4) as having lived before fomenting the
intrigues
of Alexandra and Hyrca-
Dipoenus and Scyllis.
Dipoenus and Scyllis.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
1.
$ 13.
) It was subsequently trans- harbal is said to have observed, that Hannibal
lated into Greek, though with some abridgment knew indeed how to gain victories, but not how to
and alteration, by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and use them ; a sentiment which has been confirmed
an epitome of it in the same language, brought into by some of the best judges in the art of war. (Liv.
the compass of six books, was drawn up by Dio- xxii
. 13, 46, 51; Appian, Annib. 20, 21 ; Florus,
phanes of Bithynia, and dedicated to king Deio- ii. 5 ; Zonar. ix. 1 ; Cato ap. Gell. x. 24 ; Plu-
(Varro, de R. R. i. 1. & 10; Colum. i. tarch, Fab. 17, erroneously assigns this advice to a
1. § 10. ) His precepts on agricultural matters Carthaginian of the name of Barca. ) Except an
are continually cited by the Roman writers on incidental notice of his presence at the siege of
those subjects, Varro, Columella, and Palladins, as Casilinum (Liv. xxiii. 18), Maharbal from this
well as by Pliny: his work is also alluded to by period disappears from history. A person of that
Cicero (De Orat. i. 58) in terms that imply its name is mentioned by Frontinus (Strateg. ii. 5. §
high reputation as the standard authority upon the 12) as employed by the Carthaginians against
subject on which it treated. It is said to have some African tribes that had rebelled, but whether
opened with the very sound piece of advice that if this be the same as the subject of the present arti-
a man meant to settle in the country, he should cle, or to what period the event there related is
begin by selling his town house. (Colum. i. 1. $ referable, we have no means of judging. (E. H. B. ]
18; Plin. H. N. xviii. 7. ) All the passages in MAIA (Maia or Maiás), a daughter of Atlas
Roman authors in which the work of Mago is and Pleione (whence she is called Atlantis and
cited or referred to are collected by Heeren. Pleias), was the eldest of the Pleiades, and in a
(Ideen, vol. iv. p. 527, &c. ) (E. H. B. ] grotto of mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by
MAGUS (Mâyos), one of the followers of Simus Zeus the mother of Hermes. Arcas, the son of
in the merry and licentious songs, the poets of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reafed.
which were called inapodoi. [Lysis. ) (P. S. ) (Hom. Od. xiv. 435, Hymn. in Merc. 3 ; Hes.
MAHARBAL (Maáplas), son of Himilco, and Theog. 938 ; Apollod. ii. 10. § 2, 8. $ 2; Tzetz.
one of the most distinguished Carthaginian officers ad Lycoph, 219; Horat. Carm. i. 10. 1, 2. 42,
in the Second Punic War. He is first mentioned &c. )
as commanding the besieging force at the siege of Maia is also the name of a divinity worshipped
Saguntum, during the absence of Hannibal, when at Rome, who was also called Majesta. She is
he carried on his operations and pressed the siege mentioned in connection with Vulcan, and was
with so much vigour that neither party, says Livy, regarded by some as the wife of that god, though
felt the absence of the general-in-chief. (Liv. xxi. it seems for no other reason but because a priest of
12. ) We next find him detached with a body of Vulcan offered a sacrifice to her on the first of May,
cavalry to ravage the plains near the Po, soon after while in the popular superstition of later times she
the arrival of Hannibal in Italy, but from this ser- was identified with Maia, the daughter of Atlas.
tarus.
## p. 906 (#922) ############################################
906
MAJORIANUS.
MALACUS.
a
It is more probable that Maia was an ancient | intended to invade Africa. At Arles he prevailed
name of the bona dea, who was also designated by upon Theodoric to desist from further attempts at
the names of Ops, Fauna, and Fatua. (Macrob. causing disturbazioes in Gaul. In the beginning
Sat. i. 12 ; Gellius, xiii. 22 ; Fest. p. 134, ed. of 460 every thing was ready for setting out for
Müller. )
(L. S. ] Africa, and Majorian crossed the Pyrenees, his
MAIOR (Matwp), a Greek sophist and rhe- intention being to join his feet, which lay at
torician, who lived about the middle of the third anchor in the harbour of Carthagena. Meanwhile,
century after Christ, before and in the reign of Genseric made offers for peace, which, having been
the emperor Philippus. He was a native of Arabia, rejected by the emperor, he employed intrigues,
and wrote a work, Tepl ordoew, in thirteen books, and succeeded in bribing some of the principal
of which scarcely a trace has come down to us. officers of the Roman navy, who enabled him to
(Suid. 8. v. Matwp; Eudoc. p. 300; Schol. ad Her- surprise the fleet at Carthagena. The defeat of the
mog. p. 130. )
(L. S. ] Romans was complete, the whole of their ships
MAJORIA'NUS, JUʻLIUS VALERIUS, being sunk, bumt, or taken. The traitors were
emperor of Rome (A. D. 457–461), ascended the personal enemies of Majorian, who looked with
throne under the following circumstances. After | jealousy upon his rising fortune. The loss of the
the death of the emperor Avitus, the supreme feet obliged the emperor to return to Gaul, where
power in the western empire remained in the hands he remained during the ensuing winter ; and Gen-
of Ricimer, who was the real master previously, seric having renewed his offers, he accepted them,
and would have assumed the imperial title, but for and peace was made between Rome and Carthage.
the certainty that his elevation would create a ter- From Gaul Majorian went to Italy, where his
rible commotion. For he was a Suevian by origin, presence became indispensable to his own interest.
and there was a decided prejudice among the Ricimer, jealous of the rising power and popularity
Romans to choose a barbarian for their emperor. of a man whom he looked upon as his tool, formed
Ricimer consequently gave the crown to Majori- a scheme to deprive him of the crown. While Ma-
anus, with the consent of the Eastern emperor Leo jorian was at Tortona in Lombardy, the conspiracy
(A. D. 457). The name of Majorian appears as broke out: he found himself unexpectedly sur-
early as 438, when he distinguished himself in the rounded by the partizans of Ricimer; and the
war against the Franks, and ever since he had only way to save his life was to abdicate, which
continued to serve in the field, making himself he did on the 2d of August, 461. He died sud-
known at once for his military skill and his excel-denly, on the 7th of August, five days after his
lent character. He was descended from a family abdication, of dysentery, as was reported; but
distinguished in the army, and was indeed one of Idatius plainly says that he was put to death by
the best men that ever filled the throne of the order of Ricimer, who now placed Severus on the
Caesars : he had experienced both good fortune throne.
and bad fortune, and enjoyed unbounded popularity We cannot finish this notice without calling the
with the troops. Ricimer thought he was only a student's attention to the laws of Majorian, which
general, unfit for administrative business, who, ensure him an honourable rank among Roman
being accustomed to obey him, would continue so. legislators. He put an end to the awful fiscal
In this respect, however, Ricimer was mistaken. oppression in the provinces ; he re-invested the
As soon as Majorian was possessed of the supreme provincial magistrates with power to assess taxes ;
title, he aimed at supreme power also. His he stopped the dilapidation of the splendid monu-
choice of his principal officers did great credit to ments in Rome and other places, which renal
his discernment: among them we mention his officers would allow any body, who wanted buiid-
private secretary Petrus, Egidius who commanded ing materials, to take down, if money was paid
in Gaul, Magnus, praefectus praetorio in Gaul, and for the permission ; and he made several other
others. In 458 the coast of Campania was infested wise and useful laws and regulations, which are
by the Vandals, who held the sea with a powerful contained in the Codex Theodosianus. (Sidon.
fleet ; but Majorian, informed of their designs, had Apoll. Panegyr. Major. Epist. i. l; Procop. Vand.
posted his troops so well, that the main body of i. 7, 8 ; Greg. Turon. ii. 7 ; Priscus in Excerpt.
the Vandals was surprised when on shore, and Legat. p. 42; Evagr. H. E. ii. 7, sub fin. ; Ida-
totally defeated. The only means to stop the per- tius, Chron. ; Marcellin. Chron. ) (W. P. ]
petual incursions of the Vandals was to attack their
king Genseric in Africa, and this Majorian resolved
to do. He consequently entered Gaul with a strong
army, and succeeded in quelling the domestic troubles
by which that province was agitated through the
in-
ER
trignes of the West Gothic king Theodoric
. The
Roman army which he was leading to Africa was,
however, anything but Roman, being mostly com-
GOMOB
posed of barbarians, such as Bastarnae, Suevians,
Huns, Alani, Rugii, Burgundians, Goths, and Sar-
COIN OF MAJORIANUS.
matians with whom he passed the Alps in November,
458. Majorian first went to Lyon, where he was MAʼLACON (Marákwv), a native of Heracleia
complimented by the poet Sidonius Apollinaris, who on the Euxine, in the service of Seleucus, who slew
there wrote his panegyric of Majorian, after having Lysimachus with a javelin at the battle of Coru-
been pardoned by him for his participation in the pedion, B. c. 281. Memnon, c. 8. ) [E. H. B. ]
previous revolt. From Lyon the emperor went to MALACUS (Mallakós), a Greek historical
Arles, where he stayed the whole year 459, having writer, the author of a work entitled L. Qvlwv 'Spon
fixed upon that city as a meeting place for those which is quoted by Athenaeus (vi. p. 267). It has
immense, but still scattered forces, with which he been conjectured by some that he is the same
W
1916
IARTE
Dawid
9G
## p. 907 (#923) ############################################
MALCHUS.
907
MALCHUS.
.
[P. S. )
with Apollonius of Alabanda, who was sumamed | nearly two years with various changes of fortune,
• Malands. (APOLLONIUS. ] [C. P. M. ] but seems to have been terminated by the decisive
MALALAS. (MALELAS. ]
defeat of the Arabian monarch. We however
MALAS, of Chios, a sculptor, mentioned by again hear of Malchus, at a subsequent period, as
Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 5. s.
4) as having lived before fomenting the intrigues of Alexandra and Hyrca-
Dipoenus and Scyllis. He was the grandfather of nus against Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 14. $S 1
Antherinus, and must therefore have flourished 2, xv. 4. SS 2, 4, 5, 6. & 2, B. J. i. 14, SS 1, 2,
about the 35th or 40th Olympiad.
19. )
(E. H. B. ]
MALCHUS or MALICHU'S (Máaxos, Márs- MALCHUS (Máaxos), literary. 1. Of BYZAN-
Xos), historical. This name is in fact a mere title and TIUM. (No. 4. )
signifies“ a king. ” (Gesenius, Ling. Phoen. Mon. 2. OT MARONIA. (No. 3. )
p. 409; and Kuster, ad Suid. s. o. Nopoúplos. ) 3. MONACH Us, the Monk, author of a curious
1. A Carthaginian leader who, according to autobiography, dictated by him in his extreme old
Justin, was one of the first that extended the age to Jeromc, then a young man residing it
power and dominion of his country, first, by suc- Maronia, a hamlet about thirty miles from Antioch.
cessful wars against the African tribes, and after-(Hieronym. Vita Malchi, Opera, rol. ii. col. 41,
wards by the subjugation of great part of Sicily. &c. ed. Vollarsii. )
But, having subsequently crossed into Sardinia, he 4. Of PHILADELPHIA. Among the writers from
was defeated in a great battle ; on account of whom the 'Ekhoyal nepi apéo6eww, Ercerpta de
which disaster he was disgraced and banished by Legationibus, compiled by order of Constantine
his countrymen. In revenge for this he led his Porphyrogenitus, are taken, was Malchus the so-
army to Carthage and laid siege to the city. His phist (Máaxos copioths). According to Suidas
son Carthalo was in vain sent to intercede with and Eudocia (s. v. Máa xos) Malchus was a By-
him ; he was crucified by order of Malchus bim- zantine ; but the statement of Photius that he was
self within sight of the walls. Yet, having at a native of Philadelphia, is preferable ; and his
length made himself master of the city, he awas Syriac name makes it probable that Philadelphia
content with putting to death ten of the principal was the city so called (the ancient Rabbah) in the
senators, and left the rest in possession of the country of Ammonitis, east of the Jordan. Mal-
chief power, of which they soon after availed chus probably followed his profession of rhetorician
themselves to bring him to trial and condemn him or sophist at Constantinople, and the statement
to death. (Justin, xviii. 7. ) Orosius, who has that he was a native of that city may have arisen
merely abridged the narrative of Justin, adds that from that circumstance. According to Suidas and
these events took place during the reign of Cyrus Eudocia, he wrote a history extending from the
the Great (Oros. iv. 6), but this is probably a mere reign of Constantine to that of Anastasius ; but
inference from the statement of Justin, that Mal- the work in seven books, of which Photius has given
chus was followed in the command br Mago. an account (Bill. cod. 78), and to which he
[Maco, No. 1. ] The chronology of these events gives the title Bušavtačká, comprehended only the
is in fact extremely uncertain.
period from the final sickness of the Eastern em-
2. One of the chief leaders among the Jews at peror Leo I. (A. D. 473 or 474), to the death of
the time that Cassius Longinus was in Syria, B. C. Nepos, emperor of the West (á. D. 480). It has
43. He had failed in payment of the tribute been supposed that this was an extract from the
which he was appointed to collect, on which ac- work mentioned by Suidas, or a mutilated copy :
count Cassius was about to put him to death, and that it was incomplete is attested by Photius him-
he was with difficulty saved by the intercession self, who says that the commencement of the first
of Hyrcanus and Antipater. But, far from being of the seven books showed that the author had
grateful to Antipater for the service this rendered already written some previous portions, and that
him, Malichus began to form designs against his the close of the seventh book showed his intention
life, and at length succeeded in removing him by of carrying it further, if his life was spared. Some
poison. Herod, the son of Antipater, for a time eminent critics, among whom is Valesius (Not. in
dissembled his desire of vengeance, and pretended Excerpt. de Legat. ), have thought that the history
to be reconciled to Malichus, who obtained a high of Malchus began with Leo's sickness, and that he
place in the favour of Hyrcanus ; but he soon was the continuator of Priscus, whose history is
took an opportunity to have him assassinated by a supposed to have left off at that point. Niebuhr
band of soldiers. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 11. $$ 2-6, (De Historicis, &c. , prefixed to the Bonn edition of
B. J. i. 11. 2—8. )
the Excerpta) supposed that this coincidence arose
3. King of Arabia Petraea (probably the same from Photius having met with a portion only of
who is mentioned by Hirtius, B. Alex. 1, as send the work of Malchus, which had been inserted in
ing an auxiliary force of cavalry to Caesar in some historical Catena after the work of Priscus ;
Egypt, and is termed by him king of the Na- or that the history of the antecedent period had
bathaeans), was contemporary with Herod the been given by Malchus in another work. As, how-
Great, who fled to him for refuge when he was ever, Suidas and Eudocia speak of the history in
driven out of Jerusalem by Antigonus and the its whole extent, as one work, we are rather
Parthians, B. C. 40. But Malchus, though bound disposed to think it was published in successive
by many obligations to Herod and his father An- parts, as the author was able to finish it (a sup-
tipater, refused to receive him in his adversity, position which best coincides with the notice in
and forbade him to enter his territories. At a Photius of the continuation being contingent on
subsequent period (B. C. 32) hostilities arose be- the longer duration of the author's life); and that
tween Malchus and Herod, in consequence of the Photius had met with only one part. Photius
refusal of the former to pay the appointed tribute praises the style of Malchus as a perfect model of
to Cleopatra which Herod was charged by Antony historical composition ; pure, free from redundancy
to exact by force of arms. The war continued | and consisting of well-selected words and phrases
## p. 908 (#924) ############################################
908
MALELAS.
MALLEOLUS.
He notices also his eminence as a rhetorician, and of the second, belong to Hansartolus. Hody added
says that he was favourable to Christianity ; a very valuable prolegomena. The Venice reprint of
statement which has been thought, but we do not the Oxford edition (1733, fol. ) is quite useless.
see why, inconsistent with the praises he has be The Bonn edition by L. Dindorf, 1831, 8vo. , is
stowed on the heathen philosopher and diviner, a very careful and revised reprint of the Oxford
Pamprepius (Illus). The works of Malchus are edition, which contains a considerable number of
lost, except the portions contained in the Excerpta small omissions, misprints, and other trifling de
of Constantine (CONSTANTINUS VII. ), and some fects, though, on the whole, it is a very good one.
extracts in Suidas, which are collecied and sub-Dindorf thought that the account of Hamartolus
joined to the Bonn edition of the Ercerpta. (Pho was not identical with that of Malelas, and conse-
tius, Suidas, Endocia, Il. cc. ; Vossius, De Hist. quently published it separately, under the title
Graecis, ii. 21 ; Care, llist. Litt. ad ann. 496 ; 1 " Anonyıri Chronologica ;" he might as well have
Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 540 ; Niebuhr, l. c. ) put the name of Hamartolus on the title. A very
5. Sorrista, the SOPHIST. (No. 4. )
good account of Malelas is given by Bentley in
6. Of TYRE. Malchus was the Hellenized his “ Epistola ad Joannem Millium,” on Malelas
form of the original Syriac name of the philosopher and other contemporary writers, which is given in
Porphyry. [PCRPILYRIUS. ) The Syrinc name the Oxford and Bonn editions. (Fabric. Bibl.
Malchus significs “ king;" and the Greek Por- Graec. vol. vii. p. 446, &c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. p.
phyrius, Topqúpios, was perhaps designed to be its 568 ; Hamberger, Nachrichten von Gelehrten Män-
equivalent.
[J. C. M. ]
nern. )
[W. P. )
MALCHUS CLEODEMUS. [CLEODEMUS. ) MA'LEUS (Márcos), a son of Heracles by
MALEATES (Maneatas), a surname of Apollo, Omphale, is said to have been the inventor of the
derived from cape Malea, in the south of Laconia. trumpet. (Schol. ad Hom. Ilxviii. 219 ; Stat.
He had sanctuaries under this name at Sparta and Theb. iv. 224. )
(L. S. )
on mount Cynortium. (Paus. iii. 12. $ 7, ii. 27, MA'LIADES (Maliádes vúudai), nymphs who
(
in fin. )
(L. S. ) were worshipped as the protectors of flocks and of
MA'LELAS, or MALALAS, IOANNES | fruit-trees. They are also called Monídes or 'En
('Iwávons ó Manéda or Manára), a native of An- unnides. (Theocrit. i. 22, with Valck. note, xiii.
tioch, and a Byzantine historian. According to 45 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1963. ) The same name
Hody he lived in the ninth century ; but it is more is also given to the nymphs of the district of the
probable that he lived shortly after Justinian the Malians on the river Spercheius. (Soph. Philoct.
Great, as Gibbon very positively asserts (Decline 7. 25. ).
lated into Greek, though with some abridgment knew indeed how to gain victories, but not how to
and alteration, by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and use them ; a sentiment which has been confirmed
an epitome of it in the same language, brought into by some of the best judges in the art of war. (Liv.
the compass of six books, was drawn up by Dio- xxii
. 13, 46, 51; Appian, Annib. 20, 21 ; Florus,
phanes of Bithynia, and dedicated to king Deio- ii. 5 ; Zonar. ix. 1 ; Cato ap. Gell. x. 24 ; Plu-
(Varro, de R. R. i. 1. & 10; Colum. i. tarch, Fab. 17, erroneously assigns this advice to a
1. § 10. ) His precepts on agricultural matters Carthaginian of the name of Barca. ) Except an
are continually cited by the Roman writers on incidental notice of his presence at the siege of
those subjects, Varro, Columella, and Palladins, as Casilinum (Liv. xxiii. 18), Maharbal from this
well as by Pliny: his work is also alluded to by period disappears from history. A person of that
Cicero (De Orat. i. 58) in terms that imply its name is mentioned by Frontinus (Strateg. ii. 5. §
high reputation as the standard authority upon the 12) as employed by the Carthaginians against
subject on which it treated. It is said to have some African tribes that had rebelled, but whether
opened with the very sound piece of advice that if this be the same as the subject of the present arti-
a man meant to settle in the country, he should cle, or to what period the event there related is
begin by selling his town house. (Colum. i. 1. $ referable, we have no means of judging. (E. H. B. ]
18; Plin. H. N. xviii. 7. ) All the passages in MAIA (Maia or Maiás), a daughter of Atlas
Roman authors in which the work of Mago is and Pleione (whence she is called Atlantis and
cited or referred to are collected by Heeren. Pleias), was the eldest of the Pleiades, and in a
(Ideen, vol. iv. p. 527, &c. ) (E. H. B. ] grotto of mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by
MAGUS (Mâyos), one of the followers of Simus Zeus the mother of Hermes. Arcas, the son of
in the merry and licentious songs, the poets of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reafed.
which were called inapodoi. [Lysis. ) (P. S. ) (Hom. Od. xiv. 435, Hymn. in Merc. 3 ; Hes.
MAHARBAL (Maáplas), son of Himilco, and Theog. 938 ; Apollod. ii. 10. § 2, 8. $ 2; Tzetz.
one of the most distinguished Carthaginian officers ad Lycoph, 219; Horat. Carm. i. 10. 1, 2. 42,
in the Second Punic War. He is first mentioned &c. )
as commanding the besieging force at the siege of Maia is also the name of a divinity worshipped
Saguntum, during the absence of Hannibal, when at Rome, who was also called Majesta. She is
he carried on his operations and pressed the siege mentioned in connection with Vulcan, and was
with so much vigour that neither party, says Livy, regarded by some as the wife of that god, though
felt the absence of the general-in-chief. (Liv. xxi. it seems for no other reason but because a priest of
12. ) We next find him detached with a body of Vulcan offered a sacrifice to her on the first of May,
cavalry to ravage the plains near the Po, soon after while in the popular superstition of later times she
the arrival of Hannibal in Italy, but from this ser- was identified with Maia, the daughter of Atlas.
tarus.
## p. 906 (#922) ############################################
906
MAJORIANUS.
MALACUS.
a
It is more probable that Maia was an ancient | intended to invade Africa. At Arles he prevailed
name of the bona dea, who was also designated by upon Theodoric to desist from further attempts at
the names of Ops, Fauna, and Fatua. (Macrob. causing disturbazioes in Gaul. In the beginning
Sat. i. 12 ; Gellius, xiii. 22 ; Fest. p. 134, ed. of 460 every thing was ready for setting out for
Müller. )
(L. S. ] Africa, and Majorian crossed the Pyrenees, his
MAIOR (Matwp), a Greek sophist and rhe- intention being to join his feet, which lay at
torician, who lived about the middle of the third anchor in the harbour of Carthagena. Meanwhile,
century after Christ, before and in the reign of Genseric made offers for peace, which, having been
the emperor Philippus. He was a native of Arabia, rejected by the emperor, he employed intrigues,
and wrote a work, Tepl ordoew, in thirteen books, and succeeded in bribing some of the principal
of which scarcely a trace has come down to us. officers of the Roman navy, who enabled him to
(Suid. 8. v. Matwp; Eudoc. p. 300; Schol. ad Her- surprise the fleet at Carthagena. The defeat of the
mog. p. 130. )
(L. S. ] Romans was complete, the whole of their ships
MAJORIA'NUS, JUʻLIUS VALERIUS, being sunk, bumt, or taken. The traitors were
emperor of Rome (A. D. 457–461), ascended the personal enemies of Majorian, who looked with
throne under the following circumstances. After | jealousy upon his rising fortune. The loss of the
the death of the emperor Avitus, the supreme feet obliged the emperor to return to Gaul, where
power in the western empire remained in the hands he remained during the ensuing winter ; and Gen-
of Ricimer, who was the real master previously, seric having renewed his offers, he accepted them,
and would have assumed the imperial title, but for and peace was made between Rome and Carthage.
the certainty that his elevation would create a ter- From Gaul Majorian went to Italy, where his
rible commotion. For he was a Suevian by origin, presence became indispensable to his own interest.
and there was a decided prejudice among the Ricimer, jealous of the rising power and popularity
Romans to choose a barbarian for their emperor. of a man whom he looked upon as his tool, formed
Ricimer consequently gave the crown to Majori- a scheme to deprive him of the crown. While Ma-
anus, with the consent of the Eastern emperor Leo jorian was at Tortona in Lombardy, the conspiracy
(A. D. 457). The name of Majorian appears as broke out: he found himself unexpectedly sur-
early as 438, when he distinguished himself in the rounded by the partizans of Ricimer; and the
war against the Franks, and ever since he had only way to save his life was to abdicate, which
continued to serve in the field, making himself he did on the 2d of August, 461. He died sud-
known at once for his military skill and his excel-denly, on the 7th of August, five days after his
lent character. He was descended from a family abdication, of dysentery, as was reported; but
distinguished in the army, and was indeed one of Idatius plainly says that he was put to death by
the best men that ever filled the throne of the order of Ricimer, who now placed Severus on the
Caesars : he had experienced both good fortune throne.
and bad fortune, and enjoyed unbounded popularity We cannot finish this notice without calling the
with the troops. Ricimer thought he was only a student's attention to the laws of Majorian, which
general, unfit for administrative business, who, ensure him an honourable rank among Roman
being accustomed to obey him, would continue so. legislators. He put an end to the awful fiscal
In this respect, however, Ricimer was mistaken. oppression in the provinces ; he re-invested the
As soon as Majorian was possessed of the supreme provincial magistrates with power to assess taxes ;
title, he aimed at supreme power also. His he stopped the dilapidation of the splendid monu-
choice of his principal officers did great credit to ments in Rome and other places, which renal
his discernment: among them we mention his officers would allow any body, who wanted buiid-
private secretary Petrus, Egidius who commanded ing materials, to take down, if money was paid
in Gaul, Magnus, praefectus praetorio in Gaul, and for the permission ; and he made several other
others. In 458 the coast of Campania was infested wise and useful laws and regulations, which are
by the Vandals, who held the sea with a powerful contained in the Codex Theodosianus. (Sidon.
fleet ; but Majorian, informed of their designs, had Apoll. Panegyr. Major. Epist. i. l; Procop. Vand.
posted his troops so well, that the main body of i. 7, 8 ; Greg. Turon. ii. 7 ; Priscus in Excerpt.
the Vandals was surprised when on shore, and Legat. p. 42; Evagr. H. E. ii. 7, sub fin. ; Ida-
totally defeated. The only means to stop the per- tius, Chron. ; Marcellin. Chron. ) (W. P. ]
petual incursions of the Vandals was to attack their
king Genseric in Africa, and this Majorian resolved
to do. He consequently entered Gaul with a strong
army, and succeeded in quelling the domestic troubles
by which that province was agitated through the
in-
ER
trignes of the West Gothic king Theodoric
. The
Roman army which he was leading to Africa was,
however, anything but Roman, being mostly com-
GOMOB
posed of barbarians, such as Bastarnae, Suevians,
Huns, Alani, Rugii, Burgundians, Goths, and Sar-
COIN OF MAJORIANUS.
matians with whom he passed the Alps in November,
458. Majorian first went to Lyon, where he was MAʼLACON (Marákwv), a native of Heracleia
complimented by the poet Sidonius Apollinaris, who on the Euxine, in the service of Seleucus, who slew
there wrote his panegyric of Majorian, after having Lysimachus with a javelin at the battle of Coru-
been pardoned by him for his participation in the pedion, B. c. 281. Memnon, c. 8. ) [E. H. B. ]
previous revolt. From Lyon the emperor went to MALACUS (Mallakós), a Greek historical
Arles, where he stayed the whole year 459, having writer, the author of a work entitled L. Qvlwv 'Spon
fixed upon that city as a meeting place for those which is quoted by Athenaeus (vi. p. 267). It has
immense, but still scattered forces, with which he been conjectured by some that he is the same
W
1916
IARTE
Dawid
9G
## p. 907 (#923) ############################################
MALCHUS.
907
MALCHUS.
.
[P. S. )
with Apollonius of Alabanda, who was sumamed | nearly two years with various changes of fortune,
• Malands. (APOLLONIUS. ] [C. P. M. ] but seems to have been terminated by the decisive
MALALAS. (MALELAS. ]
defeat of the Arabian monarch. We however
MALAS, of Chios, a sculptor, mentioned by again hear of Malchus, at a subsequent period, as
Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 5. s.
4) as having lived before fomenting the intrigues of Alexandra and Hyrca-
Dipoenus and Scyllis. He was the grandfather of nus against Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 14. $S 1
Antherinus, and must therefore have flourished 2, xv. 4. SS 2, 4, 5, 6. & 2, B. J. i. 14, SS 1, 2,
about the 35th or 40th Olympiad.
19. )
(E. H. B. ]
MALCHUS or MALICHU'S (Máaxos, Márs- MALCHUS (Máaxos), literary. 1. Of BYZAN-
Xos), historical. This name is in fact a mere title and TIUM. (No. 4. )
signifies“ a king. ” (Gesenius, Ling. Phoen. Mon. 2. OT MARONIA. (No. 3. )
p. 409; and Kuster, ad Suid. s. o. Nopoúplos. ) 3. MONACH Us, the Monk, author of a curious
1. A Carthaginian leader who, according to autobiography, dictated by him in his extreme old
Justin, was one of the first that extended the age to Jeromc, then a young man residing it
power and dominion of his country, first, by suc- Maronia, a hamlet about thirty miles from Antioch.
cessful wars against the African tribes, and after-(Hieronym. Vita Malchi, Opera, rol. ii. col. 41,
wards by the subjugation of great part of Sicily. &c. ed. Vollarsii. )
But, having subsequently crossed into Sardinia, he 4. Of PHILADELPHIA. Among the writers from
was defeated in a great battle ; on account of whom the 'Ekhoyal nepi apéo6eww, Ercerpta de
which disaster he was disgraced and banished by Legationibus, compiled by order of Constantine
his countrymen. In revenge for this he led his Porphyrogenitus, are taken, was Malchus the so-
army to Carthage and laid siege to the city. His phist (Máaxos copioths). According to Suidas
son Carthalo was in vain sent to intercede with and Eudocia (s. v. Máa xos) Malchus was a By-
him ; he was crucified by order of Malchus bim- zantine ; but the statement of Photius that he was
self within sight of the walls. Yet, having at a native of Philadelphia, is preferable ; and his
length made himself master of the city, he awas Syriac name makes it probable that Philadelphia
content with putting to death ten of the principal was the city so called (the ancient Rabbah) in the
senators, and left the rest in possession of the country of Ammonitis, east of the Jordan. Mal-
chief power, of which they soon after availed chus probably followed his profession of rhetorician
themselves to bring him to trial and condemn him or sophist at Constantinople, and the statement
to death. (Justin, xviii. 7. ) Orosius, who has that he was a native of that city may have arisen
merely abridged the narrative of Justin, adds that from that circumstance. According to Suidas and
these events took place during the reign of Cyrus Eudocia, he wrote a history extending from the
the Great (Oros. iv. 6), but this is probably a mere reign of Constantine to that of Anastasius ; but
inference from the statement of Justin, that Mal- the work in seven books, of which Photius has given
chus was followed in the command br Mago. an account (Bill. cod. 78), and to which he
[Maco, No. 1. ] The chronology of these events gives the title Bušavtačká, comprehended only the
is in fact extremely uncertain.
period from the final sickness of the Eastern em-
2. One of the chief leaders among the Jews at peror Leo I. (A. D. 473 or 474), to the death of
the time that Cassius Longinus was in Syria, B. C. Nepos, emperor of the West (á. D. 480). It has
43. He had failed in payment of the tribute been supposed that this was an extract from the
which he was appointed to collect, on which ac- work mentioned by Suidas, or a mutilated copy :
count Cassius was about to put him to death, and that it was incomplete is attested by Photius him-
he was with difficulty saved by the intercession self, who says that the commencement of the first
of Hyrcanus and Antipater. But, far from being of the seven books showed that the author had
grateful to Antipater for the service this rendered already written some previous portions, and that
him, Malichus began to form designs against his the close of the seventh book showed his intention
life, and at length succeeded in removing him by of carrying it further, if his life was spared. Some
poison. Herod, the son of Antipater, for a time eminent critics, among whom is Valesius (Not. in
dissembled his desire of vengeance, and pretended Excerpt. de Legat. ), have thought that the history
to be reconciled to Malichus, who obtained a high of Malchus began with Leo's sickness, and that he
place in the favour of Hyrcanus ; but he soon was the continuator of Priscus, whose history is
took an opportunity to have him assassinated by a supposed to have left off at that point. Niebuhr
band of soldiers. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 11. $$ 2-6, (De Historicis, &c. , prefixed to the Bonn edition of
B. J. i. 11. 2—8. )
the Excerpta) supposed that this coincidence arose
3. King of Arabia Petraea (probably the same from Photius having met with a portion only of
who is mentioned by Hirtius, B. Alex. 1, as send the work of Malchus, which had been inserted in
ing an auxiliary force of cavalry to Caesar in some historical Catena after the work of Priscus ;
Egypt, and is termed by him king of the Na- or that the history of the antecedent period had
bathaeans), was contemporary with Herod the been given by Malchus in another work. As, how-
Great, who fled to him for refuge when he was ever, Suidas and Eudocia speak of the history in
driven out of Jerusalem by Antigonus and the its whole extent, as one work, we are rather
Parthians, B. C. 40. But Malchus, though bound disposed to think it was published in successive
by many obligations to Herod and his father An- parts, as the author was able to finish it (a sup-
tipater, refused to receive him in his adversity, position which best coincides with the notice in
and forbade him to enter his territories. At a Photius of the continuation being contingent on
subsequent period (B. C. 32) hostilities arose be- the longer duration of the author's life); and that
tween Malchus and Herod, in consequence of the Photius had met with only one part. Photius
refusal of the former to pay the appointed tribute praises the style of Malchus as a perfect model of
to Cleopatra which Herod was charged by Antony historical composition ; pure, free from redundancy
to exact by force of arms. The war continued | and consisting of well-selected words and phrases
## p. 908 (#924) ############################################
908
MALELAS.
MALLEOLUS.
He notices also his eminence as a rhetorician, and of the second, belong to Hansartolus. Hody added
says that he was favourable to Christianity ; a very valuable prolegomena. The Venice reprint of
statement which has been thought, but we do not the Oxford edition (1733, fol. ) is quite useless.
see why, inconsistent with the praises he has be The Bonn edition by L. Dindorf, 1831, 8vo. , is
stowed on the heathen philosopher and diviner, a very careful and revised reprint of the Oxford
Pamprepius (Illus). The works of Malchus are edition, which contains a considerable number of
lost, except the portions contained in the Excerpta small omissions, misprints, and other trifling de
of Constantine (CONSTANTINUS VII. ), and some fects, though, on the whole, it is a very good one.
extracts in Suidas, which are collecied and sub-Dindorf thought that the account of Hamartolus
joined to the Bonn edition of the Ercerpta. (Pho was not identical with that of Malelas, and conse-
tius, Suidas, Endocia, Il. cc. ; Vossius, De Hist. quently published it separately, under the title
Graecis, ii. 21 ; Care, llist. Litt. ad ann. 496 ; 1 " Anonyıri Chronologica ;" he might as well have
Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 540 ; Niebuhr, l. c. ) put the name of Hamartolus on the title. A very
5. Sorrista, the SOPHIST. (No. 4. )
good account of Malelas is given by Bentley in
6. Of TYRE. Malchus was the Hellenized his “ Epistola ad Joannem Millium,” on Malelas
form of the original Syriac name of the philosopher and other contemporary writers, which is given in
Porphyry. [PCRPILYRIUS. ) The Syrinc name the Oxford and Bonn editions. (Fabric. Bibl.
Malchus significs “ king;" and the Greek Por- Graec. vol. vii. p. 446, &c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. p.
phyrius, Topqúpios, was perhaps designed to be its 568 ; Hamberger, Nachrichten von Gelehrten Män-
equivalent.
[J. C. M. ]
nern. )
[W. P. )
MALCHUS CLEODEMUS. [CLEODEMUS. ) MA'LEUS (Márcos), a son of Heracles by
MALEATES (Maneatas), a surname of Apollo, Omphale, is said to have been the inventor of the
derived from cape Malea, in the south of Laconia. trumpet. (Schol. ad Hom. Ilxviii. 219 ; Stat.
He had sanctuaries under this name at Sparta and Theb. iv. 224. )
(L. S. )
on mount Cynortium. (Paus. iii. 12. $ 7, ii. 27, MA'LIADES (Maliádes vúudai), nymphs who
(
in fin. )
(L. S. ) were worshipped as the protectors of flocks and of
MA'LELAS, or MALALAS, IOANNES | fruit-trees. They are also called Monídes or 'En
('Iwávons ó Manéda or Manára), a native of An- unnides. (Theocrit. i. 22, with Valck. note, xiii.
tioch, and a Byzantine historian. According to 45 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1963. ) The same name
Hody he lived in the ninth century ; but it is more is also given to the nymphs of the district of the
probable that he lived shortly after Justinian the Malians on the river Spercheius. (Soph. Philoct.
Great, as Gibbon very positively asserts (Decline 7. 25. ).
