No More Learning

At first an unsuccessful dramatist, his Nero)
(1871) was received with the most enthusiastic
approval for its dramatic power, despite cer-
tain marked technical defects of composition.
His following plays confirmed the popular
estimate of his greatness : Messalina'; Julian
1
a
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I 22
COSTA-COWLEY
:
the Apostate); and especially (Cleopatra. He
wrote also a volume of 'Lyric Poems.
Costa, Isaak da (kos'tä). A Dutch poet
(1798-1860); born at Amsterdam. Among his
works, which rank among the best specimens
of modern Dutch poetry, may be cited : Prome-
theus) (1820); (Festival Songs) (1828); (Five-
and-Twenty Years,' a great poetico-historical
work (1840); (Hagar) (1847); and (The Battle
of Nieuwpoort) (1859). He wrote also some
theological tractates.
Coster, Samuel (kos'ter). A Dutch dram-'
atist (1579-1662). He was one of the founders
of the Dutch Academy. He is best known for
his delightful comedies (The Play of Tiisken
van den Schilden) (1613), and “The Play of
the Rich Man! (1615). He also wrote trage-
dies, including : 'Iphigenia'; 'Polyxena'; 'Isa-
bella.
Costetti, Giuseppe (kos-tet'tē). An Italian
dramatist; born at Bologna, Sept. 13, 1834.
He early won fame by his dramas (The Mali-
bran, (The Lions' Den, etc. , and heightened
it greatly by his comedies (The Son of the
Family) (1864); (The Old Story) (1875);
"Cain's Wife) (1887); etc.
Cota, Rodrigo (kõ'tä). A Spanish poet of
the 15th century. He is believed to be the au-
thor of "The Couplets of Mingo Revulgo) and
of a Dialogue between Love and an Old
Knight,' both reckoned among the earliest of
Spanish dramatic compositions. His authorship
of the famous poem “Celestina' is contested,
it being now attributed to Fernando de Rojas.
Cotin, Charles (ko-tan'). A French versifier
(1604-82). He was a prolific writer, but his
amorous and religious poems are nearly for-
gotten. His name survives in Boileau's satires
and Molière's (Femmes Savantes): there he
figures as Trissotin.
Cottin, Marie (kõ-tan'). A French novelist
(1770-1807). Her romances, (Claire d’Albe)
(1799); Malvina); Elizabeth, or the Exiles
of Siberia', her most notable work (1806), are
admirable for style and character-drawing.
Cotton, Charles. An English poet; born in
Beresford, Saffordshire, April 28, 1630; died at
London (? ), Feb. 16 (? ), 1687. The friend of
Izaak Walton, his was an angler's Muse; and
he wrote an addition to Walton's book, besides
translations and a poor parody of Virgil.
Cotton, John. An American prose-writer
and clergyman; born in Derby, England, Dec.
4, 1585; died in Boston, Mass. , Dec. 23, 1652.
Upon his arrival in America he became
“teacher of the first church of Boston. A
religious controversy with Roger Williams
called forth his work (The Bloody Tenet,
Washed and Made White in the Blood of the
Lamb. Cotton was an industrious worker,
and published nearly fifty books.
Coues, Elliott (kouz). An American nat-
uralist; born at Portsmouth, N. H. , Sept. 9,
1842. He has been of late years connected with
the Smithsonian Institute, and has written:
(Key to North American Birds) (1872); Field
Ornithology) (1874); (Check-List of North
American Birds) (1882); “Biogen); (The Dæ.
mon of Darwin'; etc. With J. S. Kingsley,
he edited the (Standard Natural History) (3
vols. , 1883). He is actively interested in The-
osophy.
Courier (de Méré), Paul Louis (kö-ryā'). A
French Hellenist and political pamphleteer;
born in Paris, Jan. 4, 1772; assassinated near
Veretz, Aug. 18, 1825. In 1813 he made an
elegant translation of Daphnis and Chloe,' an
ancient romance by Longos, discovered by him
at Florence; he also translated (The Luciad,
or the Ass of Lucius of Patras, published with
the Greek text (1818). His numerous pamph-
lets, especially his "Pamphlet of Pamphlets,
are masterpieces of style, of marvelous con-
ciseness, and noteworthy documents for the
history of the ancient political and ecclesias-
tical contentions.
Courtmans, Joanna Desideria (kört'mäns).
A Flemish poet and novelist (1811-90). Be-
sides dramas and poems, she wrote 22 volumes
of stories. She excels particularly in her de-
scriptions of the life of the common people.
The most notable of her tales are : (The Hunt.
er's Gift); Dame Daneel); (The Cowherd);
(Aunt Clara's Bonnet.
Cousin, Victor (kö-zan'). A distinguished
French philosopher; born in Paris, Nov. 28,
1792; died at Cannes, Jan. 2, 1867. He founded
a school of Eclectic philosophy; combining
the doctrines of the Scotch school of Reid and
Stewart, based on sensation, with those of
Schelling and Hegel, which rest on the oppo-
site principle of idealism or intuition. He was
not an original thinker in philosophy, but he
possessed in a high degree the faculty of clear
exposition; for that reason his lectures and his
writings enjoyed a great popularity. He ren-
dered a memorable service both to philosophy
and literature by his translation of Plato,
praised by Jowett. Besides his History of
Philosophy) and other works on that theme,
he is author of a few biographical sketches,
mostly of characters related to the spiritual
and intellectual movements of the 17th century:
as Jacqueline Pascal); Mme. de Longue-
ville ); (Mme. de Hautefort); (French Society
in the 17th Century) (2 vols. ). *
Cowan, Frank. An American lawyer, phy.
sician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer;
born in Pennsylvania, 1844. Making the tour
of the world in 1880-81 and 1884-85, he entered
Corea before that country had made treaties
with other nations. He wrote: (Zomara, a
Romance of Spain (1873); (The City of the
Royal Palm and Other Poems) (1884); (Fact
and Fancy in New Zealand) (1885); etc.
Cowley, Abraham. A English poet and
essayist; born in London in 1618; died at
Chertsey, Surrey, July 28, 1667. Well educated
and high in royal favor, he was a fashionable
:


## p. 123 (#139) ############################################

COWPER -- CRAVEN
123
and fortunate poet till the Civil War made
havoc of royal favorites. His volumes (The
Mistress, Poems, various Virgilian elegies
and anacreontic love songs, and his essays,
were set in the first rank by contemporaries ;
but are mainly curios now, though some poems
are familiar. The first collection of his works,
in one volume, appeared in 1668. *
Cowper, William. An English poet; born
in Great Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, Novem-
ber 1731; died at East Dereham, Norfolk, April
25, 1800. His works include : Poems) (1782);
(The Task) (1785); (Homer's Iliad and Odys-
sey) (1791); (Poems) (1798); etc. (John Gil-
pin' first appeared in book form with (The
Task. ) Some of his hymns are among the
best known of English religious pieces. *
Cox, Palmer. An American artist and writer
for young people; born at Granby, Quebec,
1840. Since 1875 his home has been in New
York. His works are both written and illus-
trated by himself. He is best known by his
“Brownie Books,' a very popular series con-
taining humorous pictures and verse for child-
ren. Other productions are: (Hans Von Pet-
ter's Trip to Gotham) (1878); "How Columbus
Found America) (1878); etc.
Cox, Samuel Sullivan. An American states-
man and author; born in Zanesville, O. , Sept.
30, 1824; died in New York, September 1889.
He served some terms in Congress, and be-
came minister to Turkey. His works are:
«Eight Years in Congress); “Why We Laugh);
Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey); A
Buckeye Abroad); (Arctic Sunbeams); Orient
Sunbeams); “Search for Winter Sunbeams);
(Free Land and Free Trade); and others.
Coxe, Arthur Cleveland. An American
writer of prose and verse, and second Bishop
of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the dio-
cese of Western New York; born in Mend-
ham, N. J. , May 10, 1818; died at Clifton Springs,
N. Y. , July 20, 1896. Among his many publi.
cations are: (Christian Ballads) (1840); (Atha-
nasion and Other Poems) (1842); (The Pascal,?
a collection of Easter poems (1889); and many
valuable contributions to current literature in
both English and French.
Cozzens, Frederick Swartwout. An Amer.
ican humorist; born in New York city, March
5, 1818; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Dec. 23, 1869.
A merchant, to whom literature was a recrea-
tion. In Yankee Doodle (1847) were published
his earliest humorous poems and sketches. In
1853 a volume entitled Prismatics) was pub-
lished under the pen name of Richard Hay-
warde”; and in 1856 the “Sparrowgrass Papers,
which attained great popularity. Among his
other published works are Memorial of Col.
Peter A. Porter) and a Memorial of Fitz-
Greene Halleck) (1868).
Crabbe, George. An English poet; born in
Aldborough, Suffolk, Dec. 24, 1754; died at
Trowbridge, Wiltshire, Feb. 3, 1832. His poems
have to do with the life and sorrows of the
toiling poor, and English poverty is portrayed
in (The Village”; “The Parish Register); “The
Borough); “Tales in Verse); etc. *
Craddock, Charles Egbert. See Murfree.
Craigie, Pearl Richards. See Hobbes.
Craik, Dinah Maria Mulock. An English
novelist; born in Stoke-upon-Trent, April 20,
1826; died at London, October 1887. "The
Ogilvies); John Halifax, Gentleman); (Two
Marriages); (A Brave Lady); and (A Noble
Life,' are the best known of her works. *
Craik, Georgiana. An English novelist;
born in London, April 1831. Her fictions are
concerned with domestic life. (Dorcas) con-
tains some exquisite portrayal of character;
(Riverston,' 'Lost and Won) and (Only a
Butterfly) are also good.
Cram, Ralph Adams. An American poet
and story-teller; born in New Hampshire, 1863.
He is an architect in Boston. He has written:
(The Decadent, Being the Gospel of Inaction);
(Black Spirits and White,' a book of ghost
stories; (In the Island of Avalon,' a volume
of verse.
Cramer, Karl Gottlob (krä'měr). A Ger-
man story-teller (1758–1871). He wrote more
than 40 novels and tales, which were read with
delight in his day. The best of them, and in-
deed a work of no little force and originality,
is (The Life and Opinions of Erasmus Sneaker,
Traveling Mechanic. ?
Cranch, Christopher Pearse. An Ameri.
can poet and artist; born in Alexandria, Va. ,
March 8, 1813; died in Cambridge, Mass. , Jan.
20, 1892. Included in his publications are :
(Poems) (1844); (The Last of the Hugger-
muggers) (1856); a translation of the Æneid
of Virgil into English verse (1872); and (Ariel
and Caliban, with Other Poems) (1887).
Crane, Stephen. An American story-writer;
born in New Jersey, 1870. He has written :
(Maggie, (The Red Badge of Courage, and
(George's Mother) (1898), stories; (The Black
Riders and Other Lines) (1895), verse; and
one or two other books.
Crane, Thomas Frederick. An American
scholar; born in New York State 1844. He
is professor of Romance languages at Cornell
University (1881). Besides many contributions
to periodicals, he has written : (Italian Popu-
lar Tales) (1885); (Pictures of the French
Revolution) (6th ed. 1892); (French Romanti-
cism' (3d ed. 1890); Popular Songs of France)
(1891); etc.
Crashaw, Richard. An English poet; born
in London, 1613 (? ); died at Rome or Loreto,
May or June 1649. A convert to Catholicism,
he wrote (Steps to the Temple) and (Sacred
Poems,' productions of great imaginative power.
Craven, Madame Augustus (Pauline de la
Ferronays). A French novelist; born in Paris
in 1820 or 1808; died at Paris, April or 2,
1891. Her (Family Memories); (The Story of
3


## p. 124 (#140) ############################################

124
CRAVEN - CROFFUT
.
>
3
a Sister); (The Labor of a Soul); and other
fictions, are well known. *
Craven, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady, subse-
quently Margravine of Ansbach. An English
descriptive prose and verse writer; born in
1750; died at Naples, Jan. 13, 1828. She pro-
duced various sentimentalities in verse and in
prose fiction; a meritorious record of travel,
Journey through the Crimea to Constantino-
ple) (1789); and very readable (Memoirs of the
Margravine of Ansbach, Formerly Lady Cra-
ven, Written by Herself? (1825).
Crawford, Francis Marion. An American
novelist; born in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2,
1854. His works include: (Mr. Isaacs) (1882);
(Dr. Claudius) (1883); (To Leeward) (1883);
(A Roman Singer) (1884); (An American
Politician' (1884); (Zoroaster) (1885); (A Tale
of a Lonely Parish) (1886); "Saracinesca)
(1887); Marzio's Crucifix) (1887); (Paul Pat-
off) (1887); (With the Immortals) (1888);
(Greifenstein) (1889); (Sant'Ilario) (1889);
(A Cigarette-Maker's Romance) (1890); "The
Witch of Prague) (1891); (Khaled) (1891);
(The Three Fates) (1892); (Love in Idleness)
(1894); (Katharine Lauderdale,' and its sequel
(The Ralstons) (1895); “Casa Braccio' (1895);
Taquisara' (1896); A Rose of Yesterday)
(1897); (Corleone) (1897); and others at fre-
quent intervals. *
Crawford, John. A Scottish poet; born at
Greenock, 1816; died at Alloa, Dec. 13, 1873.
He was a journeyman house-painter, remem-
bered for his (Doric Lays, tender and manly
poems.
Crawford, Louise Macartney. An Amer-
ican miscellaneous writer; born in London,
1808. Her song Kathleen Mavourneen) is
usually attributed to Frederick W. N. Crouch,
who however wrote only the music. She wrote
much prose miscellany.
Crawford, Robert.
A Scottish song-writer;
born in Edinburgh (? ), probably about 1700;
drowned in France or in the Channel, May
1733. His songs of (Tweedside) and (The
Bush aboon Traquair) were long popular
among Scots, and are still admired.
Crébillon, Claude Prosper Jolyot de (krā.
bë-yôn'), the Younger. A French novelist, son
of P. J. ; born in Paris, Feb. 14, 1707; died
there, April 12, 1777. Author of several licen-
tious novels; personally his life was above
reproach. For certain strictures on the Papal
bull “Unigenitus ) in one of these novels, he
was immured for a time in the Bastille. To
the most objectionable of all his stories he gave
the title (Sopha: A Moral Tale,' after the man-
ner of other impure writers. He possesses a
rich invention, and his characters are drawn
by a master's hand; his style is elegant and
refined almost to unintelligibility.
Crébillon, Prosper Jolyot de. A noted
French dramatist; born at Dijon, Jan. 13, 1674;
died in Paris, June 14, 1762. His plays include:
(The Death of Brutus's Children'; 'Idomeneus)
(1705); (Atreus and Thyestes) (1707); “Elec-
tra' (1708); “Rhadamistus and Zénobia' (1711);
(Xerxes) (1714); (Semiramis) (1717); Pys-
rhus) (1726); (Catalina) (1748); etc. *
Cremer, Jacobus Jan (krā'mār). A Dutch
novelist (1827-80); born at Arnheim. He was
a painter, but quit the pencil for the pen. His
series of "Stories of Betuwe) (a rural district)
are specimens of idiomatic expression, faithful
portraiture, and unsophisticated humor. The
same traits distinguish all his works; but he
is at his best amid rural scenes. He published
a volume of Poems) (1873).
Crespo, Antonio Candido Gonçalves (kres'.
pā). A Portuguese poet; born of a slave mother
at Rio Janeiro, March 11, 1846; died at Lisbon,
June 11, 1883. He graduated in jurisprudence
at the Coimbra University, but devoted him-
self almost exclusively to the Muses at Lisbon.
He published only two small volumes : (Mini-
atures) (1870); Nocturns) (1882). In collabo-
ration with his wife Maria Amalia Vaz de
Carvalho, herself a notable writer, he is author
of (Stories for our Children (1882). His poems
show high sensibility and great power of poetic
form and expression.
Creuz, Friedrich Karl Kasimir, Baron von
(kroits). A German poet and philosopher
(1724-70); born at Homburg vor der Höhe.
He is author of several works on archæology
and philology. He wrote a philosophical
poem,The Graves,' a work of considerable
merit, showing the influence of Young's Night
Thoughts. He published several volumes of
(Odes and Lays); and a tragedy, (The Dying
Seneca. '
Crockett, David. A noted American pio.
neer, hunter, politician, and humorist; born at
Limestone, Tenn. , Aug. 17, 1786; killed at Fort
Alamo, San Antonio, Texas, March 16, 836. He
was member of Congress from Tennessee;
served in the Texan war; and was one of the
eccentric characters of the Southwest, about
whom numerous stories are still told, - notably
of the coon who voluntarily agreed to come
down. ) He wrote his (Autobiography) (1834);
(Tour to the North and Down East) (1835);
(Sketches and Eccentricities) (1847); etc.
Crockett, Samuel Rutherford. A Scotch
novelist ; born in Little Duchrae, Galloway, in
1862. He was a tutor and university pupil.
teacher at an early age; but a volume of verse,
(Dulce Cor,' and (The Stickit Minister, volume
of prose stories, showed literature to be his
vocation. (The Raiders); Mad Sir Ughtred
of the Hills); (The Lilac Sun-Bonnet); (The
Men of the Moss Hags); 'Sweetheart Travel-
ers; Cleg Kelly, Arab of the City); and
(The Grey Man of Auchendrayne, are among
his books. *
Croffut, William Augustus. An American
prose-writer and poet; born in Redding, Conn. ,
Jan. 29, 1835. He is a journalist of wide ex-
perience, having been connected with various
newspapers. His works include: (A Helping


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CROKER-CRUGER
125
(
Hand) (1861); (A Midsummer Lark) (1882);
(Bourbon Ballads); (The Folks Next Door);
and (The Vanderbilts. He has long been con-
nected with the United States Geological Survey.
Croker, John Wilson. An Irish miscella-
neous writer; born in Galway, Dec. 20, 1780;
died at Old Brompton, Aug. 10, 1857. His
capacity for satire revealed itself in (An Inter-
cepted Letter from Canton, and his "Songs of
Trafalgar) spread his fame as a poet. Mac-
aulay's review of his edition of Boswell's Life
of Johnson,' and his counterblast upon Mac-
aulay's History of England, are among the
celebrities of literary duels. He was a Tory
politician of intense fervor, permanently resign-
ing his seat in Parliament because of the
passage of the Reform Bill of 1832.
Croker, Thomas Crofton. An Irish anti-
quary and folklorist; born in Cork, Jan. 15,
1798; died at Old Brompton, Aug. 8, 1854.
(Researches in the South of Ireland); Fairy
Legends); and 'Legends of the Lakes, or Say.
ings and Doings at Killarney,' show his talent
in its happiest moods. His learning was pro-
found and accurate, and his style brilliant and
pleasing.
Croly, David Goodman. An American jour-
nalist; born in New York, Nov. 3, 1829; died
there, April 29, 1889. He was at different times
connected with various prominent New York
papers. He wrote : Life of Horatio Seymour)
(1868); History of Reconstruction) (1868);
"Glimpses of the Future) (1888); etc.
Croly, George. An Irish poet, dramatist, and
novelist; born in Dublin, Aug. 17, 1780; died in
London, Nov. 24, 1860. His works include:
Paris in 1815' (1817); (The Angel of the
World (1820); May Fair) (1820); “Salathiel)
(1829); (Marston) (1846); (The Modern Or-
lando) (1846); Life and Times of George
IV. ; and others. *
Croly, Jane (Cunningham). (" Jennie June. ”)
An American prose-writer, wife of D. G. Croly;
born in Market Harborough, England, Dec. 19,
1831; settled in New York city in 1841. From
1800 for many years she was editor of W. J.
Demorest's magazine, and has been editor of
others. She was one of the founders of “Sorosis »
and its president for fourteen years, and one
of the most active promoters of the Federation
of Woman's Clubs. She has published : (Talks
on Women's Topics (1863); For Better or
Worse) (1875); and (Three Manuals for Work)
(1885-89).
Cronegk, Johann Friedrich, Baron von
(krõ'nek). A German dramatist (1731-58);
born at Ansbach. Lessing pronounced his ode
(War) one of the finest produced in that day.
His tragedy (Codrus) won a prize in 1757; it
is admirable for its smooth and stately verse,
but it lacks the true poet's inspiration. He
was also author of some comedies, didactic
poems, epigrams, and spiritual songs.
Crosby, Howard. A distinguished American
Presbyterian divine and educator; born in New
York, Feb. 27, 1826; died there, March 29, 1891.
He was chancellor of the University of New
York 1870-81; one of the New Testament
Revision Committee; and interested in every
reform of his day. He wrote: (Lands of the
Moslem (1850); Life of Jesus) (1871); (The
Christian Preacher' (1880, Yale lectures for
1879-80); etc.
Crosswell, William. An American poet and
hymn-writer; born in Hudson, N. Y. , Nov. 7,
1804; died in Boston, Mass. , Nov. 9, 1851. Many
of his religious poems and hymns appeared in
the collection of Poems, Sacred and Secular,
edited by Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1859).
Crowe, Catherine. An English story-teller;
born (Stevens) at Borough Green, Kent; died
1876. She made her first essay in literature
with a tragedy, 'Aristodemus,' and then turned
to prose fiction. Lily Dawson) (1847) is re-
garded as the best of her novels. She became
an ardent devotee of spiritualism and animal
magnetism, and in 1852 published her most
notable work, «The Night Side of Nature) (2
vols. , 1852).
Crowe, Byre Evans. An English historian
and prose-writer; born 1799 ; died 1868. His
History of France 1830-44' is well known.
Crowe, Joseph Archer. An English historian
of art and miscellaneous writer; born in Lon.
don, Oct. 20, 1825; died 1896. He was long
eminent as a journalist, and for a time served
in the British diplomatic service. His celebrity
rests mainly upon the History of Painting in
Italy) (1864-71), the most important work on
this subject, written in collaboration with G. B.
Cavalcaselle. He also published other volumes
on art subjects.
Crowe, William. An English poet; born in
Midgham, Berkshire, October (? ) 1745; died at
Bath, Feb. 9, 1829. He was a clergyman and the
friend of Samuel Rogers. His work, especially
(Lewesdon Hill, a descriptive poem, was
praised by Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Moore
as noble in diction and elevating in imagery.
Crowne, John. An English dramatist; born
in Nova Scotia, about 1656; died at London (? ),
about 1703. He was esteemed at court for
(Sir Courtly Nice,' a comedy.
Cruden, Alexander. A Scotch writer; born
in Aberdeen, 1700; died 1770. He was noted
for his eccentricity. His Concordance to the
Old and New Testaments) is the familiar
authority on the subject.
Cruger, Mrs. Julia Grinnell (Storrow).
"Julien Gordon. A popular American novel-
ist; born in France, 18%. Her home is in
New York. She has written: "A Diplomat's
Diary); Mademoiselle Réséda); (A Puritan
Pagan'; Marionettes); (A Successful Man';
(Vampires); 'Poppæa.
Cruger, Mary. An American novelist; born
in New York State, 1834. Her home is in Mont-
rose, N. Y. She has written : (Hyperästhesia)
(1885); (A Den of Thieves) (1886); (The


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126
CRUSENSTOLPE-CUNNINGHAM
as
His principal works are: (The Hungarian
Muse) (1797); Dorothea, a comic epos (1804);
(Odes) (1805); (The Shepherd King' (1806);
(Anacreontics'; 'Battle of Frogs and Mice.
Cuellar, José T. de (kwāl'är). A Mexican
novelist, dramatist, and poet; born at San Luis
Potosi, Aug. 15, 1835. His reputation rests
mainly on his novel (The Sin of the Century,
published at San Luis Potosi in 1868. His
comedies and dramas include: (Duties and
Sacrifices); “Redemption); and (A Voyage to
the Orient. Among his novels are: Isolina,
the Ex-Ballet Girl); and (Gabriel the Lock.
smith. He has also written several poems.
Cueva, Juan de la (kwā'vä). A Spanish
poet (1550-1607); born at Seville. A poet at-
tempting all forms, he excelled most as a dra.
matist: he is one of the founders of Spanish
national drama. In a volume of "Works) (1582)
he published a number of lyric poems, sonnets,
songs, and elegies, including the Lament of
Venus over Adonis); noteworthy is his Phæ-
bean Chorus of Historical Romances) (1587).
His greatest epic is (The Conquest of Betica)
(1603). He wrote four tragedies, one of them
ence.
Vanderheyde Manor House) (1887); “How She
Did It, or Comfort on $150 a Year) (1888);
Brotherhood (1891).
Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob (kröʻzen-stol-
pe). A Swedish novelist and publicist (1795-
1865). He won considerable distinction with
a series of historico-romantic tales, Little
Stories); but his fame rests mainly on his work
a public journalist, historian, biographer,
and politician. His works of fiction became
in a degree political or progressist pamphlets;
e. g. , (The Moor, or the House of Holstein-
Gottorp in Sweden. '
Cruz, Juana Ines de la (kroth). A Mexi-
can poet (1651-95). Retiring from the vice-
regal court at the age of 17, she became a nun
of the Hieronymite order, and devoted herself
to poetry, music, and mathematics, leading at
the same time a life of great austerity. Her
writings consist of songs, dramas (all these
except two on religious themes), prologues, and
dramatic sacred ailegories. Her contempora-
ries styled her the Tenth Museand “the
Mexican Phænix. ) * (See Mexican Nun. ')
Cruz, Ramon de la. A Spanish dramatic
poet (1731-99). He rescued the native Spanish
drama from an inundation of French influ-
A marvelously prolific writer, he pro-
duced some 300 pieces in all departments of
dramatic composition. But of them all only
some interludes can now command attention;
these are alive in every line, reflecting with
absolute truth the life of the lowest orders.
Cruz, San Juan de la. (St. John of the
Cross. ) A Spanish mystic and poet (1542-91).
He was a Carmelite friar, canonized in 1674.
His prose writings on the inner life won for
him the title « The Ecstatic Doctor; famous
among them is (The Soul's Darksome Night.
In form and spirit his poetry is noble, deep,
and inspired by profound feeling. His com-
plete Spiritual Works) were first published
in 1619, and in a 12th edition 1703.
Crinkle, Nym. See Wheeler.
Császár, Ferencz (chā'zār). A Hungarian
poet (1807-58). His Poems, mostly sonnets
in the Italian style and nautical songs, entitle
him to a place among true poets. He trans-
lated several works of Alfieri, Beccaria, Silvio
Pellico, and other Italian writers, into Hun-
garian.
Csiky, Gregor (chēk'e).