For
instance, the inhabitants of Cranford kept early hours, and clat-
tered home in their pattens under the guidance of a lantern-
bearer about nine o'clock at night; and the whole town was abed
and asleep by half-past ten.
instance, the inhabitants of Cranford kept early hours, and clat-
tered home in their pattens under the guidance of a lantern-
bearer about nine o'clock at night; and the whole town was abed
and asleep by half-past ten.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v11 - Fro to Gre
On
the horizon the waves leaped in savage ranks, clutching at the
sky like insane sea monsters,- frantic, futile.
"I've seen the Atlantic twice during a gale," shouted the
artist to a companion, "but I never saw anything more awful
than this. These waves are quicker and higher. I don't see
how a vessel could live in it if caught broadside. "
"It's the worst I ever saw here. "
"I'm going down to the south side: would you like to go? "
Mason asked of Rose.
"I would indeed," she replied.
## p. 6201 (#171) ###########################################
HAMLIN GARLAND
6201
Back from the lake shore the wind was less powerful but more
uncertain. It came in gusts which nearly upturned the street
cars. Men and women scudded from shelter to shelter, like be-
leaguered citizens avoiding cannon shots.
"What makes our lake so terrible," said Mason in the car, "is
the fact that it has a smooth shore no indentations, no harbors.
There is only one harbor here at Chicago, behind the break-
water, and every vessel in mid-lake must come here. Those fly-
ing ships are seeking safety here like birds. The harbor will be
full of disabled vessels. "
―
As they left the car, a roaring gust swept around a twenty-
story building with such power [that] Rose would have been taken.
off her feet had not Mason put his arms about her shoulders.
༥
"You're at a disadvantage," he said, "with skirts. " He knew
she prided herself on her strength, and he took no credit to him-
self for standing where she fell.
It was precisely as if they were alone together; the storm
seemed to wall them in, and his manner was more intimate than
ever before.
It was in very truth the first time they had been
out together, and also it was the only time he had assumed any
physical care of her. He had never asserted his greater muscu-
Power and mastery of material things, and she was amazed
to see that his lethargy was only a mood. He could be alert and
agile at need.
It made his cynicism appear to be a mood also;
at least, it made her heart wondrously light to think so.
lar
They came upon the lake shore again, near the Auditorium.
The refuge behind the breakwater was full of boats, straining
at anchor, rolling, pitching, crashing together. Close about the
edge of the breakwater, ships were rounding hurriedly, and two
broken vessels lay against the shore, threshing up and down in
the awful grasp of the breakers. Far down toward the south
the water dashed against the spiles, shooting fifty feet above the
wall, sailing like smoke, deluging the street, and lashing against
row of buildings across the way.
the
Mason's keen eye took in the situation:
Every vessel that breaks anchor is doomed! Nothing can
keep them from going on shore. Doubtless those two schooners
lost anchor—that one there is dragging anchor. " He said sud-
denly, «She is shifting position, and see that hulk-»
Rose for a moment could not see it. She lay flat on her side,
a two-master, her sails flapping and floating on the waves. Her
--
## p. 6202 (#172) ###########################################
6202
HAMLIN GARLAND
anchor still held, but she had listed her cargo, careened, and so
lay helpless.
"There are men on it! " cried some one.
"Three men - don't
you see them? The water goes over them every time! "
"Sure enough! I wonder if they are going to let them drown,
here in the harbor! "
Rose grew numb with horror. On the rounded side of the
floating hulk three men were clinging, looking like pegs of tops.
They could only be seen at intervals, for the water broke clear
over their heads. It was only when one of them began to move
to and fro that the mighty crowd became certainly aware of life
still clinging to the hull. It was an awful thing to stand help-
lessly by and see those brave men battle, but no life-boat or tug
could live out there. In the station, men wept and imprecated
in their despair; twice they tried to go to the rescue of the
beleaguered men, but could not reach them.
Suddenly a flare of yellow spread out on the wave.
arose:-
A cry
"She's breaking up! "
Rose seized Mason's arm in a frenzy of horror.
"O God! can't somebody help them? "
"They're out of reach! " said Mason solemnly. And then the
throng was silent.
"They are building a raft! " shouted a man with a glass, speak-
ing at intervals for the information of all. "One man is tying a
rope to planks; . . he is helping the other men;
he
has his little raft nearly ready;
him—»
they are crawling toward
.
"Oh, see them! " exclaimed Rose.
There! they are gone-the vessel has broken up. "
On the wave nothing now lived but a yellow spread of lum-
ber; the glass revealed no living thing.
Mason turned to Rose with a grave and tender look.
"You have seen human beings engulfed like flies-»
"No! no! There they are! " shouted a hundred voices, as if
in answer to Mason's thought.
"Oh, the brave men!
Thereafter the whole great city seemed to be watching those
specks of human life, drifting toward almost certain death upon
the breakwater of the south shore. For miles the beach was clus-
tered black with people. They stood there, it seemed for hours,
watching the slow approach of that tiny raft. Again and again
## p. 6203 (#173) ###########################################
HAMLIN GARLAND
6203
the waves swept over it, and each time that indomitable man
rose from the flood and was seen to pull his companions aboard.
Other vessels drifted upon the rocks. Other steamers rolled
heavily around the long breakwater, but nothing now distracted
the gaze of the multitude from this appalling and amazing
struggle against death. Nothing? No; once and only once did.
the onlookers shift their intent gaze, and that was when a vessel
passed the breakwater and went sailing toward the south through
the fleet of anchored, straining, agonized ships. At first no one
paid much attention to this late-comer till Mason lifted his
voice.
"By Heaven, the man is sailing ! »
It was true; steady, swift, undeviating, the vessel headed
through the fleet. She did not drift nor wander nor hesitate.
She sailed as if the helmsman, with set teeth, were saying:-
"By God! If I must die on the rocks, I'll go to my death
the captain of my vessel! "
And so with wheel in his hand and epic oaths in his mouth,
he sailed directly into the long row of spiles, over which the
waves ran like hell-hounds; where half a score of wrecks lay
already churning into fragments in the awful tumult.
The sailing vessel seemed not to waver, nor seek nor dodge
seemed rather to choose the most deadly battle-place of waves
and wall.
"God! but that's magnificent of him! " Mason said to himself.
Rose held her breath, her face white and set with horror.
"Oh, must he die? »
"There is no hope for him. She will strike in a moment
she strikes! -she is gone! "
The vessel entered the gray confusion of the breakers and
struck the piles like a battering-ram; the waves buried her from
sight; then the recoil flung her back; for the first time she
swung broadside to the storm. The work of the helmsman was
over. She reeled-resisted an instant, then submitted to her
fate, crumbled against the pitiless wall like paper, and thereafter
was lost to sight.
―
This dramatic and terrible scene had held the attention of the
onlookers-once more they searched for the tiny raft. It was
nearing the lake wall at another furious point of contact. An
innumerable crowd spread like a black robe over the shore, wait-
ing to see the tiny float strike.
## p. 6204 (#174) ###########################################
6204
HAMLIN GARLAND
A hush fell over every voice. Each soul was solemn as if
facing the Maker of the world. Out on the point, just where the
doomed sailors seemed like to strike, there was a little commo-
tion. A tiny figure was seen perched on one of the spiles. Each
wave, as it towered above him, seemed ready to sweep him away,
but each time he bowed his head and seemed to sweep through
the gray wall. He was a negro, and he held a rope in his
hands.
As they comprehended his danger the crowd cheered him, but
in the thunder of the surf no human voice could avail. The bold
negro could not cry out, he could only motion; but the brave
man on the raft saw his purpose-he was alone with the ship-
wrecked ones.
In they came, lifted and hurled by a prodigious swell. They
struck the wall just beneath the negro and disappeared beneath
the waves.
All seemed over, and some of the spectators fell weeping;
others turned away.
Suddenly the indomitable commander of the raft rose, then
his companions, and then it was perceived that he had bound
them all to the raft.
The negro flung his rope and one man caught at it, but it
was swept out of reach on a backward-leaping billow. Again
they came in, their white, strained, set faces and wild eyes
turned to the intrepid rescuer. Again they struck, and this time
the negro caught and held one of the sailors, held him while the
foam fell away, and the succeeding wave swept him over the
spiles to safety. Again the resolute man flung his noose and
caught the second sailor, whose rope was cut by the leader, the
captain, who was last to be saved.
As the negro came back, dragging his third man over the
wall, a mighty cry went up, a strange, faint, multitudinous cry,
and the negro was swallowed up in the multitude.
Mason turned to Rose and spoke: "Sometimes men seem to
be worth while! "
## p. 6205 (#175) ###########################################
6205
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
(1810-1865)
RITICS agree in placing the novels of Mrs. Gaskell on a level
with the works of Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronté. It is
more than probable that future generations will turn to her
stories for correct pictures of simple every-day life that must fade in
the swift succession of years. She has been compared to a naturalist
who knows intimately the flora and fauna of his native heath.
Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson was born in Chelsea, England, Sep-
tember 29th, 1810, the daughter of William Stevenson, a literary man,
who was keeper of the records of the Treas-
ury. She lived with her aunt at Knutsford
in Cheshire, was sent to a private school in
Stratford-on-Avon, and visited London and
Edinburgh, where her beauty was much
admired. In 1832 she was married to the
Rev. William Gaskell, minister of a Unita-
rian chapel in Manchester. Mrs. Gaskell
did not begin to write until she had reached
middle age, and then chiefly to distract her
thoughts after the death of their only son
in 1844. Her first book, 'Mary Barton,'
published anonymously in 1848, achieved
extraordinary success. This was a "novel ELIZABETH S. GASKELL
with a purpose," for Mrs. Gaskell believed
that the hostility between employers and employed, which constantly
disturbed the manufacturing beehive of Manchester, was caused by
mutual ignorance. She therefore set herself the task of depicting
faithfully the lives of the people around her. It must be remem-
bered, too, that the social types chosen by her were at that moment
peculiarly interesting to a public weary of the novel of fashionable.
high life.
The story provoked much public discussion; and among
other critics, the social economist Mr. W. R. Greg, in his Essay on
Mary Barton,' published in 1849, took the part of the manufacturer.
'Mary Barton' has been translated into French, German, and other
languages, including Hungarian and Finnish. The story has for its
central theme the gradual degeneration of John Barton, a workman
who has a passionate hatred of the classes above him, and who, em-
bittered by poverty and the death of his son and wife, joins the
## p. 6206 (#176) ###########################################
6206
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
law-breakers of the town, and finally murders Henry Corson, a mas-
ter manufacturer. North and South,' published in 1855, was written
from the point of view of the masters, an admirable contrast to Barton
being found in Thornton, the hero of this novel.
In 1850, when Dickens was about to establish Household Words, he
invited Mrs. Gaskell to contribute. This magazine contained her story
'Lizzie Leigh' and those immortal pictures of village life known
as 'Cranford. ' Mrs. Gaskell's other novels are: 'Ruth,' the tragi-
cal story of a pretty young milliner's apprentice; 'Sylvia's Lovers,'
whose scene is Monkhaven (Whitby), at the end of the last century;
'Cousin Phillis,' a simple story of a farmer's daughter, which ap-
peared first in the Cornhill Magazine in 1863-64; and Wives and
Daughters,' also contributed to the Cornhill, and left unfinished by
her death in Manchester, November 12th, 1865. By many persons
the last novel is considered her best work, owing to its strength of
characterization. Molly Gibson, the heroine; Cynthia, a heartless
coquette; Squire Hamley and his sons Roger and Osborne, of Ham-
ley Hall; and the Earl of Cumnor and his family at the Towers,- all
are treated with impartial skill. Her famous Life of Charlotte
Bronté' appeared in 1857. She became acquainted with Miss Bronté
in 1850, and they were friends at once.
A collected edition of Mrs. Gaskell's works, published in seven
volumes in 1873, includes the short stories The Grey Woman,'
'Morton Hall,' 'Mr. Harrison's Confessions,' 'A Dark Night's Work,'
'The Moorland Cottage,' 'Round the Sofa,' 'The Old Nurse's Story,'
'The Well of Pen-Morfa,' 'The Sexton's Hero,' 'Lois the Witch,' and
others. Cranford is identified as the town of Knutsford.
Its popu-
lation consists of widows and maiden ladies, in bonds to their ancient
gentility. With deft touch Mrs. Gaskell brings out the humor and
pathos of these quaint characters, her finest creation being Miss
Matty Jenkyns.
OUR SOCIETY
From Cranford'
IN
IN THE first place, Cranford is in possession of the Amazons; all-
the holders of houses, above a certain rent, are women.
If a
married couple come to settle in the town, somehow the
gentleman disappears; he is either fairly frightened to death by
being the only man in the Cranford evening parties, or he is
accounted for by being with his regiment, his ship, or closely
engaged in business all the week in the great neighboring com-
mercial town of Drumble, distant only twenty miles on a railroad.
## p. 6207 (#177) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6207
In short, whatever does become of the gentlemen, they are not
at Cranford. What could they do if they were there? The sur-
geon has his round of thirty miles, and sleeps at Cranford; but
every man cannot be a surgeon. For keeping the trim gardens
full of choice flowers without a weed to speck them; for fright-
ening away little boys who look wistfully at the said flowers
through the railings; for rushing out at the geese that occasion-
ally venture into the gardens if the gates are left open; for
deciding all questions of literature and politics without troubling
themselves with unnecessary reasons or arguments; for obtaining
clear and correct knowledge of everybody's affairs in the parish;
for keeping their neat maid-servants in admirable order; for
kindness (somewhat dictatorial) to the poor, and real tender good
offices to each other whenever they are in distress, the ladies of
Cranford are quite sufficient. "A man," as one of them observed
to me once, "is so in the way in the house! " Although the
ladies of Cranford know all each other's proceedings, they are
exceedingly indifferent to each other's opinions. Indeed, as each
has her own individuality, not to say eccentricity, pretty strongly
developed, nothing is so easy as verbal retaliation; but somehow,
good-will reigns among them to a considerable degree.
The Cranford ladies have only an occasional little quarrel,
spurted out in a few peppery words and angry jerks of the
heads; just enough to prevent the even tenor of their lives from
becoming too flat. Their dress is very independent of fashion:
as they observe, "What does it signify how we dress here at
Cranford, where everybody knows us? " And if they go from
home, their reason is equally cogent: "What does it signify how
we dress here, where nobody knows us? " The materials of
their clothes are in general good and plain, and most of them
are nearly as scrupulous as Miss Tyler of cleanly memory; but I
will answer for it, the last gigot, the last tight and scanty petti-
coat in wear in England, was seen in Cranford - and seen with-
out a smile.
-
-
I can testify to a magnificent family red-silk umbrella, under
which a gentle little spinster, left alone of many brothers and
sisters, used to patter to church on rainy days. Have you any
red-silk umbrellas in London? We had a tradition of the first
that had ever been seen in Cranford; and the little boys mobbed
it, and called it "a stick in petticoats. " It might have been the
very red-silk one I have described, held by a strong father over
## p. 6208 (#178) ###########################################
6208
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
a troop of little ones; the poor little lady - the survivor of all
could scarcely carry it.
-
Then there were rules and regulations for visiting and calls;
and they were announced to any young people who might be
staying in the town, with all the solemnity with which the old
Manx laws were read once a year on the Tinwald Mount.
"Our friends have sent to inquire how you are after your
journey to-night, my dear" (fifteen miles in a gentleman's car-
riage); "they will give you some rest to-morrow, but the next
day, I have no doubt, they will call; so be at liberty after twelve
from twelve to three are our calling hours. "
Then, after they had called:-
"It is the third day: I daresay your mamma has told you, my
dear, never to let more than three days elapse between receiving
a call and returning it; and also, that you are never to stay
longer than a quarter of an hour. "
-
"But am I to look at my watch? How am I to find out
when a quarter of an hour has passed? »
"You must keep thinking about the time, my dear, and not
allow yourself to forget it in conversation. ”
As everybody had this rule in their minds, whether they re-
ceived or paid a call, of course no absorbing subject was ever
spoken about. We kept ourselves to short sentences of small-
talk, and were punctual to our time.
I imagine that a few of the gentlefolks of Cranford were poor,
and had some difficulty in making both ends meet; but they were
like the Spartans, and concealed their smart under a smiling face.
We none of us spoke of money, because that subject savored of
commerce and trade, and though some might be poor, we were
all aristocratic. The Cranfordians had that kindly esprit de corps
which made them overlook all deficiencies in success when some
among them tried to conceal their poverty. When Mrs. Forres-
ter, for instance, gave a party in her baby-house of a dwelling,
and the little maiden disturbed the ladies on the sofa by a re-
quest that she might get the tea-tray out from underneath, every
one took this novel proceeding as the most natural thing in the
world, and talked on about household forms and ceremonies as if
we all believed that our hostess had a regular servants' hall, sec-
ond table, with housekeeper and steward, instead of the one little
charity-school maiden, whose short ruddy arms could never have
been strong enough to carry the tray up-stairs if she had not been
## p. 6209 (#179) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6209
assisted in private by her mistress, who now sat in state, pretend-
ing not to know what cakes were sent up, though she knew, and
we knew, and she knew that we knew, and we knew that she
knew that we knew, she had been busy all the morning making
tea-bread and sponge-cakes.
There were one or two consequences arising from this general
but unacknowledged poverty and this very much acknowledged
gentility, which were not amiss, and which might be introduced.
into many circles of society to their great improvement.
For
instance, the inhabitants of Cranford kept early hours, and clat-
tered home in their pattens under the guidance of a lantern-
bearer about nine o'clock at night; and the whole town was abed
and asleep by half-past ten. Moreover, it was considered "vul-
gar" (a tremendous word in Cranford) to give anything expensive
in the way of eatable or drinkable, at the evening entertainments.
Wafer bread and butter and sponge-biscuits were all that the
Honorable Mrs. Jamieson gave; and she was sister-in-law to the
late Earl of Glenmire, although she did practice such "elegant
>>
economy.
"Elegant economy! " How naturally one falls back into the
phraseology of Cranford! There, economy was always "elegant,"
and money-spending always "vulgar and ostentatious "; a sort of
sour-grapeism which made us very peaceful and satisfied. I never
shall forget the dismay felt when a certain Captain Brown came
to live at Cranford, and openly spoke about his being poor-not
in a whisper to an intimate friend, the doors and windows being
previously closed, but in the public street! in a loud military
voice! alleging his poverty as a reason for not taking a particular
house. The ladies of Cranford were already rather moaning over
the invasion of their territories by a man and a gentleman. He
was a half-pay captain, and had obtained some situation on a
neighboring railroad, which had been vehemently petitioned against
by the little town; and if in addition to his masculine gender
and his connection with the obnoxious railroad, he was so brazen
as to talk of being poor- why then indeed he must be sent to
Coventry. Death was as true and as common as poverty; yet
people never spoke about that, loud out in the streets. It was a
word not to be mentioned to ears polite. We had tacitly agreed
to ignore that any with whom we associated on terms of visiting
equality could ever be prevented by poverty from doing anything.
that they wished. If we walked to or from a party, it was
XI-389
## p. 6210 (#180) ###########################################
6210
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
because the night was so fine, or the air so refreshing; not be-
cause sedan-chairs were expensive. If we wore prints instead of
summer silks, it was because we preferred a washing material;
and so on, till we blinded ourselves to the vulgar fact that we
were all of us people of very moderate means. Of course, then,
we did not know what to make of a man who could speak of
poverty as if it was not disgrace. Yet somehow Captain Brown
made himself respected in Cranford, and was called upon, in
spite of all resolutions to the contrary. I was surprised to hear
his opinions quoted as authority at a visit which I paid to Cran-
ford about a year after he had settled in the town. My own
friends had been among the bitterest opponents of any proposal
to visit the captain and his daughters only twelve months before;
and now he was even admitted in the tabooed hours before
twelve. True, it was to discover the cause of a smoking chim-
ney, before the fire was lighted; but still Captain Brown walked
up-stairs, nothing daunted, spoke in a voice too large for the
room, and joked quite in the way of a tame man about the
house. He had been blind to all the small slights, and omissions
of trivial ceremonies, with which he had been received. He had
been friendly, though the Cranford ladies had been cool; he had
answered small sarcastic compliments in good faith; and with his
manly frankness had overpowered all the shrinking which met
him as a man who was not ashamed to be poor. And at last his
excellent masculine common-sense, and his facility in devising
expedients to overcome domestic dilemmas, had gained him an
extraordinary place as authority among the Cranford ladies. He
himself went on in his course, as unaware of his popularity as
he had been of the reverse.
I wondered what the Cranford ladies did with Captain Brown
at their parties. We had often rejoiced, in former days, that
there was no gentleman to be attended to and to find conversa-
tion for, at the card parties. We had congratulated ourselves
upon the snugness of the evenings, and in our love for gentility
and distaste of mankind we had almost persuaded ourselves that
to be a man was to be "vulgar"; so that when I found my
friend and hostess Miss Jenkyns was going to have a party in
my honor, and that Captain and the Miss Browns were invited, I
wondered much what would be the course of the evening. Card
tables, with green-baize tops, were set out by daylight, just as
usual: it was the third week in November, so the evenings closed
## p. 6211 (#181) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6211
in about four. Candles and clean packs of cards were arranged
on each table. The fire was made up; the neat maid-servant had
received her last directions: and there we stood, dressed in our
best, each with a candle-lighter in our hands, ready to dart at
the candles as soon as the first knock came. Parties in Cranford
were solemn festivities, making the ladies feel gravely elated as
they sat together in their best dresses. As soon as three had
arrived, we sat down to Preference, I being the unlucky fourth.
The next four comers were put down immediately to another
table; and presently the tea-trays, which I had seen set out in
the store-room as I passed in the morning, were placed each on
the middle of a card table. The china was delicate egg-shell;
the old-fashioned silver glittered with polishing; but the eatables
were of the slightest description.
While the trays were yet on the tables, Captain and the Miss
Browns came in; and I could see that, somehow or other, the
captain was a favorite with all the ladies present. Ruffled brows
were smoothed, sharp voices lowered at his approach. Miss
Brown looked ill, and depressed almost to gloom. Miss Jessie
smiled as usual, and seemed nearly as popular as her father.
He immediately and quietly assumed the man's place in the
room; attended to every one's wants, lessened the pretty maid-
servant's labor by waiting on empty cups and bread-and-butterless
ladies; and yet did it all in so easy and dignified a manner, and
so much as if it were a matter of course for the strong to attend
to the weak, that he was a true man throughout. He played
for threepenny points with as grave an interest as if they had
been pounds; and yet in all his attention to strangers he had
an eye on his suffering daughter-for suffering I was sure she
was, though to many eyes she might only appear to be irritable.
Miss Jessie could not play cards, but she talked to the sitters-
out, who before her coming had been rather inclined to be cross.
She sang, too, to an old cracked piano which I think had been
a spinet in its youth. Miss Jessie sang Jock o' Hazeldean'
a little out of tune; but we were none of us musical, though
Miss Jenkyns beat time, out of time, by way of appearing to
be so.
It was very good of Miss Jenkyns to do this; for I had seen
that, a little before, she had been a good deal annoyed by Miss
Jessie Brown's unguarded admission (àpropos of Shetland wool)
that she had an uncle, her mother's brother, who was a shop-
## p. 6212 (#182) ###########################################
6212
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
keeper in Edinburgh. Miss Jenkyns tried to drown this confes-
sion by a terrible cough-for the Honorable Mrs. Jamieson was
sitting at the card table nearest Miss Jessie, and what would she
say or think if she found out that she was in the same room with
a shopkeeper's niece! But Miss Jessie Brown (who had no tact, as
we all agreed the next morning) would repeat the information,
and assure Miss Pole she could easily get her the identical Shet-
land wool required "through my uncle, who has the best assort-
ment of Shetland goods of any one in Edinbro'. " It was to take
the taste of this out of our mouths, and the sound of this out of
our ears, that Miss Jenkyns proposed music: so I say again, it
was very good of her to beat time to the song.
When the trays reappeared with biscuits and wine, punctually
at a quarter to nine, there was conversation, comparing of cards,
and talking over tricks; but by-and-by Captain Brown sported a
bit of literature.
"Have you seen any numbers of The Pickwick Papers'? "
said he. (They were then publishing in parts. ) "Capital thing! "
Now, Miss Jenkyns was daughter of a deceased rector of Cran-
ford, and on the strength of a number of manuscript sermons
and a pretty good library of divinity considered herself literary,
and looked upon any conversation about books as a challenge to
her. So she answered and said, "Yes, she had seen them; in-
deed, she might say she had read them. "
"And what do you think of them? " exclaimed Captain Brown.
"Aren't they famously good? "
So urged, Miss Jenkyns could not but speak.
"I must say, I don't think they are by any means equal to
Dr. Johnson. Still, perhaps, the author is young.
Let him per-
severe, and who knows what he may become if he will take the
great Doctor for his model. ”
This was evidently too much for Captain Brown to take pla-
cidly; and I saw the words on the tip of his tongue before Miss
Jenkyns had finished her sentence.
"It is quite a different sort of thing, my dear madam," he
began.
"I am quite aware of that," returned she; " and I make
allowances, Captain Brown. "
་་
"Just allow me to read you a scene out of this month's num-
ber," pleaded he. "I had it only this morning, and I don't think
the company can have read it yet. "
## p. 6213 (#183) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6213
"As you please," said she, settling herself with an air of resig-
nation. He read the account of the "swarry" which Sam Weller
gave at Bath.
Some of us laughed heartily. I did not dare, be-
cause I was staying in the house. Miss Jenkyns sat in patient
gravity. When it was ended, she turned to me, and said, with
mild dignity:-
"Fetch me 'Rasselas,' my dear, out of the book-room. "
When I brought it to her, she turned to Captain Brown:—
"Now allow me to read you a scene, and then the present com-
pany can judge between your favorite Mr. Boz and Dr. Johnson. ”
She read one of the conversations between Rasselas and Imlac,
in a high-pitched, majestic voice; and when she had ended she
said, "I imagine I am now justified in my preference of Dr.
Johnson as a writer of fiction. " The captain screwed his lips.
up, and drummed on the table, but he did not speak. She
thought she would give a finishing blow or two.
"I consider it vulgar, and below the dignity of literature, to
publish in numbers. "
"How was The Rambler published, ma'am? " asked Captain
Brown, in a low voice, which I think Miss Jenkyns could not
have heard.
My
"Dr. Johnson's style is a model for young beginners.
father recommended it to me when I began to write letters—I
have formed my own style upon it; I recommend it to your
favorite. "
"I should be very sorry for him to exchange his style for any
such pompous writing," said Captain Brown.
Miss Jenkyns felt this as a personal affront, in a way of which
the captain had not dreamed. Epistolary writing she and her
friends considered as her forte. Many a copy of many a letter
have I seen written and corrected on the slate, before she "seized
the half-hour just previous to post-time to assure her friends" of
this or that; and Dr. Johnson was, as she said, her model in these
compositions. She drew herself up with dignity, and only replied
to Captain Brown's last remark by saying, with marked emphasis
on every syllable, "I prefer Dr. Johnson to Mr. Boz. "
It is said I won't vouch for the fact that Captain Brown
was heard to say, sotto voce, "D-n Dr. Johnson! " If he did, he
was penitent afterwards, as he showed by going to stand near
Miss Jenkyns's arm-chair, and endeavoring to beguile her into
conversation on some more pleasing subject. But she was in-
exorable.
-
## p. 6214 (#184) ###########################################
6214
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
VISITING
From Cranford >
Ο
NE morning, as Miss Matty and I sat at our work- it was
before twelve o'clock, and Miss Matty had not changed the
cap with yellow ribbons that had been Miss Jenkyns's best,
and which Miss Matty was now wearing out in private, putting
on the one made in imitation of Mrs. Jamieson's at all times
when she expected to be seen Martha came up, and asked if
Miss Betty Barker might speak to her mistress.
Miss Matty
assented, and quickly disappeared to change the yellow ribbons
while Miss Barker came up-stairs; but as she had forgotten her
spectacles, and was rather flurried by the unusual time of the
visit, I was not surprised to see her return with one cap on the
top of the other. She was quite unconscious of it herself, and
looked at us with bland satisfaction. Nor do I think Miss Barker
perceived it; for putting aside the little circumstance that she
was not so young as she had been, she was very much absorbed
in her errand, which she delivered herself of with an oppressive
modesty that found vent in endless apologies.
Miss Betty Barker was the daughter of the old clerk at Cran-
ford who had officiated in Mr. Jenkyns's time. She and her
sister had had pretty good situations as ladies'-maids, and had
saved money enough to set up a milliner's shop, which had been
patronized by the ladies in the neighborhood. Lady Arley, for
instance, would occasionally give Miss Barkers the pattern of an
old cap of hers, which they immediately copied and circulated
among the élite of Cranford. I say the élite, for Miss Barkers
had caught the trick of the place, and piqued themselves upon
their "aristocratic connection. " They would not sell their caps
and ribbons to any one without a pedigree. Many a farmer's
wife or daughter turned away huffed from Miss Barkers' select
millinery, and went rather to the universal shop, where the prof-
its of brown soap and moist sugar enabled the proprietor to go
straight to (Paris, he said, until he found his customers too patri-
otic and John-Bullish to wear what the Mounseers wore) Lon-
don, where, as he often told his customers, Queen Adelaide had
appeared only the very week before in a cap exactly like the one
he showed them, trimmed with yellow and blue ribbons, and had
been complimented by King William on the becoming nature of
her head-dress.
-
## p. 6215 (#185) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6215
Miss Barkers, who confined themselves to truth and did not
approve of miscellaneous customers, throve notwithstanding. They
were self-denying, good people. Many a time have I seen the
eldest of them (she that had been maid to Mrs. Jamieson) carry-
ing out some delicate mess to a poor person. They only aped
their betters in having "nothing to do" with the class immedi-
ately below theirs. And when Miss Barker died, their profits
and income were found to be such that Miss Betty was justified
in shutting up shop and retiring from business. She also (as I
think I have before said) set up her cow,—a mark of respecta-
bility in Cranford almost as decided as setting up a gig is among
some people. She dressed finer than any lady in Cranford, and
we did not wonder at it; for it was understood that she was
wearing out all the bonnets and caps and outrageous ribbons
which had once formed her stock in trade. It was five or six
years since she had given up shop, so in any other place than
Cranford her dress might have been considered passé.
And now Miss Betty Barker had called to invite Miss Matty
to tea at her house on the following Tuesday. She gave me
also an impromptu invitation, as I happened to be a visitor
though I could see she had a little fear lest, since my father had
gone to live in Drumble, he might have engaged in that "horrid
cotton trade," and so dragged his family down out of "aristo-
cratic society. " She prefaced this invitation with so many apolo-
gies that she quite excited my curiosity. "Her presumption"
was to be excused. What had she been doing? She seemed so
overpowered by it, I could only think that she had been writing
to Queen Adelaide to ask for a receipt for washing lace; but the
act which she so characterized was only an invitation she had
carried to her sister's former mistress, Mrs. Jamieson.
« Her
former occupation considered, could Miss Matty excuse the lib-
erty? " Ah! thought I, she has found out that double cap, and
is going to rectify Miss Matty's head-dress. No; it was simply
to extend her invitation to Miss Matty and to me.
Miss Matty
bowed acceptance; and I wondered that in the graceful action
she did not feel the unusual weight and extraordinary height of
her head-dress. But I do not think she did, for she recovered
her balance, and went on talking to Miss Betty in a kind, con-
descending manner, very different from the fidgety way she
would have had if she had suspected how singular her appear-
ance was.
## p. 6216 (#186) ###########################################
6216
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
"Mrs. Jamieson is coming, I think you said? » asked Miss
Matty.
“Yes. Mrs. Jamieson most kindly and condescendingly said
she would be happy to come. One little stipulation she made,
that she should bring Carlo.
I told her that if I had a weakness,
it was for dogs. "
"And Miss Pole? " questioned Miss Matty, who was thinking
of her pool at Preference, in which Carlo would not be available
as a partner.
"I am going to ask Miss Pole. Of course, I could not think
of asking her until I had asked you, madam the rector's
daughter, madam. Believe me, I do not forget the situation my
father held under yours. "
"And Mrs. Forrester, of course? "
"And Mrs. Forrester. I thought, in fact, of going to her
before I went to Miss Pole. Although her circumstances are
changed, madam, she was born a Tyrrell, and we can never for-
get her alliance to the Bigges of Bigelow Hall. "
Miss Matty cared much more for the little circumstance of her
being a very good card-player. Miss Barker looked at me with
sidelong dignity, as much as to say, although a retired milliner,
she was no democrat, and understood the difference of ranks.
"May I beg you to come as near half-past six to my little
dwelling as possible, Miss Matilda? Mrs. Jamieson dines at five,
but has kindly promised not to delay her visit beyond that time
half-past six. " And with a swimming curtsy Miss Betty Bar-
ker took her leave.
The spring evenings were getting bright and long, when three
or four ladies in calashes met at Miss Barker's door.
Do you
It is a covering worn over caps, not
on old-fashioned gigs; but sometimes
This kind of head-gear always made
know what a calash is?
unlike the heads fastened
it is not quite so large.
an awful impression on the children in Cranford; and now two
or three left off their play in the quiet sunny little street, and
gathered in wondering silence round Miss Pole, Miss Matty,
and myself. We were silent too, so that we could hear loud
suppressed whispers inside Miss Barker's house: "Wait, Peggy!
wait till I've run up-stairs and washed my hands. When I cough,
open the door; I'll not be a minute. "
And true enough, it was not a minute before we heard a
noise, between a sneeze and a crow; on which the door flew
## p. 6217 (#187) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6217
open. Behind it stood a round-eyed maiden, all aghast at the
honorable company of calashes, who marched in without a word.
She recovered presence of mind enough to usher us into a small
room, which had been a shop, but was now converted into a
temporary dressing-room. There we unpinned and shook our-
selves, and arranged our features before the glass into a sweet
and gracious company face; and then, bowing backwards with
"After you, ma'am," we allowed Mrs. Forrester to take precedence
up the narrow staircase that led to Miss Barker's drawing-room.
There she sat, as stately and composed as though we had never
heard that odd-sounding cough, from which her throat must have
been even then sore and rough. Kind, gentle, shabbily dressed
Mrs. Forrester was immediately conducted to the second place of
honor a seat arranged something like Prince Albert's near the
Queen's-good, but not so good. The place of pre-eminence
was of course reserved for the Honorable Mrs. Jamieson, who
presently came panting up the stairs-Carlo rushing round her
on her progress, as if he meant to trip her up.
And now Miss Betty Barker was a proud and happy woman!
She stirred the fire, and shut the door, and sat as near to it as
she could, quite on the edge of her chair. When Peggy came
in, tottering under the weight of the tea-tray, I noticed that
Miss Barker was sadly afraid lest Peggy should not keep her
distance sufficiently. She and her mistress were on very familiar
terms in their every-day intercourse, and Peggy wanted now to
make several little confidences to her, which Miss Barker was on
thorns to hear, but which she thought it her duty as a lady to
repress. So she turned away from all Peggy's asides and signs;
but she made one or two very malapropos answers to what was
said; and at last, seized with a bright idea, she exclaimed, "Poor
sweet Carlo! I'm forgetting him. Come down-stairs with me,
poor little doggie, and it shall have its tea, it shall! »
In a few minutes she returned, bland and benignant as be-
fore; but I thought she had forgotten to give the "poor little
doggie" anything to eat, judging by the avidity with which he
swallowed down chance pieces of cake. The tea tray was abun-
dantly laden-I was pleased to see it, I was so hungry; but I
was afraid the ladies present might think it vulgarly heaped up.
I know they would have done at their own houses; but some-
how the heaps disappeared here. I saw Mrs. Jamieson eating
seed-cake slowly and considerately, as she did everything; and
## p. 6218 (#188) ###########################################
6218
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
I was rather surprised, for I knew she had told us on the occa-
sion of her last party that she never had it in her house, it
reminded her so much of scented soap. She always gave us
Savoy biscuits.
the horizon the waves leaped in savage ranks, clutching at the
sky like insane sea monsters,- frantic, futile.
"I've seen the Atlantic twice during a gale," shouted the
artist to a companion, "but I never saw anything more awful
than this. These waves are quicker and higher. I don't see
how a vessel could live in it if caught broadside. "
"It's the worst I ever saw here. "
"I'm going down to the south side: would you like to go? "
Mason asked of Rose.
"I would indeed," she replied.
## p. 6201 (#171) ###########################################
HAMLIN GARLAND
6201
Back from the lake shore the wind was less powerful but more
uncertain. It came in gusts which nearly upturned the street
cars. Men and women scudded from shelter to shelter, like be-
leaguered citizens avoiding cannon shots.
"What makes our lake so terrible," said Mason in the car, "is
the fact that it has a smooth shore no indentations, no harbors.
There is only one harbor here at Chicago, behind the break-
water, and every vessel in mid-lake must come here. Those fly-
ing ships are seeking safety here like birds. The harbor will be
full of disabled vessels. "
―
As they left the car, a roaring gust swept around a twenty-
story building with such power [that] Rose would have been taken.
off her feet had not Mason put his arms about her shoulders.
༥
"You're at a disadvantage," he said, "with skirts. " He knew
she prided herself on her strength, and he took no credit to him-
self for standing where she fell.
It was precisely as if they were alone together; the storm
seemed to wall them in, and his manner was more intimate than
ever before.
It was in very truth the first time they had been
out together, and also it was the only time he had assumed any
physical care of her. He had never asserted his greater muscu-
Power and mastery of material things, and she was amazed
to see that his lethargy was only a mood. He could be alert and
agile at need.
It made his cynicism appear to be a mood also;
at least, it made her heart wondrously light to think so.
lar
They came upon the lake shore again, near the Auditorium.
The refuge behind the breakwater was full of boats, straining
at anchor, rolling, pitching, crashing together. Close about the
edge of the breakwater, ships were rounding hurriedly, and two
broken vessels lay against the shore, threshing up and down in
the awful grasp of the breakers. Far down toward the south
the water dashed against the spiles, shooting fifty feet above the
wall, sailing like smoke, deluging the street, and lashing against
row of buildings across the way.
the
Mason's keen eye took in the situation:
Every vessel that breaks anchor is doomed! Nothing can
keep them from going on shore. Doubtless those two schooners
lost anchor—that one there is dragging anchor. " He said sud-
denly, «She is shifting position, and see that hulk-»
Rose for a moment could not see it. She lay flat on her side,
a two-master, her sails flapping and floating on the waves. Her
--
## p. 6202 (#172) ###########################################
6202
HAMLIN GARLAND
anchor still held, but she had listed her cargo, careened, and so
lay helpless.
"There are men on it! " cried some one.
"Three men - don't
you see them? The water goes over them every time! "
"Sure enough! I wonder if they are going to let them drown,
here in the harbor! "
Rose grew numb with horror. On the rounded side of the
floating hulk three men were clinging, looking like pegs of tops.
They could only be seen at intervals, for the water broke clear
over their heads. It was only when one of them began to move
to and fro that the mighty crowd became certainly aware of life
still clinging to the hull. It was an awful thing to stand help-
lessly by and see those brave men battle, but no life-boat or tug
could live out there. In the station, men wept and imprecated
in their despair; twice they tried to go to the rescue of the
beleaguered men, but could not reach them.
Suddenly a flare of yellow spread out on the wave.
arose:-
A cry
"She's breaking up! "
Rose seized Mason's arm in a frenzy of horror.
"O God! can't somebody help them? "
"They're out of reach! " said Mason solemnly. And then the
throng was silent.
"They are building a raft! " shouted a man with a glass, speak-
ing at intervals for the information of all. "One man is tying a
rope to planks; . . he is helping the other men;
he
has his little raft nearly ready;
him—»
they are crawling toward
.
"Oh, see them! " exclaimed Rose.
There! they are gone-the vessel has broken up. "
On the wave nothing now lived but a yellow spread of lum-
ber; the glass revealed no living thing.
Mason turned to Rose with a grave and tender look.
"You have seen human beings engulfed like flies-»
"No! no! There they are! " shouted a hundred voices, as if
in answer to Mason's thought.
"Oh, the brave men!
Thereafter the whole great city seemed to be watching those
specks of human life, drifting toward almost certain death upon
the breakwater of the south shore. For miles the beach was clus-
tered black with people. They stood there, it seemed for hours,
watching the slow approach of that tiny raft. Again and again
## p. 6203 (#173) ###########################################
HAMLIN GARLAND
6203
the waves swept over it, and each time that indomitable man
rose from the flood and was seen to pull his companions aboard.
Other vessels drifted upon the rocks. Other steamers rolled
heavily around the long breakwater, but nothing now distracted
the gaze of the multitude from this appalling and amazing
struggle against death. Nothing? No; once and only once did.
the onlookers shift their intent gaze, and that was when a vessel
passed the breakwater and went sailing toward the south through
the fleet of anchored, straining, agonized ships. At first no one
paid much attention to this late-comer till Mason lifted his
voice.
"By Heaven, the man is sailing ! »
It was true; steady, swift, undeviating, the vessel headed
through the fleet. She did not drift nor wander nor hesitate.
She sailed as if the helmsman, with set teeth, were saying:-
"By God! If I must die on the rocks, I'll go to my death
the captain of my vessel! "
And so with wheel in his hand and epic oaths in his mouth,
he sailed directly into the long row of spiles, over which the
waves ran like hell-hounds; where half a score of wrecks lay
already churning into fragments in the awful tumult.
The sailing vessel seemed not to waver, nor seek nor dodge
seemed rather to choose the most deadly battle-place of waves
and wall.
"God! but that's magnificent of him! " Mason said to himself.
Rose held her breath, her face white and set with horror.
"Oh, must he die? »
"There is no hope for him. She will strike in a moment
she strikes! -she is gone! "
The vessel entered the gray confusion of the breakers and
struck the piles like a battering-ram; the waves buried her from
sight; then the recoil flung her back; for the first time she
swung broadside to the storm. The work of the helmsman was
over. She reeled-resisted an instant, then submitted to her
fate, crumbled against the pitiless wall like paper, and thereafter
was lost to sight.
―
This dramatic and terrible scene had held the attention of the
onlookers-once more they searched for the tiny raft. It was
nearing the lake wall at another furious point of contact. An
innumerable crowd spread like a black robe over the shore, wait-
ing to see the tiny float strike.
## p. 6204 (#174) ###########################################
6204
HAMLIN GARLAND
A hush fell over every voice. Each soul was solemn as if
facing the Maker of the world. Out on the point, just where the
doomed sailors seemed like to strike, there was a little commo-
tion. A tiny figure was seen perched on one of the spiles. Each
wave, as it towered above him, seemed ready to sweep him away,
but each time he bowed his head and seemed to sweep through
the gray wall. He was a negro, and he held a rope in his
hands.
As they comprehended his danger the crowd cheered him, but
in the thunder of the surf no human voice could avail. The bold
negro could not cry out, he could only motion; but the brave
man on the raft saw his purpose-he was alone with the ship-
wrecked ones.
In they came, lifted and hurled by a prodigious swell. They
struck the wall just beneath the negro and disappeared beneath
the waves.
All seemed over, and some of the spectators fell weeping;
others turned away.
Suddenly the indomitable commander of the raft rose, then
his companions, and then it was perceived that he had bound
them all to the raft.
The negro flung his rope and one man caught at it, but it
was swept out of reach on a backward-leaping billow. Again
they came in, their white, strained, set faces and wild eyes
turned to the intrepid rescuer. Again they struck, and this time
the negro caught and held one of the sailors, held him while the
foam fell away, and the succeeding wave swept him over the
spiles to safety. Again the resolute man flung his noose and
caught the second sailor, whose rope was cut by the leader, the
captain, who was last to be saved.
As the negro came back, dragging his third man over the
wall, a mighty cry went up, a strange, faint, multitudinous cry,
and the negro was swallowed up in the multitude.
Mason turned to Rose and spoke: "Sometimes men seem to
be worth while! "
## p. 6205 (#175) ###########################################
6205
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
(1810-1865)
RITICS agree in placing the novels of Mrs. Gaskell on a level
with the works of Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronté. It is
more than probable that future generations will turn to her
stories for correct pictures of simple every-day life that must fade in
the swift succession of years. She has been compared to a naturalist
who knows intimately the flora and fauna of his native heath.
Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson was born in Chelsea, England, Sep-
tember 29th, 1810, the daughter of William Stevenson, a literary man,
who was keeper of the records of the Treas-
ury. She lived with her aunt at Knutsford
in Cheshire, was sent to a private school in
Stratford-on-Avon, and visited London and
Edinburgh, where her beauty was much
admired. In 1832 she was married to the
Rev. William Gaskell, minister of a Unita-
rian chapel in Manchester. Mrs. Gaskell
did not begin to write until she had reached
middle age, and then chiefly to distract her
thoughts after the death of their only son
in 1844. Her first book, 'Mary Barton,'
published anonymously in 1848, achieved
extraordinary success. This was a "novel ELIZABETH S. GASKELL
with a purpose," for Mrs. Gaskell believed
that the hostility between employers and employed, which constantly
disturbed the manufacturing beehive of Manchester, was caused by
mutual ignorance. She therefore set herself the task of depicting
faithfully the lives of the people around her. It must be remem-
bered, too, that the social types chosen by her were at that moment
peculiarly interesting to a public weary of the novel of fashionable.
high life.
The story provoked much public discussion; and among
other critics, the social economist Mr. W. R. Greg, in his Essay on
Mary Barton,' published in 1849, took the part of the manufacturer.
'Mary Barton' has been translated into French, German, and other
languages, including Hungarian and Finnish. The story has for its
central theme the gradual degeneration of John Barton, a workman
who has a passionate hatred of the classes above him, and who, em-
bittered by poverty and the death of his son and wife, joins the
## p. 6206 (#176) ###########################################
6206
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
law-breakers of the town, and finally murders Henry Corson, a mas-
ter manufacturer. North and South,' published in 1855, was written
from the point of view of the masters, an admirable contrast to Barton
being found in Thornton, the hero of this novel.
In 1850, when Dickens was about to establish Household Words, he
invited Mrs. Gaskell to contribute. This magazine contained her story
'Lizzie Leigh' and those immortal pictures of village life known
as 'Cranford. ' Mrs. Gaskell's other novels are: 'Ruth,' the tragi-
cal story of a pretty young milliner's apprentice; 'Sylvia's Lovers,'
whose scene is Monkhaven (Whitby), at the end of the last century;
'Cousin Phillis,' a simple story of a farmer's daughter, which ap-
peared first in the Cornhill Magazine in 1863-64; and Wives and
Daughters,' also contributed to the Cornhill, and left unfinished by
her death in Manchester, November 12th, 1865. By many persons
the last novel is considered her best work, owing to its strength of
characterization. Molly Gibson, the heroine; Cynthia, a heartless
coquette; Squire Hamley and his sons Roger and Osborne, of Ham-
ley Hall; and the Earl of Cumnor and his family at the Towers,- all
are treated with impartial skill. Her famous Life of Charlotte
Bronté' appeared in 1857. She became acquainted with Miss Bronté
in 1850, and they were friends at once.
A collected edition of Mrs. Gaskell's works, published in seven
volumes in 1873, includes the short stories The Grey Woman,'
'Morton Hall,' 'Mr. Harrison's Confessions,' 'A Dark Night's Work,'
'The Moorland Cottage,' 'Round the Sofa,' 'The Old Nurse's Story,'
'The Well of Pen-Morfa,' 'The Sexton's Hero,' 'Lois the Witch,' and
others. Cranford is identified as the town of Knutsford.
Its popu-
lation consists of widows and maiden ladies, in bonds to their ancient
gentility. With deft touch Mrs. Gaskell brings out the humor and
pathos of these quaint characters, her finest creation being Miss
Matty Jenkyns.
OUR SOCIETY
From Cranford'
IN
IN THE first place, Cranford is in possession of the Amazons; all-
the holders of houses, above a certain rent, are women.
If a
married couple come to settle in the town, somehow the
gentleman disappears; he is either fairly frightened to death by
being the only man in the Cranford evening parties, or he is
accounted for by being with his regiment, his ship, or closely
engaged in business all the week in the great neighboring com-
mercial town of Drumble, distant only twenty miles on a railroad.
## p. 6207 (#177) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6207
In short, whatever does become of the gentlemen, they are not
at Cranford. What could they do if they were there? The sur-
geon has his round of thirty miles, and sleeps at Cranford; but
every man cannot be a surgeon. For keeping the trim gardens
full of choice flowers without a weed to speck them; for fright-
ening away little boys who look wistfully at the said flowers
through the railings; for rushing out at the geese that occasion-
ally venture into the gardens if the gates are left open; for
deciding all questions of literature and politics without troubling
themselves with unnecessary reasons or arguments; for obtaining
clear and correct knowledge of everybody's affairs in the parish;
for keeping their neat maid-servants in admirable order; for
kindness (somewhat dictatorial) to the poor, and real tender good
offices to each other whenever they are in distress, the ladies of
Cranford are quite sufficient. "A man," as one of them observed
to me once, "is so in the way in the house! " Although the
ladies of Cranford know all each other's proceedings, they are
exceedingly indifferent to each other's opinions. Indeed, as each
has her own individuality, not to say eccentricity, pretty strongly
developed, nothing is so easy as verbal retaliation; but somehow,
good-will reigns among them to a considerable degree.
The Cranford ladies have only an occasional little quarrel,
spurted out in a few peppery words and angry jerks of the
heads; just enough to prevent the even tenor of their lives from
becoming too flat. Their dress is very independent of fashion:
as they observe, "What does it signify how we dress here at
Cranford, where everybody knows us? " And if they go from
home, their reason is equally cogent: "What does it signify how
we dress here, where nobody knows us? " The materials of
their clothes are in general good and plain, and most of them
are nearly as scrupulous as Miss Tyler of cleanly memory; but I
will answer for it, the last gigot, the last tight and scanty petti-
coat in wear in England, was seen in Cranford - and seen with-
out a smile.
-
-
I can testify to a magnificent family red-silk umbrella, under
which a gentle little spinster, left alone of many brothers and
sisters, used to patter to church on rainy days. Have you any
red-silk umbrellas in London? We had a tradition of the first
that had ever been seen in Cranford; and the little boys mobbed
it, and called it "a stick in petticoats. " It might have been the
very red-silk one I have described, held by a strong father over
## p. 6208 (#178) ###########################################
6208
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
a troop of little ones; the poor little lady - the survivor of all
could scarcely carry it.
-
Then there were rules and regulations for visiting and calls;
and they were announced to any young people who might be
staying in the town, with all the solemnity with which the old
Manx laws were read once a year on the Tinwald Mount.
"Our friends have sent to inquire how you are after your
journey to-night, my dear" (fifteen miles in a gentleman's car-
riage); "they will give you some rest to-morrow, but the next
day, I have no doubt, they will call; so be at liberty after twelve
from twelve to three are our calling hours. "
Then, after they had called:-
"It is the third day: I daresay your mamma has told you, my
dear, never to let more than three days elapse between receiving
a call and returning it; and also, that you are never to stay
longer than a quarter of an hour. "
-
"But am I to look at my watch? How am I to find out
when a quarter of an hour has passed? »
"You must keep thinking about the time, my dear, and not
allow yourself to forget it in conversation. ”
As everybody had this rule in their minds, whether they re-
ceived or paid a call, of course no absorbing subject was ever
spoken about. We kept ourselves to short sentences of small-
talk, and were punctual to our time.
I imagine that a few of the gentlefolks of Cranford were poor,
and had some difficulty in making both ends meet; but they were
like the Spartans, and concealed their smart under a smiling face.
We none of us spoke of money, because that subject savored of
commerce and trade, and though some might be poor, we were
all aristocratic. The Cranfordians had that kindly esprit de corps
which made them overlook all deficiencies in success when some
among them tried to conceal their poverty. When Mrs. Forres-
ter, for instance, gave a party in her baby-house of a dwelling,
and the little maiden disturbed the ladies on the sofa by a re-
quest that she might get the tea-tray out from underneath, every
one took this novel proceeding as the most natural thing in the
world, and talked on about household forms and ceremonies as if
we all believed that our hostess had a regular servants' hall, sec-
ond table, with housekeeper and steward, instead of the one little
charity-school maiden, whose short ruddy arms could never have
been strong enough to carry the tray up-stairs if she had not been
## p. 6209 (#179) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6209
assisted in private by her mistress, who now sat in state, pretend-
ing not to know what cakes were sent up, though she knew, and
we knew, and she knew that we knew, and we knew that she
knew that we knew, she had been busy all the morning making
tea-bread and sponge-cakes.
There were one or two consequences arising from this general
but unacknowledged poverty and this very much acknowledged
gentility, which were not amiss, and which might be introduced.
into many circles of society to their great improvement.
For
instance, the inhabitants of Cranford kept early hours, and clat-
tered home in their pattens under the guidance of a lantern-
bearer about nine o'clock at night; and the whole town was abed
and asleep by half-past ten. Moreover, it was considered "vul-
gar" (a tremendous word in Cranford) to give anything expensive
in the way of eatable or drinkable, at the evening entertainments.
Wafer bread and butter and sponge-biscuits were all that the
Honorable Mrs. Jamieson gave; and she was sister-in-law to the
late Earl of Glenmire, although she did practice such "elegant
>>
economy.
"Elegant economy! " How naturally one falls back into the
phraseology of Cranford! There, economy was always "elegant,"
and money-spending always "vulgar and ostentatious "; a sort of
sour-grapeism which made us very peaceful and satisfied. I never
shall forget the dismay felt when a certain Captain Brown came
to live at Cranford, and openly spoke about his being poor-not
in a whisper to an intimate friend, the doors and windows being
previously closed, but in the public street! in a loud military
voice! alleging his poverty as a reason for not taking a particular
house. The ladies of Cranford were already rather moaning over
the invasion of their territories by a man and a gentleman. He
was a half-pay captain, and had obtained some situation on a
neighboring railroad, which had been vehemently petitioned against
by the little town; and if in addition to his masculine gender
and his connection with the obnoxious railroad, he was so brazen
as to talk of being poor- why then indeed he must be sent to
Coventry. Death was as true and as common as poverty; yet
people never spoke about that, loud out in the streets. It was a
word not to be mentioned to ears polite. We had tacitly agreed
to ignore that any with whom we associated on terms of visiting
equality could ever be prevented by poverty from doing anything.
that they wished. If we walked to or from a party, it was
XI-389
## p. 6210 (#180) ###########################################
6210
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
because the night was so fine, or the air so refreshing; not be-
cause sedan-chairs were expensive. If we wore prints instead of
summer silks, it was because we preferred a washing material;
and so on, till we blinded ourselves to the vulgar fact that we
were all of us people of very moderate means. Of course, then,
we did not know what to make of a man who could speak of
poverty as if it was not disgrace. Yet somehow Captain Brown
made himself respected in Cranford, and was called upon, in
spite of all resolutions to the contrary. I was surprised to hear
his opinions quoted as authority at a visit which I paid to Cran-
ford about a year after he had settled in the town. My own
friends had been among the bitterest opponents of any proposal
to visit the captain and his daughters only twelve months before;
and now he was even admitted in the tabooed hours before
twelve. True, it was to discover the cause of a smoking chim-
ney, before the fire was lighted; but still Captain Brown walked
up-stairs, nothing daunted, spoke in a voice too large for the
room, and joked quite in the way of a tame man about the
house. He had been blind to all the small slights, and omissions
of trivial ceremonies, with which he had been received. He had
been friendly, though the Cranford ladies had been cool; he had
answered small sarcastic compliments in good faith; and with his
manly frankness had overpowered all the shrinking which met
him as a man who was not ashamed to be poor. And at last his
excellent masculine common-sense, and his facility in devising
expedients to overcome domestic dilemmas, had gained him an
extraordinary place as authority among the Cranford ladies. He
himself went on in his course, as unaware of his popularity as
he had been of the reverse.
I wondered what the Cranford ladies did with Captain Brown
at their parties. We had often rejoiced, in former days, that
there was no gentleman to be attended to and to find conversa-
tion for, at the card parties. We had congratulated ourselves
upon the snugness of the evenings, and in our love for gentility
and distaste of mankind we had almost persuaded ourselves that
to be a man was to be "vulgar"; so that when I found my
friend and hostess Miss Jenkyns was going to have a party in
my honor, and that Captain and the Miss Browns were invited, I
wondered much what would be the course of the evening. Card
tables, with green-baize tops, were set out by daylight, just as
usual: it was the third week in November, so the evenings closed
## p. 6211 (#181) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6211
in about four. Candles and clean packs of cards were arranged
on each table. The fire was made up; the neat maid-servant had
received her last directions: and there we stood, dressed in our
best, each with a candle-lighter in our hands, ready to dart at
the candles as soon as the first knock came. Parties in Cranford
were solemn festivities, making the ladies feel gravely elated as
they sat together in their best dresses. As soon as three had
arrived, we sat down to Preference, I being the unlucky fourth.
The next four comers were put down immediately to another
table; and presently the tea-trays, which I had seen set out in
the store-room as I passed in the morning, were placed each on
the middle of a card table. The china was delicate egg-shell;
the old-fashioned silver glittered with polishing; but the eatables
were of the slightest description.
While the trays were yet on the tables, Captain and the Miss
Browns came in; and I could see that, somehow or other, the
captain was a favorite with all the ladies present. Ruffled brows
were smoothed, sharp voices lowered at his approach. Miss
Brown looked ill, and depressed almost to gloom. Miss Jessie
smiled as usual, and seemed nearly as popular as her father.
He immediately and quietly assumed the man's place in the
room; attended to every one's wants, lessened the pretty maid-
servant's labor by waiting on empty cups and bread-and-butterless
ladies; and yet did it all in so easy and dignified a manner, and
so much as if it were a matter of course for the strong to attend
to the weak, that he was a true man throughout. He played
for threepenny points with as grave an interest as if they had
been pounds; and yet in all his attention to strangers he had
an eye on his suffering daughter-for suffering I was sure she
was, though to many eyes she might only appear to be irritable.
Miss Jessie could not play cards, but she talked to the sitters-
out, who before her coming had been rather inclined to be cross.
She sang, too, to an old cracked piano which I think had been
a spinet in its youth. Miss Jessie sang Jock o' Hazeldean'
a little out of tune; but we were none of us musical, though
Miss Jenkyns beat time, out of time, by way of appearing to
be so.
It was very good of Miss Jenkyns to do this; for I had seen
that, a little before, she had been a good deal annoyed by Miss
Jessie Brown's unguarded admission (àpropos of Shetland wool)
that she had an uncle, her mother's brother, who was a shop-
## p. 6212 (#182) ###########################################
6212
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
keeper in Edinburgh. Miss Jenkyns tried to drown this confes-
sion by a terrible cough-for the Honorable Mrs. Jamieson was
sitting at the card table nearest Miss Jessie, and what would she
say or think if she found out that she was in the same room with
a shopkeeper's niece! But Miss Jessie Brown (who had no tact, as
we all agreed the next morning) would repeat the information,
and assure Miss Pole she could easily get her the identical Shet-
land wool required "through my uncle, who has the best assort-
ment of Shetland goods of any one in Edinbro'. " It was to take
the taste of this out of our mouths, and the sound of this out of
our ears, that Miss Jenkyns proposed music: so I say again, it
was very good of her to beat time to the song.
When the trays reappeared with biscuits and wine, punctually
at a quarter to nine, there was conversation, comparing of cards,
and talking over tricks; but by-and-by Captain Brown sported a
bit of literature.
"Have you seen any numbers of The Pickwick Papers'? "
said he. (They were then publishing in parts. ) "Capital thing! "
Now, Miss Jenkyns was daughter of a deceased rector of Cran-
ford, and on the strength of a number of manuscript sermons
and a pretty good library of divinity considered herself literary,
and looked upon any conversation about books as a challenge to
her. So she answered and said, "Yes, she had seen them; in-
deed, she might say she had read them. "
"And what do you think of them? " exclaimed Captain Brown.
"Aren't they famously good? "
So urged, Miss Jenkyns could not but speak.
"I must say, I don't think they are by any means equal to
Dr. Johnson. Still, perhaps, the author is young.
Let him per-
severe, and who knows what he may become if he will take the
great Doctor for his model. ”
This was evidently too much for Captain Brown to take pla-
cidly; and I saw the words on the tip of his tongue before Miss
Jenkyns had finished her sentence.
"It is quite a different sort of thing, my dear madam," he
began.
"I am quite aware of that," returned she; " and I make
allowances, Captain Brown. "
་་
"Just allow me to read you a scene out of this month's num-
ber," pleaded he. "I had it only this morning, and I don't think
the company can have read it yet. "
## p. 6213 (#183) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6213
"As you please," said she, settling herself with an air of resig-
nation. He read the account of the "swarry" which Sam Weller
gave at Bath.
Some of us laughed heartily. I did not dare, be-
cause I was staying in the house. Miss Jenkyns sat in patient
gravity. When it was ended, she turned to me, and said, with
mild dignity:-
"Fetch me 'Rasselas,' my dear, out of the book-room. "
When I brought it to her, she turned to Captain Brown:—
"Now allow me to read you a scene, and then the present com-
pany can judge between your favorite Mr. Boz and Dr. Johnson. ”
She read one of the conversations between Rasselas and Imlac,
in a high-pitched, majestic voice; and when she had ended she
said, "I imagine I am now justified in my preference of Dr.
Johnson as a writer of fiction. " The captain screwed his lips.
up, and drummed on the table, but he did not speak. She
thought she would give a finishing blow or two.
"I consider it vulgar, and below the dignity of literature, to
publish in numbers. "
"How was The Rambler published, ma'am? " asked Captain
Brown, in a low voice, which I think Miss Jenkyns could not
have heard.
My
"Dr. Johnson's style is a model for young beginners.
father recommended it to me when I began to write letters—I
have formed my own style upon it; I recommend it to your
favorite. "
"I should be very sorry for him to exchange his style for any
such pompous writing," said Captain Brown.
Miss Jenkyns felt this as a personal affront, in a way of which
the captain had not dreamed. Epistolary writing she and her
friends considered as her forte. Many a copy of many a letter
have I seen written and corrected on the slate, before she "seized
the half-hour just previous to post-time to assure her friends" of
this or that; and Dr. Johnson was, as she said, her model in these
compositions. She drew herself up with dignity, and only replied
to Captain Brown's last remark by saying, with marked emphasis
on every syllable, "I prefer Dr. Johnson to Mr. Boz. "
It is said I won't vouch for the fact that Captain Brown
was heard to say, sotto voce, "D-n Dr. Johnson! " If he did, he
was penitent afterwards, as he showed by going to stand near
Miss Jenkyns's arm-chair, and endeavoring to beguile her into
conversation on some more pleasing subject. But she was in-
exorable.
-
## p. 6214 (#184) ###########################################
6214
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
VISITING
From Cranford >
Ο
NE morning, as Miss Matty and I sat at our work- it was
before twelve o'clock, and Miss Matty had not changed the
cap with yellow ribbons that had been Miss Jenkyns's best,
and which Miss Matty was now wearing out in private, putting
on the one made in imitation of Mrs. Jamieson's at all times
when she expected to be seen Martha came up, and asked if
Miss Betty Barker might speak to her mistress.
Miss Matty
assented, and quickly disappeared to change the yellow ribbons
while Miss Barker came up-stairs; but as she had forgotten her
spectacles, and was rather flurried by the unusual time of the
visit, I was not surprised to see her return with one cap on the
top of the other. She was quite unconscious of it herself, and
looked at us with bland satisfaction. Nor do I think Miss Barker
perceived it; for putting aside the little circumstance that she
was not so young as she had been, she was very much absorbed
in her errand, which she delivered herself of with an oppressive
modesty that found vent in endless apologies.
Miss Betty Barker was the daughter of the old clerk at Cran-
ford who had officiated in Mr. Jenkyns's time. She and her
sister had had pretty good situations as ladies'-maids, and had
saved money enough to set up a milliner's shop, which had been
patronized by the ladies in the neighborhood. Lady Arley, for
instance, would occasionally give Miss Barkers the pattern of an
old cap of hers, which they immediately copied and circulated
among the élite of Cranford. I say the élite, for Miss Barkers
had caught the trick of the place, and piqued themselves upon
their "aristocratic connection. " They would not sell their caps
and ribbons to any one without a pedigree. Many a farmer's
wife or daughter turned away huffed from Miss Barkers' select
millinery, and went rather to the universal shop, where the prof-
its of brown soap and moist sugar enabled the proprietor to go
straight to (Paris, he said, until he found his customers too patri-
otic and John-Bullish to wear what the Mounseers wore) Lon-
don, where, as he often told his customers, Queen Adelaide had
appeared only the very week before in a cap exactly like the one
he showed them, trimmed with yellow and blue ribbons, and had
been complimented by King William on the becoming nature of
her head-dress.
-
## p. 6215 (#185) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6215
Miss Barkers, who confined themselves to truth and did not
approve of miscellaneous customers, throve notwithstanding. They
were self-denying, good people. Many a time have I seen the
eldest of them (she that had been maid to Mrs. Jamieson) carry-
ing out some delicate mess to a poor person. They only aped
their betters in having "nothing to do" with the class immedi-
ately below theirs. And when Miss Barker died, their profits
and income were found to be such that Miss Betty was justified
in shutting up shop and retiring from business. She also (as I
think I have before said) set up her cow,—a mark of respecta-
bility in Cranford almost as decided as setting up a gig is among
some people. She dressed finer than any lady in Cranford, and
we did not wonder at it; for it was understood that she was
wearing out all the bonnets and caps and outrageous ribbons
which had once formed her stock in trade. It was five or six
years since she had given up shop, so in any other place than
Cranford her dress might have been considered passé.
And now Miss Betty Barker had called to invite Miss Matty
to tea at her house on the following Tuesday. She gave me
also an impromptu invitation, as I happened to be a visitor
though I could see she had a little fear lest, since my father had
gone to live in Drumble, he might have engaged in that "horrid
cotton trade," and so dragged his family down out of "aristo-
cratic society. " She prefaced this invitation with so many apolo-
gies that she quite excited my curiosity. "Her presumption"
was to be excused. What had she been doing? She seemed so
overpowered by it, I could only think that she had been writing
to Queen Adelaide to ask for a receipt for washing lace; but the
act which she so characterized was only an invitation she had
carried to her sister's former mistress, Mrs. Jamieson.
« Her
former occupation considered, could Miss Matty excuse the lib-
erty? " Ah! thought I, she has found out that double cap, and
is going to rectify Miss Matty's head-dress. No; it was simply
to extend her invitation to Miss Matty and to me.
Miss Matty
bowed acceptance; and I wondered that in the graceful action
she did not feel the unusual weight and extraordinary height of
her head-dress. But I do not think she did, for she recovered
her balance, and went on talking to Miss Betty in a kind, con-
descending manner, very different from the fidgety way she
would have had if she had suspected how singular her appear-
ance was.
## p. 6216 (#186) ###########################################
6216
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
"Mrs. Jamieson is coming, I think you said? » asked Miss
Matty.
“Yes. Mrs. Jamieson most kindly and condescendingly said
she would be happy to come. One little stipulation she made,
that she should bring Carlo.
I told her that if I had a weakness,
it was for dogs. "
"And Miss Pole? " questioned Miss Matty, who was thinking
of her pool at Preference, in which Carlo would not be available
as a partner.
"I am going to ask Miss Pole. Of course, I could not think
of asking her until I had asked you, madam the rector's
daughter, madam. Believe me, I do not forget the situation my
father held under yours. "
"And Mrs. Forrester, of course? "
"And Mrs. Forrester. I thought, in fact, of going to her
before I went to Miss Pole. Although her circumstances are
changed, madam, she was born a Tyrrell, and we can never for-
get her alliance to the Bigges of Bigelow Hall. "
Miss Matty cared much more for the little circumstance of her
being a very good card-player. Miss Barker looked at me with
sidelong dignity, as much as to say, although a retired milliner,
she was no democrat, and understood the difference of ranks.
"May I beg you to come as near half-past six to my little
dwelling as possible, Miss Matilda? Mrs. Jamieson dines at five,
but has kindly promised not to delay her visit beyond that time
half-past six. " And with a swimming curtsy Miss Betty Bar-
ker took her leave.
The spring evenings were getting bright and long, when three
or four ladies in calashes met at Miss Barker's door.
Do you
It is a covering worn over caps, not
on old-fashioned gigs; but sometimes
This kind of head-gear always made
know what a calash is?
unlike the heads fastened
it is not quite so large.
an awful impression on the children in Cranford; and now two
or three left off their play in the quiet sunny little street, and
gathered in wondering silence round Miss Pole, Miss Matty,
and myself. We were silent too, so that we could hear loud
suppressed whispers inside Miss Barker's house: "Wait, Peggy!
wait till I've run up-stairs and washed my hands. When I cough,
open the door; I'll not be a minute. "
And true enough, it was not a minute before we heard a
noise, between a sneeze and a crow; on which the door flew
## p. 6217 (#187) ###########################################
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
6217
open. Behind it stood a round-eyed maiden, all aghast at the
honorable company of calashes, who marched in without a word.
She recovered presence of mind enough to usher us into a small
room, which had been a shop, but was now converted into a
temporary dressing-room. There we unpinned and shook our-
selves, and arranged our features before the glass into a sweet
and gracious company face; and then, bowing backwards with
"After you, ma'am," we allowed Mrs. Forrester to take precedence
up the narrow staircase that led to Miss Barker's drawing-room.
There she sat, as stately and composed as though we had never
heard that odd-sounding cough, from which her throat must have
been even then sore and rough. Kind, gentle, shabbily dressed
Mrs. Forrester was immediately conducted to the second place of
honor a seat arranged something like Prince Albert's near the
Queen's-good, but not so good. The place of pre-eminence
was of course reserved for the Honorable Mrs. Jamieson, who
presently came panting up the stairs-Carlo rushing round her
on her progress, as if he meant to trip her up.
And now Miss Betty Barker was a proud and happy woman!
She stirred the fire, and shut the door, and sat as near to it as
she could, quite on the edge of her chair. When Peggy came
in, tottering under the weight of the tea-tray, I noticed that
Miss Barker was sadly afraid lest Peggy should not keep her
distance sufficiently. She and her mistress were on very familiar
terms in their every-day intercourse, and Peggy wanted now to
make several little confidences to her, which Miss Barker was on
thorns to hear, but which she thought it her duty as a lady to
repress. So she turned away from all Peggy's asides and signs;
but she made one or two very malapropos answers to what was
said; and at last, seized with a bright idea, she exclaimed, "Poor
sweet Carlo! I'm forgetting him. Come down-stairs with me,
poor little doggie, and it shall have its tea, it shall! »
In a few minutes she returned, bland and benignant as be-
fore; but I thought she had forgotten to give the "poor little
doggie" anything to eat, judging by the avidity with which he
swallowed down chance pieces of cake. The tea tray was abun-
dantly laden-I was pleased to see it, I was so hungry; but I
was afraid the ladies present might think it vulgarly heaped up.
I know they would have done at their own houses; but some-
how the heaps disappeared here. I saw Mrs. Jamieson eating
seed-cake slowly and considerately, as she did everything; and
## p. 6218 (#188) ###########################################
6218
ELIZABETH STEVENSON GASKELL
I was rather surprised, for I knew she had told us on the occa-
sion of her last party that she never had it in her house, it
reminded her so much of scented soap. She always gave us
Savoy biscuits.
