Third Shadow:
Imperial
Majesty's Ostend Company, 809.
Thomas Carlyle
hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ?
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? COLLECTION
OF
BRITISH AUTHORS.
VOL. CCCCXLV.
FREDERICK THE GREAT BY THOMAS CARLY1E.
VOL. II.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HISTORY
FRIEDRICHII. OF PRUSSIA,
CALLED
FREDERICK THE GREAT.
BT
THOMAS CARLYLE.
COPYRIGHT EDITION.
VOL. H
LEIPZIG
BERNIIARD TAUCHNITZ
1858.
7%* R'gbt of Trttntlfiion it r<<erv<<f.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? COLLEGE
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
OF VOLUME II.
book in.
THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG.
(Continued. )
Of Albert Fbiedrich, the Second Duke of
Preussen
Of Duke Albert Frledrich's Marriage: who hia Wife was,
and what her possible Dowry, p. 4.
Margraf George Friedrich comes to Preussen, to ad-
minister, 8.
XIII. Ninth Kurflrst , Johann Siqismund .
How the Cleve Heritage dropped, and many sprang to pick
it up, p. 13.
The Kaiser's Thoughts about it, and the World's, 19.
XIV. Symptoms of a Great War coming .
First Symptom; DonauwSrth, 1608, p. 22.
Second Symptom; Seizure of Jttlich by the Kaiser, and
Siege and Recapture of it by the Protestant parties, 1610.
Whereupon "Catholic League," to balance Evangelical
Union, 25.
Symptom Third; a Dinner-sceno at DUsseldorf, 1613;
Spaniards and Dutch shoulder Arms In Cleve, 28.
Symptom Fourth, and Catastrophe upon the heels of
it, 83.
What became of the Cleve-Jiilich Heritage, and of the
Preussen one, 86.
XV. Tenth- KurfObst, George Wilhelm , . .
CHAPTER
XII.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? VI
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
eums rum
XVI. Thirty-Years War . > 43
Second Act, or Epoch, 1(24-1629. A aecond Uncle pot to
the Ban, and Pommern snatched away, p. 46.
Third Act, and what the Kurfttrst suffered In It, 49.
XVII. Duchy of Jagerhdobf 55
Dmke of Jagerndorf, Elector's Uncle, la put under Ban,
p. 65.
XVIII. FHIEDRICH WlLHELM, THeGrEAtKuBFUBBT,ElE-
vENTH OF THE SeBIES 59
What became of Pommern at the Peace; final Glance into
Cleve-JUlich, p. 63.
The Great Knrfflrst'a Wars; what he achieved in War and
Peace, 65
XIX. Kino Fbiedbich I. AGAIN 83
How Austria settled the Silesian Claims, p. 84.
His real Character, 88.
XX. Death of King Friedrich I. . . . . 92
The Twelve Hohenzollern Electors, p. 99.
Genealogical Diagram; the Two Cnlmbach Lines, 102-108
BOOK rv.
PJUEDRICh's APPRENTICESHIP, FIEST STAGE. 1713-1723.
I. Childhood; Double Educational Element . 107
First Educational Element, the French one, p. 109.
II. The German Element 117
Of the Deasauer, not yet " Old," p. 119
III. Friedrich Wilhelm is King 128
IV. His Majesty's Ways 146
V. Friedrich Wilhelm's One War . . . . 157
The Devil in harness: Creuti the Finance-Minister,
p. 178.
VI. The Little Drummer 178
VHf Transit o? CiAR Peter. 185
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. VII
CHAPTER PAOB
VIII. The Cbown-Prince is put to his Schooling . 199
IX. Wu8TERHAUSEN 218
X. The Heidelberg Protestants . . . . 227
Of Knr-Pfalz Karl Philip: How be got a Wife long; since,
and did Feats in the World, p. 228
Karl Philip and hla Heidelberg Protestants, 232.
Frledrich Wllhelm's method; - proves remedial In Hei-
delberg, 237.
Prussian Majesty has displeased the Kaiser and the King
of Poland, 239.
There Is an absurd Flame of War, blown-oat by Admiral
Byng; and a new Man of Genius announces himself to
the dim Populations, 243.
XI. Of the Cbown-Pbince's Froobess in his School-
ing 247
The Noltenius-and-Panzendorf Drill-exercise, p. 253.
XII. Cbown-Pbince falls into Disfavour with
Papa . 258
XT! ! . Results of the Crown-Pbince's Schooling . 263
BOOK V.
DOUBLE-MARRIAGE PROJECT, AND WHAT ELEMENT IT
FELL WTO. 1723-1726.
I. Double-Mabriaoe IS DECIDED ON . . . . 273
Queen Sophie Dorotbee has taken Time by the Forelock,
p. 278
Princess Amelia comes Into the World, 290
Frledrich Wllhelm's Ten Children, 292.
II. A Kaiser hunting Shadows 294
Imperial Majesty on the Treaty of Utrecht, p. 296.
Imperial Majesty has got happily Wedded, 298.
Imperial Majesty and the Termagant of Spain, 800.
Imperial Majesty's Pragmatic Sanction, 804.
Third Shadow: Imperial Majesty's Ostend Company, 809.
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? VIII
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
III. The Seven Crises, or European Tbavail-
throes
Congress of Cambrai, p. 314.
Congress of Cambrai gets the Floor pulled from under
it, 319.
France and the Britannic Majesty trim the Ship again:
How Friedrkh Wilhelm came into it. Treaty of
Hanover, 1725, 321.
Travail-throes of Nature for Baby Carlos's Italian
Apanage; Seven in number, 326.
IV. Double-Marriage Treaty cannot be signed
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? BOOK ffl.
THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG.
(Continued. )
CHAPTER XH.
OF ALBERT FRIEDRICH, THE SECOND DUKE OF PREUSSEN.
Duke Albert died in 1568, laden with years, and
in his latter time greatly broken-down by other troubles.
His Prussian Eaths (Councillors) were disobedient, his
Osianders and Lutheran-Calvinist Theologians were all
in fire and flame against each other: the poor old man,
with the best dispositions, but without power to realise
them, had much to do and to suffer. Pious, just and
honourable, intending the best, but losing his memory,
and incapable of business, as he now complained. In
his sixtieth year he had married a second time, a
young Brunswick Princess, with whose foolish Brother,
Eric, he had much trouble; and who at last herself
took so ill with the insolence and violence of these in-
trusive Councillors and Theologians, that the house-
hold-life she led beside her old Husband and them be-
came intolerable to her; and she withdrew to another
residence, -- a little Hunting-seat at Neuhausen, half
a dozen miles from Konigsberg; -- and there, or at
Carlyle, Frederic the Great. II, 1
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? 2 THE HOHENZOLLEHNS IN BRANDENBURG! . [bookiiI.
1568-1603.
Labiau, still farther off, lived mostly, in a separate
condition, for the rest of her life. Separate for life: --
nevertheless they happened to die on the same day;
20th March 1568, they were simultaneously delivered
from their troubles in this world. * ?
Albert left one Son; the second child of this last
Wife: his one child by the former Wife, a daughter
now of good years, was married to the Duke of Mecklen-
burg. Son's name was Albert Friedrich; age, at his
Father's death, fifteen. A promising young Prince,
but of sensitive abstruse temper; -- held under heavy
tutelage by his Raths and Theologians; and spurting-
up against them, in explosive rebellion, from time to time.
He now (1568) was to be sovereign Duke of Preussen,
and the one representative of the Culmbach Line in
that fine Territory; Markgraf George Friedrich of Ans-
pach, the only other Culmbacher, being childless,
though wedded.
We need not doubt, the Brandenburg House, -- old
Kurfurst Joachim H. still alive, and thrifty Johann
George the Heir-apparent, -- kept a watchful eye on
those emergencies. But it was difficult to interfere
directly; the native Prussian Raths were very jealous,
and Poland itself was a ticklish Sovereignty to deal
with. Albert Friedrich being still a Minor, the Polish
King, Sigismund, proposed to undertake the guardian-
ship of him, as became a superior lord to a subject
vassal on such an occasion. But the Prussian Eaths
assured his Majesty, "Their young Prince was of such
? Hflbner, tab. 181; Stenzel, 1. 842.
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? CHAP. xII. ]
3
ALBERT FRIEDRICH.
1668.
a lively intellect, he was perfectly fit to conduct the
affairs of the Government" (especially with such a
Body of expert Councillors to help him), "and might
be at once declared of age. " Which was accordingly
the course followed; Poland caring little for it; Bran-
denburg digesting the arrangement as it could. And thus it continued for some years, even under new diffi-
culties that arose; the official Clique of Raths being
the real Government of the Country; and poor young
Albert Friedrich bursting-out occasionally into tears
against them, occasionally into futile humours of a fiery
nature. Osiander-Theology, and the battle of the 'doxies
ran very high; nor was Prussian Officiality a beautiful
thing.
These Prussian Raths, and the Prussian Ritterschaft
generally (Knightage, Land-Aristocracy), which had its
Stande (States, or meetings of Parliament after a sort),
were all along of a mutinous, contumacious humour.
The idea had got into their minds, That they were by
birth what the ancient Ritters by election had been;
entitled, fit or not fit, to share the Government pro-
motions among them: "The Duke is hereditary in his
office; why not we? All Offices, are they not, by na-
ture, ours to share among us? " The Duke's notion,
again, was to have the work of his Offices effectually
done; small matter by whom: the Ritters looked less
to that side of the question; -- regarded any "Foreigner"
(German-Anspacher, or other Non-Prussian), whatever
his merit, as an intruder, usurper, or kind of thief,
when seen in office. Their contentions, contumacies
1*
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? 4 THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG. [BOOK m.
1568-1608;
and pretensions were accordingly manifold. They Lad
dreams of an "Aristocratic Republic, with the Sovereign
reduced to zero," like what their Polish neighbours
grew to. They had various dreams; and individuals
among them broke out, from time to time, into high acts of insolence and mutiny. It took a hundred-and-
fifty years of Brandenburg horse-breaking, sometimes
with sharp manipulation and a potent curb-bit, to dis-
possess them of that notion, and make them go steadily
in harness. Which also, however, was, at last, got
done by the Hohenzollerns.
Of Duke Albert Friedrich's Marriage: who his Wife was,
and what her possible Dowry.
In a year or two, there came to be question of the
marrying of young Duke Friedrich Albert. After due
consultation, the Princess fixed upon was Maria Eleo-
nora, eldest Daughter of the then Duke of Cleve: to
him a proper Embassy was sent with that object; and
came back with Yes for answer. Duke of Cleve, at
that time, was Wilhelm, called "the Rich" in History-
Books; a Sovereign of some extent in those lower
Rhine-countries. Whom I can connect with the English
reader's memory in no readier way than by the fact,
That he was younger brother, one year younger, of a
certain "Anne of Cleves;" -- a large fat Lady, who
was rather scurvily used in this country; being called,
by Henry VHI. and us, a "great Flanders mare,"
unsuitable for espousal with a King of delicate feelings I
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? CHAP. xII. ]
5
ALBERT FRIEDRICII.
1572.
This Anne of Cleves, who took matters quietly and
lived on her pension, when rejected by King Henry,
was Aunt of the young Lady now in question for
Preussen. She was still alive here in England, plea-
santly quiet "at Burley on the Hill," till Maria Eleonora
was seven years old; -- who possibly enough still reads
in her memory some fading vestige of new black frocks
or trimmings, and brief court-mourning, on the death
of poor Aunt Anne over seas. -- Another Aunt is more
honourably distinguished: Sibylla, Wife of our noble
Saxon Elector, Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous,
who lost his Electorate and almost his Life for reli-
gion's sake, as we have seen, by whom, in his perils
and distresses, Sibylla stood always, like a very true
and noble Wife.
Duke Wilhelm himself was a man of considerable
mark in his day. His Duchy of Cleve included not
only Cleve-Proper, but Jiilich (Juliers), Berg, which
latter pair of Duchies were a better thing than Cleve-
Proper: -- Jiilich, Berg and various other small Prin-
cipalities, which, gradually agglomerating by marriage,
heritage and the chance of events in successive cen-
turies, had at length come all into Wilhelm's hands;
so that he got the name of Wilhelm the Rich among
his contemporaries. He seems to have been of a head-
long, blustery, uncertain disposition; much tossed-about
in the controversies of his day. At one time he was a
Protestant declared; not without reasons of various
kinds. The Duchy of Geldern (what we call Guelders)
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? G THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG. [bOOK m.
1568-1603.
had fallen to him, by express bequest of the last
Owner, whose Line was out; and Wilhelm took pos-
session. But the Kaiser Karl V. quite refused to let
him keep possession. Whereupon Wilhelm had joined
with the French (it was in the Moritz-Alcibiades time);
had declared war, and taken other high measures: but
it came to nothing, or to less. The end was, Wilhelm
had to "come upon his knees" before the Kaiser, and
beg forgiveness; quite renouncing Geldern, which ac-
cordingly has gone its own different road ever since.
Wilhelm was zealously Protestant in those days; as his
people are, and as he still is, at the period we treat of.
But he went into Papistry, not long after; and made
other sudden turns and misventures: to all appearance,
rather an abrupt, blustery, uncertain Herr. It is to
him that Albert Friedrich, the young Duke of Preussen,
guided by his Council now (Year 1572) sends an Em-
bassy, demanding his eldest Daughter, Maria Eleonora,
to wife.
Duke Wilhelm answered Yea; "sent a Counter-Em-
bassy," with what else was necessary; and in due time
the young Bride, with her Father, set out towards
Preussen, such being the arrangement, there to com-
plete the matter. They had got as far as Berlin,
warmly welcomed by the Kurfurst Johann George;
when, from KSnigsberg, a sad message reached them:
namely, That the young Duke had suddenly been
seized with an invincible depression and overclouding
of mind, not quite to be characterised by the name of
madness, but still less by that of perfect sanity. Hifl
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? chap, zn. j
7
ALBERT FRIEDRICH.
1572.
eagerness to see his Bride was the same as formerly;
but his spiritual health was in the questionable state
described. The young Lady paused for a little, in
such mood as we may fancy. She had already lost
two offers, Bridegrooms snatched away by death, says
Pauli;* and thought it might be ominous to refuse the
third. So she decided to go on; dashed aside her
father's doubts; sent her unhealthy Bridegroom "a
flower-garland as love-token," who duly responded; and
Father Wilhelm and she proceeded, as if nothing were
wrong. The spiritual state of the Prince, she found,
had not been exaggerated to her. His humours and
ways were strange, questionable; other than one could
have wished. Such as he was, however, she wedded
him on the appointed terms; -- hoping probably for a
recovery, which never came.
The case of Albert's malady is to this day dim;
and strange tales are current as to the origin of it,
which the curious in Physiology may consult; they are
not fit for reporting here. ** It seems to have consisted
in an overclouding, rather than a total ruin of the
mind. Incurable depression there was; gloomy torpor
alternating with fits of vehement activity or suffering;
great discontinuity at all times: -- evident unfitness
for business. It was long hoped he might recover.
And Doctors in Divinity and in Medicine undertook
him: Theologians, Exorcists, Physicians, Quacks; but
no cure came of it, nothing but mutual condemna-
tions, violences and even execrations, from the said
? Pauli, It. 612. ? ? lb. It. 478.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 8 THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG. [BOOKm.
1668-1603.
Doctors and their respective Official patrons, lay and
clerical. Must have been such a scene for a young
Wife as has seldom occurred, in romance or reality!
Children continued to be born; daughter after daughter;
but no son that lived.
Margraf George Friedrich comes to Prenssen, to
administer.
After five-years space, in 1578,* cure being now
hopeless, and the very Council admitting that the Duke
was incapable of business, -- George Friedrich of Ans-
pach-Baireuth came into the country to take charge of
him; having already, he and the other Brandenburgers,
negotiated the matter with the King of Poland, in
whose power it mostly lay.
George Friedrich was by no means welcome to the
Prussian Council, nor to the Wife, nor to the Landed
Aristocracy; -- other than welcome, for reasons we
can guess. But he proved, in the judgment of all fair
witnesses, an excellent Governor; and, for six-and-
twenty years, administered the country with great and
lasting advantage to it . His Portraits represent to us
a large ponderous figure of a man, very fat in his
latter years; with an air of honest sense, dignity, com-
posed solidity; -- very fit for the task now on hand.
He resolutely, though in mild form, smoothed-down
the flaming fires of his Clergy; commanding now this
controversy and then that other controversy ("<2e con-
? Pauli, iv. 476,481, 182,
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?
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ?
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? COLLECTION
OF
BRITISH AUTHORS.
VOL. CCCCXLV.
FREDERICK THE GREAT BY THOMAS CARLY1E.
VOL. II.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? HISTORY
FRIEDRICHII. OF PRUSSIA,
CALLED
FREDERICK THE GREAT.
BT
THOMAS CARLYLE.
COPYRIGHT EDITION.
VOL. H
LEIPZIG
BERNIIARD TAUCHNITZ
1858.
7%* R'gbt of Trttntlfiion it r<<erv<<f.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? COLLEGE
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
OF VOLUME II.
book in.
THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG.
(Continued. )
Of Albert Fbiedrich, the Second Duke of
Preussen
Of Duke Albert Frledrich's Marriage: who hia Wife was,
and what her possible Dowry, p. 4.
Margraf George Friedrich comes to Preussen, to ad-
minister, 8.
XIII. Ninth Kurflrst , Johann Siqismund .
How the Cleve Heritage dropped, and many sprang to pick
it up, p. 13.
The Kaiser's Thoughts about it, and the World's, 19.
XIV. Symptoms of a Great War coming .
First Symptom; DonauwSrth, 1608, p. 22.
Second Symptom; Seizure of Jttlich by the Kaiser, and
Siege and Recapture of it by the Protestant parties, 1610.
Whereupon "Catholic League," to balance Evangelical
Union, 25.
Symptom Third; a Dinner-sceno at DUsseldorf, 1613;
Spaniards and Dutch shoulder Arms In Cleve, 28.
Symptom Fourth, and Catastrophe upon the heels of
it, 83.
What became of the Cleve-Jiilich Heritage, and of the
Preussen one, 86.
XV. Tenth- KurfObst, George Wilhelm , . .
CHAPTER
XII.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? VI
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
eums rum
XVI. Thirty-Years War . > 43
Second Act, or Epoch, 1(24-1629. A aecond Uncle pot to
the Ban, and Pommern snatched away, p. 46.
Third Act, and what the Kurfttrst suffered In It, 49.
XVII. Duchy of Jagerhdobf 55
Dmke of Jagerndorf, Elector's Uncle, la put under Ban,
p. 65.
XVIII. FHIEDRICH WlLHELM, THeGrEAtKuBFUBBT,ElE-
vENTH OF THE SeBIES 59
What became of Pommern at the Peace; final Glance into
Cleve-JUlich, p. 63.
The Great Knrfflrst'a Wars; what he achieved in War and
Peace, 65
XIX. Kino Fbiedbich I. AGAIN 83
How Austria settled the Silesian Claims, p. 84.
His real Character, 88.
XX. Death of King Friedrich I. . . . . 92
The Twelve Hohenzollern Electors, p. 99.
Genealogical Diagram; the Two Cnlmbach Lines, 102-108
BOOK rv.
PJUEDRICh's APPRENTICESHIP, FIEST STAGE. 1713-1723.
I. Childhood; Double Educational Element . 107
First Educational Element, the French one, p. 109.
II. The German Element 117
Of the Deasauer, not yet " Old," p. 119
III. Friedrich Wilhelm is King 128
IV. His Majesty's Ways 146
V. Friedrich Wilhelm's One War . . . . 157
The Devil in harness: Creuti the Finance-Minister,
p. 178.
VI. The Little Drummer 178
VHf Transit o? CiAR Peter. 185
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hn6m7g Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. VII
CHAPTER PAOB
VIII. The Cbown-Prince is put to his Schooling . 199
IX. Wu8TERHAUSEN 218
X. The Heidelberg Protestants . . . . 227
Of Knr-Pfalz Karl Philip: How be got a Wife long; since,
and did Feats in the World, p. 228
Karl Philip and hla Heidelberg Protestants, 232.
Frledrich Wllhelm's method; - proves remedial In Hei-
delberg, 237.
Prussian Majesty has displeased the Kaiser and the King
of Poland, 239.
There Is an absurd Flame of War, blown-oat by Admiral
Byng; and a new Man of Genius announces himself to
the dim Populations, 243.
XI. Of the Cbown-Pbince's Froobess in his School-
ing 247
The Noltenius-and-Panzendorf Drill-exercise, p. 253.
XII. Cbown-Pbince falls into Disfavour with
Papa . 258
XT! ! . Results of the Crown-Pbince's Schooling . 263
BOOK V.
DOUBLE-MARRIAGE PROJECT, AND WHAT ELEMENT IT
FELL WTO. 1723-1726.
I. Double-Mabriaoe IS DECIDED ON . . . . 273
Queen Sophie Dorotbee has taken Time by the Forelock,
p. 278
Princess Amelia comes Into the World, 290
Frledrich Wllhelm's Ten Children, 292.
II. A Kaiser hunting Shadows 294
Imperial Majesty on the Treaty of Utrecht, p. 296.
Imperial Majesty has got happily Wedded, 298.
Imperial Majesty and the Termagant of Spain, 800.
Imperial Majesty's Pragmatic Sanction, 804.
Third Shadow: Imperial Majesty's Ostend Company, 809.
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? VIII
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
III. The Seven Crises, or European Tbavail-
throes
Congress of Cambrai, p. 314.
Congress of Cambrai gets the Floor pulled from under
it, 319.
France and the Britannic Majesty trim the Ship again:
How Friedrkh Wilhelm came into it. Treaty of
Hanover, 1725, 321.
Travail-throes of Nature for Baby Carlos's Italian
Apanage; Seven in number, 326.
IV. Double-Marriage Treaty cannot be signed
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? BOOK ffl.
THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG.
(Continued. )
CHAPTER XH.
OF ALBERT FRIEDRICH, THE SECOND DUKE OF PREUSSEN.
Duke Albert died in 1568, laden with years, and
in his latter time greatly broken-down by other troubles.
His Prussian Eaths (Councillors) were disobedient, his
Osianders and Lutheran-Calvinist Theologians were all
in fire and flame against each other: the poor old man,
with the best dispositions, but without power to realise
them, had much to do and to suffer. Pious, just and
honourable, intending the best, but losing his memory,
and incapable of business, as he now complained. In
his sixtieth year he had married a second time, a
young Brunswick Princess, with whose foolish Brother,
Eric, he had much trouble; and who at last herself
took so ill with the insolence and violence of these in-
trusive Councillors and Theologians, that the house-
hold-life she led beside her old Husband and them be-
came intolerable to her; and she withdrew to another
residence, -- a little Hunting-seat at Neuhausen, half
a dozen miles from Konigsberg; -- and there, or at
Carlyle, Frederic the Great. II, 1
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? 2 THE HOHENZOLLEHNS IN BRANDENBURG! . [bookiiI.
1568-1603.
Labiau, still farther off, lived mostly, in a separate
condition, for the rest of her life. Separate for life: --
nevertheless they happened to die on the same day;
20th March 1568, they were simultaneously delivered
from their troubles in this world. * ?
Albert left one Son; the second child of this last
Wife: his one child by the former Wife, a daughter
now of good years, was married to the Duke of Mecklen-
burg. Son's name was Albert Friedrich; age, at his
Father's death, fifteen. A promising young Prince,
but of sensitive abstruse temper; -- held under heavy
tutelage by his Raths and Theologians; and spurting-
up against them, in explosive rebellion, from time to time.
He now (1568) was to be sovereign Duke of Preussen,
and the one representative of the Culmbach Line in
that fine Territory; Markgraf George Friedrich of Ans-
pach, the only other Culmbacher, being childless,
though wedded.
We need not doubt, the Brandenburg House, -- old
Kurfurst Joachim H. still alive, and thrifty Johann
George the Heir-apparent, -- kept a watchful eye on
those emergencies. But it was difficult to interfere
directly; the native Prussian Raths were very jealous,
and Poland itself was a ticklish Sovereignty to deal
with. Albert Friedrich being still a Minor, the Polish
King, Sigismund, proposed to undertake the guardian-
ship of him, as became a superior lord to a subject
vassal on such an occasion. But the Prussian Eaths
assured his Majesty, "Their young Prince was of such
? Hflbner, tab. 181; Stenzel, 1. 842.
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? CHAP. xII. ]
3
ALBERT FRIEDRICH.
1668.
a lively intellect, he was perfectly fit to conduct the
affairs of the Government" (especially with such a
Body of expert Councillors to help him), "and might
be at once declared of age. " Which was accordingly
the course followed; Poland caring little for it; Bran-
denburg digesting the arrangement as it could. And thus it continued for some years, even under new diffi-
culties that arose; the official Clique of Raths being
the real Government of the Country; and poor young
Albert Friedrich bursting-out occasionally into tears
against them, occasionally into futile humours of a fiery
nature. Osiander-Theology, and the battle of the 'doxies
ran very high; nor was Prussian Officiality a beautiful
thing.
These Prussian Raths, and the Prussian Ritterschaft
generally (Knightage, Land-Aristocracy), which had its
Stande (States, or meetings of Parliament after a sort),
were all along of a mutinous, contumacious humour.
The idea had got into their minds, That they were by
birth what the ancient Ritters by election had been;
entitled, fit or not fit, to share the Government pro-
motions among them: "The Duke is hereditary in his
office; why not we? All Offices, are they not, by na-
ture, ours to share among us? " The Duke's notion,
again, was to have the work of his Offices effectually
done; small matter by whom: the Ritters looked less
to that side of the question; -- regarded any "Foreigner"
(German-Anspacher, or other Non-Prussian), whatever
his merit, as an intruder, usurper, or kind of thief,
when seen in office. Their contentions, contumacies
1*
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? 4 THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG. [BOOK m.
1568-1608;
and pretensions were accordingly manifold. They Lad
dreams of an "Aristocratic Republic, with the Sovereign
reduced to zero," like what their Polish neighbours
grew to. They had various dreams; and individuals
among them broke out, from time to time, into high acts of insolence and mutiny. It took a hundred-and-
fifty years of Brandenburg horse-breaking, sometimes
with sharp manipulation and a potent curb-bit, to dis-
possess them of that notion, and make them go steadily
in harness. Which also, however, was, at last, got
done by the Hohenzollerns.
Of Duke Albert Friedrich's Marriage: who his Wife was,
and what her possible Dowry.
In a year or two, there came to be question of the
marrying of young Duke Friedrich Albert. After due
consultation, the Princess fixed upon was Maria Eleo-
nora, eldest Daughter of the then Duke of Cleve: to
him a proper Embassy was sent with that object; and
came back with Yes for answer. Duke of Cleve, at
that time, was Wilhelm, called "the Rich" in History-
Books; a Sovereign of some extent in those lower
Rhine-countries. Whom I can connect with the English
reader's memory in no readier way than by the fact,
That he was younger brother, one year younger, of a
certain "Anne of Cleves;" -- a large fat Lady, who
was rather scurvily used in this country; being called,
by Henry VHI. and us, a "great Flanders mare,"
unsuitable for espousal with a King of delicate feelings I
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? CHAP. xII. ]
5
ALBERT FRIEDRICII.
1572.
This Anne of Cleves, who took matters quietly and
lived on her pension, when rejected by King Henry,
was Aunt of the young Lady now in question for
Preussen. She was still alive here in England, plea-
santly quiet "at Burley on the Hill," till Maria Eleonora
was seven years old; -- who possibly enough still reads
in her memory some fading vestige of new black frocks
or trimmings, and brief court-mourning, on the death
of poor Aunt Anne over seas. -- Another Aunt is more
honourably distinguished: Sibylla, Wife of our noble
Saxon Elector, Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous,
who lost his Electorate and almost his Life for reli-
gion's sake, as we have seen, by whom, in his perils
and distresses, Sibylla stood always, like a very true
and noble Wife.
Duke Wilhelm himself was a man of considerable
mark in his day. His Duchy of Cleve included not
only Cleve-Proper, but Jiilich (Juliers), Berg, which
latter pair of Duchies were a better thing than Cleve-
Proper: -- Jiilich, Berg and various other small Prin-
cipalities, which, gradually agglomerating by marriage,
heritage and the chance of events in successive cen-
turies, had at length come all into Wilhelm's hands;
so that he got the name of Wilhelm the Rich among
his contemporaries. He seems to have been of a head-
long, blustery, uncertain disposition; much tossed-about
in the controversies of his day. At one time he was a
Protestant declared; not without reasons of various
kinds. The Duchy of Geldern (what we call Guelders)
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? G THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG. [bOOK m.
1568-1603.
had fallen to him, by express bequest of the last
Owner, whose Line was out; and Wilhelm took pos-
session. But the Kaiser Karl V. quite refused to let
him keep possession. Whereupon Wilhelm had joined
with the French (it was in the Moritz-Alcibiades time);
had declared war, and taken other high measures: but
it came to nothing, or to less. The end was, Wilhelm
had to "come upon his knees" before the Kaiser, and
beg forgiveness; quite renouncing Geldern, which ac-
cordingly has gone its own different road ever since.
Wilhelm was zealously Protestant in those days; as his
people are, and as he still is, at the period we treat of.
But he went into Papistry, not long after; and made
other sudden turns and misventures: to all appearance,
rather an abrupt, blustery, uncertain Herr. It is to
him that Albert Friedrich, the young Duke of Preussen,
guided by his Council now (Year 1572) sends an Em-
bassy, demanding his eldest Daughter, Maria Eleonora,
to wife.
Duke Wilhelm answered Yea; "sent a Counter-Em-
bassy," with what else was necessary; and in due time
the young Bride, with her Father, set out towards
Preussen, such being the arrangement, there to com-
plete the matter. They had got as far as Berlin,
warmly welcomed by the Kurfurst Johann George;
when, from KSnigsberg, a sad message reached them:
namely, That the young Duke had suddenly been
seized with an invincible depression and overclouding
of mind, not quite to be characterised by the name of
madness, but still less by that of perfect sanity. Hifl
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? chap, zn. j
7
ALBERT FRIEDRICH.
1572.
eagerness to see his Bride was the same as formerly;
but his spiritual health was in the questionable state
described. The young Lady paused for a little, in
such mood as we may fancy. She had already lost
two offers, Bridegrooms snatched away by death, says
Pauli;* and thought it might be ominous to refuse the
third. So she decided to go on; dashed aside her
father's doubts; sent her unhealthy Bridegroom "a
flower-garland as love-token," who duly responded; and
Father Wilhelm and she proceeded, as if nothing were
wrong. The spiritual state of the Prince, she found,
had not been exaggerated to her. His humours and
ways were strange, questionable; other than one could
have wished. Such as he was, however, she wedded
him on the appointed terms; -- hoping probably for a
recovery, which never came.
The case of Albert's malady is to this day dim;
and strange tales are current as to the origin of it,
which the curious in Physiology may consult; they are
not fit for reporting here. ** It seems to have consisted
in an overclouding, rather than a total ruin of the
mind. Incurable depression there was; gloomy torpor
alternating with fits of vehement activity or suffering;
great discontinuity at all times: -- evident unfitness
for business. It was long hoped he might recover.
And Doctors in Divinity and in Medicine undertook
him: Theologians, Exorcists, Physicians, Quacks; but
no cure came of it, nothing but mutual condemna-
tions, violences and even execrations, from the said
? Pauli, It. 612. ? ? lb. It. 478.
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? 8 THE HOHENZOLLERNS IN BRANDENBURG. [BOOKm.
1668-1603.
Doctors and their respective Official patrons, lay and
clerical. Must have been such a scene for a young
Wife as has seldom occurred, in romance or reality!
Children continued to be born; daughter after daughter;
but no son that lived.
Margraf George Friedrich comes to Prenssen, to
administer.
After five-years space, in 1578,* cure being now
hopeless, and the very Council admitting that the Duke
was incapable of business, -- George Friedrich of Ans-
pach-Baireuth came into the country to take charge of
him; having already, he and the other Brandenburgers,
negotiated the matter with the King of Poland, in
whose power it mostly lay.
George Friedrich was by no means welcome to the
Prussian Council, nor to the Wife, nor to the Landed
Aristocracy; -- other than welcome, for reasons we
can guess. But he proved, in the judgment of all fair
witnesses, an excellent Governor; and, for six-and-
twenty years, administered the country with great and
lasting advantage to it . His Portraits represent to us
a large ponderous figure of a man, very fat in his
latter years; with an air of honest sense, dignity, com-
posed solidity; -- very fit for the task now on hand.
He resolutely, though in mild form, smoothed-down
the flaming fires of his Clergy; commanding now this
controversy and then that other controversy ("<2e con-
? Pauli, iv. 476,481, 182,
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?
