symons, 1979.
39. Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997.
40. Wilson & Daly, 1992.
41. Ridley, 1997. See also Lewontin, 1990.
42. Rose & Rose, 2000.
43. Fiske, 1992.
44. Axelrod, 1984; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1971.
45. Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Frank, Gilovich, & Regan, 1993; Gigerenzer & Hug, 1992; Kanwisher & Moscovitch, 2000; Mealey, Daood, & Krage, 1996.
46. Yinon & Dovrat, 1987.
47. Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 329-338; Haidt, in press; Trivers, 1971, pp. 49-54.
48. Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Gintis, 2000; Price, Cosmides, & Tooby, 2002.
49. Ridley, 1997, p. 84.
50. Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 333-335.
51. Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Ridley, 1997.
52. Williams, Harkins, & Latane, 1981.
53. Klaw, 1993; McCord, 1989; Muravchik, 2002; Spann, 1989.
54. J. Muravchik, "Socialism's last stand," Commentary, March 2002, pp. 47-53, quotation from p. 53.
55. Fiske, 1992.
56. Cashdan, 1989; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989; Fiske, 1992; Hawkes, O'Connell, & Rogers, 1997; Kaplan, Hill, & Hurtado, 1990; Ridley, 1997.
57. Ridley, 1997,p. 111.
58. Junger, 1997, p. 76.
59. Cited in Williams, 1966, p. 116.
60. Williams, 1966.
61. Fehr, Fischbacher, & Gachter, in press; Gintis, 2000.
62. Nunney, 1998; Reeve, 2000; Trivers, 1998; Wilson & Sober, 1994.
63. Williams, 1988, pp. 391-392.
64. Frank, 1988; Hirshleifer, 1987; Trivers, 1971.
65. Hare, 1993; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
66. On the heritability of antisocial traits, see Bock & Goode, 1996; Deater-Deckard & Plomin, 1999; Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995; Rushton et al. , 1986. Regarding altruism, one study failed to find that it is heritable (Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001); another study, with twice as many subjects, found it to be substantially heritable (Rushton et al. , 1986).
67. Miller, 2000b.
68. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
69. Axelrod, 1984; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Nowak, May, & Sigmund, 1995; Ridley, 1997.
70. Dugatkin, 1992; Harpending & Sobus, 1987; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.
71. Rice, 1997.
72. Lalumiere, Harris, & Rice, 2001.
73. M. Kakutani, "The strange case of the writer and the criminal," New York Times Book Review, September 20,1981.
74. S. McGraw, "Some used their second chance at life; others squandered it," The Record (Bergen County, N. J. ), October 12,1998.
75. Rice, 1997.
76. Trivers, 1976.
? 77. Goleman, 1985; Greenwald, 1988; Krebs & Denton, 1997; Lockard & Paulhaus, 1988; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989; Trivers, 1985; Wright, 1994.
78. Nesse& Lloyd, 1992.
79. Gazzaniga, 1998.
80. Damasio, 1994, p. 68.
81. Babcock & Loewenstein, 1997; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989.
82. Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Greenwald, 1988.
83. Haidt, 2001.
84. Dutton, 2001, p. 209; Fox, 1989; Hogan, 1997; Polti, 1921/1977; Storey, 1996, pp. 110, 142. 85. Steiner, 1984, p. 1.
86. Steiner, 1984, p. 231.
87. Steiner, 1984, pp. 300-301.
88. Symons, 1979, p. 271.
89. D. Symons, personal communication, July 30,2001.
Chapter 15: The Sanctimonious Animal
1. Alexander, 1987; Haidt, in press; Krebs, 1998; Trivers, 1971; Wilson, 1993; Wright, 1994. 2. Haidt, KoUer, & Dias, 1993.
3. Haidt, 2001.
4. Haidt, in press.
5. Shweder et al. , 1997.
6. Haidt, in press; Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
7. Glendon, 2001; Sen, 2000.
8. Cronk, 1999; Sommers, 1998; Wilson, 1993; C. Sommers, 1998, "Why Johnny can't tell right from wrong," American Outlook, Summer 98, pp. 45 -- 47.
9. D.
Symons, personal communication, July 26, 2001. {453}
10. Etcoff, 1999.
11. Glover, 1999.
12. L. Kass, "The wisdom of repugnance," New Republic, June 2,1997.
13. Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
14. Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000.
15. Tetlock, 1999.
16. Tetlock et al. , 2000.
17. Hume, 1739/2000.
18. I. Buruma, Review of Ian Kershaw's Hitler 1936-45: Nemesis, New York Times Book Review, December 10,2000, p. 13.
PART V: HOT BUTTONS
1. Haidt & Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000. 2. Haidt & Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000.
Chapter 16: Politics
1. From Iolanthe.
2. Personal communication, D. Lykken, April 11, 2001. Other estimates of the heritability of conservative attitudes are typically in the range of . 4 to . 5: Bouchard et al. , 1990; Eaves, Eysenck, & Martin, 1989; Holden, 1987; Martin et al. , 1986; Plomin et al. , 1997, p. 206; Scarr&Weinberg, 1981.
3. Tesser, 1993.
4. Wilson, 1994, pp. 338-339.
5. Masters, 1982; Masters, 1989.
6. Dawkins, 1976/1989; Williams, 1966.
7. Boyd & Silk, 1996; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1985.
8. Sowell, 1987.
9. Sowell, 1995b.
10. From the preface to On the rocks: A political fantasy in two acts.
11. Smith, 1759/1976, pp. 233-234.
12. Burke, 1790/1967, p. 93.
13. Quoted in E. M. Kennedy, "Tribute to Senator Robert F. Kennedy," June 8, 1968, www. jfklibrary. org/e060868. htm.
14. Hayek, 1976, pp. 64, 33.
15. Quoted in Sowell, 1995, pp. 227, 112.
16. "If the law supposes that. . . the law is a ass -- a idiot" (from Oliver Twist).
17. Quoted in Sowell, 1995, p. 11.
18. Hayek, 1976.
19. This is a point of contact with an alternative theory of the psychological underpinnings of the left-right divide proposed by the linguist George Lakoff: that the left believes that government should act like a nurturant parent, whereas the right believes it should act
? ? ? ? ? like a strict parent; see Lakoff, 1996.
20. See Chapter 14, and also Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama, 1994; Chagnon, 1992; Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Fox, 1984; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 321-329; Mount, 1992; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Shoumatoff, 1985. 21. See Chapter 14, and also Bowles & Gintis, 1999; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Fehr, Fischbacher, & Gachter, in press; Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Fiske, 1992; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 333-335; Gintis, 2000; Klaw, 1993; McCord, 1989; Muravchik, 2002; Price, Cosmides, & Tooby, 2002; Ridley, 1997; Spann, 1989; Williams, Harkins, & Latane, 1981.
22. See Chapters 3 and 17, especially the references in notes 39, 52, 53, 72, 73, and 74 in Chapter 3, and notes 42, 43, and 45 in Chapter 17.
23. Brown, 1991; Brown, 1985; Sherif, 1966; Tajfel, 1981.
24. See Chapters 3 and 19, and also Bouchard, 1994; Neisser et al. , 1996; Plomin et al. , 2001.
25. See Chapter 14, and also Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Gazzaniga, 1998; Greenwald, 1988; Nesse & Lloyd, 1992; Wright, 1994.
26. See Chapter 15, and also Haidt, in press; Haidt, Roller, & Dias, 1993; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Rozin, Markwith, &
Stoess, 1997; Shweder et al. , 1997; Singer, 1981; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000.
27. Sowell, 1987.
28. Marx &Engels, 1844/1988.
29. Quoted in Singer, 1999, p. 4.
30. Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Courtois et al. , 1999; Glover, 1999.
31. Quoted in J. Getlin, "Natural wonder: At heart, Edward Wilson's an ant man," Los Angeles Times; October 21, 1994, p. El.
32. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
33. Bailyn, 1967/1992; Maier, 1997.
34. Lutz, 1984.
35. McGinnis, 1996; McGinnis, 1997.
36. Federalist Papers No. 10, Rossiter, 1961, p. 78.
37. Quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 236.
38. Federalist Papers No. 72, Rossiter, 1961, p. 437.
39. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
40. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, pp. 331-332.
41. From Helvedius No. 4, quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 130. {454}
42. Boehm, 1999; de Waal, 1998; Dunbar, 1998.
43. Singer, 1999, p. 5.
44. L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23-31.
45. For arguments similar to Singer's, see Brociner, 2001.
46. Singer, 1999, p. 6.
47. Singer, 1999, pp. 8-9.
48. Chomsky, 1970, p. 22.
49. See Barsky, 1997; Chomsky, 1988a.
50. Chomsky, 1975, p. 131.
51. Trivers, 1981.
52. A. Wooldridge, "Bell Curve liberals," New Republic, February 27, 1995.
53. Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, chap. 22. See also Murray's afterword in the 1996 paperback edition.
17. Trivers, 1974; Trivers, 1985.
18. Agrawal, Brodie, & Brown, 2001; Godfray, 1995; Trivers, 1985.
19. Haig, 1993.
20. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Hrdy, 1999.
21. Hrdy, 1999.
22. Trivers, 1976; Trivers, 1981.
23. Trivers, 1985.
24. Harris, 1998a; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe, 1994; Sulloway, 1996; Turkheimer, 2000.
25. Trivers, 1985, p. 159.
26. Used as the epigraph to Judith Rich Harris's The nurture assumption.
27. Dunn & Plomin, 1990.
28. Hrdy, 1999.
29. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Wilson, 1993.
30. Wilson, 1993.
31. Trivers, 1972; Trivers, 1985.
32. Blum, 1997; Buss, 1994; Geary, 1998; Ridley, 1993; Symons, 1979. {452}
33. Buss, 1994; Kenrick et al. , 1993; Salmon & Symons, 2001; Symons, 1979.
34. Buss, 2000.
35. Alexander, 1987.
36. Brown, 1991; Symons, 1979.
37. K. Kelleher, "When students 'hook up,' someone inevitably gets let down," Los Angeles Times, August 13,2001.
38. Symons, 1979.
39. Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997.
40. Wilson & Daly, 1992.
41. Ridley, 1997. See also Lewontin, 1990.
42. Rose & Rose, 2000.
43. Fiske, 1992.
44. Axelrod, 1984; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1971.
45. Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Frank, Gilovich, & Regan, 1993; Gigerenzer & Hug, 1992; Kanwisher & Moscovitch, 2000; Mealey, Daood, & Krage, 1996.
46. Yinon & Dovrat, 1987.
47. Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 329-338; Haidt, in press; Trivers, 1971, pp. 49-54.
48. Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Gintis, 2000; Price, Cosmides, & Tooby, 2002.
49. Ridley, 1997, p. 84.
50. Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 333-335.
51. Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Ridley, 1997.
52. Williams, Harkins, & Latane, 1981.
53. Klaw, 1993; McCord, 1989; Muravchik, 2002; Spann, 1989.
54. J. Muravchik, "Socialism's last stand," Commentary, March 2002, pp. 47-53, quotation from p. 53.
55. Fiske, 1992.
56. Cashdan, 1989; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989; Fiske, 1992; Hawkes, O'Connell, & Rogers, 1997; Kaplan, Hill, & Hurtado, 1990; Ridley, 1997.
57. Ridley, 1997,p. 111.
58. Junger, 1997, p. 76.
59. Cited in Williams, 1966, p. 116.
60. Williams, 1966.
61. Fehr, Fischbacher, & Gachter, in press; Gintis, 2000.
62. Nunney, 1998; Reeve, 2000; Trivers, 1998; Wilson & Sober, 1994.
63. Williams, 1988, pp. 391-392.
64. Frank, 1988; Hirshleifer, 1987; Trivers, 1971.
65. Hare, 1993; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
66. On the heritability of antisocial traits, see Bock & Goode, 1996; Deater-Deckard & Plomin, 1999; Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995; Rushton et al. , 1986. Regarding altruism, one study failed to find that it is heritable (Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001); another study, with twice as many subjects, found it to be substantially heritable (Rushton et al. , 1986).
67. Miller, 2000b.
68. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
69. Axelrod, 1984; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Nowak, May, & Sigmund, 1995; Ridley, 1997.
70. Dugatkin, 1992; Harpending & Sobus, 1987; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.
71. Rice, 1997.
72. Lalumiere, Harris, & Rice, 2001.
73. M. Kakutani, "The strange case of the writer and the criminal," New York Times Book Review, September 20,1981.
74. S. McGraw, "Some used their second chance at life; others squandered it," The Record (Bergen County, N. J. ), October 12,1998.
75. Rice, 1997.
76. Trivers, 1976.
? 77. Goleman, 1985; Greenwald, 1988; Krebs & Denton, 1997; Lockard & Paulhaus, 1988; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989; Trivers, 1985; Wright, 1994.
78. Nesse& Lloyd, 1992.
79. Gazzaniga, 1998.
80. Damasio, 1994, p. 68.
81. Babcock & Loewenstein, 1997; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989.
82. Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Greenwald, 1988.
83. Haidt, 2001.
84. Dutton, 2001, p. 209; Fox, 1989; Hogan, 1997; Polti, 1921/1977; Storey, 1996, pp. 110, 142. 85. Steiner, 1984, p. 1.
86. Steiner, 1984, p. 231.
87. Steiner, 1984, pp. 300-301.
88. Symons, 1979, p. 271.
89. D. Symons, personal communication, July 30,2001.
Chapter 15: The Sanctimonious Animal
1. Alexander, 1987; Haidt, in press; Krebs, 1998; Trivers, 1971; Wilson, 1993; Wright, 1994. 2. Haidt, KoUer, & Dias, 1993.
3. Haidt, 2001.
4. Haidt, in press.
5. Shweder et al. , 1997.
6. Haidt, in press; Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
7. Glendon, 2001; Sen, 2000.
8. Cronk, 1999; Sommers, 1998; Wilson, 1993; C. Sommers, 1998, "Why Johnny can't tell right from wrong," American Outlook, Summer 98, pp. 45 -- 47.
9. D.
Symons, personal communication, July 26, 2001. {453}
10. Etcoff, 1999.
11. Glover, 1999.
12. L. Kass, "The wisdom of repugnance," New Republic, June 2,1997.
13. Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
14. Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000.
15. Tetlock, 1999.
16. Tetlock et al. , 2000.
17. Hume, 1739/2000.
18. I. Buruma, Review of Ian Kershaw's Hitler 1936-45: Nemesis, New York Times Book Review, December 10,2000, p. 13.
PART V: HOT BUTTONS
1. Haidt & Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000. 2. Haidt & Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000.
Chapter 16: Politics
1. From Iolanthe.
2. Personal communication, D. Lykken, April 11, 2001. Other estimates of the heritability of conservative attitudes are typically in the range of . 4 to . 5: Bouchard et al. , 1990; Eaves, Eysenck, & Martin, 1989; Holden, 1987; Martin et al. , 1986; Plomin et al. , 1997, p. 206; Scarr&Weinberg, 1981.
3. Tesser, 1993.
4. Wilson, 1994, pp. 338-339.
5. Masters, 1982; Masters, 1989.
6. Dawkins, 1976/1989; Williams, 1966.
7. Boyd & Silk, 1996; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1985.
8. Sowell, 1987.
9. Sowell, 1995b.
10. From the preface to On the rocks: A political fantasy in two acts.
11. Smith, 1759/1976, pp. 233-234.
12. Burke, 1790/1967, p. 93.
13. Quoted in E. M. Kennedy, "Tribute to Senator Robert F. Kennedy," June 8, 1968, www. jfklibrary. org/e060868. htm.
14. Hayek, 1976, pp. 64, 33.
15. Quoted in Sowell, 1995, pp. 227, 112.
16. "If the law supposes that. . . the law is a ass -- a idiot" (from Oliver Twist).
17. Quoted in Sowell, 1995, p. 11.
18. Hayek, 1976.
19. This is a point of contact with an alternative theory of the psychological underpinnings of the left-right divide proposed by the linguist George Lakoff: that the left believes that government should act like a nurturant parent, whereas the right believes it should act
? ? ? ? ? like a strict parent; see Lakoff, 1996.
20. See Chapter 14, and also Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama, 1994; Chagnon, 1992; Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Fox, 1984; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 321-329; Mount, 1992; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Shoumatoff, 1985. 21. See Chapter 14, and also Bowles & Gintis, 1999; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Fehr, Fischbacher, & Gachter, in press; Fehr & Gachter, 2000; Fiske, 1992; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 333-335; Gintis, 2000; Klaw, 1993; McCord, 1989; Muravchik, 2002; Price, Cosmides, & Tooby, 2002; Ridley, 1997; Spann, 1989; Williams, Harkins, & Latane, 1981.
22. See Chapters 3 and 17, especially the references in notes 39, 52, 53, 72, 73, and 74 in Chapter 3, and notes 42, 43, and 45 in Chapter 17.
23. Brown, 1991; Brown, 1985; Sherif, 1966; Tajfel, 1981.
24. See Chapters 3 and 19, and also Bouchard, 1994; Neisser et al. , 1996; Plomin et al. , 2001.
25. See Chapter 14, and also Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Gazzaniga, 1998; Greenwald, 1988; Nesse & Lloyd, 1992; Wright, 1994.
26. See Chapter 15, and also Haidt, in press; Haidt, Roller, & Dias, 1993; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Rozin, Markwith, &
Stoess, 1997; Shweder et al. , 1997; Singer, 1981; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al. , 2000.
27. Sowell, 1987.
28. Marx &Engels, 1844/1988.
29. Quoted in Singer, 1999, p. 4.
30. Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Courtois et al. , 1999; Glover, 1999.
31. Quoted in J. Getlin, "Natural wonder: At heart, Edward Wilson's an ant man," Los Angeles Times; October 21, 1994, p. El.
32. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
33. Bailyn, 1967/1992; Maier, 1997.
34. Lutz, 1984.
35. McGinnis, 1996; McGinnis, 1997.
36. Federalist Papers No. 10, Rossiter, 1961, p. 78.
37. Quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 236.
38. Federalist Papers No. 72, Rossiter, 1961, p. 437.
39. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
40. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, pp. 331-332.
41. From Helvedius No. 4, quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 130. {454}
42. Boehm, 1999; de Waal, 1998; Dunbar, 1998.
43. Singer, 1999, p. 5.
44. L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23-31.
45. For arguments similar to Singer's, see Brociner, 2001.
46. Singer, 1999, p. 6.
47. Singer, 1999, pp. 8-9.
48. Chomsky, 1970, p. 22.
49. See Barsky, 1997; Chomsky, 1988a.
50. Chomsky, 1975, p. 131.
51. Trivers, 1981.
52. A. Wooldridge, "Bell Curve liberals," New Republic, February 27, 1995.
53. Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, chap. 22. See also Murray's afterword in the 1996 paperback edition.
