No More Learning

--Xen. , Hist. Gr. , I. c. ) The spot still retains in some
degree its ancient name, Leuea, prouounccd Lefka.
Dr. Clarke noticed here several tombs and the remains
? ? of an ancient fortress upon a lofty conical hill. The
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? LIBANIUS.
LIB
>>( hi>> having natural children of his own. If it be
true that he lived to the time of Arcadius, he must
have attained to more than 90 years of age. --Besides
his Pugymnasmata, Libanius has left harangues, dec-
lamations, MeArrcu (discourses on imaginary sub-
jects), stories, and letters on various points of morali-
ty, politics, and literature. All these pieces are well
written, and though the style of Libanius is open to
t? d charge of too much study and elaborate care, we
may notwithstanding pronounce him the greatest ora-
tor that Constantinople ever produced. Gibbon, there-
fort-, would seem to have judged him altogether too
harshly, when he characterizes his writings as, for the
most part, "the vain and idle compositions of an ora-
tor who cultivated the science of words; and the pro-
ductions of a recluse student, whose mind, regardless
of his contemporaries, was incessantly fixed on the
Trojan war and the Athenian commonwealth. " (De-
cline and Fall, c. 24. ) It is no little glory for this
sophist to have been the preceptor of St. Basil and St.
Chrysostom, and of having been connected in intimate
friendship, notwithstanding the opposition of their re-
ligious sentiments, with these two pillars of the church.
--Libanius, as we have already remarked, was a pa-
gan, and attached to the religion ot his fathers. His
tolerance forms a singular contrast with the persecu-
ting zea> of the Christians of his time; and a remark-
able proof of this may be seen in one of his epistles.
(Ep. , 730, p. 349. ed. Wolf. )--Among the writings
of Libanius may be mentioned his Progymnasmata
(Praxxercitaliones), or Examples of Rhetorical Exer-
cises (Upoyv/ivaafturuv irapadeiy/iaTa), divided into
thirteen sections, and each one containing a model of
one particular kind. Among the Discourses or Ha-
1-anpia of Libanius are many which were never pro-
tjunced, and which were not even intended to be de-
ht. '-. ec in public: they partake less of the nature of
discourses than of memoirs, or, rather, moral disserta-
tions. One of them is a biographical sketch of Liba-
? ili! , written by himself, at the age of 60 years, unless
here be some mistake in the number, and retouched
by him -j>>i>>r anou' 10 years. It forms the most in-
teresting production o* his pen. Another of these
pieces is entitled Motvdid, and is a Lament on the
death of Julian. Libanius does not pretend to con-
ceal, in this discourse, that one ground of his deplo-
ring the death of the monarch, is the triumph of Chris-
tianity which would result therefrom. A third is a
discourse addressed to Theodosius on the preservation
of the temples and idols of paganism. A fragment of
this discourse was discovered by Mai, in 1823, in
some of the Vatican MSS. A fourth is entitled Tmp
tuv 'lepuv, "Respecting the Temples. " In this dis-
course, pronounced or written about A. D. 390, Liba-
nius entreats the Emperor Theodosius to set bounds
to the fanaticism of the monks, who were destroying
'he temples of paganism, especially those in the coun-
ry, and to order the bishops not to connive at these
excesses. --The Declamations, or exercises on imagin-
>>ry subjects, exceed forty in number. Some idea
may be formed of their nature by the titles of a few:
"Discourse of Menelaus, addressed to the Trojans,
and demanding back his spouse. " "Discourse of
Achilles, in answer to Ulysses, when the- latter was
sent by Agamemnon to propose a reconciliation. "
"Discourse of a parasite who deplores the loss of a
dinner," &c. --A very interesting part of the works of
? ? Libanius is his epistolary correspondence. There are
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? LIB
LIB
suiicee is found. --Of the noble cedars which once
adorned the upper part of this mountain, bit few now
remain, and those much decayed. Burckhardt, who
crossed Movnt Libanus in 1810, counted about 36
large ones, 60 of middle size, and about 300 smaller
and young ones; but more might exist in other parts
of the mouutaie. The wine, especially that made
about the corner. *, of Canobin, still preserves its an-
cient celebrity; and is reported by travellers, more
particularly by Rouwolff, Le Bruyn, and De la Roque,
to be of the most exquisite kind for flavour and fra-
Cncc. --The rains which fall in the lower regions of
barton, and the melting of the snows in the upper
ones, furnish an abundance of perennial atreams,
which are alluded to by Solomon. (Song, 4, 15. )
On the declivities of the mountain grew the vines that
furnished the rich and fragrant wines which Hoaea
(14, 7) celebrated, and which may still be obtained by
proper culture. The snow of Lebanon was probably
transported to a distance, for the purpose of cooling
wine and other liquors. Solomon speaks of the cold
of snow in the time of harvest (Prov. , 25, 13), which
could be obtained nowhere in Judaea nearer than
Lebanon. (Manner! , Gcogr. , vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 341. --
Hansford's Scripture Gazetteer, p. 314, scqq. 1
Liber, the name of an ancient Italian deity, /certi-
fied with the Grecian Dionysus or Bacchus. His
festival, named Liberalia, was celebrated on the 17th
March, when the young men assumed the toga tirilis
or libera. (Varro, L. L. , 5, p. 55. -- Ovid, Fast. , 3,
713, seqq ) When the worship of Ceres and Proser-
pina was introduced at Rome, Proserpina was named
Libera, and the conjoined deities were honoured as
? cres. Liber, and Libera. The name Liber is com-
monly derived from liber, " free," and is referred to
the influence of wine in freeing from care. Others,
however, prefer deducing it from libo, " to pour forth,"
and make Liber 10 be the god of productiveness ef-
fected by moisture. (Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 517. )
Libska, a name given to Proserpina among the Ro-
nuns. (Vi*. Liber. )
LibcsalIa, a festival celebrated annually in honour
of Liber, the Roman Bacchus. It took place on the
17th of March. (. Vid. Liber. )
LiBf. RTAs, the Goddess of Freedom, the same with
the Eleuthcria of the Greeks. Hyginus makes her
the daughter of Jupiter and Juno. (Prof. , p. 10, ed.
Munck. ) Tiberius Gracchus is said to have erected
the first temple to her at Rome, on the Aventine Hill,
and it was here that the archives of the state were de-
posited. The goddess was represented as a Roman
matron, arrayed in white, holding in one hand a broken
sceptre, and in the other a pike surmounted by a pilcus
or cap: at her feet ley a cat, an animal that is an en-
emy to all restraint. The cap alluded to the Roman
custom of putting one on the heads of slaves when
manumitted. (Lit). , 24, 16. -- Id. , 25, 7. -- Ovid,
Trist. , 3, I, 7i. --Plut. , Vit. Gracch. )
Libethra, I. a city of Macedonia, situate, accord-
ing to Pausanlas (9, 30), on the declivity of Olympus,
and not far from the tomb of Orpheus. An oracle de-
clared, that when the sun beheld the bones of the poet,
the city should be destroyed by a boar (ilird ovoc).
The inhabitants of Libethra ridiculed the prophecy as a
thing impossible; but the column of Orpheus's monu-
ment having been accidentally broken, a gap was made
by which light broke in upon the tomb, when the same
? ? nigh the torrent named Sus, being prodigiously swol-
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? LIC
LIO
Lutory of Teuta, and might serve to prove that this
geographical compilation is not so ancient as many
have supposed. (Scylaz, p. 7. ) Strabo asserts, that
the Liburni extended along the coast for upward of
1500 stadia. (Strab. , 315. ) According to Pliny (3,
! 3), they once occupied a considerable extent of terri-
tory on the coast of Picenum, and he speaks of Tru-
entum as the only remaining establishment of theirs, in
his day, in this quarter of Italy. It is chiefly on this
information of Pliny that Freret has grounded his sys-
tem of the Illyrian colonies in Italy. He conceives
that these Liburni, as well as all the others, came
by land. But it would be more natural to suppose
that the Libumi, as a maritime people, had crossed
over from the opposite coast of Dalmatia. (Mtm. de
FAcad. des Inscr. , dec, vol. 18, p. 75. -- Cramer's
Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 885. ) The galleys of the Li-
bumians were remarkable for their light construction
and swiftness, and it was to ships of this kind that
Augustus was in a great measure indebted for his vic-
tory over Antony at Actium. (Dio Cast. , 29, 32. )
Hence, after that time, the name of nates Liburna
was given to all quick-sailing vessels, and few ships
were built but of that construction. (Veget. , 4, 33. )
The Libumians were a stout, able-bodied race, and
were much employed at Rome as porters, and sedan
or litter-carriers. Hence Martial, in describing the
pleasures of a country-life, fl, 50), exclaims, "procul
korridus Liburnus" Compare Juvenal, 3, 240. --
Boettiger, Sabina, oder Morgenscenen, dec, Sc. 8, p.
193.
LibubnToss, islands off the coast of Liburnia, said
M amount to the number of forty. The name origi-
Mted with the Greek geographers. {Strab. , 315. )
Liburnus, a chain of mountains near Apulia, cross-
ed by Hannibal in his march from Samnium and the
Peligni into Apulia. It is stated that, before he ar-
rived in the latter province, he crossed this chain;
which probably answers to the branch of the Apen-
rjnes bordering on the valley of the Tifernus to the
north, and kr. Dwn by the name of Monte delta Scrra.
(Potyb. , 3,101. --Romanelli, vol. 3, p. 20. --Cramer's
Arte. Italy, vol. 2, p. 270. )
Libya, I. a daughter of Epaphus and Cassiopeia,
who became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune.
(Apollod. , 2, 1; 3, l. --Pausan. , 1, 44. )--II. The
name given by the Greek and Roman poets to what
was otherwise called Africa. In a more restrict-
ed sense, the name has been applied to that part of
Africa which contained the two countries of Cyrenai-
ca and Marmarica, together with a very extensive
region in the interior, of which little, if anything, was
known, and which was generally styled Libya Interior.
(rid. Africa. )
Lisfcuii Mark, that part of the Mediterranean
which lies along the coast of Libya, extending east-
ward as far as the island of Crete. (Mela, I, 4. --
? Srrai. , 247. )
Libyssa, a small village of Bithynia, west of Nico-
media, and near the shores of the Sinus Astacenus.
It is rendered memorable for containing the tomb of
Hannibal, whence, no doubt, its name. (Plut. , Vit.
Flamin. --Ammian. Marcell. , 22, 9. --Butrop. ,4, 11.
-Plin. , 5, 32. ) It is thought to answer to the mod-
ern Gebisse or Dschebize. If, however, Pococke be
correct (vol. 3, 1. 2, c. 18) in making Gebisse 24 Eng-
lish miles from Pontichium or Pantik, we ought rather
? ? to decide in favour of the Diacibe or Diacibiza of tho
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? LIG
LIG
? W jvuera should be made to give up the surplus,
which was to be distributed among those who had no
property, and that in future every citizen was to be
entitled to a share of newly-conquered land, with the
same restriction, and subject to the same duties. This
might be considered as a bill for the better distribution
of plunder among those engaged in a plundering expe-
dition, for the land thus acquired and distributed can-
not be compared to real property as held throughout
Europe in our own day; and this reflection may perhaps
serve to moderate somewhat the warmth of our sympa-
thy in reading of the complaints of the Roman plebe-
ians concerning the unequal distribution of land, which
bad been, in fact, taken by violence from a third party,
the other nations of Italy, who were the real sufferers.
--The patricians, who had, till then, the best share of
the common plunder, opposed to the utmost the pas-
sage of these three laws. The contest lasted during ten
whole years, during which the republic at one time fell
into a kind of anarchy. Camillus also, at one period,
was appointed dictator, as a last expedient on the part
of the nobility, and in that capacity stopped the voting
at the Comma Tributa, by threatening to summon the
people to the Campus Martius, and to enlist and march
them into the field. At last, however, the three roga-
tion* passed into law. Sextius Lateranus, the col-
league of Licinius, the first plebeian consul, was cho-
sen for the next year, 365 B. C. , together with a pa-
trician, L /Emilius Mamercinus. The senate, how-
ever, refused to confirm the election of Sextius, and
the plebeians were preparing for a new secession and
other fearful threatenings of a civil war, when Camil-
las interposed, and an arrangement was made, that,
while the patricians conceded the consulship to the
plebeians, the latter should leave to the patricians the
pnetorship, which was then for the first timo separated
froe the consulship. Thus was peace restored. Li-
cinius, the great mover of this change in the Roman
constitution, was raised to the consulship 363 B. C. ,
but Dothing remarkable is recorded of him while in
that office. In the year 356 B. C. , under the consul-
ship of C. Marcius Rutilus and C. Manlius Imperiosus,
we find Licinius charged and convicted before the
pretor of a breach of his own agrarian law, and fined
10,000 asses. It seems that he possessed 1000 jvgera,
tne half of which he held in the name of his son, whom
he had emancipated for the purpose. After this we
hear no more of C. Licinius Stolo. (Encycl. Us.
Knout. , vol. 13, p. 464, seq. --Liv. , lib. 6 et l. --Nie-
bmkr, Rom. Gesch. , vol. 3, p. 1, ttqq. --Val. Max. , 8. 6.
--Savigny, Das Rccht des Besitzes, p. 175. )--II Mu-
ra>>na. (Vid. Muraena. )--HI. Varro Murama, a broth-
er of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with
Fannius Cepio, and suffered for his crime. Horace
addressed to him his 10th ode, book 2. --IV. C. Fla-
vins Valerius a Roman emperor. A sketch or his
history will be found incorporated with that of Con-
stantine. (Vid. Constantinus. )
Liei. vus, a Roman barber, mado a senator by Julius
Cesar merely because ho bitterly hated Pompey.
Compare the language of the scholiast (ad Horat. , Ep.
ad fit. , 301): " Quod odisset Pompetum, a Ctrsare
senator foetus dicitur. "
Liquids, Q. , was at first a lieutenant of C. Con-
? idius, proconsul of Africa, and afterward succeeded
him in that province. He sided with the republican
party against Ctesar, and was condemned to exile.
? ? His brothers at Rome solicited his recall, but their ap-
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? LI L
I. IK
'? J long after the second Punic war. The Ligurians
had joined Hannibal with a considerable force soon
after his arrival (Polyb. , 3, 60), a circumstance of it-
self sufficient to provoke hostilities on the part of the
conquerors; but there was another reason which ren-
dered the subjugation of Liguria extremely desirable.
It afforded the easiest communication with Gaul and
Spain over the Maritime Alps, an object in itself of
the greatest importance. The Ligurians long and ob-
stinately resisted their invaders, when the rest of Italy
had been subjugated for many years. The Romans
could only obtain a free passage along their shore of
twelve stadia from the coast (Strabo, ISO); nor was
it till the Ligurians, after >> war of eighty years' dura-
tion, had been driven from every hold in their mount-
ains, and wlnle tribes had even been carried out of the
country, that they could be said to be finally conquered
(Liv. , 40, 38. -/(1. , 41, 12. )--The Ligunan character
docs not appear to have been held in much esteem by
antiquity; while it allows them all the hardihood and
courage usual with mountaineers (Ctc. , Agr. , 2,35. --
Virg. , Georg. , 2, 168), qualities which were even
shared in an uncommon degree by the weaker sex
(Diod. Sic, 5, 39), it taxes them too plainly with
craft and deceit to be misunderstood. [Virg. , Mn. ,
11, 700-- Servius, adloc--Claudian, Idyl. , 12. ) Ac-
cording to the statement of Polybius (2, 16), the bound-
aries of the Ligurians in Italy seem to have been the
Maritime Alps to the northwest, to the south the river
Amus; but in the time of Augustus this latter bound-
ary was removed northward to the river Macra. (Plin. ,
3, 6. ) To the north and northeast, the Ligurians ran-
ged along the Alps as far as the river Orgus (Orca),
which separated the Taurini, the last of their nation on
that side, from the Cisalpine Gauls: south of the Po
they bordered on the Anamanni and Boii, also belong-
ing to this last-mentioned people. (Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 1, p. 19, seqq. )
LiotstIcus Sinus, a gulf forming the upper part of
the Mare Tyrrhenum. It is now the Gulf of Genoa.
[Flor. , 3, 6. ) It is also called Ligusticum Mare.
(Colum. , 8, 2. --Plin. , 3, 6, 20. )
Lisrca, a people of Asia, mentioned by Herodotus
(7, 72). The historian informs us, that the Ligyes,
the Matieni, the Mnriandyni, and the Cappadocians
had the same kind of arms, and that the Ligyes, Ma-
riandyni, and Cappadocians, as forming part of the
army of Xerxes, were under the same commander.
Larcher infers from all this, that the nations here
mentioned were contiguous to each other, and that the
Ligyes were to the east of the Mariandyni and Cappa-
docians, and to the northeast of the Matieni. The
Ligyes were reduced in point of numbers in the time
of Herodotus, but had been at an earlier period a pow-
erful tribe; and-we are even informed by Eustathius
(ad Dionys. Perieg. , 76), that, according to Lyco-
phron, a portion of the Ligyes had once inhabited a
part of Colchis, and that Cytaja was a Ligyan city.
(Larcher, Hist. d'Herod. , vol. 8, p. 301, scqq. . Table
Geogr. ) On the subject of the Ligyes generally, as a
very early people, consult the remarks of Bernhardy
(at Dion. Perieg. , I. c--Geogr. Gr. Mm. , vol. 1, p.
543. )
LiLvrjeuM, I. a city of Sicily on the western coast,
south of Drepanum, and near a famous cape called
also Lilybasum, now Cipc Boeo. (Diod. Sic. , 13, 64 )
It was the principal fortress of the Carthaginians in
? ? Sicily, and was founded by them about the 106th
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? Lltt
LINUS
Pindar's Seventh Olympic Ode, in honour of Diagoras
(he Khodian, was consecrated in thin temple, being in-
scribed in letters of gold. (Sckol. ad Pind. , 01. , 7,
mil) Here also was a temple of Hercules, the wor-
ship connected with which consisted, according to
Lactanlius (1, Zi), in revilings and execration ("mal-
edtchs et czsccratione ecltbrantur, toque pro violalis
kabent, si quaniia inter solemnes rttus vcl impriulcnti
aiian czcidenl lonum vcrbum"). This temple con-
fined a painting of the god by Parrhasius. (Athena-
us, 12, p. 543. ) There were several other pictures by
the same celebrated master at Lindus, inscribed with
his name. (Athcn. , 15, p. 687. ) This place was also
famous for having produced Cleobulus, one of the Sev-
en Sag23 of Greece; and also Chares (or Cares) and
Laches, the artists who designed and completed the
Colossus. A mistake, highly characteristic of his ig-
norance in classical matters, was committed by Vol-
taire, respecting this famous statue: it is mentioned
by Mentelle, in a note to the article Lindus, Encyelo-
pedie Mcthodique. Voltaire, having read Indian for
landian, relates that the Colossus was cast by an In-
dian ! --Lindus was the port resorted to by the fleets
of Egypt and Tyre before the founding of Rhodes. --
A small town, with a citadel, retaining the name of
Undo, still occupies the site of the ancient city. Sa-
vary says (Letters on Greece, p. 96, Eng. tranil. ) that
the ruins of the temple of Minerva are still visible on
an eminence near the sea. The ruins at Lindo are
said to be very numerous. (Clarke's Travels, vol. 3,
p. 281, Lend. ed. --Tavernier, Voyage, vol. 1, c. 74. )
Linconks, I. a people of Gaul, whose territories
included Vogesus, Vosges, and, consequently, the
sources of the rivers Mosa or Meuse and Matrona or
Marne. Their chief city wa3 Andomadunum, after-
ward Lingones, now Langres, and their territory cor-
responded to the modern department de la Haute-
Marne.