21, 1452; hanged and his body
burned May 23, 1498, a victim of the struggles of
parties and factions during the pontificate of
Alexander VI.
burned May 23, 1498, a victim of the struggles of
parties and factions during the pontificate of
Alexander VI.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
Her
dramatic works include: (Cosima) (1840);
(The King Waits) (1848); (François le Champi?
(1849); (Claudia' (1851); "Victorine's Marriage)
(1851); (The Demon of the Hearth) (1852);
(Molière) (1853); (The Crusher) (1853); “Mau-
prat) (1853); (Flaminio) (1854); (Master Fa-
villa) (1855); (Lucia) (1855? ); (As You Like
It' (1856); Françoise) (1856); (The Fine Gen-
tlemen of Bois-Doré) (1862); (The Pavement!
(1862); (The Marquis of Villemer) (1863–64);
(Drac) (1864); (The Village Don Juan)
(1866); (Cadio) (1868); etc. Many of these
were founded on her novels. *
Sandback, Mrs. Henry Roscoe. An English
poet, granddaughter of William Roscoe the
historian. Her works are: (Amidei: A Tra-
gedy'; 'Poems) (1840); 'Giuliano de' Medici, a
drama (1842); (Aurora and Other Poems (1850).
Sandeau, Léonard Sylvain Jules (sän-do').
A celebrated French novelist and man of let.
ters; born in Aubusson, Feb. 19, 1811; died in
Paris, April 24, 1883. He wrote: Madame
de Sommerville) (1834); Marianna) (1840);
(Doctor Herbeau) (1841); Fernand) (1844);
“Catherine) (1846); “Valcreuse) (1846); (Mlle.
de la Seiglière (1848); Madeleine) (1848); (A
Legacy) (1849); Bags and Parchments) (1851);
( The House of Penarvan) ( 1858 ); “A Beginning
in the Magistracy) (1862); J. de Thommeray)
(1873); etc. *
Sanford, Edward. An American poet and
journalist; born in Albany, N. Y. , July 8, 1805;
died in Gowanda, N. Y. , Aug. 28, 1876. In-
cluded in his best-known works are a poetical
address to Black Hawk, and (The Loves of
the Shell-Fishes. Many of his verses, which
are graceful and humorous, have been published
in various collections.
Sanfuentes, Salvador (sän-fwen'tās ). A
Chilian poet; born in Santiago, Feb. 2, 1817;
died there, July 17, 1860. Among his works
are: (Caupolican, a drama in verse (1835);
(El Campanario) (1838); (Teudo; or, Memo-
ries of a Solitary) (1858); and (Chile, from the
Battle of Chacabuco to that of Maipo) (1850).
Sangster, Charles. A Canadian poet and
editor; born in Kingston, Ont. , July 16, 1822.
He was editor of the Amherstburg Courier
(1849), and published (The St. Lawrence and
the Saguenay, and Other Poems) (1856), and
(Hesperus: Poems and Lyrics) (1860).
Sangster, Margaret Elizabeth (Munson).
An American poet and prose-writer; born in
New Rochelle, N. Y. , Feb. 22, 1838. She was
editorially connected with Hearth and Home
(1871-73) and The Christian at Work (1873-
79); since 1889 has been editor of Harper's
Bazar. Her most noted poems are: (Our
Own'; (The Sin of Omission); and (Are the
Children at Home ? ) Among her books for
girls are: May Stanhope and her Friend,'
and Maidie's Problem. '
Santayana, George. A Spanish-American
poet and educator; born in Spain, 1863. He
is professor of philosophy at Harvard, and
has published: (Sonnets and Other Poems,
and (The Sense of Beauty: An Outline of
Æsthetic Theory. ?
Santillana, Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, Mar-
ques de (sän'tēl-yä'na). A Spanish poet; born
at Carrion de los Condes, Aug. 19, 1398 ; died
at Guadalajara, March 25, 1458. He was made
marquis for his services in the Moorish wars.
He had much to do with the reform of Cas-
tilian poetry by subjecting it to the laws of
the Italian classic school, and of the later
Catalan-Provençal school of the court poets.
In the Italian-classic style are his Proverbs)
or (Hundred Adages,' a collection of 100 prov-
erbs in 8-verse strophes; and the Dialogue
of Bias against Fortune. His allegorical poem
in dialogue form, the (Comediette of Ponza,
aſter the manner of Dante, had an influence
on the development of the Spanish drama.
Besides poems, he wrote for the Constable of
Portugal, Dom Pedro, a memoir which is of great
value for the history of ancient Spanish poetry.
Saphir, Moritz (säf'ēr). An Austrian hu-
morist; born at Lovas-Berény in Hungary,
Feb. 8, 1795; died near Vienna, Sept. 5, 1858.
Among his numerous writings are : (Album for
Play and Earnest, Fun and Humor) (2 vols. ,
1846; 5th ed. 1875); Dictionary of Wit and
Humor) (2 ed. , 5 vols. , 1860).
Sappho (safro). A renowned Greek poet;
born in the island of Lesbos about 612 B. C.
Of her life little is known. Besides some
small fragments of her poems, we have in com-
plete form a (Hymn to Aphrodite) and an
(Ode to a Beautiful Girl. ) In antiquity, as
Homer was ever “The Poet” par excellence,
so Sappho was “The Poetess. ) *
Sarcey, Francisque (sär-sā'). A French
author and critic; born at Dourdan (Seine-et-
Oise), Oct. 8, 1828. As dramatic critic for Paris
journals, he is highly esteemed for his inde.
pendence of judgment, and his wide acquaint-
ance with dramatic literature and the history
of the stage. He has published : History of the
Siege of Paris,' which in its first year reached
the 30th edition ; (The Word and the Thing,'
philosophical conversations ( 1862 ); (Étienne
Moret,' a semi-autobiographical story (1875);
(Recollections of Youth) (1884); "Recollec-
tions of Mature Age' (1892). *
Sardou, Victorien (sär-dö'). A celebrated
French dramatist; born in Paris, Sept. 7, 1831.
He began play-writing in early life, although
intended originally for the medical profession.
Among his plays are: (The Students' Inn)
(1854); "Monsieur Garat) (1857 ? ); (Saint Ger-
vais) (1860); Blockheads) (1861); (Piccolino)
(1861 ? ); (Our Intimates) (186-); (The Butter-
fly) (1862); «The Black Devils) (1863); “Don
Quixote) (1864); (The Benoiton Family) (1865);
(The New House) (1866); (Seraphine) (1868);
(Fernande) (1870); (Rabagas) (1872); Uncle
## p. 480 (#496) ############################################
480
SARGENT - SAVAGE
)
Sam (1873); (Ferréol (1875); Dora' (1877);
(Daniel Rochat) (1880); Divorçons) (1881);
(Odette) (1882); (Fédora) (1883); (Theodora)
(1884); (Crocodile (1886); "La Tosca' (1887);
(Thermidor) (1891); 'Gismonda) (1894); Ma-
dame Sans-Gêne); etc. He was elected to the
Academy in 1877.
Sargent, Charles Sprague. An American
botanist and arboriculturist; born in Boston,
1841. He has been director of the botanic
garden and arboretum, and professor of arbori-
culture, at Harvard. He has written many
authoritative reports and books, among them:
(Report on the Forests of North America);
(The Woods of the United States); Notes on
the Forest Flora of Japan. His great work
(The Silva of North America) is designed to
be a complete and authoritative work on the
trees of North America; it is now in course of
publication.
Sargent, Epes. An American journalist,
dramatist, verse and prose writer; born in
Gloucester, Mass. , Sept. 27, 1813; died in Boston,
Dec. 31, 1880. His works include: (Change
Makes Change,' a comedy ; (The Priestess, a
tragedy; "Wealth and Worth) (1840), a novel;
(Peculiar: A Tale of the Great Transition)
(1863); Life of Henry Clay. (Songs of the
Sea) and (A Life on the Ocean Wave) are the
most popular of his verses. . His Cyclopædia
of English and American Poetry) was published
in 1883.
Sargent, Nathan. [“Oliver Oldschool. ”] An
American journalist and publicist; born in
Poultney, Vt. , May 5, 1794; died in Washing-
ton, D. C. , Feb. 2, 1875. He held many public
positions, was connected with and established
several newspapers, and under his pen-name
wrote a series of famous letters from Wash-
ington to the United States Gazette. He pub-
lished a "Life of Henry Clay) (1844), and (Pub-
lic Men and Events) (2 vols. , 1875).
Sargent, Winthrop. An American lawyer
and historical writer; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 23, 1825; died in Paris, May 18, 1870.
He lived in New York city, and wrote largely
for the press on historical subjects. His (His-
tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne
in 1755 under Gen. Braddock) (1855) has been
highly esteemed. He wrote (The Loyalist
Poetry of the Revolution (1857) and the Life
and Career of Major John André) (1861).
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (särm.
yen'to). President of the Argentine Republic,
and educational writer; born in San Juan, A. R. ,
Feb. 15, 1811 ; died in Asuncion, Paraguay, Sept.
II, 1888. During 1845-47 he visited Europe
and the United States to study the system of
primary schools. During his travels he made
the acquaintance of Cobden, Guizot, Hum-
boldt, and Horace Mann; under the influence
of the latter he wrote Popular Education,'
published (1848) by the Chilian government.
Other important works of his are: Life of
Lincoln) (1866), and (The Schools the Found-
ation of Well Being in the United States) (1868).
Sartoris, Mrs. Adelaide. An English opera
singer and miscellaneous writer; born 1814;
died 1879. She wrote: A Week in a French
Country House) (1867); Medusa, and Other
Tales) (1868); (Past Hours) (2 vols. , 1880), a
collection of the author's fugitive pieces; and
an unfinished work, Judith.
Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de
(so-se'). A French numismatist and antiqua-
rian; born in Lille, March 19, 1807; died in
Paris, Nov. 3, 1880. He first obtained special
attention as a numismatist by his Essay on
the Classification of Byzantine Coinage (1836).
Among his works are: (Tour in the Holy
Land' (1865); Last Days of Jerusalem' (1866);
"Story of Herod (1867); and (Seven Centuries
of Jewish History) (1874).
Saunders, Frederick. An American scholar
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
Aug. 13, 1807. He was librarian of the Astor
Library, New York, 1859-96. He wrote: (Me.
moirs of the Great Metropolis) (London, 1852);
(New York in a Nut-Shell (1853); (Salad for
the Solitary, by an Epicure) (1853); (Salad for
the Social (1850); Pearls of Thought, Reli.
gious and Philosophical, Gathered from Old
Authors) (1858); Mosaics) (1859); Festival
of Song) (1866); (About Women, Love, and
Marriage) (1868); (Evenings with the Sacred
Poets' (1869 ; enlarged 1885); Pastime Papers)
(1885); (Story of Some Famous Books' (1887);
(The Book-Lover's Library. '
Saunière, Paul (sõn-yår'). A French story.
writer; born at Paris, 1827. He wrote: (The
Fatal Prediction); (The Bluebeard Nobleman';
(Father Grabpenny); King Misery) (1808);
(Miss Aglaë) (1874); (The True Adventures
of Jean Barchalou) (1876); (A Son-in-Law at
Any Cost! (1879); (The Nephew from Amer.
ical (1881); "The Little Marquise) (1883);
(Mother Michel (1886); (A Daughter of the
Pharaohs) (1888); (Quicksilver) (1889); (The
Recluse of Montfleury) (1889).
Saussure, Henri de (ső-sür'). A Swiss
naturalist; born at Geneva, 1829. He was a
member of the scientific expedition to Mexico,
and wrote several memoirs on the insects of
that country. He wrote also: Memoir to
Serve for the Natural History of Mexico, the
Antilles, and the United States) (1872); (The
Genevan Explorers of the Alps (1879).
Sauvage, Thomas Marie François (sū.
väzh'). A French dramatist; born at Paris,
1794; died there, 1877. Among his plays are:
(The Portfolio; or, the Impromptu Lord
( 1820 ); Margaret of Anjou! ( 1826 ); (The
Drunkard) (1830); (A Provincial Conspiracy)
(1832); (The Sea Wolf (1840); (The Amazon
(1846); (The Carnival of Venice) (1860); My
Lord's Coat) (1862).
Savage, John. An American journalist and
miscellaneous writer; born in Dublin, Ireland,
Dec. 13, 1828; died in 1888. He came to New
York in 1848, and subsequently in Washington
became proprietor of The States, the organ of
## p. 481 (#497) ############################################
SAVAGE-SAYCE
481
was
Stephen A. Douglas. Included in his popular
war-songs are (The Starry Flag) and (The
Muster of the North. Among his other works
are: Our Living Representative Men (1860);
Poems : Lyrical, Dramatic, and Romantic
(1870); Picturesque Ireland) (1878-83); and
"Waiting for a Wife,' a comedy (1859).
Savage, Minot Judson. A noted Unitarian
clergyman; born in Norridgewock, Me. , June
10, 1841. He graduated at the Theological Sem-
inary at Bangor, 1864; went to California as a
Congregational home missionary, and preached
at San Mateo and at Grass Valley. He re-
moved to Framingham, Mass. ; thence
called to Indianapolis, and afterwards to Han-
nibal, Mo. He accepted a call to the Third
Unitarian Church Chicago in 1873, and after
a year there was installed pastor of the Church
of the Unity, Boston, where he remained for
twenty-two years. He is now in the Church of
the Messiah, New York, in association with
Dr. Robert Collyer. In his very active career
he has published over thirty books on religious,
social, and moral questions, among which may
be mentioned: (The Religion of Evolution
(1876); “Social Problems) (1886); (My Creed
(1887); (Jesus and Modern Life) (1893); (A
Man (1895); Religion for To-day) (1897). He
has also published (Bluffton: A Story of To-
day) (1878), and Poems, 247 pages, in 1882.
Savage, Richard Henry. An American nov-
elist; born in New York, 1846. He has written
many notable works of fiction, among them :
(My Official Wife); (A Daughter of Judas);
(The Anarchist); (In the Old Château); (The
Masked Venus); (Miss Devereaux of the Mari-
quita'; and After Many Years, and Other
Poems.
Savage-Armstrong, George Francis. An
Irish poet; born at Dublin, 1845. Among his
poetical works are : (Poems, Lyrical and Dra-
matic) (1879); (Ugone : A Tragedy) (1870);
(The Tragedy of Israel,' a trilogy (1872–76);
(Stories of Wicklow (1886); “One in the Infi-
nite) (1891).
Savary, Nicolas (sä-vär-z'). A French
traveler and Orientalist; born at Vitré, Brittany,
France, in 1750; died Feb. 4, 1788. He published :
(Letters on Egypt) (3 vols. , 1781-85); the Koran
in French, with a Life of Mohammed) (2
vols. , 1783).
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (sä-vēn-yē').
A distinguished jurist and historian of juris-
prudence; born in Frankfort on the Main, Feb.
21, 1779; died in Berlin, Oct. 25, 1861. He stood
long at the head of what is termed the his-
torical school of jurisprudence. His principal
works were : (The Legal Right of Property)
(1803); (The Present System of Roman Juris-
prudence (1840-49); Contract Law); (History
of the System of Roman Law in the Middle
Ages); etc.
Savioli, Luigi V. (säv-yo'lē). An Italian
poet and historian ; born 1729 ; died 1804. He
published in his youth a volume of poems,
(Amours); translated the works of Tacitus ;
and at the time of his death was engaged on
the composition of a historical work, “The
Annals of Bologna.
Savonarola, Girolamo (sä-von-ä-rõ'lä). One
of the great figures of Italian history; born at
Ferrara, Sept.
21, 1452; hanged and his body
burned May 23, 1498, a victim of the struggles of
parties and factions during the pontificate of
Alexander VI. (Borgia). The following are the
titles of some of his works: (The Triumph of
the Cross); Meditations on the Thirty-First
Psalm); (Sermons); (Poems, the latter being
few in number; (Essays); etc.
Sawyer, Leicester Ambrose. An American
clergyman, Biblical scholar, and author ; born
in Pinckney, N. Y. , July 28, 1807. He was pas-
tor of various churches (1842-59), and has pub.
lished : (Elements of Biblical Interpretation
(1836); ( Mental Philosophy) (1839); Moral Phi-
losophy) (1845); (Organic Christianity) (1854);
(Reconstruction of Bible Theories) (1862); and
(Final Theology; or, Introduction to the New
Testament) (Vol. i. , 1879). He also published
a notable new translation of the New Testa-
ment, without the usual division into verses.
Saxe, John Godfrey. An American humor-
ous poet, very popular his day; born in
Highgate, Vt. , June 2, 1816; died in Albany,
N. Y. , March 31, 1887. In 1872 he became edi.
torially connected with the Albany Evening
Journal, and subsequently contributed to Har-
per's Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly. His
most popular verses include (Rhyme of the
Rail) and (The Proud Miss McBride); and
his published works (The Flying Dutchman;
or, The Wrath of Herr von Stoppelnose) (1862),
and Leisure-Day Rhymes) (1875).
Saxo Grammaticus. A Danish historian;
date of birth not known; died after 1208. His
( Gesta Danorum) or (Historia Danica) con-
sists of 16 books, and extends to the year 1186.
Much valuable historical material is to be
found in the last six books. His surname was
given him on account of the correctness and
elegance of his Latin, which excited the ad-
miration of Erasmus.
Say, Jean Baptiste (sā). A noted French
economist; born 1767; died 1832. He popular-
ized the theories of Adam Smith in France.
His best-known work is (Treatise on Political
Economy) (1803); but widely read also were
(Catechism of Political Economy) (1815),
(Complete Course in Practical Political Econ-
omy) (1829), and “Views of Men and Society)
(1817). His “theory of markets » attracted
great attention.
Sayce, Archibald Henry. An eminent Eng-
lish Orientalist and philologist; born Sept. 25,
1846. His works extend over various fields,
and are of great importance for comparative
philology and history. They include: (As-
syrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes)
(1872); Elementary Assyrian Grammar' (1875);
(Lectures on the Assyrian Language) (1877);
31
## p. 482 (#498) ############################################
482
SCALIGER-SCHANDORPH
a
(Babylonian Literature (1877); (Fresh Light
from the Monuments) (1884); Ancient Em-
pires of the East' (1884); (Assyria: Its Princes,
Priests, and People) (1885); Introduction to
the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther)
(1885); Hibbert Lectures on the Origin and
Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Re-
ligion of the Ancient Babylonians) (1887);
(The Hittites) (1888); (Records of the Past
(new series, 1889-92); Life and Times of
Isaiah) (1889); (The Races of the Old Tes-
tament) (1891); “Social Life among the As-
syrians and Babylonians) (1891); "A Primer
of Assyriology) (1894); "The Higher Criticism
and the Verdict of the Monuments) (1894);
(The Egypt of the Hebrews, and Herodotus )
(1895). Special mention should be made of
his Principles of Comparative Philology, and
(Introduction to the Science of Language,
which have passed through many editions.
Scaliger, Joseph Justus (skal'-i-jer). A
French critic and classical scholar of great
celebrity, son of J. C. ; born in Agen, 1540; died
at Leyden, 1609. He became one of the most
learned men of his age, with a prodigious knowl-
edge of classical antiquities and literature. He
was involved in controversy on account of his
conversion to Protestantism. Besides notes,
criticisms, and essays, on Catullus, Propertius,
Virgil, Moschus, and other authors, he wrote:
(The Emendation of Time) (1583), a work on
chronology and the calendar; (The Treasure
of Time) (1606), in which he rearranged the
whole chronology of classical antiquity; etc.
Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, originally della
Scala. A celebrated classical scholar, Italian
by birth, French by adoption; born at the castle
of La Rocca in 1484; died at Agen, 1558. Ac-
cording to some scholars, no one of the an-
cients could be placed above him, and the age
in which he lived could not show his equal »
in learning and talent. He published an Ora-
tion against Erasmus) (1531), in reply to that
scholar's Ciceronianus); Poems! (1533-74),
in Latin and filling several volumes ; (Comic
Metres); and a variety of dissertations and
essays on classical subjects.
Scarron, Paul (skär-rộn'). A French poet,
dramatist, and novelist; born at Paris about
1610; died there, Oct. 14, 1660. At the age of
30, in consequence of a rheumatic attack, in
which he was treated by a quack doctor, he
became an invalid for life,- deformed and con-
torted, and suffering continual pain. His best
work is the Comic Romance (2 vols. , 1651-
57, but never completed), the story of a band
of strolling actors: it paints manners and
characters with great vividness. In this novel
Scarron draws on Spanish sources, as he does
also in the comedies (The Ridiculous Heir);
Jodelet); (Don Japhet of Armenia); (The
Scholar of Salamanca. ) His travesty of the
Æneid (1648-53) was in its day regarded as a
masterpiece of genuine burlesque humor; but
it is now rated as unworthy of the author's
great talent.
He married in 1652 Françoise
d'Aubigné, who afterward, as Mme. de Mainte-
non, became the wife of Louis XIV.
Schack, Adolph Friedrich, Count von
(shäk). A distinguished German Oriental
scholar and historian of literature; born in
Schwerin, Aug. 2, 1815; died in Rome, April
14, 1894. His works embrace many subjects;
but his especial distinction is as a student and
critic of Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit literature.
He published: (History of Dramatic Art and
Literature in Spain (1845-46); Poetry and Art
of the Arabs in Spain and Sicily) (1865); “His-
tory of the Normans in Sicily) (1889); etc. His
translations of Oriental classics are celebrated,
and include “Hero Songs (or epics) of Firdusi!
(1851), for which he was decorated by the Shah;
(Firdusi? (1853), additional translations; (Stro-
phes of Omar Khayyam' (1878); “Voices from
the Ganges,' a series of Hindu poems; (Mej.
nun and Leila,' the famous story by Jami; etc.
He also wrote original poetry, but not until
he had attained his sixtieth year; among his
verse being Lotus Leaves) (1882), (Memnon
(1885), 'Epistles and Elegies) (1894), etc. He
is the author of an interesting work on Maz-
zini and Unified Italy
Schafarik or Safarik, Pavel Josef (shä'fä.
rik). A celebrated Czech philologist, historian,
and philosopher; born at Kobelarova, in the
county of Gömör in Hungary, May 13, 1795;
died at Prague, June 26, 1861. He began at
an early age to collect Siavic folk-songs (pub-
lished 1823-27). He translated into his native
tongue the Clouds of Aristophanes, and Schil.
ler's Mary Stuart) (1815). His principal work
is (Slavic Antiquities) (1837). His "Ground
Principles of Old-Czechish Grammar) (1845)
marked an epoch in the history of the Czech
language. He wrote also : (History of the
Slavic Language and Literature) (1826); (The
Most Ancient Monuments of the Bohemian
Language) (1840).
Schaff, Philip (shäf). A distinguished Amer-
ican Presbyterian theologian; born in Switz-
erland, 1819; died in New York, 1893. He
came to the United States in 1844, and from
that year until 1863 held the professorship of
church history in the seminary at Mercersburg,
Pa. In 1873 he was appointed professor of
sacred literature in Union Seminary, New York.
He published : Principles of Protestantism);
(History of the Christian Church'; "Creeds
of Christendom'; \ Theological Propedeutics);
(Christ and Christianity); (Critical Edition of
the Heidelberg Catechism); Bible Revision);
(Through Bible Lands); (Progress of Religious
Freedom); (Church and State in the United
States) ; (The Person of Christ); Literature
and Poetry); (A Companion to the Greek
Testament and the English Version); etc. He
edited the Schaff-Herzog "Encyclopædia of Re-
ligious Knowledge); Lange's Commentary';
and other important works.
Schandorph, Sophus (shän'dorf). A Danish
poet and story-writer; born at Ringsted, May
8, 1837. His early poems were an echo of the
## p. 483 (#499) ############################################
SCHEFER - SCHILLER
483
old Romance poetry; and his dramatic poem
(Out in the Forest) (1868) has a like inspi-
ration. But his native talent was awakened in
1872, chiefly by the lectures of Georg Brandes,
and thenceforth he was a pronounced realist.
The first fruits of the change to realism are
seen in (From the Provinces) (1876), a collec-
tion of short tales, which were followed by
(Youthful Days) (1879); Little Folk) (1880);
(Story of Thomas Fris) (1881); (Reminiscences)
(1889); “William Vang's Student Years) (1894).
Schefer, Leopold (shā'fer). A German poet
and story-writer; born at Muskau, Silesia,
July 30, 1784; died there, Feb. 16, 1862. From
1816 to 1820 he traveled in Austria, Italy,
Greece, the Ionian Islands, Turkey, and Asia
Minor, and th began to publish his long series
of stories. Among them are: (The Countess
Ufeld' (1834); Many Men, Many Minds) (1840),
a story of witchcraft; Divine Comedy at Rome)
(2d ed. 1842); (The Sibyl of Mantua (1852),
a pointed satire on the modern conventicle.
His chief poetical works are: (Vigils) (1842);
(The Layman's Breviary) (1834; 18th ed. 1884);
(The Secular Priest (1846); in these the tone is
moral and religious, leaning toward pantheism;
Hafiz in Hellas, by a Hadji? (1853).
Scheffel, Joseph Viktor von (shef'el). A
prominent German poet and novelist; born at
Karlsruhe, Feb. 16, 1826; died April 9, 1886.
In 1854 he published his famous epic poem,
(The Trumpeter of Säckingen. The historical
novel Ekkehard) came out in 1855. (Gaude.
amus) (1868) is a collection of lyrics, many of
which became favorite student songs. (Mount.
ain Psalms) (1870) is a collection of poems. *
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von
(shel'ling). A celebrated German thinker, one
of the four chief metaphysical philosophers of
Germany; born at Leonberg, Würtemberg, Jan.
27, 1775; died at the Ragaz aths, Switzerland,
Aug. 20, 1854. His system was at first one of
idealistic pantheism, akin to those of Fichte
and Hegel; later his views were interpreted as
furnishing a philosophic basis for Christianity.
He had high poetic gifts. His works include:
On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy)
(1794); (On the Ego as the Principle of Phi.
losophy) (1795); Ideas for a Philosophy of
Nature (1797); (On the Soul of the World)
(1798); "First Sketch of a System of the Phi.
losophy of Nature (1799); (System of Tran-
scendental Idealism) (1800); Bruno; or, The
Divine and Natural Principle of Things (1802);
Philosophy and Religion (1804); (On the
Relation of Art to Nature (1807); ( Philosophic
Researches on the Essence of Human Liberty)
(1809). Four posthumous volumes are of great
importance: Introduction to the Philosophy
of Mythology) (1856); Philosophy of Mythol-
ogv) (1857); Philosophy of Revelation,' in two
divisions, each separately published in 1858.
Schenkendorf, Max von (shenk'en-dorf). A
German poet; born at Tilsit, Dec. II, 1783; died
Dec. 11, 1817. He was educated as a lawyer at
the University of Königsberg; he practiced his
profession until the breaking out of the war in
1813, when he joined the Prussian army, and
with his stirring war-songs inspired his comrades.
His "Gedichte) (1815) is a collection of these
songs.
Scherenberg, Ernst (shā'ren-berg). A Ger-
man poet; born at Swinemünde, July 21, 1839.
His first volume was a collection of poems,
(From the Heart's Depths) (1860), which was
followed by the cycle Banished) (1861 ),
(Storms in Springtide) (1865), etc. He wrote
also the character sketches Prince Bismarck)
(1885), and (Emperor William (1888); and
the dramatic poem (Germania) (1886). He
published in 1874 an anthology, 'Against Rome :
Voices of German Poets.
Schérer, Edmond (shā-răr'). A French es-
sayist and critic of celebrity ; born in Paris,
April 8, 1815; died at Versailles, March 16,
1889. He first attracted general attention in
1860 with a volume entitled Miscellanies of
Religious Criticism, containing studies of Jo-
seph de Maistre, Lamennais, Le P. Gratry,
Veuillot, Taine, Proudhon, Renan, and others.
He has also written : (Criticism and Belief)
(1850); Letters to my Pastor) (1853); (Mis-
cellanies of Religious Criticism' (1860); (Mis-
cellanies of Religious History) (1864); etc. *
Scherer, Wilhelm (shā'rer). An Austrian
philologist; born at Schönbrunn, Austria, April
26, 1841; died Aug. 6, 1866. Among his works
are: (German Studies) (1870); History of
Poetry in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries)
(1875); (From Goethe's Youth' (1879). His
famous History of German Literature (1883)
has been translated into English.
Scherr, Johannes (shår). A German his.
torian; born at Hohenreichberg, Würtemberg,
Oct. 3, 1817; died Nov. 21, 1886. He studied
philosophy and history at Tübingen; became
a prolific writer, and was an accepted critic in
German literature. Among his principal works
are : History of German Literature) (2d ed.
1854); "History of English Literature (1854;
3d ed. 1883); Blücher, his Life and Times) (3
vols. , 1862-63; 4th ed. 1887).
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(shil'ler). A great German poet and dramatist;
born in Marbach on the Neckar, Nov. 10, 1759;
died at Weimar, May 9, 1805. His works in-
clude: “The Robbers) (1780-81); (Inquiry into
the Connection between the Animal and Spir-
itual Nature of Man (1780-81); (Fiesco' (1783);
(Love and Intrigue) (1784); (Don Carlos )
(1785); (History of the Revolt of the Nether-
lands from Spanish Rule) (1788); (The Ghost
Seer) (1789); History of the Thirty Years'
War) (1792); (Xenieh' (1796), with Goethe;
(Votive Tablets (1796); "Wallenstein's Camp)
(1798); (The Piccolomini? (1799); (Wallen-
stein's Death) (1799); Maria Stuart) (1800);
(The Maid of Orleans) (1801); (The Bride of
Messina) (1803); (William Tell (1804); De-
metrius, a fragment; and various short poems,
tales, and essays. *
a
## p. 484 (#500) ############################################
484
SCHLEGEL-SCHNEIDER
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (shlā'gel).
A celebrated German Orientalist, critic, and
poet, son of J. A. ; born at Hanover, Sept. 8,
1767; died May 12, 1845, at Bonn, where he
was professor of literature in the university.
His most notable works in literary and art
criticism are: (Lectures on Dramatic Art and
Literature) (3 vols. , 1809-11), translated into
nearly all the languages of Western Europe ;
(On the Theory and History of the Plastic
Arts) (1827). In the field of Orientalism he
wrote (Reflections on the Study of the Asiatic
Languages) (1832), and prepared editions of sev-
eral Indian classics. He translated many of the
plays of Shakespeare, and made the English
dramatist a German classic; his translations of
Dante, Calderon, Camoens, and other foreign
masters of literature are admirable; his origi-
nal poems show consummate art and grace of
form. He is at his best in his sonnets, and in
the elegy (Rome) (1812).
Schlegel, Friedrich von. A distinguished
German critic and philologist, son of J. A. ;
born at Hanover, March 10, 1772; died at Dres-
den, Jan. 12, 1829. He first devoted himself to
the study of Greek antiquity, and in 1794 pub-
lished his great essay (On the Schools of Gre-
cian Poetry); following it with many others
of a like tenor, as (The Greeks and Romans)
(1797), and History of Greek and Roman
Poetry) (1798). In his "Fragments) (1798-1800)
he essayed to establish the theory of a new
romanticism ; in the mean time writing the
unfinished romance (Lucinda,' and a volume
of Poems. To this period also belongs his
tragedy Alarcos,' in which he unsuccessfully
sought to combine romantic and classic ele-
ments. His work (Language and Wisdom of
the Indians) (1808) was a valuable contribution
to the science of language. Among his other
writings are lectures on Modern History)
(1811); History of Ancient and Modern Lit-
erature) (1815); Philosophy of Life. *
Schlegel, Johann Adolf.
A German poet;
born at Meissen, Sept. 18, 1721 ; died at Han-
over, Sept. 16, 1793. Of his poetry only a few
religious poems remain. le translated and
published, with additions of his own, Batteux's
(Restriction of the Fine Arts to a Single Prin-
ciple) (1759).
Schlegel, Johann Elias. A German poet;
born at Meissen, Jan. 17, 1719; died at Soröe
in Denmark, Aug. 13, 1749. He wrote several
tragedies, among them (Hermann' (the ancient
Teutonic hero Arminius) and (Canute); and
two spirited comedies, (The Triumph of Good
Women) and (Mute Beauty.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel
(shli'er-mäch''er). A noted German theolo-
gian and philosopher; born at Breslau, Nov. 21,
1768; died at Berlin, Feb. 12, 1834. His prin-
ciples of theological criticism are laid down
in (Christian Belief according to the Funda-
mental Doctrines of the Evangelical Church)
(2 vols. , 1821-22); a sequel to this is "Christian
Morals) (1843); to show the consistency of his
principles with the teachings of Christ, he
wrote an Introduction to the New Testament)
and a Life of Jesus (1850). Among his writ-
ings on philosophy are: Dialectics) (1830);
(A System of Ethics) (1835); (Psychology
(1835); Esthetics (1842).
Schliemann, Heinrich (shlē'män). A Ger-
man archæologist; born at Neubuckow in Meck.
lenburg-Schwerin, Jan. 6, 1822 ; died at Naples,
Dec. 26, 1890. His celebrated archæological
explorations and excavations at the sites of
Troy, Mycenæ, Orchomenos, Tiryns, and other
ancient Hellenic cities, are recorded in My-
cenæ (1877); Ilios) (1880); Orchomenos)
(1881); (Troja) (1883); (Tiryns) (1886); (Re.
port on the Excavations at Troy?
dramatic works include: (Cosima) (1840);
(The King Waits) (1848); (François le Champi?
(1849); (Claudia' (1851); "Victorine's Marriage)
(1851); (The Demon of the Hearth) (1852);
(Molière) (1853); (The Crusher) (1853); “Mau-
prat) (1853); (Flaminio) (1854); (Master Fa-
villa) (1855); (Lucia) (1855? ); (As You Like
It' (1856); Françoise) (1856); (The Fine Gen-
tlemen of Bois-Doré) (1862); (The Pavement!
(1862); (The Marquis of Villemer) (1863–64);
(Drac) (1864); (The Village Don Juan)
(1866); (Cadio) (1868); etc. Many of these
were founded on her novels. *
Sandback, Mrs. Henry Roscoe. An English
poet, granddaughter of William Roscoe the
historian. Her works are: (Amidei: A Tra-
gedy'; 'Poems) (1840); 'Giuliano de' Medici, a
drama (1842); (Aurora and Other Poems (1850).
Sandeau, Léonard Sylvain Jules (sän-do').
A celebrated French novelist and man of let.
ters; born in Aubusson, Feb. 19, 1811; died in
Paris, April 24, 1883. He wrote: Madame
de Sommerville) (1834); Marianna) (1840);
(Doctor Herbeau) (1841); Fernand) (1844);
“Catherine) (1846); “Valcreuse) (1846); (Mlle.
de la Seiglière (1848); Madeleine) (1848); (A
Legacy) (1849); Bags and Parchments) (1851);
( The House of Penarvan) ( 1858 ); “A Beginning
in the Magistracy) (1862); J. de Thommeray)
(1873); etc. *
Sanford, Edward. An American poet and
journalist; born in Albany, N. Y. , July 8, 1805;
died in Gowanda, N. Y. , Aug. 28, 1876. In-
cluded in his best-known works are a poetical
address to Black Hawk, and (The Loves of
the Shell-Fishes. Many of his verses, which
are graceful and humorous, have been published
in various collections.
Sanfuentes, Salvador (sän-fwen'tās ). A
Chilian poet; born in Santiago, Feb. 2, 1817;
died there, July 17, 1860. Among his works
are: (Caupolican, a drama in verse (1835);
(El Campanario) (1838); (Teudo; or, Memo-
ries of a Solitary) (1858); and (Chile, from the
Battle of Chacabuco to that of Maipo) (1850).
Sangster, Charles. A Canadian poet and
editor; born in Kingston, Ont. , July 16, 1822.
He was editor of the Amherstburg Courier
(1849), and published (The St. Lawrence and
the Saguenay, and Other Poems) (1856), and
(Hesperus: Poems and Lyrics) (1860).
Sangster, Margaret Elizabeth (Munson).
An American poet and prose-writer; born in
New Rochelle, N. Y. , Feb. 22, 1838. She was
editorially connected with Hearth and Home
(1871-73) and The Christian at Work (1873-
79); since 1889 has been editor of Harper's
Bazar. Her most noted poems are: (Our
Own'; (The Sin of Omission); and (Are the
Children at Home ? ) Among her books for
girls are: May Stanhope and her Friend,'
and Maidie's Problem. '
Santayana, George. A Spanish-American
poet and educator; born in Spain, 1863. He
is professor of philosophy at Harvard, and
has published: (Sonnets and Other Poems,
and (The Sense of Beauty: An Outline of
Æsthetic Theory. ?
Santillana, Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, Mar-
ques de (sän'tēl-yä'na). A Spanish poet; born
at Carrion de los Condes, Aug. 19, 1398 ; died
at Guadalajara, March 25, 1458. He was made
marquis for his services in the Moorish wars.
He had much to do with the reform of Cas-
tilian poetry by subjecting it to the laws of
the Italian classic school, and of the later
Catalan-Provençal school of the court poets.
In the Italian-classic style are his Proverbs)
or (Hundred Adages,' a collection of 100 prov-
erbs in 8-verse strophes; and the Dialogue
of Bias against Fortune. His allegorical poem
in dialogue form, the (Comediette of Ponza,
aſter the manner of Dante, had an influence
on the development of the Spanish drama.
Besides poems, he wrote for the Constable of
Portugal, Dom Pedro, a memoir which is of great
value for the history of ancient Spanish poetry.
Saphir, Moritz (säf'ēr). An Austrian hu-
morist; born at Lovas-Berény in Hungary,
Feb. 8, 1795; died near Vienna, Sept. 5, 1858.
Among his numerous writings are : (Album for
Play and Earnest, Fun and Humor) (2 vols. ,
1846; 5th ed. 1875); Dictionary of Wit and
Humor) (2 ed. , 5 vols. , 1860).
Sappho (safro). A renowned Greek poet;
born in the island of Lesbos about 612 B. C.
Of her life little is known. Besides some
small fragments of her poems, we have in com-
plete form a (Hymn to Aphrodite) and an
(Ode to a Beautiful Girl. ) In antiquity, as
Homer was ever “The Poet” par excellence,
so Sappho was “The Poetess. ) *
Sarcey, Francisque (sär-sā'). A French
author and critic; born at Dourdan (Seine-et-
Oise), Oct. 8, 1828. As dramatic critic for Paris
journals, he is highly esteemed for his inde.
pendence of judgment, and his wide acquaint-
ance with dramatic literature and the history
of the stage. He has published : History of the
Siege of Paris,' which in its first year reached
the 30th edition ; (The Word and the Thing,'
philosophical conversations ( 1862 ); (Étienne
Moret,' a semi-autobiographical story (1875);
(Recollections of Youth) (1884); "Recollec-
tions of Mature Age' (1892). *
Sardou, Victorien (sär-dö'). A celebrated
French dramatist; born in Paris, Sept. 7, 1831.
He began play-writing in early life, although
intended originally for the medical profession.
Among his plays are: (The Students' Inn)
(1854); "Monsieur Garat) (1857 ? ); (Saint Ger-
vais) (1860); Blockheads) (1861); (Piccolino)
(1861 ? ); (Our Intimates) (186-); (The Butter-
fly) (1862); «The Black Devils) (1863); “Don
Quixote) (1864); (The Benoiton Family) (1865);
(The New House) (1866); (Seraphine) (1868);
(Fernande) (1870); (Rabagas) (1872); Uncle
## p. 480 (#496) ############################################
480
SARGENT - SAVAGE
)
Sam (1873); (Ferréol (1875); Dora' (1877);
(Daniel Rochat) (1880); Divorçons) (1881);
(Odette) (1882); (Fédora) (1883); (Theodora)
(1884); (Crocodile (1886); "La Tosca' (1887);
(Thermidor) (1891); 'Gismonda) (1894); Ma-
dame Sans-Gêne); etc. He was elected to the
Academy in 1877.
Sargent, Charles Sprague. An American
botanist and arboriculturist; born in Boston,
1841. He has been director of the botanic
garden and arboretum, and professor of arbori-
culture, at Harvard. He has written many
authoritative reports and books, among them:
(Report on the Forests of North America);
(The Woods of the United States); Notes on
the Forest Flora of Japan. His great work
(The Silva of North America) is designed to
be a complete and authoritative work on the
trees of North America; it is now in course of
publication.
Sargent, Epes. An American journalist,
dramatist, verse and prose writer; born in
Gloucester, Mass. , Sept. 27, 1813; died in Boston,
Dec. 31, 1880. His works include: (Change
Makes Change,' a comedy ; (The Priestess, a
tragedy; "Wealth and Worth) (1840), a novel;
(Peculiar: A Tale of the Great Transition)
(1863); Life of Henry Clay. (Songs of the
Sea) and (A Life on the Ocean Wave) are the
most popular of his verses. . His Cyclopædia
of English and American Poetry) was published
in 1883.
Sargent, Nathan. [“Oliver Oldschool. ”] An
American journalist and publicist; born in
Poultney, Vt. , May 5, 1794; died in Washing-
ton, D. C. , Feb. 2, 1875. He held many public
positions, was connected with and established
several newspapers, and under his pen-name
wrote a series of famous letters from Wash-
ington to the United States Gazette. He pub-
lished a "Life of Henry Clay) (1844), and (Pub-
lic Men and Events) (2 vols. , 1875).
Sargent, Winthrop. An American lawyer
and historical writer; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 23, 1825; died in Paris, May 18, 1870.
He lived in New York city, and wrote largely
for the press on historical subjects. His (His-
tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne
in 1755 under Gen. Braddock) (1855) has been
highly esteemed. He wrote (The Loyalist
Poetry of the Revolution (1857) and the Life
and Career of Major John André) (1861).
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (särm.
yen'to). President of the Argentine Republic,
and educational writer; born in San Juan, A. R. ,
Feb. 15, 1811 ; died in Asuncion, Paraguay, Sept.
II, 1888. During 1845-47 he visited Europe
and the United States to study the system of
primary schools. During his travels he made
the acquaintance of Cobden, Guizot, Hum-
boldt, and Horace Mann; under the influence
of the latter he wrote Popular Education,'
published (1848) by the Chilian government.
Other important works of his are: Life of
Lincoln) (1866), and (The Schools the Found-
ation of Well Being in the United States) (1868).
Sartoris, Mrs. Adelaide. An English opera
singer and miscellaneous writer; born 1814;
died 1879. She wrote: A Week in a French
Country House) (1867); Medusa, and Other
Tales) (1868); (Past Hours) (2 vols. , 1880), a
collection of the author's fugitive pieces; and
an unfinished work, Judith.
Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de
(so-se'). A French numismatist and antiqua-
rian; born in Lille, March 19, 1807; died in
Paris, Nov. 3, 1880. He first obtained special
attention as a numismatist by his Essay on
the Classification of Byzantine Coinage (1836).
Among his works are: (Tour in the Holy
Land' (1865); Last Days of Jerusalem' (1866);
"Story of Herod (1867); and (Seven Centuries
of Jewish History) (1874).
Saunders, Frederick. An American scholar
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
Aug. 13, 1807. He was librarian of the Astor
Library, New York, 1859-96. He wrote: (Me.
moirs of the Great Metropolis) (London, 1852);
(New York in a Nut-Shell (1853); (Salad for
the Solitary, by an Epicure) (1853); (Salad for
the Social (1850); Pearls of Thought, Reli.
gious and Philosophical, Gathered from Old
Authors) (1858); Mosaics) (1859); Festival
of Song) (1866); (About Women, Love, and
Marriage) (1868); (Evenings with the Sacred
Poets' (1869 ; enlarged 1885); Pastime Papers)
(1885); (Story of Some Famous Books' (1887);
(The Book-Lover's Library. '
Saunière, Paul (sõn-yår'). A French story.
writer; born at Paris, 1827. He wrote: (The
Fatal Prediction); (The Bluebeard Nobleman';
(Father Grabpenny); King Misery) (1808);
(Miss Aglaë) (1874); (The True Adventures
of Jean Barchalou) (1876); (A Son-in-Law at
Any Cost! (1879); (The Nephew from Amer.
ical (1881); "The Little Marquise) (1883);
(Mother Michel (1886); (A Daughter of the
Pharaohs) (1888); (Quicksilver) (1889); (The
Recluse of Montfleury) (1889).
Saussure, Henri de (ső-sür'). A Swiss
naturalist; born at Geneva, 1829. He was a
member of the scientific expedition to Mexico,
and wrote several memoirs on the insects of
that country. He wrote also: Memoir to
Serve for the Natural History of Mexico, the
Antilles, and the United States) (1872); (The
Genevan Explorers of the Alps (1879).
Sauvage, Thomas Marie François (sū.
väzh'). A French dramatist; born at Paris,
1794; died there, 1877. Among his plays are:
(The Portfolio; or, the Impromptu Lord
( 1820 ); Margaret of Anjou! ( 1826 ); (The
Drunkard) (1830); (A Provincial Conspiracy)
(1832); (The Sea Wolf (1840); (The Amazon
(1846); (The Carnival of Venice) (1860); My
Lord's Coat) (1862).
Savage, John. An American journalist and
miscellaneous writer; born in Dublin, Ireland,
Dec. 13, 1828; died in 1888. He came to New
York in 1848, and subsequently in Washington
became proprietor of The States, the organ of
## p. 481 (#497) ############################################
SAVAGE-SAYCE
481
was
Stephen A. Douglas. Included in his popular
war-songs are (The Starry Flag) and (The
Muster of the North. Among his other works
are: Our Living Representative Men (1860);
Poems : Lyrical, Dramatic, and Romantic
(1870); Picturesque Ireland) (1878-83); and
"Waiting for a Wife,' a comedy (1859).
Savage, Minot Judson. A noted Unitarian
clergyman; born in Norridgewock, Me. , June
10, 1841. He graduated at the Theological Sem-
inary at Bangor, 1864; went to California as a
Congregational home missionary, and preached
at San Mateo and at Grass Valley. He re-
moved to Framingham, Mass. ; thence
called to Indianapolis, and afterwards to Han-
nibal, Mo. He accepted a call to the Third
Unitarian Church Chicago in 1873, and after
a year there was installed pastor of the Church
of the Unity, Boston, where he remained for
twenty-two years. He is now in the Church of
the Messiah, New York, in association with
Dr. Robert Collyer. In his very active career
he has published over thirty books on religious,
social, and moral questions, among which may
be mentioned: (The Religion of Evolution
(1876); “Social Problems) (1886); (My Creed
(1887); (Jesus and Modern Life) (1893); (A
Man (1895); Religion for To-day) (1897). He
has also published (Bluffton: A Story of To-
day) (1878), and Poems, 247 pages, in 1882.
Savage, Richard Henry. An American nov-
elist; born in New York, 1846. He has written
many notable works of fiction, among them :
(My Official Wife); (A Daughter of Judas);
(The Anarchist); (In the Old Château); (The
Masked Venus); (Miss Devereaux of the Mari-
quita'; and After Many Years, and Other
Poems.
Savage-Armstrong, George Francis. An
Irish poet; born at Dublin, 1845. Among his
poetical works are : (Poems, Lyrical and Dra-
matic) (1879); (Ugone : A Tragedy) (1870);
(The Tragedy of Israel,' a trilogy (1872–76);
(Stories of Wicklow (1886); “One in the Infi-
nite) (1891).
Savary, Nicolas (sä-vär-z'). A French
traveler and Orientalist; born at Vitré, Brittany,
France, in 1750; died Feb. 4, 1788. He published :
(Letters on Egypt) (3 vols. , 1781-85); the Koran
in French, with a Life of Mohammed) (2
vols. , 1783).
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (sä-vēn-yē').
A distinguished jurist and historian of juris-
prudence; born in Frankfort on the Main, Feb.
21, 1779; died in Berlin, Oct. 25, 1861. He stood
long at the head of what is termed the his-
torical school of jurisprudence. His principal
works were : (The Legal Right of Property)
(1803); (The Present System of Roman Juris-
prudence (1840-49); Contract Law); (History
of the System of Roman Law in the Middle
Ages); etc.
Savioli, Luigi V. (säv-yo'lē). An Italian
poet and historian ; born 1729 ; died 1804. He
published in his youth a volume of poems,
(Amours); translated the works of Tacitus ;
and at the time of his death was engaged on
the composition of a historical work, “The
Annals of Bologna.
Savonarola, Girolamo (sä-von-ä-rõ'lä). One
of the great figures of Italian history; born at
Ferrara, Sept.
21, 1452; hanged and his body
burned May 23, 1498, a victim of the struggles of
parties and factions during the pontificate of
Alexander VI. (Borgia). The following are the
titles of some of his works: (The Triumph of
the Cross); Meditations on the Thirty-First
Psalm); (Sermons); (Poems, the latter being
few in number; (Essays); etc.
Sawyer, Leicester Ambrose. An American
clergyman, Biblical scholar, and author ; born
in Pinckney, N. Y. , July 28, 1807. He was pas-
tor of various churches (1842-59), and has pub.
lished : (Elements of Biblical Interpretation
(1836); ( Mental Philosophy) (1839); Moral Phi-
losophy) (1845); (Organic Christianity) (1854);
(Reconstruction of Bible Theories) (1862); and
(Final Theology; or, Introduction to the New
Testament) (Vol. i. , 1879). He also published
a notable new translation of the New Testa-
ment, without the usual division into verses.
Saxe, John Godfrey. An American humor-
ous poet, very popular his day; born in
Highgate, Vt. , June 2, 1816; died in Albany,
N. Y. , March 31, 1887. In 1872 he became edi.
torially connected with the Albany Evening
Journal, and subsequently contributed to Har-
per's Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly. His
most popular verses include (Rhyme of the
Rail) and (The Proud Miss McBride); and
his published works (The Flying Dutchman;
or, The Wrath of Herr von Stoppelnose) (1862),
and Leisure-Day Rhymes) (1875).
Saxo Grammaticus. A Danish historian;
date of birth not known; died after 1208. His
( Gesta Danorum) or (Historia Danica) con-
sists of 16 books, and extends to the year 1186.
Much valuable historical material is to be
found in the last six books. His surname was
given him on account of the correctness and
elegance of his Latin, which excited the ad-
miration of Erasmus.
Say, Jean Baptiste (sā). A noted French
economist; born 1767; died 1832. He popular-
ized the theories of Adam Smith in France.
His best-known work is (Treatise on Political
Economy) (1803); but widely read also were
(Catechism of Political Economy) (1815),
(Complete Course in Practical Political Econ-
omy) (1829), and “Views of Men and Society)
(1817). His “theory of markets » attracted
great attention.
Sayce, Archibald Henry. An eminent Eng-
lish Orientalist and philologist; born Sept. 25,
1846. His works extend over various fields,
and are of great importance for comparative
philology and history. They include: (As-
syrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes)
(1872); Elementary Assyrian Grammar' (1875);
(Lectures on the Assyrian Language) (1877);
31
## p. 482 (#498) ############################################
482
SCALIGER-SCHANDORPH
a
(Babylonian Literature (1877); (Fresh Light
from the Monuments) (1884); Ancient Em-
pires of the East' (1884); (Assyria: Its Princes,
Priests, and People) (1885); Introduction to
the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther)
(1885); Hibbert Lectures on the Origin and
Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Re-
ligion of the Ancient Babylonians) (1887);
(The Hittites) (1888); (Records of the Past
(new series, 1889-92); Life and Times of
Isaiah) (1889); (The Races of the Old Tes-
tament) (1891); “Social Life among the As-
syrians and Babylonians) (1891); "A Primer
of Assyriology) (1894); "The Higher Criticism
and the Verdict of the Monuments) (1894);
(The Egypt of the Hebrews, and Herodotus )
(1895). Special mention should be made of
his Principles of Comparative Philology, and
(Introduction to the Science of Language,
which have passed through many editions.
Scaliger, Joseph Justus (skal'-i-jer). A
French critic and classical scholar of great
celebrity, son of J. C. ; born in Agen, 1540; died
at Leyden, 1609. He became one of the most
learned men of his age, with a prodigious knowl-
edge of classical antiquities and literature. He
was involved in controversy on account of his
conversion to Protestantism. Besides notes,
criticisms, and essays, on Catullus, Propertius,
Virgil, Moschus, and other authors, he wrote:
(The Emendation of Time) (1583), a work on
chronology and the calendar; (The Treasure
of Time) (1606), in which he rearranged the
whole chronology of classical antiquity; etc.
Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, originally della
Scala. A celebrated classical scholar, Italian
by birth, French by adoption; born at the castle
of La Rocca in 1484; died at Agen, 1558. Ac-
cording to some scholars, no one of the an-
cients could be placed above him, and the age
in which he lived could not show his equal »
in learning and talent. He published an Ora-
tion against Erasmus) (1531), in reply to that
scholar's Ciceronianus); Poems! (1533-74),
in Latin and filling several volumes ; (Comic
Metres); and a variety of dissertations and
essays on classical subjects.
Scarron, Paul (skär-rộn'). A French poet,
dramatist, and novelist; born at Paris about
1610; died there, Oct. 14, 1660. At the age of
30, in consequence of a rheumatic attack, in
which he was treated by a quack doctor, he
became an invalid for life,- deformed and con-
torted, and suffering continual pain. His best
work is the Comic Romance (2 vols. , 1651-
57, but never completed), the story of a band
of strolling actors: it paints manners and
characters with great vividness. In this novel
Scarron draws on Spanish sources, as he does
also in the comedies (The Ridiculous Heir);
Jodelet); (Don Japhet of Armenia); (The
Scholar of Salamanca. ) His travesty of the
Æneid (1648-53) was in its day regarded as a
masterpiece of genuine burlesque humor; but
it is now rated as unworthy of the author's
great talent.
He married in 1652 Françoise
d'Aubigné, who afterward, as Mme. de Mainte-
non, became the wife of Louis XIV.
Schack, Adolph Friedrich, Count von
(shäk). A distinguished German Oriental
scholar and historian of literature; born in
Schwerin, Aug. 2, 1815; died in Rome, April
14, 1894. His works embrace many subjects;
but his especial distinction is as a student and
critic of Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit literature.
He published: (History of Dramatic Art and
Literature in Spain (1845-46); Poetry and Art
of the Arabs in Spain and Sicily) (1865); “His-
tory of the Normans in Sicily) (1889); etc. His
translations of Oriental classics are celebrated,
and include “Hero Songs (or epics) of Firdusi!
(1851), for which he was decorated by the Shah;
(Firdusi? (1853), additional translations; (Stro-
phes of Omar Khayyam' (1878); “Voices from
the Ganges,' a series of Hindu poems; (Mej.
nun and Leila,' the famous story by Jami; etc.
He also wrote original poetry, but not until
he had attained his sixtieth year; among his
verse being Lotus Leaves) (1882), (Memnon
(1885), 'Epistles and Elegies) (1894), etc. He
is the author of an interesting work on Maz-
zini and Unified Italy
Schafarik or Safarik, Pavel Josef (shä'fä.
rik). A celebrated Czech philologist, historian,
and philosopher; born at Kobelarova, in the
county of Gömör in Hungary, May 13, 1795;
died at Prague, June 26, 1861. He began at
an early age to collect Siavic folk-songs (pub-
lished 1823-27). He translated into his native
tongue the Clouds of Aristophanes, and Schil.
ler's Mary Stuart) (1815). His principal work
is (Slavic Antiquities) (1837). His "Ground
Principles of Old-Czechish Grammar) (1845)
marked an epoch in the history of the Czech
language. He wrote also : (History of the
Slavic Language and Literature) (1826); (The
Most Ancient Monuments of the Bohemian
Language) (1840).
Schaff, Philip (shäf). A distinguished Amer-
ican Presbyterian theologian; born in Switz-
erland, 1819; died in New York, 1893. He
came to the United States in 1844, and from
that year until 1863 held the professorship of
church history in the seminary at Mercersburg,
Pa. In 1873 he was appointed professor of
sacred literature in Union Seminary, New York.
He published : Principles of Protestantism);
(History of the Christian Church'; "Creeds
of Christendom'; \ Theological Propedeutics);
(Christ and Christianity); (Critical Edition of
the Heidelberg Catechism); Bible Revision);
(Through Bible Lands); (Progress of Religious
Freedom); (Church and State in the United
States) ; (The Person of Christ); Literature
and Poetry); (A Companion to the Greek
Testament and the English Version); etc. He
edited the Schaff-Herzog "Encyclopædia of Re-
ligious Knowledge); Lange's Commentary';
and other important works.
Schandorph, Sophus (shän'dorf). A Danish
poet and story-writer; born at Ringsted, May
8, 1837. His early poems were an echo of the
## p. 483 (#499) ############################################
SCHEFER - SCHILLER
483
old Romance poetry; and his dramatic poem
(Out in the Forest) (1868) has a like inspi-
ration. But his native talent was awakened in
1872, chiefly by the lectures of Georg Brandes,
and thenceforth he was a pronounced realist.
The first fruits of the change to realism are
seen in (From the Provinces) (1876), a collec-
tion of short tales, which were followed by
(Youthful Days) (1879); Little Folk) (1880);
(Story of Thomas Fris) (1881); (Reminiscences)
(1889); “William Vang's Student Years) (1894).
Schefer, Leopold (shā'fer). A German poet
and story-writer; born at Muskau, Silesia,
July 30, 1784; died there, Feb. 16, 1862. From
1816 to 1820 he traveled in Austria, Italy,
Greece, the Ionian Islands, Turkey, and Asia
Minor, and th began to publish his long series
of stories. Among them are: (The Countess
Ufeld' (1834); Many Men, Many Minds) (1840),
a story of witchcraft; Divine Comedy at Rome)
(2d ed. 1842); (The Sibyl of Mantua (1852),
a pointed satire on the modern conventicle.
His chief poetical works are: (Vigils) (1842);
(The Layman's Breviary) (1834; 18th ed. 1884);
(The Secular Priest (1846); in these the tone is
moral and religious, leaning toward pantheism;
Hafiz in Hellas, by a Hadji? (1853).
Scheffel, Joseph Viktor von (shef'el). A
prominent German poet and novelist; born at
Karlsruhe, Feb. 16, 1826; died April 9, 1886.
In 1854 he published his famous epic poem,
(The Trumpeter of Säckingen. The historical
novel Ekkehard) came out in 1855. (Gaude.
amus) (1868) is a collection of lyrics, many of
which became favorite student songs. (Mount.
ain Psalms) (1870) is a collection of poems. *
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von
(shel'ling). A celebrated German thinker, one
of the four chief metaphysical philosophers of
Germany; born at Leonberg, Würtemberg, Jan.
27, 1775; died at the Ragaz aths, Switzerland,
Aug. 20, 1854. His system was at first one of
idealistic pantheism, akin to those of Fichte
and Hegel; later his views were interpreted as
furnishing a philosophic basis for Christianity.
He had high poetic gifts. His works include:
On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy)
(1794); (On the Ego as the Principle of Phi.
losophy) (1795); Ideas for a Philosophy of
Nature (1797); (On the Soul of the World)
(1798); "First Sketch of a System of the Phi.
losophy of Nature (1799); (System of Tran-
scendental Idealism) (1800); Bruno; or, The
Divine and Natural Principle of Things (1802);
Philosophy and Religion (1804); (On the
Relation of Art to Nature (1807); ( Philosophic
Researches on the Essence of Human Liberty)
(1809). Four posthumous volumes are of great
importance: Introduction to the Philosophy
of Mythology) (1856); Philosophy of Mythol-
ogv) (1857); Philosophy of Revelation,' in two
divisions, each separately published in 1858.
Schenkendorf, Max von (shenk'en-dorf). A
German poet; born at Tilsit, Dec. II, 1783; died
Dec. 11, 1817. He was educated as a lawyer at
the University of Königsberg; he practiced his
profession until the breaking out of the war in
1813, when he joined the Prussian army, and
with his stirring war-songs inspired his comrades.
His "Gedichte) (1815) is a collection of these
songs.
Scherenberg, Ernst (shā'ren-berg). A Ger-
man poet; born at Swinemünde, July 21, 1839.
His first volume was a collection of poems,
(From the Heart's Depths) (1860), which was
followed by the cycle Banished) (1861 ),
(Storms in Springtide) (1865), etc. He wrote
also the character sketches Prince Bismarck)
(1885), and (Emperor William (1888); and
the dramatic poem (Germania) (1886). He
published in 1874 an anthology, 'Against Rome :
Voices of German Poets.
Schérer, Edmond (shā-răr'). A French es-
sayist and critic of celebrity ; born in Paris,
April 8, 1815; died at Versailles, March 16,
1889. He first attracted general attention in
1860 with a volume entitled Miscellanies of
Religious Criticism, containing studies of Jo-
seph de Maistre, Lamennais, Le P. Gratry,
Veuillot, Taine, Proudhon, Renan, and others.
He has also written : (Criticism and Belief)
(1850); Letters to my Pastor) (1853); (Mis-
cellanies of Religious Criticism' (1860); (Mis-
cellanies of Religious History) (1864); etc. *
Scherer, Wilhelm (shā'rer). An Austrian
philologist; born at Schönbrunn, Austria, April
26, 1841; died Aug. 6, 1866. Among his works
are: (German Studies) (1870); History of
Poetry in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries)
(1875); (From Goethe's Youth' (1879). His
famous History of German Literature (1883)
has been translated into English.
Scherr, Johannes (shår). A German his.
torian; born at Hohenreichberg, Würtemberg,
Oct. 3, 1817; died Nov. 21, 1886. He studied
philosophy and history at Tübingen; became
a prolific writer, and was an accepted critic in
German literature. Among his principal works
are : History of German Literature) (2d ed.
1854); "History of English Literature (1854;
3d ed. 1883); Blücher, his Life and Times) (3
vols. , 1862-63; 4th ed. 1887).
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(shil'ler). A great German poet and dramatist;
born in Marbach on the Neckar, Nov. 10, 1759;
died at Weimar, May 9, 1805. His works in-
clude: “The Robbers) (1780-81); (Inquiry into
the Connection between the Animal and Spir-
itual Nature of Man (1780-81); (Fiesco' (1783);
(Love and Intrigue) (1784); (Don Carlos )
(1785); (History of the Revolt of the Nether-
lands from Spanish Rule) (1788); (The Ghost
Seer) (1789); History of the Thirty Years'
War) (1792); (Xenieh' (1796), with Goethe;
(Votive Tablets (1796); "Wallenstein's Camp)
(1798); (The Piccolomini? (1799); (Wallen-
stein's Death) (1799); Maria Stuart) (1800);
(The Maid of Orleans) (1801); (The Bride of
Messina) (1803); (William Tell (1804); De-
metrius, a fragment; and various short poems,
tales, and essays. *
a
## p. 484 (#500) ############################################
484
SCHLEGEL-SCHNEIDER
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (shlā'gel).
A celebrated German Orientalist, critic, and
poet, son of J. A. ; born at Hanover, Sept. 8,
1767; died May 12, 1845, at Bonn, where he
was professor of literature in the university.
His most notable works in literary and art
criticism are: (Lectures on Dramatic Art and
Literature) (3 vols. , 1809-11), translated into
nearly all the languages of Western Europe ;
(On the Theory and History of the Plastic
Arts) (1827). In the field of Orientalism he
wrote (Reflections on the Study of the Asiatic
Languages) (1832), and prepared editions of sev-
eral Indian classics. He translated many of the
plays of Shakespeare, and made the English
dramatist a German classic; his translations of
Dante, Calderon, Camoens, and other foreign
masters of literature are admirable; his origi-
nal poems show consummate art and grace of
form. He is at his best in his sonnets, and in
the elegy (Rome) (1812).
Schlegel, Friedrich von. A distinguished
German critic and philologist, son of J. A. ;
born at Hanover, March 10, 1772; died at Dres-
den, Jan. 12, 1829. He first devoted himself to
the study of Greek antiquity, and in 1794 pub-
lished his great essay (On the Schools of Gre-
cian Poetry); following it with many others
of a like tenor, as (The Greeks and Romans)
(1797), and History of Greek and Roman
Poetry) (1798). In his "Fragments) (1798-1800)
he essayed to establish the theory of a new
romanticism ; in the mean time writing the
unfinished romance (Lucinda,' and a volume
of Poems. To this period also belongs his
tragedy Alarcos,' in which he unsuccessfully
sought to combine romantic and classic ele-
ments. His work (Language and Wisdom of
the Indians) (1808) was a valuable contribution
to the science of language. Among his other
writings are lectures on Modern History)
(1811); History of Ancient and Modern Lit-
erature) (1815); Philosophy of Life. *
Schlegel, Johann Adolf.
A German poet;
born at Meissen, Sept. 18, 1721 ; died at Han-
over, Sept. 16, 1793. Of his poetry only a few
religious poems remain. le translated and
published, with additions of his own, Batteux's
(Restriction of the Fine Arts to a Single Prin-
ciple) (1759).
Schlegel, Johann Elias. A German poet;
born at Meissen, Jan. 17, 1719; died at Soröe
in Denmark, Aug. 13, 1749. He wrote several
tragedies, among them (Hermann' (the ancient
Teutonic hero Arminius) and (Canute); and
two spirited comedies, (The Triumph of Good
Women) and (Mute Beauty.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel
(shli'er-mäch''er). A noted German theolo-
gian and philosopher; born at Breslau, Nov. 21,
1768; died at Berlin, Feb. 12, 1834. His prin-
ciples of theological criticism are laid down
in (Christian Belief according to the Funda-
mental Doctrines of the Evangelical Church)
(2 vols. , 1821-22); a sequel to this is "Christian
Morals) (1843); to show the consistency of his
principles with the teachings of Christ, he
wrote an Introduction to the New Testament)
and a Life of Jesus (1850). Among his writ-
ings on philosophy are: Dialectics) (1830);
(A System of Ethics) (1835); (Psychology
(1835); Esthetics (1842).
Schliemann, Heinrich (shlē'män). A Ger-
man archæologist; born at Neubuckow in Meck.
lenburg-Schwerin, Jan. 6, 1822 ; died at Naples,
Dec. 26, 1890. His celebrated archæological
explorations and excavations at the sites of
Troy, Mycenæ, Orchomenos, Tiryns, and other
ancient Hellenic cities, are recorded in My-
cenæ (1877); Ilios) (1880); Orchomenos)
(1881); (Troja) (1883); (Tiryns) (1886); (Re.
port on the Excavations at Troy?
