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? THE WORKS
THE RIGHT HONORABLE EDMUND BURKE
THIRD FDITION VOL I
? B O S T O N:
LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.
1869.
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? ADVERTISEMENT T0 THE READER. *
THE late Mr. Burke, from a principle of unaffeCl? ed humility, which they who were the most in
timately acquainted with his character best know to have been in his estimation one of the most impor taut moral duties, never himself made any collection of the various publications with which, during a period of forty years, he adorned and enriched the literature of this country. When, however, the rapid and unexampled demand for his " Reflections on the Revolution in France" had unequivocally testified his celebrity as a writer, some of his friends so far prevailed upon him, that he permitted them to put forth a regular edition of his works. Accordingly, three volumes in quarto appeared under that title in 1792, printed for the late Mr. Dodsley. That edition, therefore, has been made the foundation of the pres ent, for which a form has been chosen better adapted to public convenience. Such errors of the press as have been discovered in it are here rectified : in other
1* Prefixed to the first octavo edition : London, F. and C. Rivington, 1801 : comprising Vols. I. --VIII. of the edition in sixteen volumes issued by these publishers at intervals betwcwn the years 1801 and 1827.
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respects it is faithfully followed, except that in one instance an accident of little moment has occasioned a slight deviation from the strict chronological ar rangement, and that, on the other hand, a speech of conspicuous excellence, on his declining the poll at Bristol, in 1780, is here, for the first time, inserted in its proper place.
As the activity of the author's mind, and the lively interest which he took in the welfare of his country, ceased only with his life, many subsequent produc tions issued from his pen, which were received in a manner corresponding with his distinguished reputa tion. He wrote also various tracts, of a less popular description, which he designed for private circulation in quarters where he supposed they might produce most benefit to the community, but which, with some other papers, have been printed since his death, from copies which he left behind him fairly transcribed, and most of them corrected as for the press. All these, now first collected together, form the contents of the last two volumes? " They are disposed in chro nological order, with the exception of the "Preface to Brissot's Address," which having appeared in the author's lifetime, and from delicacy not being avowed by him, did not come within the plan of this edition, but has been placed at the end of the last volume, on its being found deficient in its just bulk.
'* Comprising the last four papers of the fourth volume, and the whole of the fifth volume, of the present edition.
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The several posthumous publications, as they from time to time made their appearance, were accom panied by appropriate prefaces. These, however, as they were principally intended for temporary pur poses, have been omitted. Some few explanations only, which they contained, seem here to be neces
sary.
The " Observations on the Conduct of the Minor
ity" in the Session of 1793 had been written and sent by Mr. Burke as a paper entirely and strictly confidential; but it crept surreptitiously into the world, through the fraud and treachery of the man whom he had employed to transcribe and, as usually happens in such cases, came forth in very mangled state, under false title, and without the introductory letter. The friends of the author, with out waiting to consult him, instantly obtained an in junction from the Court of Chancery to stop the sale. What he himself felt, on receiving intelligence of the injury done him by one from whom his kindness de served very 'different return, will be best conveyed in his own words. The following an extract of letter to friend, which he dictated on this subject
from sick-bed.
" MY DEAR LAURENCE,--
" On the appearance of the advertisement, all
newspapers and all letters have been kept back from me till this time. Mrs. Burke opened yours,
? Barn, 15th Feb. , 1797.
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ADVERTISEMENT.
and finding that all the measures in the
of Dr. King, yourself, and Mr. Woodford, had been taken to suppress the publication, she ventured to deliver me the letters to-day, which were read to me in my bed, about two o'clock.
" This affair does vex me; but I am not in a state
of health at present to be deeply vexed at anything. Whenever this matter comes into discussion, I au thorize you to contradict the infamous reports which (I am informed) have been given out, that this paper had been circulated through the ministry, and was intended gradually to slide into the press. To the best of my recollection I never had a clean copy of it but one, which is now in my possession; I never communicated that, but to the Duke of Portland, from whom I had it back again. But the Duke will set this matter to rights, if in reality there were two copies, and he has one. I never showed as they know, to any one of the ministry. If the Duke has really copy, believe his and mine are the only ones that exist, except what was taken by fraud from loose and incorrect papers by S----, to whom gave the letter to copy. As soon as began to suspect him capable of any such scandalous breach of trust, you know with what anxiety got the loose papers out of his hands, not having reason to think that he kept any other. Neither do believe in fact (unless he meditated this villany long ago) that he did or does now possess any clean copy. never commu
power
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? ADVERTISEMENT. ix
nicated that paper to any one out of the very small
circle of those private friends from whom I con
cealed nothing.
"But I beg you and my friends to be cautious how
you let it be understood that I disclaim anything but the mere act and intention of publication. I do not retract any one of the sentiments contained in that memorial, which was and is my justification, ad dressed to the friends for whose use alone I intended it. Had I designed it for the public, I should have been more exact and full. It was written in a tone of indignation, in consequence of the resolutions of the Whig Club, which were directly pointed against myself and others, and occasioned our secession from that club ; which is the last act of my life that I shall under any circumstances repent. Many tempera ments and explanations there would have been, if I had ever had a notion that it should meet the public
eye. "
In the mean time a large impression, amounting, it is believed, to three thousand copies, had been dis persed over the country. To recall these was im
to have expected that any acknowledged production of Mr. Burke, full of matter likcly to interest the future historian, could remain forever in obscurity, would have been folly; and to have passed it over in silent neglect, on the one hand, or, on the other, to have then made any considerable
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changes in might have seemed an abandonment of the principles which contained. The author, there fore, discovering, that, with the exception of the in troductory letter, he had not in fact kept any clean copy, as he had supposed, corrected one of the pam phlets with his_ own hand. From this, which was found preserved with his other papers, his friends afterwards thought their duty to give an authen tic edition.
The "Thoughts and Details on Scarcity" were originally presented in the form of memorial to Mr. Pitt. The author proposed afterwards to recast the same matter in new shape. He even adver tised the intended work under the title of " Let ters on Rural Economics, addressed to Mr. Arthur Young"; but he seems to have finished only two or three detached fragments of the first letter. These being too imperfect to be printed alone, his friends inserted them in the memorial, where they seemed best to cohere. The memorial had been
fairly copied, but did not appear to have been exam ined or corrected, as some trifling errors of the tran scriber were perceptible in it. The manuscript of the fragments was rough draft from the author's own hand, much blotted and very confused.
The Third Letter on the Proposals for Peace was in its progress through the press when the author died. About one half of was actually revised in print by himself, though not in the exact order of the
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pages as they now stand. He enlarged his first draft, and separated one great member of his subject, for the purpose of introducing some other matter be tween. The different parcels of manuscript designed to intervene were discovered. One of them he seemed to have gone over himself, and to have improved and augmented. The other (fortunately the smaller) was much more imperfect, just as it was taken from his mouth by dictation. The former reaches from the
two hundred and forty-sixth to near the end of the two hundred and sixty-second page ; the latter nearly occupies the twelve pages which follow. * No impor tant change, none at all affecting the meaning of any passage, has been made in either, though in the more imperfect parcel some latitude of discretion in subor dinate points was necessarily used.
There is, however, a considerable member for the greater part of which Mr. Burke's reputation is not responsible: this is the inquiry into the condition of the higher classes, which commences in the two hun dred and ninety-fifth pagesf The summary of the whole topic, indeed, nearly as it stands in the three hundred and seventy-third and fourth pages,:|Z was
*9 The former comprising the matter included between the para graph commencing, "I hear it has been said," 8m. , and that ending with the words, " there were little or no materials"; and the latter extending through the paragraph concluding with the words, " dis graced and plagued mankind. "
T At the paragraph commencing with the words, " In turning our view from the lower to the higher classes," 8w.
1 In the first half of the paragraph commencing, " If, then, the real state of this nation," &c.
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found, together with a marginal reference to the Bankrupt List, in his own handwriting; and the actual conclusion of the Letter was dictated by him, but never received his subsequent correction. He had also preserved, as materials for this branch of his subject, some scattered hints, documents, and parts of a correspondence on the state of the country. lHe was, however, prevented from working on them
by the want of some authentic and official information,
for which he had been long anxiously waiting, in order to ascertain, to the satisfaction of the public, what, with his usual sagacity, he had fully antici pated from his own personal observation, to his own private conviction. At length the reports cf the dif ferent committees which had been appointed by the two Houses of Parliament amply furnished him with evidence for this purpose. Accordingly he read and considered them with attention: but for anything beyond this the season was now past. The Supreme Disposer of All, against whose inscrutable counsels it is vain as well asIimpious to murmur, did not permit him to enter on the execution of the task which he meditated. It was resolved, therefore, by one of his friends, after much hesitation, and under avery pain ful responsibility, to make such an attempt as he could at supplying the void; especially because the insuffi ciency of our resources for the continuance of the war was understood to have been the principal objection urged against the two former Letters on the Proposals
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for Peace. In performing with reverential diflidence this duty of friendship, care has been taken not to attribute to Mr. Burke any sentiment which is not most explicitly known, from repeated conversations, and from much correspondence, to have been decid edly entertained by that illustrious man. One pas sage of nearly three pages, containing a censure of our defensive system, is borrowed from a private let ter, which he began to dictate with an intention of comprising in it the short result of his opinions, but which he afterwards abandoned, when, a little time before his death, his health appeared in some degree to amend, and he hoped that Providence might have spared him at least to complete the larger public let ter, which he then proposed to resume.
In the preface to the former edition of this Letter a fourth was mentioned as being in possession of Mr. Burke's friends. It was in fact announced by the author himself, in the conclusion of the second, which it was then designed tofollow. He intended, he said, to proceed next on the question of the facilities pos sessed by the French Republic, from the internal state of other nations, and particularly of this, for obtaining her ends,----and as his notions were controverted, to take notice of what, in that way, had been recom mended to him. The vehicle which he had chosen for this part of his plan was an answer to a pamphlet which was supposed to come from high authority, and was circulated by ministers with great industry, at the
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time of its appearance, in October, 1795, immediately previous to that session of Parliament when his Ma jesty for the first time declared that the appearance of any disposition in the enemy to negotiate for gen eral peace should not fail to be met with an earnest
desire to give it the fullest and speediest effect. In truth, the answer, which is full of spirit and vivacity, was written the latter end of the same year, but was laid aside when the question assumed a more serious 'aspect, from the commencement of an actual negotiation, which gave rise to the series of printed letters. Afterwards, he began to rewrite with view of accommodating to his new purpose. The greater part, however, still remained in its original state and several heroes of the Revolution, who are there celebrated, having in the interval passed off the public stage, greater liberty of insertion and altera tion than his friends on consideration have thought allowable would be necessary to adapt to that place in the series for which was ultimately de signed by the author. This piece, therefore, ad dressed, as the title originally stood, to his noble
friend, Earl Fitzwilliam, will be given the first in the supplemental volumes which will be hereafter added to complete this edition of the author's works.
The tracts, most of them in manuscript, which have been already selected as fit for this purpose, will probably furnish four or five volumes more, to be printed uniformly with this edition. The principal
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piece is an Essay on the History of England, from the earliest period to the conclusion of the reign of King John. It is written with much depth of antiquarian research, directed by the mind of an intelligent states man. This alone, as far as can be conjectured, will form more than one volume. Another entire volume also, at least, will be filled with his letters to public men on public affairs, especially those of France. This supplement will be sent to the press without delay.
Mr. Burke's more familiar correspondence will be reserved as authorities to accompany a narrative of his life, which will conclude the whole. The period during which he flourished was one of the most mem orable of our annals. _ It comprehended the acquisi tion of one empire in the East, the loss of another in the West, and the total subversion of the ancient sys tem of Europe by the French Revolution, with all which events the history of his life is necessarily and intimately connected,--as indeed it also is, much more than is generally known, with the state of liter ature and the elegant arts. Such a subject of biog raphy cannot be dismissed with a slight and rapid touch; nor can it be treated in a manner worthy of
from the information, however authentic and ex tensive, which the industry of any one man may have accumulated. Many important communications have been received; but some materials, which relate to the pursuits of his early years, and which are known
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to be in existence, have been hitherto kept back, not withstanding repeated inquiries and applications. It
therefore, once more earnestly requested, that all persons who call themselves the friends or admirers of the late Edmund Burke will have the goodness to transmit, without delay, any notices of that or of any other kind which may happen to be in their posses sion or within their reach, to Messrs. Rivingtons,--a respect and kindness to his memory which will be thankfully acknowledged by those friends to whom, in dying, he committed the sacred trust of his reputa tion.
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TO THE SECOND OCTAVO EDITION!
A NEW edition of the works of Mr. Burke having been called for by the public, the opportunity has been taken to make some slight changes, it is
hoped for the better.
A different distribution of the contents, while it has
made the volumes, with the exception of the first and sixth, more nearly equal in their respective bulk, has, at the same time, been fortunately found to produce a more methodical arrangement of the whole. The first and second volumes, as before, severally contain those literary and philosophical works by which Mr. Burke was known previous to the commencement of
his public life as a statesman, and the political pieces which were written by him between the time of his first becoming connected with the Marquis of Rock ingham and his being chosen member for Bristol. In the third are comprehended all his speeches and pamphlets from his first arrival at Bristol, as a can didate, in the year 1774, to his farewell address from the hustings of that city, in the year 1780.
* London, F. and C. Rivington, 1803. 8 vols. VOL. 1. 3
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I What he himself published relative to the affairs of
India occupies the fourth volume. The remaining four comprise his works since the French Revolution, with the exception of the Letter to Lord Kenmare on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics, which was probably inserted where it stands from its relation to the subject of the Letter addressed by him, at a later period, to Sir Hercules Langrishe. With the same exception, too, strict regard has been paid to chrono logical order, which, in the last edition, was in some instances broken, to insert pieces that were not dis covered till it was too late to introduce them in their proper places.
In the Appendix to the Speech on the Nabob of Arcot's Debts the references were found to be con fused, and, in many places, erroneous. This proba bly had arisen from the circumstance that a larger and differently constructed appendix seems to have been originally designed by Mr. Burke, which, how ever, he afterwards abridged and altered, while the speech and the notes upon it remained as they were. The text and the documents that support it have throughout been accommodated to each other.
The orthography has been in many cases altered, and an attempt made to reduce it to some certain standard. The rule laid down for the discharge of this task was, that,whenever Mr. Burke could be per ceived to have been uniform in his mode of spelling, that was considered as decisive ; but where he varied,
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(and as he was in the habit of writing by dictation, and leaving to others the superintcndence of the press, he was peculiarly liable to variations of this sort) the best received authorities were directed to be followed. The reader, it is trusted, will find this ob ject, too much disregarded in modern books, has here been kept in view throughout. The quotations which are interspersed through the works of Mr Burke, and which were frequently made by him from memory, have been generally compared with the original au thors. Several mistakes in printing, of one word for
another, by which the sense was either perverted or obscured, are now rectified. Two or three small in sertions have also been made from a quarto copy cor rected by Mr. Burke himself. From the same source something more has been drawn in the shape of notes, to which are subscribed his initials. Of this number is the explanation of that celebrated phrase, " the swinish multitude " : an explanation which was uni formly given by him to his friends, in conversation on the subject. But another note will probably inter est the reader still more, as being strongly expressive of that parental affection which formed so amiable a feature in the character of Mr. Burke. It is in page 208 of Vol. V. , where he points out a considerable passage as having been supplied by his "lost son. " "' Several other parts, possibly amounting altogether to
* In "Reflections on the Revolution in France,"---indicated by foot-now in loco.
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a page or thereabout, were indicated in the same manner; but, as they in general consist of single sen tences, and as the meaning of the mark by which they were distinguished was not actually expressed, it has not been thought necessary to notice them particu larly.
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VINDICATION OF NATURAL SOCIETY!
OB.
A VIEW OF THE MISERIES AND EVILS ARISING TO MANKIND FROM EVERY SPECIES OF ARTIFICIAL SOCIETY.
IN A LETTER TO LORD *"*""', BY A LATE NOBLE WRITER.
x756.
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? PREFACE.
the philosophical works of Lord Boling BEFbOroRkeEhad appeared, great things were expected from the leisure of a man, who, from the splendid scene of action in which his talents had enabled him
to make so conspicuous a figure, had retired to em ploy those talents in the investigation of truth. Phi losophy began to congratulate herself upon such a proselyte from the world of business, and hoped to have extended her power under the auspices of such a leader. In the midst of these pleasing ex pectations, the works themselves at last appeared in
? full body, and with great pomp. Those who searched in them for new discoveries in the mysteries of na ture; those who expected something which might explain or direct the operations of the mind; those who hoped to see morality illustrated and enforced; those who looked for new helps to society and gov . =rnment; those who desired to see the characters and fassions of mankind delineated; in short, all who consider such things as philosophy, and re quire some of them at least in every philosophical work, all these were certainly disappointed;
they found the landmarks of science precisely in their former places: and they thought they received but a poor recompense for this disappointment, in seeing every mode of religion attacked in a lively manner,
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and the foundation of every virtue, and of all gov ernment, sapped with great art and much ingenuity. What advantage do we derive from such writings? What delight can a man find in employing a ca pacity which might be usefully exerted for the no blest purposes, in a sort of sullen labor, in which, if the author could succeed, he is obliged to own, that nothing could be more fatal to mankind than his success ?
I cannot conceive how this sort of writers propose to compass the designs they pretend to have in view, by the instruments which they employ. Do they pretend to exalt the mind of man, by proving him no better than a beast? Do they think to enforce the practice of virtue, by denying that vice and vir tue are distinguished by good or ill fortune here, or by happiness or misery hereafter? Do they imag ine they shall increase our piety, and our reliance on God, by exploding his providence, and insisting that he is neither just nor good? Such are the doc trines which, sometimes concealed, sometimes openly and fully avowed, are found to prevail throughout the writings of Lord Bolingbroke ; and such are the rea sonings which this noble writer and several others have been pleased to dignity with the name of philos ophy. If these are delivered in a specious manner,
and in a style above the common, they cannot want a number of admirers of as much docility as can be wished for in disciples. To these the editor of the following little piece has addressed it: there is no reason to conceal the design of it any longer.
The design was to show that, without the exertion of any considerable forces, the same engines which were employed for the destruction of religion, might
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5
be employed with equal success for the subversion of government ; and that specious arguments might be used against those things which they, who doubt of everything else, will never permit to be questioned. It is an observation which I think Isocrates makes in one of his orations against the sophists, that it is far more easy to maintain a wrong cause, and to support
paradoxical opinions to the satisfaction of a common auditory, than to establish a doubtful truth by solid and conclusive arguments. When men find that something can be said in favor of what, on the very proposal, they have thought utterly indefensible, they grow doubtful of their own reason; they are thrown into a sort of pleasing surprise; they run along with the speaker, charmed and captivated to find such a plentiful harvest of reasoning, where all seemed barren and unpromising. This is the fairy land of philosophy. And it very frequently hap pens, that those pleasing impressions on the imagi nation subsist and produce their effect, even after the understanding has been satisfied of their unsubstan tial nature. There is a sort of gloss upon ingenious falsehoods that dazzles the imagination, but which neither belongs to, nor becomes the sober aspect of truth. I have met with a quotation in Lord Coke's
that pleased me very much, though I do not know from whence he has taken it: "Interdumfucata falsitas (says he), in multis est probabilior, et soepe ra tionibus vincit nuclam veritatem. " In such eases the writer has a certain fire and alacrity inspired into him by a consciousness, that, let it fare how it will with the subject, his ingenuity will be sure of ap
plause; and this alacrity becomes much greater if he acts upon the offensive, by the impetuosity that
? Reports
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an attack, and the unfortunate propensity which mankind have to the finding and exaggerating faults. The editor is satisfied that a mind which has no restraint from a sense of its own
weakness, of its subordinate rank in the creation, and of the extreme danger of letting the imagination loose upon some subjects, may very plausibly attack everything the most excellent and venerable; that it would not be difiicult to criticise the creation it self; and that if we were to examine the divine fab rics by our ideas of reason and fitness, and to use the same method of attack by which some men have assaulted revealed religion, we might with as good color, and with the same success, make the wisdom and power of God in his creation appear to many no
better than foolishness. There is an air of plausi
bility which accompanies vulgar reasonings and notions, taken from the beaten circle of ordinary
always accompanies
? that is admirably suited to the narrow capacities of some, and to the laziness of others. But this advantage is in a great measure lost, when a painful, comprehensive survey of a very complicated matter, and which requires a great variety of consid erations, is to be made ; when we must seek in a pro
found subject, not only for arguments, but for new materials of argument, their measures and their method of arrangement; when we must go out of the sphere of our ordinary ideas, and when we can never walk surely, but by being sensible of our blind
And this we must do, or we do nothing, when ever we examine the result of a reason which is not our own. Even in matters which are, as it were, just within our reach, what would become of the world, if the practice of all moral duties, and the
experience,
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foundations of society, rested upon having their rea sons made clear and demonstrative to every indi vidual?
The editor knows that the subject of this letter is not so fully handled as obviously it might; it was not his design to say all that could possibly be said. It had been inexcusable to fill a large vol ume with the abuse of reason; nor would such an abuse have been tolerable, even for a few pages, if some under-plot, of more consequence than the ap parent design, had not been carried on.
Some persons have thought that the advantages of the state of nature ought to have been more fully displayed.