FINAL
SYLLABLE
OF A VERSE.
Latin - Elements of Latin Prosody and Metre Compiled with Selections
^Eolic form for tXs/oc--The noun vis, in
like manner, is from the Greek if, which is long, with the digarama pre-
. 6x1 d--. Sis is formed by crasis from sies. The old forms, siem, siet, occur
iu Plautus, Amph. Vrol. 57. and Asin. 2. 2. 81.
t 1<< Juvenal, 5,, 10. some read />>ss<<>>with a short quantity. Roperii
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
55
Horat. Lenior et meliorfis, accedence senectd ?
Mart. JVescis, heu ! nescis domint e fastidia Roma.
Idem. H&c tibi si vis est, si mentis tanta fiotestas.
Idem. Bellus homo, et magnus, vis idem, Cotta, videri.
Idem. Esse velis, oro, serus conviva Tonantis.
Horat. Cum sis, et firavt seexum stomacheris ob unguem.
Prop. Quamvis tile sua lassus requiescat avend.
Virg. Adsis o Tegeae favens: oleeque Minerva.
Phaedr. Gratis anhelans, multa agendo nil agens.
Exception III. --IS final is long in those nouns which
form their genitives in ENTIS, INIS, or ITIS, with the
penultima long ; as Simois, Salamis, Samnis, lis. -
Ovid. Hac ibat Simois ; h<sc est Sigeia tellus.
Lucil. Samnis in ludo ac rudibus cuivis satis asfier.
Horat. Grammatici certant, et adhuc subjudice lis est.
Exception IV. --RIS, in the preterite and future of the
subjunctive, is common. (See page 33. )
Exception V. --YS final is long in such contracted plu-
rals as Erinnys for Erinnyes, or Erinnyas. The following
line of Seneca (CEdip. 644. ) shows the use of the word, al-
though it cannot be made any proof of the quantity :--
Et mecum Erinnys fironubas thalami traham.
FINAL OS.
Vult OS firoduci. Compos breviatur, et Impos,
Osque ossis: Graium neutralia jungito, ut Argos;
Et quot in OS Latie Jlccluntur mote secundte,
Scrifita fier O (parvum): fiatrios quibus adde Pelasgo>>.
t)S final is for the most part long; as Dominds, virds,
fiuerds, labos, custds, 6s (oris,) Minds, Athds, herds, Andro-
gen.
Virg. Inter se coiisse viros, et cernere ferro.
Prop. Differat in fiuerds ista trofieta suos.
however condemns this reading, and substitutes possit. So in Ovid, Ep. 12,
71. needs is said to occur with the final syllable short, but erroneously. It
appears neither in the edition of . Heinsius, nor in that of Burmann. The
latter merely mentions it in a note, as a reading which is in direct violation
of the metre.
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? "56
FINAL SYLLABLES.
Avien. Labos et dim conditorum diligcns.
Idem. Partus in terras us inclinabat honcstum.
Petron. Hie, quem eernis, At/ids, immissis fiervius undis.
Virg. Androgeos offert nobis, soeia agmina credens.
Ex-ception I. --OS is short in Comfids, imfids, ds (a bone),
and its compound exos.
Ovid. Insequere, et voti fiostmodo comfios eris.
Seven. Necnon c stagnis cessanlibus exos hirudo.
Exception II. --OS is likewise short in Greek words
written with an O (micron); as Ilius, Tyros, Argos, Palla-
. lds, Tethyos.
Ovid. Tum, cum tristis erat, defensa est llios armis.
Luc. Et Tyros instabilis, firetiosaque murice Sidon.
Ovid. Caruia quot baccas Pallados arbor habet.
Claud. Tethyos alternte rejluas calcavit arenas.
finaL us.
US Ireve jionatur. Produc monosyllaba, quteque
Casibus incrcscunt longis ; et nomina quartte, ?
lixcefitis numeri recto quintoque firioris.
Producas conjiata a Ucui, contraclaque Grieca
In recto ac fialrio, ac venerandum nomen IESUS.
US final is for the most part short; as Taurus, fiectus,
bonus, omnibus, amamus, intus ; together with the nomina-
tive and vocative singular, and dative and ablative plural, of
the fourth declension ; as mantis, fructiis, domus, fiortubw.
Ovid. Temfiore ruricola fxatiensfit taurus aratri.
Idem. Et gelidu? n subito frigore fiectus erat.
Idem. Tu bonus hortator, tu duxque- comesque fuisti.
Prop. Hie manus heroum filacitis ut constitit oris.
Virg. 0 fiatria . ' o divum domus Ilium, et inclyta beUo.
Ovid. Portubus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes.
Exception I. -- Monosyllables in US are long; as Jits,
jius,filus, thus.
Pedo. Sed rigidum'jus est et inevitabile mortis.
Horat. Proscriftti Regis Rufiili fius atque venenum.
Mart. Mmi hortos ; filus est: instrue tut minus est.
Horat. Angulus illeferet fiifier et thus ocyus uvd.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES'.
57
Exception II. --US is long in nouns which increase in
the genitive with the penultima long; as Virtus, virtutis;
lellus, telluris; servitus, servilutis ; fialus, fialudis. *
Horat. Virtus indigno non committenda fioette.
Pris. Divitias magnas hie tellus ifisa ministrat.
Phaedr. Brevi docebo. Servitus obnoxia,
Virg. Cocyti, tarddque fialus inamabilis undd.
Exception III. --US is also long in the genitive singular,
and the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, of the
fourth declension; as, gen. sing. Manus; nom. acC. and
voc. plur. manus. '0
Pedo. Scilicet immunis si luctiis una fuisset.
Ovid. Sint vultus hilares, simque quod ante fui.
Sil. Portus tequoreis sueta insignire tropais.
Exception IV. --US is likewise long in the compounds
of not/5 (forming the genitive in PODIS or PODOS), as
Trifiiis, (Ediftus, fiolyfius; and also in all such Greek words
as are written in the original with the diphthong OT2, of
whatever case they may be ; as, nominative, Panthus, Ama-
t/ius, Pessinus ; genitive, Safifihus, Didus, Clius.
Sen. Hie (Edifiiis JEgea tranabit freta.
Virg. Panthus Othryades, arcis Phcebique sacerdos.
Idem. Est Amathiis, est ceisa mihi Pafihos, atque Cythera.
Varro. Didiis atque suum misceri sanguine sanguen.
The sacred name IESUS (in Greek IHSOTS) is Included
in this exception, and has the US long.
a Horace, A. P. 65. furnishes a solitary instance of palUs with the final
syllable short. Bentley proposes a different reading. The line however
is retained unaltered by tiesner, who considers it an instance of poetic li-
cense. Both Serviua and Piiscian allude to this line of Horace, and refer
to a similar license, in the word tell&s, by MartianusCnpella, and in senectus,
by Cornelius Galius.
b The genitive singular, and nominative, accusative, and vocative plural,
of the fourth declension, are contracted forms. The old genitive of this
declension ended in wVs, as fructuin, mamt'is, Stc. contracted into fntct&s,
mantis. So in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, J'ructues,
fructdi; ma7iues,marits, inc.
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? ( 58 )
SECT. XXII.
FINAL SYLLABLE OF A VERSE.
Syllaba cujusvis erit ultima carminis ancefis.
THE final syllable of every verse (except the Anapaestic
and the Ionic a minore) may be either long or short, at the
option . of the poet; that is, a long syllable may be used to
close a verse, though the measure require one that is short,
and a short syllable may be used though the measure require
one that is long. Thus, in the first of the following lines,
the long syllable RJ? is made to stand in place of a short,
and in the second, the short syllable QUE stands in lieu of
a long. 0
Horat. Jam satis terris nivis atgue diR? .
Virg. Aresae, S/iiogue, Thaliaque, CymodoceQWE.
c There are two opinions respecting the final syllable of a verse, one, that
it is common, the other, th:>t it is necessarily long on account of the pause
or suspension of the voice, which usually follows it in pronunciation. E have
i^iven the former in the text, as being the one most generally followed.
The principle on which it depends, is not that the syllable in question un-
dergoes any actual change of quantity, but simply that by reason of its posi-
tion at the end of the line, and the interruption which the metre lliere sus-
tains, the same strictness is not required as in other syllables differently
situated; and the real quantity of the syllabic becomes so comparativelv
Unimportant, that the poet has the license, of which we are treating, allowed
him. The remarks of Hermann (litem. Doctr. Metr. 1, 9 ) are fully to the
point. " Quura in numeris tempore omnia certa esse :ic definita debeant,
" facile intelligitur, in numerisipsis nihil usqnam posse aneeps esse; itmjue
" si quse invtniuntur ancipites syllabic, i. e. qu;e breves sil t qmmi longie
f< esse debeant, vel longie quum debeant breves esse, ea% quod ad numerum
" attinet, pro talibus numerari, quales debeant esse, etsi non sint tales. Id
" autem nemo non videt sic tantuiu fieri posse, si qui sint in numeris loci
" in quibus pravitas ista mensural nihil aut. pnrum offensionis haheat. Hujus-
" modi loci duo sunt. Units est in Anacrusi ex una brevi syllaba, Alter est
" in fine ordinis, ubi qnoniam nihil sequilur, quod terminnm ponat crtum,
" ac potins pausa qugednm succedit, pariter delilescit mensura; pravitas.
" Utide vel brevis syllaba longas locum tenere potest, vel longa pro brevi
" esse. "--Pot' the opposite doctrine, sue Clarke's note on Iliad, A. 51.
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? ( 59 )
SECT. XXIII.
REMARKS ON THE QUANTITY OF THE PENULT OF WORDS.
1. PATRONYMICS in IDES orADES usually shorten
the penult; as Priamides, Atlantiades, Sec. Unless they
come from nouns in eus ; as Pelides, Tydides, 8cc. d
2. Patronymics and similar words in AIS, EIS, ITIS,
OIS, OTIS, INE, and ONE, commonly lengthen the pe-
nult ; as Achais, Ptolemais, Chryseis, JEneis, Memfihilis,
Latdis, Icaridtis, JVerine, Arisione. Except Thebais and
Phocais; and Nereis, which is common.
3. Adjectives in ACUS, ICUS, IDUS, ajnd IMUS, for
the most part shorten the penult; as JEgyfitiacw, academi-
cus, lefiidus, legitimus ; also superlatives, asforti&simus, &c.
Except ofiticus, amicus, afiricus, fiudicus, mendicus, fiosti-
cus, fidus, infidus, (but ficrfidus, of fier $s\& fides, is short,)
bimus, yuadrimus, fiatrimus, matrimus, opimus; and two
superlatives, imus, firimus.
4. Adjectives in EMUS have the penult long; as fios-
tremus.
5. Adjectives in ALIS, ANUS, ARUS, IRUS, IVUS,
ORUS, OSUS, UDUS, URUS, and UTUS, lengthen the
d In a paper on " Greek patronymics," published in the European Ma-
gazine for August, 1817, Dr. Carey, in remarking on the patronymics
AT^fifm, n>>x</<f>>? , &c. and their corresponding Latin forms, (which he
? writes with EI instead of the long I alone, as) Mreides, Peleides, observes,
" I conceive, that wherever, in Greek or Latin poetry, we find one of those
patronymics in sucli a position as to allow the alternative of one long syllable
or two short, we are, if not bound, at least authorized, to pronounce the EI
as two distinct syllables; thus producing, in each of the following instances,
a dactyl, instead of the spondee, which is produced by the ordinary mode
of pronunciation; ex. gr.
KitiiSni ts <<v*f unfjMV, *<<i tits A^iKKnt.
Atrftdan, Priamumque, et sxvum ambubus Achillem.
Thus also, instead of spondaic lines in the following instances, (Iliad, B. 9.
and P. 191. )
E\8a>v ei; kkitdii AyafttfAiwof ATgiiJao
Oi wgor/ xtrTU esgov KAvra. Ttv%tx XlttM'if&o
we should have verbs of the regular form, with the dactyl in the fifth place:
and the same remark applies to Hhmiuvo. , which often occurs in the
Iliad, and to various other patronymics, which it is not here necessary to
enumerate. "
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? CO
ON THE QUANTITY OF THE PENULT OF WORDS.
penult; as dotdlis, urbdnus, avdrus, delirus, astivus, deed-
rus, formosus, fiercrudus, edurus, astutus. Except barba-
rus, ofiifidrus.
6. Adjectives in ILIS, if derived from verbs, shorten tlie
penult; as agilis,facilis, habllis, &c. But derivatives from
nouns usually lengthen it; as anilis, civilis, heritis, 8cc. To
these add exHis, subtilis ; and names of months, as Afirilis,
Quinctilis, Sextilis : except humilis, fiarilis, and also simi-
lis. But all adjectives in ATILIS are short; as versatilis,
volatilis, umbraiilis, Sec.
7. Adjectives in INUS, derived from inanimate things, as
plants, trees, stones, &c. also from adverbs of time, or from
substantives denoting the four seasons of the year, shorten
the penult; as amaracinus, crocinus, hyactnthinus; cedri-
nus, Jaginuty oleaginus; adamantinus, crystallinus, sma-
ragdinus; crastinus, diutlnus, serotinus; earinus, ofiori-
nus, chimerinus, therinus i also annotlnus, hornotinus. To
which add bombycinus, elefihaniinus, which seem to refer
rather to the silk and ivory, than to the animals themselves.
8. Adjectives in INUS, derived from living things, also
numeral distributives, proper names, and gentile nouns,
lengthen the penult; as agninus, caninus, lefiorinus; binus,
trinus, quinus; Albinus, Cratinus, Justinus; Alexandri-
nus, Latinus, Venusinus, &c. To which add adjectives of
place; as collinus, marinus, vicinus; and those derived
from nouns denoting time; as malutinus, vesfiertinus ; to-
gether with all other adjectives in INUS not included in
the preceding rule; as festinus, libertinus, inofilnus, fiere-
grinus, aufiinus, &c.
9. Diminutives in OLUS, OLA, OLUM, and ULUS,
ULA, ULUM, always shorten the penult; as urceolus,
Jiliola, mustedium ; lectulus, ratiuncula, corculum, 8ec.
10. Adverbs in TIM, lengthen the penult; as ofifiiddtim,
viritim, Iributim. Except affdtim, flerfietim, and statim *
It. Desideratives in URIO shorten the antepenultima,
which in the second or third person is the penult; as esurio,
esuris, esurit. But other verbs in URIO lengthen that
syllable; as ligurio, hguris ; scatiirio, scaturit. -.
e But etdtim, signifying, " on the spot," " steadily," " constantly," has
the penult long. It occurs in Plautus, Amp*. 1, 1, 84. Ib. 120. and in
Terence, Phorm. 5, 3, 7. It is said to be derived, in common with st&tin,
from the same verb, Sto. Sec page 12. note a.
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? ( 61 )
SECT. XXIV.
OF FEET.
A Foot is a combination of two or more syllables,' with
due regard to their times or quantities.
Feet in metre are so called, because, by their aid, the
voice, as it were, moves along through the verse, in a mea-
sured pace.
Feet are divided into simple and compound. Of the
simple feet, four are of two, and eight of three syllables.
The compound feet are sixteen in number3 and contain each
four syllables.
SIMPLE FEET OF TWO SYLLABLES.
J. The Spondee, Sfiondaus, consists of two long syllables,
as omnes ; and derives its name from <nrov3v>, libatio, from
its being particularly used in the measure employed at sa-
crifices, on account of its majestic gravity.
2. The Pyrrhic, Pyrrichius, consists of two short syllables,
as Deus; and is so called, according to Hesychius, from
the Tlvfrxn ofxm;, or Pyrrhic dance, in the measure adapted
to which, this fool was predominant.
3- The Trochee, Trochteus, consists of one long and one
short syllable, as servdt; and takes its name from the verb
>>? >>Jf>>>>> currere, because it moves quickly. But Cicero,
Quintilian, and Terentianus, call it Choreus, from the word
chorus, because it is well adapted to dancing and music.
4. The Iambus, Iambus, consists of one short and one long
syllable, as fiids; and is so denominated from the verb
laffTEiy, maledkere, this foot having been at first peculiarly
appropriated to satyrical compositions
f Not more than three according to Quintilian, 9, 4. There can in
strictness be no feet of four syllables, since no word over three syllables can
be found which is not formed by the union of simple feet.
g According to some, the name is derived from iu. f*Gi? uv> maledicere,
hut this is rather a derivation itself from u(tCtt. According to others, it
comes from IttftCn, a young female, who having been severely attacked
in some satyrical verses, put an end to her existence: and on this account
they suppose that the Iambus consists of a short and a long, quod i i/'fj/s
e parvo orta principio, in magnum malum desinat,"
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? OF FEET
SIMPLE FEET OF THREE SYLLABLES.
1. The Molossus, Molossus, consists of three long syl-
lables, as delectdnt; and takes its name from the Molossi, a
people of Epirus, with whom it was a favourite foot.
2. The Tribrac, Tribrdchys, consists of three short syl-
lables, as melius ; whence its name is derived, being com-
posed of t{? >>j, /res, and fy*xvU brevis. But Quintilian ge-
nerally calls it Trochteusfi
3. The Dactyl, Dactyhts, consists of one long and two
short syllables, as cdrmina; and derives its name from &*x-
tiAo? , digitus, the comparative length of its three syllables
resembling that of the three joints which compose the finger,
the first being longer than either of the other two. Cicero
calls this foot Herous, from its being particularly made use
of in relating the exploits of heroes.
4. The Anapaest, Anafiastus, consists of two short syl-
lables and one long, as animos; and is thus denominated
from the verb u>><xita. iuv, refiercutere, because those who
danced according to the cadence of this foot, used to beat
the ground in a manner directly contrary to that which was
observed in the Dactyl.
5. The Bacchic, Bacchiusj consists of one short syllable
and two long, as dolores ; and is so called from its having,
been frequently used in the hymns of Bacchus.
6. The Antibacchic, Antibacchius, consists of txvo long
syllables and one short, as fiettuntur; and takes its name
from its opposition to the Bacchic.
7. The Ampbimacer or Cretic, Amfihim&cer sive Creticus,
is composed of one short syllable between two long, as cds-
litem. Both these names are mentioned in Quintilian, who
makes the latter the more usual one. The first comes from
a/iifi, utrinque, and juaxjo;, longus; and the latter is owing
to the circumstance of its having been a favourite foot with
the people of Crete,
h The Trochseus anil the Tribrac, are in fact /ro^jovs/, or interchange-
able ip metre, the long syllable of the former being equal in time to the
first and second syllables of the latter, taken together.
i Terentisnus Maurns reverses the names of the Bacchic and Anti-
bacchic. The common distinction however has the authority of Quintilian
(9, 4. ) in its favour.
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? OF FEET.
63
8. The Amphibrac, AmfMbrachys, consists of one long
syllable between two short, as amdre ; and is so called from
utrinque, and B^x^i brevis.
COMPOUND FEET.
1. The double Spondee, Disfiond&us, is composed of four
long syllables, as infinitis, that is, of two Spondees put to-
gether.
2. The Proceleusmatic, Proceleusmaticus, consists of two
Pyrrhics, that is, of four short syllables, as hominibus. It is
said to have taken its name from xEXiuayxa, " hortamentum
quod remigibus datur," being well adapted by its celerity to
sudden and unexpected occasions.
3. The double Iambus, DHambus, consists of two Iam-
buses, as severitds.
4. The double Trochee or double Choree, Dilrochxus
sive Dichorxus, consists of two Trochees, as fiermanire.
5. The greater Ionic, Ionicus major, sive a mq/ore, consists
of a Spondee and a Pyrrhic, that is, of two long and two
short syllables, as cdlcdribus.
6. The smaller Ionic, Ionicus minor, sive a minore, consists
of a Pyrrhic and a Spondee, that is, of two short and two
long syllables, as firdfierdbdnt.
These two feet are called Ionic, from their having been
used chiefly by the Ionians. One is called Ionicus majort
sive a majore, because it begins with the greater quantity,
that is, with two long syllables: and the other is termed
Ionicus minor, sive a minore, because it begins with the
less quantity, that is, with two short syllables. k
7. The Choriambus, Choriambus, consists of a Choree, or
Trochee, and an Iambus, that is, of two short syllables be-
tween two long, as nobilitas.
8. The Antispast, Antisfiastus, consists of an Iambus and
a Trochee, that is, of two long syllables between two short,
as secunddre. It derives its name from the verb amoTrowrflaj,
in contrariam trdhi, because it passes from a short to a long,
and then, reversing the order, from a long to a short.
like manner, is from the Greek if, which is long, with the digarama pre-
. 6x1 d--. Sis is formed by crasis from sies. The old forms, siem, siet, occur
iu Plautus, Amph. Vrol. 57. and Asin. 2. 2. 81.
t 1<< Juvenal, 5,, 10. some read />>ss<<>>with a short quantity. Roperii
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
55
Horat. Lenior et meliorfis, accedence senectd ?
Mart. JVescis, heu ! nescis domint e fastidia Roma.
Idem. H&c tibi si vis est, si mentis tanta fiotestas.
Idem. Bellus homo, et magnus, vis idem, Cotta, videri.
Idem. Esse velis, oro, serus conviva Tonantis.
Horat. Cum sis, et firavt seexum stomacheris ob unguem.
Prop. Quamvis tile sua lassus requiescat avend.
Virg. Adsis o Tegeae favens: oleeque Minerva.
Phaedr. Gratis anhelans, multa agendo nil agens.
Exception III. --IS final is long in those nouns which
form their genitives in ENTIS, INIS, or ITIS, with the
penultima long ; as Simois, Salamis, Samnis, lis. -
Ovid. Hac ibat Simois ; h<sc est Sigeia tellus.
Lucil. Samnis in ludo ac rudibus cuivis satis asfier.
Horat. Grammatici certant, et adhuc subjudice lis est.
Exception IV. --RIS, in the preterite and future of the
subjunctive, is common. (See page 33. )
Exception V. --YS final is long in such contracted plu-
rals as Erinnys for Erinnyes, or Erinnyas. The following
line of Seneca (CEdip. 644. ) shows the use of the word, al-
though it cannot be made any proof of the quantity :--
Et mecum Erinnys fironubas thalami traham.
FINAL OS.
Vult OS firoduci. Compos breviatur, et Impos,
Osque ossis: Graium neutralia jungito, ut Argos;
Et quot in OS Latie Jlccluntur mote secundte,
Scrifita fier O (parvum): fiatrios quibus adde Pelasgo>>.
t)S final is for the most part long; as Dominds, virds,
fiuerds, labos, custds, 6s (oris,) Minds, Athds, herds, Andro-
gen.
Virg. Inter se coiisse viros, et cernere ferro.
Prop. Differat in fiuerds ista trofieta suos.
however condemns this reading, and substitutes possit. So in Ovid, Ep. 12,
71. needs is said to occur with the final syllable short, but erroneously. It
appears neither in the edition of . Heinsius, nor in that of Burmann. The
latter merely mentions it in a note, as a reading which is in direct violation
of the metre.
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? "56
FINAL SYLLABLES.
Avien. Labos et dim conditorum diligcns.
Idem. Partus in terras us inclinabat honcstum.
Petron. Hie, quem eernis, At/ids, immissis fiervius undis.
Virg. Androgeos offert nobis, soeia agmina credens.
Ex-ception I. --OS is short in Comfids, imfids, ds (a bone),
and its compound exos.
Ovid. Insequere, et voti fiostmodo comfios eris.
Seven. Necnon c stagnis cessanlibus exos hirudo.
Exception II. --OS is likewise short in Greek words
written with an O (micron); as Ilius, Tyros, Argos, Palla-
. lds, Tethyos.
Ovid. Tum, cum tristis erat, defensa est llios armis.
Luc. Et Tyros instabilis, firetiosaque murice Sidon.
Ovid. Caruia quot baccas Pallados arbor habet.
Claud. Tethyos alternte rejluas calcavit arenas.
finaL us.
US Ireve jionatur. Produc monosyllaba, quteque
Casibus incrcscunt longis ; et nomina quartte, ?
lixcefitis numeri recto quintoque firioris.
Producas conjiata a Ucui, contraclaque Grieca
In recto ac fialrio, ac venerandum nomen IESUS.
US final is for the most part short; as Taurus, fiectus,
bonus, omnibus, amamus, intus ; together with the nomina-
tive and vocative singular, and dative and ablative plural, of
the fourth declension ; as mantis, fructiis, domus, fiortubw.
Ovid. Temfiore ruricola fxatiensfit taurus aratri.
Idem. Et gelidu? n subito frigore fiectus erat.
Idem. Tu bonus hortator, tu duxque- comesque fuisti.
Prop. Hie manus heroum filacitis ut constitit oris.
Virg. 0 fiatria . ' o divum domus Ilium, et inclyta beUo.
Ovid. Portubus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes.
Exception I. -- Monosyllables in US are long; as Jits,
jius,filus, thus.
Pedo. Sed rigidum'jus est et inevitabile mortis.
Horat. Proscriftti Regis Rufiili fius atque venenum.
Mart. Mmi hortos ; filus est: instrue tut minus est.
Horat. Angulus illeferet fiifier et thus ocyus uvd.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES'.
57
Exception II. --US is long in nouns which increase in
the genitive with the penultima long; as Virtus, virtutis;
lellus, telluris; servitus, servilutis ; fialus, fialudis. *
Horat. Virtus indigno non committenda fioette.
Pris. Divitias magnas hie tellus ifisa ministrat.
Phaedr. Brevi docebo. Servitus obnoxia,
Virg. Cocyti, tarddque fialus inamabilis undd.
Exception III. --US is also long in the genitive singular,
and the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, of the
fourth declension; as, gen. sing. Manus; nom. acC. and
voc. plur. manus. '0
Pedo. Scilicet immunis si luctiis una fuisset.
Ovid. Sint vultus hilares, simque quod ante fui.
Sil. Portus tequoreis sueta insignire tropais.
Exception IV. --US is likewise long in the compounds
of not/5 (forming the genitive in PODIS or PODOS), as
Trifiiis, (Ediftus, fiolyfius; and also in all such Greek words
as are written in the original with the diphthong OT2, of
whatever case they may be ; as, nominative, Panthus, Ama-
t/ius, Pessinus ; genitive, Safifihus, Didus, Clius.
Sen. Hie (Edifiiis JEgea tranabit freta.
Virg. Panthus Othryades, arcis Phcebique sacerdos.
Idem. Est Amathiis, est ceisa mihi Pafihos, atque Cythera.
Varro. Didiis atque suum misceri sanguine sanguen.
The sacred name IESUS (in Greek IHSOTS) is Included
in this exception, and has the US long.
a Horace, A. P. 65. furnishes a solitary instance of palUs with the final
syllable short. Bentley proposes a different reading. The line however
is retained unaltered by tiesner, who considers it an instance of poetic li-
cense. Both Serviua and Piiscian allude to this line of Horace, and refer
to a similar license, in the word tell&s, by MartianusCnpella, and in senectus,
by Cornelius Galius.
b The genitive singular, and nominative, accusative, and vocative plural,
of the fourth declension, are contracted forms. The old genitive of this
declension ended in wVs, as fructuin, mamt'is, Stc. contracted into fntct&s,
mantis. So in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, J'ructues,
fructdi; ma7iues,marits, inc.
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? ( 58 )
SECT. XXII.
FINAL SYLLABLE OF A VERSE.
Syllaba cujusvis erit ultima carminis ancefis.
THE final syllable of every verse (except the Anapaestic
and the Ionic a minore) may be either long or short, at the
option . of the poet; that is, a long syllable may be used to
close a verse, though the measure require one that is short,
and a short syllable may be used though the measure require
one that is long. Thus, in the first of the following lines,
the long syllable RJ? is made to stand in place of a short,
and in the second, the short syllable QUE stands in lieu of
a long. 0
Horat. Jam satis terris nivis atgue diR? .
Virg. Aresae, S/iiogue, Thaliaque, CymodoceQWE.
c There are two opinions respecting the final syllable of a verse, one, that
it is common, the other, th:>t it is necessarily long on account of the pause
or suspension of the voice, which usually follows it in pronunciation. E have
i^iven the former in the text, as being the one most generally followed.
The principle on which it depends, is not that the syllable in question un-
dergoes any actual change of quantity, but simply that by reason of its posi-
tion at the end of the line, and the interruption which the metre lliere sus-
tains, the same strictness is not required as in other syllables differently
situated; and the real quantity of the syllabic becomes so comparativelv
Unimportant, that the poet has the license, of which we are treating, allowed
him. The remarks of Hermann (litem. Doctr. Metr. 1, 9 ) are fully to the
point. " Quura in numeris tempore omnia certa esse :ic definita debeant,
" facile intelligitur, in numerisipsis nihil usqnam posse aneeps esse; itmjue
" si quse invtniuntur ancipites syllabic, i. e. qu;e breves sil t qmmi longie
f< esse debeant, vel longie quum debeant breves esse, ea% quod ad numerum
" attinet, pro talibus numerari, quales debeant esse, etsi non sint tales. Id
" autem nemo non videt sic tantuiu fieri posse, si qui sint in numeris loci
" in quibus pravitas ista mensural nihil aut. pnrum offensionis haheat. Hujus-
" modi loci duo sunt. Units est in Anacrusi ex una brevi syllaba, Alter est
" in fine ordinis, ubi qnoniam nihil sequilur, quod terminnm ponat crtum,
" ac potins pausa qugednm succedit, pariter delilescit mensura; pravitas.
" Utide vel brevis syllaba longas locum tenere potest, vel longa pro brevi
" esse. "--Pot' the opposite doctrine, sue Clarke's note on Iliad, A. 51.
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? ( 59 )
SECT. XXIII.
REMARKS ON THE QUANTITY OF THE PENULT OF WORDS.
1. PATRONYMICS in IDES orADES usually shorten
the penult; as Priamides, Atlantiades, Sec. Unless they
come from nouns in eus ; as Pelides, Tydides, 8cc. d
2. Patronymics and similar words in AIS, EIS, ITIS,
OIS, OTIS, INE, and ONE, commonly lengthen the pe-
nult ; as Achais, Ptolemais, Chryseis, JEneis, Memfihilis,
Latdis, Icaridtis, JVerine, Arisione. Except Thebais and
Phocais; and Nereis, which is common.
3. Adjectives in ACUS, ICUS, IDUS, ajnd IMUS, for
the most part shorten the penult; as JEgyfitiacw, academi-
cus, lefiidus, legitimus ; also superlatives, asforti&simus, &c.
Except ofiticus, amicus, afiricus, fiudicus, mendicus, fiosti-
cus, fidus, infidus, (but ficrfidus, of fier $s\& fides, is short,)
bimus, yuadrimus, fiatrimus, matrimus, opimus; and two
superlatives, imus, firimus.
4. Adjectives in EMUS have the penult long; as fios-
tremus.
5. Adjectives in ALIS, ANUS, ARUS, IRUS, IVUS,
ORUS, OSUS, UDUS, URUS, and UTUS, lengthen the
d In a paper on " Greek patronymics," published in the European Ma-
gazine for August, 1817, Dr. Carey, in remarking on the patronymics
AT^fifm, n>>x</<f>>? , &c. and their corresponding Latin forms, (which he
? writes with EI instead of the long I alone, as) Mreides, Peleides, observes,
" I conceive, that wherever, in Greek or Latin poetry, we find one of those
patronymics in sucli a position as to allow the alternative of one long syllable
or two short, we are, if not bound, at least authorized, to pronounce the EI
as two distinct syllables; thus producing, in each of the following instances,
a dactyl, instead of the spondee, which is produced by the ordinary mode
of pronunciation; ex. gr.
KitiiSni ts <<v*f unfjMV, *<<i tits A^iKKnt.
Atrftdan, Priamumque, et sxvum ambubus Achillem.
Thus also, instead of spondaic lines in the following instances, (Iliad, B. 9.
and P. 191. )
E\8a>v ei; kkitdii AyafttfAiwof ATgiiJao
Oi wgor/ xtrTU esgov KAvra. Ttv%tx XlttM'if&o
we should have verbs of the regular form, with the dactyl in the fifth place:
and the same remark applies to Hhmiuvo. , which often occurs in the
Iliad, and to various other patronymics, which it is not here necessary to
enumerate. "
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? CO
ON THE QUANTITY OF THE PENULT OF WORDS.
penult; as dotdlis, urbdnus, avdrus, delirus, astivus, deed-
rus, formosus, fiercrudus, edurus, astutus. Except barba-
rus, ofiifidrus.
6. Adjectives in ILIS, if derived from verbs, shorten tlie
penult; as agilis,facilis, habllis, &c. But derivatives from
nouns usually lengthen it; as anilis, civilis, heritis, 8cc. To
these add exHis, subtilis ; and names of months, as Afirilis,
Quinctilis, Sextilis : except humilis, fiarilis, and also simi-
lis. But all adjectives in ATILIS are short; as versatilis,
volatilis, umbraiilis, Sec.
7. Adjectives in INUS, derived from inanimate things, as
plants, trees, stones, &c. also from adverbs of time, or from
substantives denoting the four seasons of the year, shorten
the penult; as amaracinus, crocinus, hyactnthinus; cedri-
nus, Jaginuty oleaginus; adamantinus, crystallinus, sma-
ragdinus; crastinus, diutlnus, serotinus; earinus, ofiori-
nus, chimerinus, therinus i also annotlnus, hornotinus. To
which add bombycinus, elefihaniinus, which seem to refer
rather to the silk and ivory, than to the animals themselves.
8. Adjectives in INUS, derived from living things, also
numeral distributives, proper names, and gentile nouns,
lengthen the penult; as agninus, caninus, lefiorinus; binus,
trinus, quinus; Albinus, Cratinus, Justinus; Alexandri-
nus, Latinus, Venusinus, &c. To which add adjectives of
place; as collinus, marinus, vicinus; and those derived
from nouns denoting time; as malutinus, vesfiertinus ; to-
gether with all other adjectives in INUS not included in
the preceding rule; as festinus, libertinus, inofilnus, fiere-
grinus, aufiinus, &c.
9. Diminutives in OLUS, OLA, OLUM, and ULUS,
ULA, ULUM, always shorten the penult; as urceolus,
Jiliola, mustedium ; lectulus, ratiuncula, corculum, 8ec.
10. Adverbs in TIM, lengthen the penult; as ofifiiddtim,
viritim, Iributim. Except affdtim, flerfietim, and statim *
It. Desideratives in URIO shorten the antepenultima,
which in the second or third person is the penult; as esurio,
esuris, esurit. But other verbs in URIO lengthen that
syllable; as ligurio, hguris ; scatiirio, scaturit. -.
e But etdtim, signifying, " on the spot," " steadily," " constantly," has
the penult long. It occurs in Plautus, Amp*. 1, 1, 84. Ib. 120. and in
Terence, Phorm. 5, 3, 7. It is said to be derived, in common with st&tin,
from the same verb, Sto. Sec page 12. note a.
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? ( 61 )
SECT. XXIV.
OF FEET.
A Foot is a combination of two or more syllables,' with
due regard to their times or quantities.
Feet in metre are so called, because, by their aid, the
voice, as it were, moves along through the verse, in a mea-
sured pace.
Feet are divided into simple and compound. Of the
simple feet, four are of two, and eight of three syllables.
The compound feet are sixteen in number3 and contain each
four syllables.
SIMPLE FEET OF TWO SYLLABLES.
J. The Spondee, Sfiondaus, consists of two long syllables,
as omnes ; and derives its name from <nrov3v>, libatio, from
its being particularly used in the measure employed at sa-
crifices, on account of its majestic gravity.
2. The Pyrrhic, Pyrrichius, consists of two short syllables,
as Deus; and is so called, according to Hesychius, from
the Tlvfrxn ofxm;, or Pyrrhic dance, in the measure adapted
to which, this fool was predominant.
3- The Trochee, Trochteus, consists of one long and one
short syllable, as servdt; and takes its name from the verb
>>? >>Jf>>>>> currere, because it moves quickly. But Cicero,
Quintilian, and Terentianus, call it Choreus, from the word
chorus, because it is well adapted to dancing and music.
4. The Iambus, Iambus, consists of one short and one long
syllable, as fiids; and is so denominated from the verb
laffTEiy, maledkere, this foot having been at first peculiarly
appropriated to satyrical compositions
f Not more than three according to Quintilian, 9, 4. There can in
strictness be no feet of four syllables, since no word over three syllables can
be found which is not formed by the union of simple feet.
g According to some, the name is derived from iu. f*Gi? uv> maledicere,
hut this is rather a derivation itself from u(tCtt. According to others, it
comes from IttftCn, a young female, who having been severely attacked
in some satyrical verses, put an end to her existence: and on this account
they suppose that the Iambus consists of a short and a long, quod i i/'fj/s
e parvo orta principio, in magnum malum desinat,"
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? OF FEET
SIMPLE FEET OF THREE SYLLABLES.
1. The Molossus, Molossus, consists of three long syl-
lables, as delectdnt; and takes its name from the Molossi, a
people of Epirus, with whom it was a favourite foot.
2. The Tribrac, Tribrdchys, consists of three short syl-
lables, as melius ; whence its name is derived, being com-
posed of t{? >>j, /res, and fy*xvU brevis. But Quintilian ge-
nerally calls it Trochteusfi
3. The Dactyl, Dactyhts, consists of one long and two
short syllables, as cdrmina; and derives its name from &*x-
tiAo? , digitus, the comparative length of its three syllables
resembling that of the three joints which compose the finger,
the first being longer than either of the other two. Cicero
calls this foot Herous, from its being particularly made use
of in relating the exploits of heroes.
4. The Anapaest, Anafiastus, consists of two short syl-
lables and one long, as animos; and is thus denominated
from the verb u>><xita. iuv, refiercutere, because those who
danced according to the cadence of this foot, used to beat
the ground in a manner directly contrary to that which was
observed in the Dactyl.
5. The Bacchic, Bacchiusj consists of one short syllable
and two long, as dolores ; and is so called from its having,
been frequently used in the hymns of Bacchus.
6. The Antibacchic, Antibacchius, consists of txvo long
syllables and one short, as fiettuntur; and takes its name
from its opposition to the Bacchic.
7. The Ampbimacer or Cretic, Amfihim&cer sive Creticus,
is composed of one short syllable between two long, as cds-
litem. Both these names are mentioned in Quintilian, who
makes the latter the more usual one. The first comes from
a/iifi, utrinque, and juaxjo;, longus; and the latter is owing
to the circumstance of its having been a favourite foot with
the people of Crete,
h The Trochseus anil the Tribrac, are in fact /ro^jovs/, or interchange-
able ip metre, the long syllable of the former being equal in time to the
first and second syllables of the latter, taken together.
i Terentisnus Maurns reverses the names of the Bacchic and Anti-
bacchic. The common distinction however has the authority of Quintilian
(9, 4. ) in its favour.
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? OF FEET.
63
8. The Amphibrac, AmfMbrachys, consists of one long
syllable between two short, as amdre ; and is so called from
utrinque, and B^x^i brevis.
COMPOUND FEET.
1. The double Spondee, Disfiond&us, is composed of four
long syllables, as infinitis, that is, of two Spondees put to-
gether.
2. The Proceleusmatic, Proceleusmaticus, consists of two
Pyrrhics, that is, of four short syllables, as hominibus. It is
said to have taken its name from xEXiuayxa, " hortamentum
quod remigibus datur," being well adapted by its celerity to
sudden and unexpected occasions.
3. The double Iambus, DHambus, consists of two Iam-
buses, as severitds.
4. The double Trochee or double Choree, Dilrochxus
sive Dichorxus, consists of two Trochees, as fiermanire.
5. The greater Ionic, Ionicus major, sive a mq/ore, consists
of a Spondee and a Pyrrhic, that is, of two long and two
short syllables, as cdlcdribus.
6. The smaller Ionic, Ionicus minor, sive a minore, consists
of a Pyrrhic and a Spondee, that is, of two short and two
long syllables, as firdfierdbdnt.
These two feet are called Ionic, from their having been
used chiefly by the Ionians. One is called Ionicus majort
sive a majore, because it begins with the greater quantity,
that is, with two long syllables: and the other is termed
Ionicus minor, sive a minore, because it begins with the
less quantity, that is, with two short syllables. k
7. The Choriambus, Choriambus, consists of a Choree, or
Trochee, and an Iambus, that is, of two short syllables be-
tween two long, as nobilitas.
8. The Antispast, Antisfiastus, consists of an Iambus and
a Trochee, that is, of two long syllables between two short,
as secunddre. It derives its name from the verb amoTrowrflaj,
in contrariam trdhi, because it passes from a short to a long,
and then, reversing the order, from a long to a short.
