The
Frankish
'Montfort', north-east of Acre, and another stronghold of the Hospitallers.
Arab-Historians-of-the-Crusades
The port of Antioch, at the mouth of the Orontes.
The Orontes is called by the Arabs al-'Asi, 'the rebel', because of its course from south to north.
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NEGOTIATIONS WITH HUGH III, KING OF
CYPRUS AND JERUSALEM (IBN AL-FURA? T, VI, 146r-147r)
After the fall of Shaqi? f the Franks in Acre wanted a king capable of defending their interests. There was a child-king in Cyprus,3 with a regent who was commander of the army and whose name was Hugh, son of Henry. He was less than thirty years old, a cousin of the Prince of Tripoli and the son of the (former) King of Cyprus' sister,1 the aunt of the boy-king. The child died, and the kingdom fell to the young man, who was related through his wife to the lords of Arsu? f2 and through his mother to his cousin. 3 The latter had a greater right to the throne because his mother was the elder sister and the Frankish custom is for the son of the elder sister to take precedence, but he was abroad, at Sis,4 so the younger man seized Cyprus. The Franks then invited him to come to Acre, for the kingdom of Acre was linked to that of Cyprus. He came, and the people of Acre swore obedience to him. A letter arrived (at Baibars' court) from the Prince of Tyre announcing the King's arrival and saying that he was a man of discretion who, as soon as he arrived, had realized that Frankish opinion was in favour of doing everything possible to secure good relations with their neighbour the Sultan, and had said that he had no reason for hostility toward him. The Prince of Tyre concluded by asking the Sultan to make peace with him.
When the Sultan returned to Damascus from the Antioch campaign, as we have said, the King's ambassadors appeared, with a detachment of about one hundred Frankish cavalry, bringing gifts of goldsmiths' work, wild animals and other objects. A circumscribed agreement was reached between al-Malik az-Zahir (Baibars) and this King affecting the city and province of Acre, which comprises thirty-one villages. It was agreed that Kaifa and three villages should remain in Frankish hands and that the rest of its district should be divided in two; the province of Carmel was to be divided; 'Athli? th with three villages was to go (to the Franks? ) and the rest was to be divided; al-Qura? in with ten villages was to go (to the Franks? ) and the rest to the Sultan; of the province of Sidon the lowlands were to go to the Franks and the mountains to the Muslims, and there was to be peace in the kingdom of Cyprus. Such were the territorial provisions of the treaty, which was to last for ten years, unaffected by foreign invasion or the arrival of any king from overseas. Finally (the Sultan) persuaded him to release the hostages taken from various cities.
The Qadi Muhyi ad-Din ibn 'Abd az-Zahir, author of the Life of Baibars, recalls: 'I went as an ambassador with the ami? r Kama? l ad-Din ibn Shith to get the King to sign the truce. The Sultan sent with us a gift of twenty prisoners from Antioch, priests and monks. We entered Acre on 24 shawwa? l (666/ 7 July 1268) and were very well received. The Sultan had told us not to humiliate ourselves either in posture or in speech. When we entered we
Hugh II, who died in 1267 at the age of 14.
Isabella, younger sister of Henry I.
Hugh III married Isabella of Ibelin.
Hugh of Brienne, son of Maria, the elder sister of Henry I. In Cilicia or Lesser Armenia.
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saw the King with his generals seated on a bench, and so we refused to sit down until a bench was set for us in front of him. His vizier put out his hand for the document but we would put it into the hand of no one but the King himself. He took it, and paused to make observations on certain points: one was that he wanted a separate treaty for Cyprus and that the peace should last as long as there was no foreign invasion and no king from abroad appeared, also that the Isma'ilites should not be included in the truce. He also asked for dispensations in the matter of hostages as well as other details. The Sultan's ambassadors returned without the King's signature to the treaty and the matter stood in abeyance. Every time that this King of Acre opened his mouth he said: "I am afraid of King Charles, the King of France's brother, and for fear of him I cannot conclude a peace treaty. "1 God knows best. '
(IBN 'ABD AZ-ZAHIR, FO. 177v-118v)
At the time of the truce, Acre had no king and was ruled from Cyprus by one of the Franks. When he assumed control of Acre he wrote in a tone of humble supplication to the Sultan asking for his friendship and inviting him to sign a truce on the terms already agreed. He also sent precious gifts of great value. The Sultan was not displeased by such an offering, and accepted his friendship and sent him gifts in exchange. The King asked that the truce should be in his name and expressed his obedience and submission to it. The Sultan acceded to his request, signed the truce and sent Muhyi ad-Din, author of the Life, and Kama? l ad-Din ibn Shith to the Frankish King with the truce to be signed. Muhyi ad-Din1 told me: 'When this King granted us an audience we found him sitting on a lofty throne and he declared that he would sit up on high and we lower down. The honour of Isla? m did not permit us to accept this, so we were raised to his level, and began our discussions with him. He began to cavil and wander from the point, to which I objected. He looked angrily at me and said to the interpreter: "Tell him to observe whom we have standing behind him. " I looked, and saw that he had his army drawn up in full battle array. "Say to him," said the King to the interpreter, "that he should look at this multitude. " I looked, and bowed my head. He said again: "Say to him: What do you think of what you have seen? " "May I speak with impunity? " "Yes. " "Then tell the King," I said, 'that in our Flag Store, which is a prison in the Sultan's realms, in Cairo, there are more Frankish prisoners than all these. ' The King was furious and made the sign of the Cross as he said: "By God, I will not spend any longer today listening to an embassy from such a people! " So we went away. Later, however, he received us again and we got him to sign the truce, which lasted as long as the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r Qalawu? n lived. '1
Charles of Anjou was already beginning to assert his rights to the nominal crown of Jerusalem (which meant, in effect, the Kingdom of Acre) acquired from Maria of Antioch and officially proclaimed in 1277.
The compiler is speaking.
Thus a treaty was signed with Hugh III in 1268, contrary to what would appear from Ibn al-Fura? t's account, quoted by Ibn 'Abd-az-Zahir himself. But the reference to the truce's lasting until the time of Qalawu? n more probably refers to the truce of Caesarea (May 1279) between Baibars and Acre, later renewed by Qalawu? n (see below).
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THE DESTRUCTION OF HISN AL-AKRA? D2
(IBN AL-FURA? T, FO. 189r-190v)
In ancient times this fortress was called Hisn as-Safh (Fortress of the Mountainside). Concerning the name given to it later by the Kurds Mu? ntakhab ad-Din Yahya ibn Abi Tayy an-Najja? r al-Ha? labi3 says in his history that the ami? r Shibl ad-Daula Nasr ibn Mirda? s, ruler of Hims, sent a Kurdish garrison force there in 422/1031, and that the fort took its name from them. In the time of the Ata-beg Tughtiki? n of Damascus a truce was signed by him and the Franks, one of its conditions being that the forts of Masyaf and Hisn al-Akra? d were included in it and that their inhabitants paid an annual tax to the Franks. This situation continued for some time. Then, says Ibn 'Asakir,4 (Raymond of) Saint-Gilles--God curse him! --began to beleaguer Tripoli and at the same time subjected the fort and others in its neighbourhood to continual attacks. In 496/1103 he besieged and almost subdued it. He was on the point of taking it when Jana? h ad-Daula the ruler of Hims was murdered. Raymond wanted Hims, so he abandoned Hisn al-Akra? d. At his death his son Bertrand5 continued his father's policy of harrying the fort and devastating its surrounding countryside, which kept its inhabitants in a state of terror. Then he went off to besiege Beiru? t and Tancred, Prince of Antioch, took over most of the region and was by some means kept at bay by the Syrians. He too besieged this fort, and reduced its inhabitants to such straits that the ruler surrendered it, hoping that Tancred would allow him to stay there as a reward for having given him a warmer welcome than he had to Saint-Gilles. Tancred, however, cleared the city of its inhabitants, whom he took away with him, and established there a garrison of Franks, or so Ibn 'Asakir says. According to another version Tancred, Prince of Antioch left that city, besieged Hisn al-Akra? d and received the citizens' surrender at the end of 503/1110, and it remained in Frankish hands until the events that we are about to relate, God willing. Ibn Munqidh in his Kita? b al-Bulda? n1 says that the champion of the Faith. al-Malik al-'Adil Nur ad-Din Mahmud ruler of Damascus--God bless him! --had contacts with one of the Turcoman infantrymen in the service of the Franks who ruled Hisn al-Akra? d, with whom he arranged that when Nur ad-Din attacked the fort the man and a group of his companions would support him, raise his banner on the walls and shout his name. This Turcoman had several sons and a brother, all of whom enjoyed the confidence of the Franks in the fort. The signal agreed between him and Nur ad-Din was that he should stand on top of one of the ramparts. But, it is said, Nur ad-Din informed no one of the plan, and so when the troops were advancing and saw the man standing there they shot at him and killed him; on his death his supporters were all taken and the plot came to nothing.
In Arabic 'fortress of the Kurds', in French 'Krak des Chevaliers', the great fortress of the Hospitallers north-east of Tripoli.
Lost Shi'ite historian of the twelfth century, quoted on several occasions by Ibn al-Fura? t. Twelfth-century historian of Damascus.
See above.
Lost work by Usama ibn Munqidh, famous author of the Autobiography. All these references reveal Ibn al-Fura? t as a habitual compiier.
2
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Hisn al-Akra? d was not among the cities taken by Saladin but remained in Frankish hands until al-Malik az-Zahir Rukn ad-Din Baibars led the 669/1271 expedition against Tripoli of which we have already spoken. He besieged Hisn al-Akra? d on 9 rajab/21 February: on 20 rajab/4 March the suburbs were taken and al-Malik al-Mansu? r, ruler of Hama? t,1 arrived with his army. The Sultan went to meet him, descended from his horse when al-Mansu? r did and advanced beneath his banners without bodyguards or equerries as a gesture of courtesy to the Lord of Hama? t. At his command a tent was brought and pitched for him. The ami? r of Sahyu? n, Saif ad-Din, and Najm ad-Din the Grand Master of the Isma'ilites also arrived.
At the end of rajab work was completed on a large number of catapults. On 7 sha'ba? n/22 March the bastions were taken by storm and an emplacement was built from which the Sultan could draw a bow at the enemy. Then Baibars began to distribute gifts of money and robes of honour.
On 16 sha'ba? n/31 March a breach was made in one of the towers of the fortress, our soldiers went up to attack, got up into the fort and took possession of it, while the Franks withdrew to the keep. A whole group of Franks and Christians was then set free by the Sultan as a pious offering in the name of al-Malik as-Sa'i? d. 2 The catapults were then moved into the fortress and directed on the keep. At this point the Sultan wrote certain letters as if they had been written by the Frankish general in Tripoli, ordering them to surrender. They begged that their lives should be spared, which was granted on condition that they returned to their homelands. On Tuesday 24 sha'ba? n/ 7 April the Franks left the fort and were sent home, and the Sultan took possession of it.
He wrote a letter to the Grand Master of the Hospital, the ruler of Hisn al-Akra? d, to give him the news of the victory. These were his words: 'This letter is addressed to fre`re Hugues3--God make him one of those who do not oppose destiny or rebel against Him who has reserved victory and triumph for His army, and do not believe that any caution is sufficient to save men from what God has decreed, or that they can protect themselves from it within the shelter of buildings or walls of stone--to inform him of the conquest, by God's grace, of Hisn al-Akra? d, which you fortified and built out and furbished--you would have done better to destroy it--and whose defence you entrusted to your Brethren. They have failed you; by making them live there you destroyed them, for they have lost both the fort and you. These troops of mine are incapable of besieging any fort and leaving it able to resist them, or of serving an unfortunate Sa'i? d' ('happy, felix')1.
The Sultan named the ami? r Sarim ad-Din al-Ka? firi as his commander in Hisn al-Akra? d and entrusted the restoration work to 'Izz ad-Din al-Aqram and 'Izz ad-Din Aibek. During the siege he arrested two assassins who had been sent from al-'Ullaiqa to the ruler of Tripoli,2 who had ordered them to make an attempt on Baibar's life. When the Grand Master Najm ad-Din arrived he reproved them for it, but then let them both go.
Uncle of the historian Abu l-Fida? '.
Baibars' eldest son, a young man who later succeeded his father for two years (1277-79) on the throne of Egypt.
Hugh of Revel.
A pun in Arabic, one of the many on the name of the hereditary prince.
'Ullaiqa was one of the Syrian forts belonging to the Isma'ilites. Their fearful power had diminished aftertheblowstheyhadsufferedfromtheMongolsandnowtheysteeredacoursebetweentheCrusaders and Baibars, sometimes paying tribute to both, but they had not yet lost the habit of assassination.
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190 Arab Historians of the Crusades
AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON CYPRUS
(AL-'AINI, 239-42)
Ibn Kathi? r3 says that when al-Malik as-Sa'i? d, az-Zahir's son, took Hisn al-Akra? d he turned its church into a mosque and held divine worship there on Fridays, while the Sultan nominated a qadi and a governor for the fort and ordered that it should be restored to its former state. The Sultan was encamped there when he received the news that the ruler of the island of Cyprus had set out with an army for Acre, fearing that he would be attacked by al-Malik az-Zahir. The Sultan, keen to profit by this, sent a large expedition with sixteen galleys to take the island of Cyprus in its ruler's absence. The ships sailed away with all speed, but as they approached the island a treacherous wind seized them and sent them colliding into one another. Eleven were wrecked--by the decree of Almighty God! --many men were drowned and about 1,800 soldiers and sailors taken prisoner. To God we belong and to Him. we return!
Baibars1 says in his chronicle: The following disaster struck the Muslims after the conquest of al-Qura? in. The Sultan left Damascus at the end of the manoeuvres in that region, during the last ten days of shawwa? l/first ten days of June 1271, and attacked and besieged al-Qura? in2 on 2 dhu l-qa'da/13 June. He stormed the ramparts, and the defenders begged him to spare their lives, which he did. It was agreed that they should leave and go wherever they wanted but should take neither possessions nor arms with them. The Sultan then took possession of the fortress and had it demolished before retiring to Laju? n. From there he sent orders to his commanders in Egypt to arm galleys and send them to Cyprus. They did so and sent them off under the command of an admiral, and a captain of each ship. When the fleet reached the port of Limassol on the southern coast of Cyprus, and night had fallen, the first ship went ahead to enter port but struck a shoal in the darkness and was wrecked. One after another the rest of the galleys followed, unaware of what had happened, and the darkness of night sent them all to their doom. The Cypriots seized their possessions. The admiral, Ibn Hassu? n, had given them advice in which men saw a bad omen, for he told them to smear the ships with pitch and hoist crosses up on high, which would make them look like Frankish ships and save them from attack by the enemy, but this change of colours brought about the shipwreck that God had ordained. A letter from the King of Cyprus soon reached the Sultan informing him that the Egyptian galleys had reached Cyprus and eleven of them had been wrecked and seized by the King. The Sultan ordered a reply to be written, and so the following letter was sent:
To His Highness King Hugh, formerly Regent--whom God make to be one of those who give each man his due, not boasting of a victory unless it yields, then or later, some advantage or profit worth (the outlay)--we inform him that when God intends to make a man happy He relieves him of the burden of his destiny with some small misfortune1 and makes him take appropriate measures to withstand the blows of fate. You have informed
Fourteenth-century chronicler. Al-'Aini too merely compiled passages from earlier
Mamlu? k ami? r not to be confused with the Sultan of whom he was a younger contemporary (died 1335) and author of an important chronicle of his own times.
The Frankish 'Montfort', north-east of Acre, and another stronghold of the Hospitallers.
Variant and emendation of the old concept of divine envy.
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Part Four: The Mamlu? ks and the Liquidation of the Crusaders 191
us that the wind has wrecked a certain number of our galleys; you call this a personal achievement and congratulate yourself on it. Now we in our turn send you the news of the fall of al-Qura? in; quite a different matter from the incident by which God has chosen to deliver our kingdom from an evil fate. In your case, there is nothing remarkable for you to boast about in having taken possession of some iron and wood: to seize mighty castles is really remarkable! You have spoken, and so have we, and God knows that our words are true. You trusted (in your God) and we (in ours); he who trusts in God and his sword is different from him who trusts in the wind. Victory brought about by the action of the elements is less noble than victory by the sword! In a single day we could send out more galleys, whereas you could not rebuild a single bit of your castle. We can arm a hundred ships, but in a hundred years you could not arm a single fortress. Anyone who is given an oar can row but not everyone given a sword is capable of using it. If a few sailors are missing we have thousands more, but how can those who wield an oar in mid-ocean compare with those who wield a sword in the midst of the (enemy's battle-)lines? For you, horses are ships; for us, ships are horses: there is a great deal of difference between the man who rides chargers like the waves of the sea and the man who stands still aboard a ship even as it arrives in port: between the man who rides Arab steeds when he goes hunting with falcons and those who boast of having been hunting on a crow! 2 If you have taken one of our broken ship's timbers (qarya) how many populous villages (qarya) have we taken from you! If you have captured a rudder (sukka? n) how many of your lands have we emptied of inhabitants (sukka? n)! How much have you gained, and how much have we? It is clear which of us has gained the most. If it were possible for kings to keep quiet, you should have kept silent and refrained from boasting.
The 'crow' was a sort of light vessel; here and in the rest of the passage the usual puns and double
2
meanings are to be found.
CHAPTER TWO
Qalawu? n's sultanate, no less humane and valiant than Baibars', is notable in its relations with the remaining Christian states in Syria for a series of treaties between the Sultan and the Templars, the people of Acre and Margaret of Tyre, of which Ibn 'Abd az-Zahir has preserved the text in his Life of the Sultan (Tashri? f al-ayya? m wa l-'usu? r).
But Qalawu? n continued the erosion of the Latin domains in the Holy Land; his greatest triumph was the conquest of Tripoli in 1289, of which Abu l-Fida? ' was an eye-witness. (There is another version in Maqrizi but clearly from an earlier source. ) After the fall of Tripoli, the Franks retained only Acre and a few other coastal towns.
QALAWU? N'S TREATY WITH THE TEMPLARS AT TORTOSA (IBN 'ABD AZ-ZAHIR, TASHRI? F, 38v-44r)
In 681/1282 a truce was signed between our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r (Qalawu? n) and his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Dunya wa'd-Din 'Ali on the one hand and the Grand Master fre`re William of Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Order of the Temple in Acre and the Litoral, and all the Templars in Tortosa on the other. 1 Peace was to last for ten years, entire, continuous and consecutive, and ten months, beginning on Wednesday 5 muharram 681 from the Prophet Muhammad's hijra, corresponding to 15 nisa? n 1593 of the era of Alexander son of Philip the Greek2/15 April 1282. It applied to the territories of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Din 'Ali1 and to everything that came under their authority: Egypt with its provinces, borders and ports; Syria with its districts, castles, fortresses, shores and ports; the province of Hims with its surrounding territory; the Isma'ilite forts and their surrounding territory; the province of Sahyu? n and Bala? tunus; Ja? bala, Laodicea and the territories under their control; the province of Hama? t and its environs, the province of Aleppo and its environs, the Euphrates province and its territory; the (recent) conquests in Syria, the city of Hisn al-Akra? d and its environs and everything therein or dependent on it or counted as part of it at the time of the signing of the present treaty in the way of cities, villages, arable fields, pastures, terrains, fortifications, mills, etc. ; the province of Safitha? and its surrounding regions, villages and walls, and all the other villages and cities in its possession or added to it in the future; Mai'a? r and its territory, al-'Uraima and its territory, with everything that comes under its control; Halaba? and its territory, 'Arqa? and its territory, Tibu? and its territory, the fort of Hisn al-Akra? d and its territory, al-Qulai'a? t (lit. ,
The text of the document is here clumsily welded to the preamble.
The Seleucid era, beginning in 311 B. C.
Qalawu? n's appointed heir who, however, died before him, in 1288, when the succession passed to his younger brother al-Ashraf.
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the small fortresses) and their territory; Maraqiyya and the whole of its lands, the region of al-Marqab, of which both sides agree to hold half each, and everything included in the treaty made with the Christians by al-Malik al-Mansu? r. The treaty embraces, in these regions far and near, neighbouring and bordering, every zone, cultivated or not, flat and hilly, land and sea, ports and shores, with their mills, towers, gardens, waters, trees and wells and all that God conquered by the hand of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and his son the Sultan al-Malik as-Salih and the commanders of his armies, in the way of forts, cities, villages and every region in between, flat and mountainous, cultivated or not, waters and gardens, ports and shores and plains. On the other hand the truce applies to Tortosa, which is held by the Order of the Temple, and to their lands recognized in perpetuity in the act of signing this blessed truce; as well as the annexed territories of al-'Uraima and Mai'a? r, according to a truce signed by al-Malik az-Zahir1 whose terms are transferred to this treaty. The treaty applies then to all the territories of our Lord the Sultan (with security for them) on the part of the Grand Master fre`re William of Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Order of the Temple, and all the Brethren of Tortosa, knights and turcopoles and other categories of Franks.
No one from Tortosa and its port and coast shall invade the lands of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and his son al-Malik as-Salih, or their forts and castles and cities, whether or not they have been mentioned in the treaty. In return Tortosa and the regions mentioned in the treaty, with the Brethren and knights and their subjects living there or visiting, shall enjoy security and tranquillity from our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r, his son, their armies and subjects. No one shall invade Tortosa or its territory, or cause harm to or attack any of its inhabitants for as long as the truce shall last. All matters coming under prohibition shall be subject to the same prohibition.
Whenever a ship from the lands of our Lord the Sultan or one going thither from any other land or nation is wrecked or suffers damage in the port of Tortosa or its coasts and lands included in this treaty, all those on board the ship shall be kept safe, and also their goods and merchandise. Where the owner of the damaged ship is available, his ship and his property shall be handed over to him; if death or drowning have made this impossible, his property shall be sent under guard to a representative of our Lord the Sultan. The same rule shall apply to ships from Tortosa wrecked in the realms of our Lord the Sultan.
In the territory of Tortosa mentioned in the treaty no fort or fortification is to be repaired, nor any reinforcement, entrenchment or the like built.
THE TREATY WITH ACRE
(IBN 'ABD AZ-ZAHIR, TASHRI? F, 69r-85v)
In 682/1283 our Lord the Sultan agreed to grant a request from the people of Acre, after their ambassadors had appeared before him time after time, in Syria and Egypt, asking for peace. He forbade them to travel overland, inviting them to come by sea only, whenever they should desire an audience of him. This they did. The agreement reached was that they should submit themselves to the will of the Sultan, although before this, at the the
1 We do not possess a copy of the truce with Baibars referred to here.
194 Arab Historians of the Crusades
expiration of the truce (of al-Malik az-Zahir1), they had put forward exorbitant claims. In safar of this year/May 1283 delegates and notabilities came from Acre and signed the truce. The Sultan took the oath in the presence of the Frankish ambassadors, who were: two Brethren of the Order of the Temple, two of the Order of the Hospital, two royal knights, the governor-general William and the vizier Fahd. The text was as follows:
A truce is declared between our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r (Qalawu? n) and his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Dunya wa'd-Din 'Ali--God make their power eternal--and the authorities of the Commune of Acre, Sidon, 'Athli? th and the dependent territories, over which the truce extends. These are: the Seneschal Odo, bailli of Acre,2 the Grand Master fre`re William of Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Order of the Temple, the Grand Master fre`re Nicholas Lorgne, Grand Master of the Order of the Hospital, and the Marshal fre`re Conrad, representative of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Hospital. The truce is to last ten whole years, ten months, ten days and ten hours, beginning on Friday 5 rabi? ' I 682 of the hijra of the Prophet, which corresponds to 3 hazira? n 1594 of the era of Alexander son of Philip the Greek/3 June 1283. The truce is to be effective throughout all the states of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Dunya wa'd-Din 'Ali: forts, castles, territories, provinces, cities, villages, farmed and unfarmed land. This includes:1
The kingdom of Egypt with all its regions and Muslim forts and castles, the district of Damietta, the district of Alexandria, Nastarawa, Santariyya and every port and coast and town connected with them; the district of Fuwwa and of Rosetta: the country of the Hija? z; the well-guarded district of Gaza with all its harbours and territories; the province of Karak, Shaubak and its territory, as-Salt and its territory, Bustra and its territory; the province of the Friend of God (Hebron)--on which be God's blessing! --the province of Jerusalem the noble and its territories, of the Jordan, of Bethlehem and its territory, with all the towns included in it and taken into account; Bait Gibri? l; the province of Nablus and its territory; the province of Alatru? n and its territory; Ascalon and its territory, harbours and coasts; the province of Jaffa and Ramla, its port and territory; Arsu? f, its port and territory; Caesarea, its port and coastline and territory; the fort of Qaqu? n and its territory; Lydda and its territory; the al-'Auja? zone and the salt works therein; the zone of the blessed conquest, with its territory and its farmland; Baisa? n and territory, at-Tur and territory, al-Laju? n and territory, Jubni? n and territory. 'Ain Jalu? t and territory, al-Qaimu? n and territory with all regions dependent on it; Tiberias with its lake and territory; the province of Safad and its dependencies; Tibni? n and Huni? n with all their towns and territories; ash-Shaqi? f, known as Shaqi? f Arnu? n, with its territory and dependencies; the town of al-Qarn and its dependencies, apart from those
The truce of 1272 with Baibars.
Odo Poilechien, Charles of Anjou's representative.
The long, monotonous list that follows, enumerating the dominions of the Mamlu? k Sultan of Egypt from south to north, has the eloquence of fact when one compares it with the brief description, a little further on, of the territories belonging to the other party to the treaty. The 'kingdom of Jerusalem' was in effect reduced to a narrow coastal strip extending from a short distance north of Acre as far as Carmel. Apart from this, Tyre and Sidon, Beiru? t and Tripoli and a few forts in Syria still held by the Templars and Hospitallers were all that remained of the Crusaders' achievements. The list of Qalawu? n's possessions, beginning with the Holy City, is in fact a list of all the territories that the Crusaders had lost during the last century, or had attacked in vain.
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specified in this treaty; half of the city of Alexandretta and of the suburb of Maru? n with their villages and vineyards and gardens and fields--and the rest of the above-mentioned Alexandretta shall all, including all its confines and lands, be subject to our Lord the Sultan and to his son--while the other half shall go to the kingdom of Acre; al-Biqa? ' al-'Azizi2 and its territory, Mashghar and territory, Shaqi? f Tiru? n and its territory; all the caves, Zalaya and the rest; Baniya? s and its territory; the fort of as-Subaiba with its lakes and territory; Kaukab and its territory; the fort of 'Ajlu? n and its territory; Damascus and its province with its forts and towns and districts and territories; the fortress of Baalbek and its territory; the province of Hims with its territory and confines; the province of Hama? t with its city and fort and lands and confines; Bala? tunus and its territory; Sahyu? n and its territory; Barzayya and its territory; the conquests of Hisn al-Akra? d and its territory; Safitha? and its territory; Mai'a? r and its territory; al-'Uraima and territory; Maraqiyya and its territory; Halaba? and its territory; the fort of 'Akka? r and its territory and lands; al-Qulai'a and its territory; the fort of Shaizar and its territory, Apamea and its territory; Ja? bala and its territory, Abu Qubais and its territory; the province of Aleppo, with all the forts, cities, towns and castles connected with it; Antioch and its territory, with everything that made up that blessed conquest;1 Baghra? s and its territory, Darbsa? k and its territory, Rawanda? n and its territory, Hari? m and its territory, 'Ainta? b and its territory, Tizi? n and its territory, Saih al-Hadi? d and its territory; the fort of Najm and its territory, Shaqi? f Dair Kush and its territory; ash-Shughr and its territory, Baka? s and its territory, as-Suwaida and its territory; al-Bab and Buza'a and their territories; al-Bira and its territory, ar-Rahba and its territory, Salamiyya and its territory, Shumaimi? s and its territory, Tadmur and its territory; and everything connected with these places, whether specified or not.
(The safety of all these places is guaranteed) by the authorities of the kingdom of Acre, i. e. the bailli of the Kingdom, the Grand Master of the Templars fre`re William of Beaujeu, the Grand Master of the Hospitallers, fre`re Nicholas Lorgne and the Marshal fre`re Conrad, representative of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Hospitallers; as well as all the Franks, Brethren and knights obedient to them and members of their State of Palestine; and by all the Franks without distinction who inhabit Acre and the coastal regions included in the treaty, and anyone of them to arrive there by land or sea, whatever his race or condition.
The territories of our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son the Sultan al-Malik as-Salih, their castles, forts, towns, villages and armies, Arab, Turcoman and Kurdish, and their subjects of every race, with all their possessions, flocks, goods, crops and everything else, shall have to fear no harm, injury or encroachment, attack or assault. This shall apply to all conquests of our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son al-Malik as-Salih, by their own hand or by means of their armies and their commanders of castles and forts and provinces, by land and by sea, in the plains or in the mountains.
In the same way all the coastal lands of the Franks to which this treaty applies (shall be guaranteed their safety); to wit: the city of Acre, with the gardens, terrain, mills and
Al-Biqa? ' is the region of Syria east of Mount Lebanon; the epithet al-'Azizi (singular because the originally plural meaning of the word--the districts--has been forgotten) refers to al-Malik al-'Aziz, Saladin's son.
Baibars' fairly recent conquests. It is not clear what is meant by the 'zone of the blessed conquest' mentioned a few lines earlier.
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vineyards dependent upon it, including the taxes received from its administrative area, and the regions agreed under this treaty, numbering seventy-three districts with their fields; all without dispute in possession of the Franks. In the same way Kaifa and its vineyards and gardens, with seven dependent districts. In the same way Marina and the region known by that name shall belong to the Franks. In the same way they shall hold the monastery of Saya? j(? ) and that of Mar Elias. Of the area of Carmel our Lord the Sultan shall take for himself 'Afa? and al-Mansura, while the rest, consisting of thirteen districts, shall belong to the Franks. Of 'Athli? th the fort and the city and the gardens that have been harvested, the vineyards and the cultivated land and terrains shall go to the Franks, with sixteen districts; our Lord the Sultan shall take the village of al-Harami? s herein mentioned, with its taxes and farmlands; the rest of the territory of Athli? th shall be divided in half, apart from that which is in our Lord the Sultan's private possession: eight districts. The Hospitallers' estates in the province of Caesarea shall be Frankish property with everything that they contain. A half of the city of Alexandretta and the suburb of Maru? n with all its contents shall belong to the Franks, and the rest to our Lord the Sultan; all the taxes and crops of Alexandretta and the suburb of Maru? n shall be divided between them. In the case of Sidon, the fort and the city, the vineyards and the administrative area with all that it involves shall belong to the Franks; they shall take possession of fifteen districts with all their rivers, waters, springs, gardens, mills, canals flowing streams and dikes, by which the land is watered according to ancient usage; the rest of the entire mountain region shall be in the sole possession of our Lord the Sultan and his son. All these territories belonging to Acre, and those specified in the treaty, shall be given guarantees of safety by our Lord the Sultan and his son on behalf of their armies and troops, whether the region is partly or wholly in Frankish hands; the guarantee shall apply to property and inhabitants.
Outside Acre, 'Athli? th and Sidon and the walls of these three places the Franks may not rebuild walls, forts, fortifications or castles, whether old or new.
The galleys of our Lord the Sultan and his son that have been fitted out and sent to sea are forbidden to cause any harm to the coastal territories under treaty. When the above- mentioned galleys are bound for a country other than those whose ruler is linked by treaty with the authorities of the Commune of Acre the galleys may not drop anchor or take on provisions in countries affected by this treaty; if however the ruler of the country for which they are bound is not linked by treaty with the authorities of the Commune of Acre the galleys may drop anchor and take on provisions in the afore-mentioned countries. If ever, which God forbid, one of these galleys should be wrecked on a harbour or on a coast affected by the treaty, if making for an ally of the Commune of Acre and its ruler, the bailli of the kingdom of Acre and the Grand Masters of the Orders must take it into custody, enable the crew to take on provisions and to repair the damage to the ship, and send it back to Muslim territory. The original objective of the ship that has been wrecked and cast up on the shore shall be cancelled. If however the country for which the ship was bound is not linked by treaty with the Commune of Acre, the wrecked ship may take on provisions and crew in countries affected by the treaty and may proceed toward the original objective. This clause shall obtain equally in the case of Frankish ships cast up on Muslim territory.
Whenever one of the Kings of the Franks or of Outremer shall leave his land and invade the territory of our Lord the Sultan or of his son, where that territory is under treaty, the bailli of the Commune and the Grand Masters of Acre shall undertake to give notice of
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their movements to our Lord the Sultan two months before their arrival; in the event of their arrival after the two months have elapsed the bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Master shall be exempt from any obligations in the matter.
In the case of attack by the Mongols or other enemies whichever of the two signatories is the first to receive news of it shall inform the other. If an enemy force, which God forbid, whether Mongol or from some other hostile power, should attack Syria by the overland route and drive the (Sultan's) armies before it as far as the coastal territories affected by this treaty and invade these lands, the bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Masters shall have the right to make provision by means of treaties for the defence of their persons, their subjects and their territories, to the best of their ability.
If, God forbid, sudden panic should cause Muslims to flee from their own lands into the coastal territories affected by the treaty, the bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Masters shall give protection and defence to these fugitives, and defend them from their pursuers, so that they and their possessions may be safe and secure. The bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Masters shall instruct all the other coastal territories under treaty not to permit pirates to take on food or water in their ports, to hold them if they capture them, and in the case of a pirate ship coming to sell its booty they shall detain the brigands until the rightful owner shall come to take back his property. The same conditions shall apply to the Sultan.
The church at Nazareth and four houses close to it shall be reserved for the use of Christian pilgrims, great and small, of whatsoever race and station, coming from Acre and the coastal lands affected by the treaty. In the church priests and friars shall perform their offices, and the houses shall be reserved for the use of visitors to the church of Nazareth, who shall have complete freedom of movement within the area under treaty. Concerning the stones of the church, those that are picked up (having fallen from their place) shall be cast away, and stone shall not be set upon stone to rebuild the church; nor shall unlawful gifts be solicited by priests and friars for this purpose.
The Orontes is called by the Arabs al-'Asi, 'the rebel', because of its course from south to north.
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NEGOTIATIONS WITH HUGH III, KING OF
CYPRUS AND JERUSALEM (IBN AL-FURA? T, VI, 146r-147r)
After the fall of Shaqi? f the Franks in Acre wanted a king capable of defending their interests. There was a child-king in Cyprus,3 with a regent who was commander of the army and whose name was Hugh, son of Henry. He was less than thirty years old, a cousin of the Prince of Tripoli and the son of the (former) King of Cyprus' sister,1 the aunt of the boy-king. The child died, and the kingdom fell to the young man, who was related through his wife to the lords of Arsu? f2 and through his mother to his cousin. 3 The latter had a greater right to the throne because his mother was the elder sister and the Frankish custom is for the son of the elder sister to take precedence, but he was abroad, at Sis,4 so the younger man seized Cyprus. The Franks then invited him to come to Acre, for the kingdom of Acre was linked to that of Cyprus. He came, and the people of Acre swore obedience to him. A letter arrived (at Baibars' court) from the Prince of Tyre announcing the King's arrival and saying that he was a man of discretion who, as soon as he arrived, had realized that Frankish opinion was in favour of doing everything possible to secure good relations with their neighbour the Sultan, and had said that he had no reason for hostility toward him. The Prince of Tyre concluded by asking the Sultan to make peace with him.
When the Sultan returned to Damascus from the Antioch campaign, as we have said, the King's ambassadors appeared, with a detachment of about one hundred Frankish cavalry, bringing gifts of goldsmiths' work, wild animals and other objects. A circumscribed agreement was reached between al-Malik az-Zahir (Baibars) and this King affecting the city and province of Acre, which comprises thirty-one villages. It was agreed that Kaifa and three villages should remain in Frankish hands and that the rest of its district should be divided in two; the province of Carmel was to be divided; 'Athli? th with three villages was to go (to the Franks? ) and the rest was to be divided; al-Qura? in with ten villages was to go (to the Franks? ) and the rest to the Sultan; of the province of Sidon the lowlands were to go to the Franks and the mountains to the Muslims, and there was to be peace in the kingdom of Cyprus. Such were the territorial provisions of the treaty, which was to last for ten years, unaffected by foreign invasion or the arrival of any king from overseas. Finally (the Sultan) persuaded him to release the hostages taken from various cities.
The Qadi Muhyi ad-Din ibn 'Abd az-Zahir, author of the Life of Baibars, recalls: 'I went as an ambassador with the ami? r Kama? l ad-Din ibn Shith to get the King to sign the truce. The Sultan sent with us a gift of twenty prisoners from Antioch, priests and monks. We entered Acre on 24 shawwa? l (666/ 7 July 1268) and were very well received. The Sultan had told us not to humiliate ourselves either in posture or in speech. When we entered we
Hugh II, who died in 1267 at the age of 14.
Isabella, younger sister of Henry I.
Hugh III married Isabella of Ibelin.
Hugh of Brienne, son of Maria, the elder sister of Henry I. In Cilicia or Lesser Armenia.
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saw the King with his generals seated on a bench, and so we refused to sit down until a bench was set for us in front of him. His vizier put out his hand for the document but we would put it into the hand of no one but the King himself. He took it, and paused to make observations on certain points: one was that he wanted a separate treaty for Cyprus and that the peace should last as long as there was no foreign invasion and no king from abroad appeared, also that the Isma'ilites should not be included in the truce. He also asked for dispensations in the matter of hostages as well as other details. The Sultan's ambassadors returned without the King's signature to the treaty and the matter stood in abeyance. Every time that this King of Acre opened his mouth he said: "I am afraid of King Charles, the King of France's brother, and for fear of him I cannot conclude a peace treaty. "1 God knows best. '
(IBN 'ABD AZ-ZAHIR, FO. 177v-118v)
At the time of the truce, Acre had no king and was ruled from Cyprus by one of the Franks. When he assumed control of Acre he wrote in a tone of humble supplication to the Sultan asking for his friendship and inviting him to sign a truce on the terms already agreed. He also sent precious gifts of great value. The Sultan was not displeased by such an offering, and accepted his friendship and sent him gifts in exchange. The King asked that the truce should be in his name and expressed his obedience and submission to it. The Sultan acceded to his request, signed the truce and sent Muhyi ad-Din, author of the Life, and Kama? l ad-Din ibn Shith to the Frankish King with the truce to be signed. Muhyi ad-Din1 told me: 'When this King granted us an audience we found him sitting on a lofty throne and he declared that he would sit up on high and we lower down. The honour of Isla? m did not permit us to accept this, so we were raised to his level, and began our discussions with him. He began to cavil and wander from the point, to which I objected. He looked angrily at me and said to the interpreter: "Tell him to observe whom we have standing behind him. " I looked, and saw that he had his army drawn up in full battle array. "Say to him," said the King to the interpreter, "that he should look at this multitude. " I looked, and bowed my head. He said again: "Say to him: What do you think of what you have seen? " "May I speak with impunity? " "Yes. " "Then tell the King," I said, 'that in our Flag Store, which is a prison in the Sultan's realms, in Cairo, there are more Frankish prisoners than all these. ' The King was furious and made the sign of the Cross as he said: "By God, I will not spend any longer today listening to an embassy from such a people! " So we went away. Later, however, he received us again and we got him to sign the truce, which lasted as long as the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r Qalawu? n lived. '1
Charles of Anjou was already beginning to assert his rights to the nominal crown of Jerusalem (which meant, in effect, the Kingdom of Acre) acquired from Maria of Antioch and officially proclaimed in 1277.
The compiler is speaking.
Thus a treaty was signed with Hugh III in 1268, contrary to what would appear from Ibn al-Fura? t's account, quoted by Ibn 'Abd-az-Zahir himself. But the reference to the truce's lasting until the time of Qalawu? n more probably refers to the truce of Caesarea (May 1279) between Baibars and Acre, later renewed by Qalawu? n (see below).
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THE DESTRUCTION OF HISN AL-AKRA? D2
(IBN AL-FURA? T, FO. 189r-190v)
In ancient times this fortress was called Hisn as-Safh (Fortress of the Mountainside). Concerning the name given to it later by the Kurds Mu? ntakhab ad-Din Yahya ibn Abi Tayy an-Najja? r al-Ha? labi3 says in his history that the ami? r Shibl ad-Daula Nasr ibn Mirda? s, ruler of Hims, sent a Kurdish garrison force there in 422/1031, and that the fort took its name from them. In the time of the Ata-beg Tughtiki? n of Damascus a truce was signed by him and the Franks, one of its conditions being that the forts of Masyaf and Hisn al-Akra? d were included in it and that their inhabitants paid an annual tax to the Franks. This situation continued for some time. Then, says Ibn 'Asakir,4 (Raymond of) Saint-Gilles--God curse him! --began to beleaguer Tripoli and at the same time subjected the fort and others in its neighbourhood to continual attacks. In 496/1103 he besieged and almost subdued it. He was on the point of taking it when Jana? h ad-Daula the ruler of Hims was murdered. Raymond wanted Hims, so he abandoned Hisn al-Akra? d. At his death his son Bertrand5 continued his father's policy of harrying the fort and devastating its surrounding countryside, which kept its inhabitants in a state of terror. Then he went off to besiege Beiru? t and Tancred, Prince of Antioch, took over most of the region and was by some means kept at bay by the Syrians. He too besieged this fort, and reduced its inhabitants to such straits that the ruler surrendered it, hoping that Tancred would allow him to stay there as a reward for having given him a warmer welcome than he had to Saint-Gilles. Tancred, however, cleared the city of its inhabitants, whom he took away with him, and established there a garrison of Franks, or so Ibn 'Asakir says. According to another version Tancred, Prince of Antioch left that city, besieged Hisn al-Akra? d and received the citizens' surrender at the end of 503/1110, and it remained in Frankish hands until the events that we are about to relate, God willing. Ibn Munqidh in his Kita? b al-Bulda? n1 says that the champion of the Faith. al-Malik al-'Adil Nur ad-Din Mahmud ruler of Damascus--God bless him! --had contacts with one of the Turcoman infantrymen in the service of the Franks who ruled Hisn al-Akra? d, with whom he arranged that when Nur ad-Din attacked the fort the man and a group of his companions would support him, raise his banner on the walls and shout his name. This Turcoman had several sons and a brother, all of whom enjoyed the confidence of the Franks in the fort. The signal agreed between him and Nur ad-Din was that he should stand on top of one of the ramparts. But, it is said, Nur ad-Din informed no one of the plan, and so when the troops were advancing and saw the man standing there they shot at him and killed him; on his death his supporters were all taken and the plot came to nothing.
In Arabic 'fortress of the Kurds', in French 'Krak des Chevaliers', the great fortress of the Hospitallers north-east of Tripoli.
Lost Shi'ite historian of the twelfth century, quoted on several occasions by Ibn al-Fura? t. Twelfth-century historian of Damascus.
See above.
Lost work by Usama ibn Munqidh, famous author of the Autobiography. All these references reveal Ibn al-Fura? t as a habitual compiier.
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Hisn al-Akra? d was not among the cities taken by Saladin but remained in Frankish hands until al-Malik az-Zahir Rukn ad-Din Baibars led the 669/1271 expedition against Tripoli of which we have already spoken. He besieged Hisn al-Akra? d on 9 rajab/21 February: on 20 rajab/4 March the suburbs were taken and al-Malik al-Mansu? r, ruler of Hama? t,1 arrived with his army. The Sultan went to meet him, descended from his horse when al-Mansu? r did and advanced beneath his banners without bodyguards or equerries as a gesture of courtesy to the Lord of Hama? t. At his command a tent was brought and pitched for him. The ami? r of Sahyu? n, Saif ad-Din, and Najm ad-Din the Grand Master of the Isma'ilites also arrived.
At the end of rajab work was completed on a large number of catapults. On 7 sha'ba? n/22 March the bastions were taken by storm and an emplacement was built from which the Sultan could draw a bow at the enemy. Then Baibars began to distribute gifts of money and robes of honour.
On 16 sha'ba? n/31 March a breach was made in one of the towers of the fortress, our soldiers went up to attack, got up into the fort and took possession of it, while the Franks withdrew to the keep. A whole group of Franks and Christians was then set free by the Sultan as a pious offering in the name of al-Malik as-Sa'i? d. 2 The catapults were then moved into the fortress and directed on the keep. At this point the Sultan wrote certain letters as if they had been written by the Frankish general in Tripoli, ordering them to surrender. They begged that their lives should be spared, which was granted on condition that they returned to their homelands. On Tuesday 24 sha'ba? n/ 7 April the Franks left the fort and were sent home, and the Sultan took possession of it.
He wrote a letter to the Grand Master of the Hospital, the ruler of Hisn al-Akra? d, to give him the news of the victory. These were his words: 'This letter is addressed to fre`re Hugues3--God make him one of those who do not oppose destiny or rebel against Him who has reserved victory and triumph for His army, and do not believe that any caution is sufficient to save men from what God has decreed, or that they can protect themselves from it within the shelter of buildings or walls of stone--to inform him of the conquest, by God's grace, of Hisn al-Akra? d, which you fortified and built out and furbished--you would have done better to destroy it--and whose defence you entrusted to your Brethren. They have failed you; by making them live there you destroyed them, for they have lost both the fort and you. These troops of mine are incapable of besieging any fort and leaving it able to resist them, or of serving an unfortunate Sa'i? d' ('happy, felix')1.
The Sultan named the ami? r Sarim ad-Din al-Ka? firi as his commander in Hisn al-Akra? d and entrusted the restoration work to 'Izz ad-Din al-Aqram and 'Izz ad-Din Aibek. During the siege he arrested two assassins who had been sent from al-'Ullaiqa to the ruler of Tripoli,2 who had ordered them to make an attempt on Baibar's life. When the Grand Master Najm ad-Din arrived he reproved them for it, but then let them both go.
Uncle of the historian Abu l-Fida? '.
Baibars' eldest son, a young man who later succeeded his father for two years (1277-79) on the throne of Egypt.
Hugh of Revel.
A pun in Arabic, one of the many on the name of the hereditary prince.
'Ullaiqa was one of the Syrian forts belonging to the Isma'ilites. Their fearful power had diminished aftertheblowstheyhadsufferedfromtheMongolsandnowtheysteeredacoursebetweentheCrusaders and Baibars, sometimes paying tribute to both, but they had not yet lost the habit of assassination.
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AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON CYPRUS
(AL-'AINI, 239-42)
Ibn Kathi? r3 says that when al-Malik as-Sa'i? d, az-Zahir's son, took Hisn al-Akra? d he turned its church into a mosque and held divine worship there on Fridays, while the Sultan nominated a qadi and a governor for the fort and ordered that it should be restored to its former state. The Sultan was encamped there when he received the news that the ruler of the island of Cyprus had set out with an army for Acre, fearing that he would be attacked by al-Malik az-Zahir. The Sultan, keen to profit by this, sent a large expedition with sixteen galleys to take the island of Cyprus in its ruler's absence. The ships sailed away with all speed, but as they approached the island a treacherous wind seized them and sent them colliding into one another. Eleven were wrecked--by the decree of Almighty God! --many men were drowned and about 1,800 soldiers and sailors taken prisoner. To God we belong and to Him. we return!
Baibars1 says in his chronicle: The following disaster struck the Muslims after the conquest of al-Qura? in. The Sultan left Damascus at the end of the manoeuvres in that region, during the last ten days of shawwa? l/first ten days of June 1271, and attacked and besieged al-Qura? in2 on 2 dhu l-qa'da/13 June. He stormed the ramparts, and the defenders begged him to spare their lives, which he did. It was agreed that they should leave and go wherever they wanted but should take neither possessions nor arms with them. The Sultan then took possession of the fortress and had it demolished before retiring to Laju? n. From there he sent orders to his commanders in Egypt to arm galleys and send them to Cyprus. They did so and sent them off under the command of an admiral, and a captain of each ship. When the fleet reached the port of Limassol on the southern coast of Cyprus, and night had fallen, the first ship went ahead to enter port but struck a shoal in the darkness and was wrecked. One after another the rest of the galleys followed, unaware of what had happened, and the darkness of night sent them all to their doom. The Cypriots seized their possessions. The admiral, Ibn Hassu? n, had given them advice in which men saw a bad omen, for he told them to smear the ships with pitch and hoist crosses up on high, which would make them look like Frankish ships and save them from attack by the enemy, but this change of colours brought about the shipwreck that God had ordained. A letter from the King of Cyprus soon reached the Sultan informing him that the Egyptian galleys had reached Cyprus and eleven of them had been wrecked and seized by the King. The Sultan ordered a reply to be written, and so the following letter was sent:
To His Highness King Hugh, formerly Regent--whom God make to be one of those who give each man his due, not boasting of a victory unless it yields, then or later, some advantage or profit worth (the outlay)--we inform him that when God intends to make a man happy He relieves him of the burden of his destiny with some small misfortune1 and makes him take appropriate measures to withstand the blows of fate. You have informed
Fourteenth-century chronicler. Al-'Aini too merely compiled passages from earlier
Mamlu? k ami? r not to be confused with the Sultan of whom he was a younger contemporary (died 1335) and author of an important chronicle of his own times.
The Frankish 'Montfort', north-east of Acre, and another stronghold of the Hospitallers.
Variant and emendation of the old concept of divine envy.
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us that the wind has wrecked a certain number of our galleys; you call this a personal achievement and congratulate yourself on it. Now we in our turn send you the news of the fall of al-Qura? in; quite a different matter from the incident by which God has chosen to deliver our kingdom from an evil fate. In your case, there is nothing remarkable for you to boast about in having taken possession of some iron and wood: to seize mighty castles is really remarkable! You have spoken, and so have we, and God knows that our words are true. You trusted (in your God) and we (in ours); he who trusts in God and his sword is different from him who trusts in the wind. Victory brought about by the action of the elements is less noble than victory by the sword! In a single day we could send out more galleys, whereas you could not rebuild a single bit of your castle. We can arm a hundred ships, but in a hundred years you could not arm a single fortress. Anyone who is given an oar can row but not everyone given a sword is capable of using it. If a few sailors are missing we have thousands more, but how can those who wield an oar in mid-ocean compare with those who wield a sword in the midst of the (enemy's battle-)lines? For you, horses are ships; for us, ships are horses: there is a great deal of difference between the man who rides chargers like the waves of the sea and the man who stands still aboard a ship even as it arrives in port: between the man who rides Arab steeds when he goes hunting with falcons and those who boast of having been hunting on a crow! 2 If you have taken one of our broken ship's timbers (qarya) how many populous villages (qarya) have we taken from you! If you have captured a rudder (sukka? n) how many of your lands have we emptied of inhabitants (sukka? n)! How much have you gained, and how much have we? It is clear which of us has gained the most. If it were possible for kings to keep quiet, you should have kept silent and refrained from boasting.
The 'crow' was a sort of light vessel; here and in the rest of the passage the usual puns and double
2
meanings are to be found.
CHAPTER TWO
Qalawu? n's sultanate, no less humane and valiant than Baibars', is notable in its relations with the remaining Christian states in Syria for a series of treaties between the Sultan and the Templars, the people of Acre and Margaret of Tyre, of which Ibn 'Abd az-Zahir has preserved the text in his Life of the Sultan (Tashri? f al-ayya? m wa l-'usu? r).
But Qalawu? n continued the erosion of the Latin domains in the Holy Land; his greatest triumph was the conquest of Tripoli in 1289, of which Abu l-Fida? ' was an eye-witness. (There is another version in Maqrizi but clearly from an earlier source. ) After the fall of Tripoli, the Franks retained only Acre and a few other coastal towns.
QALAWU? N'S TREATY WITH THE TEMPLARS AT TORTOSA (IBN 'ABD AZ-ZAHIR, TASHRI? F, 38v-44r)
In 681/1282 a truce was signed between our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r (Qalawu? n) and his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Dunya wa'd-Din 'Ali on the one hand and the Grand Master fre`re William of Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Order of the Temple in Acre and the Litoral, and all the Templars in Tortosa on the other. 1 Peace was to last for ten years, entire, continuous and consecutive, and ten months, beginning on Wednesday 5 muharram 681 from the Prophet Muhammad's hijra, corresponding to 15 nisa? n 1593 of the era of Alexander son of Philip the Greek2/15 April 1282. It applied to the territories of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Din 'Ali1 and to everything that came under their authority: Egypt with its provinces, borders and ports; Syria with its districts, castles, fortresses, shores and ports; the province of Hims with its surrounding territory; the Isma'ilite forts and their surrounding territory; the province of Sahyu? n and Bala? tunus; Ja? bala, Laodicea and the territories under their control; the province of Hama? t and its environs, the province of Aleppo and its environs, the Euphrates province and its territory; the (recent) conquests in Syria, the city of Hisn al-Akra? d and its environs and everything therein or dependent on it or counted as part of it at the time of the signing of the present treaty in the way of cities, villages, arable fields, pastures, terrains, fortifications, mills, etc. ; the province of Safitha? and its surrounding regions, villages and walls, and all the other villages and cities in its possession or added to it in the future; Mai'a? r and its territory, al-'Uraima and its territory, with everything that comes under its control; Halaba? and its territory, 'Arqa? and its territory, Tibu? and its territory, the fort of Hisn al-Akra? d and its territory, al-Qulai'a? t (lit. ,
The text of the document is here clumsily welded to the preamble.
The Seleucid era, beginning in 311 B. C.
Qalawu? n's appointed heir who, however, died before him, in 1288, when the succession passed to his younger brother al-Ashraf.
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the small fortresses) and their territory; Maraqiyya and the whole of its lands, the region of al-Marqab, of which both sides agree to hold half each, and everything included in the treaty made with the Christians by al-Malik al-Mansu? r. The treaty embraces, in these regions far and near, neighbouring and bordering, every zone, cultivated or not, flat and hilly, land and sea, ports and shores, with their mills, towers, gardens, waters, trees and wells and all that God conquered by the hand of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and his son the Sultan al-Malik as-Salih and the commanders of his armies, in the way of forts, cities, villages and every region in between, flat and mountainous, cultivated or not, waters and gardens, ports and shores and plains. On the other hand the truce applies to Tortosa, which is held by the Order of the Temple, and to their lands recognized in perpetuity in the act of signing this blessed truce; as well as the annexed territories of al-'Uraima and Mai'a? r, according to a truce signed by al-Malik az-Zahir1 whose terms are transferred to this treaty. The treaty applies then to all the territories of our Lord the Sultan (with security for them) on the part of the Grand Master fre`re William of Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Order of the Temple, and all the Brethren of Tortosa, knights and turcopoles and other categories of Franks.
No one from Tortosa and its port and coast shall invade the lands of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and his son al-Malik as-Salih, or their forts and castles and cities, whether or not they have been mentioned in the treaty. In return Tortosa and the regions mentioned in the treaty, with the Brethren and knights and their subjects living there or visiting, shall enjoy security and tranquillity from our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r, his son, their armies and subjects. No one shall invade Tortosa or its territory, or cause harm to or attack any of its inhabitants for as long as the truce shall last. All matters coming under prohibition shall be subject to the same prohibition.
Whenever a ship from the lands of our Lord the Sultan or one going thither from any other land or nation is wrecked or suffers damage in the port of Tortosa or its coasts and lands included in this treaty, all those on board the ship shall be kept safe, and also their goods and merchandise. Where the owner of the damaged ship is available, his ship and his property shall be handed over to him; if death or drowning have made this impossible, his property shall be sent under guard to a representative of our Lord the Sultan. The same rule shall apply to ships from Tortosa wrecked in the realms of our Lord the Sultan.
In the territory of Tortosa mentioned in the treaty no fort or fortification is to be repaired, nor any reinforcement, entrenchment or the like built.
THE TREATY WITH ACRE
(IBN 'ABD AZ-ZAHIR, TASHRI? F, 69r-85v)
In 682/1283 our Lord the Sultan agreed to grant a request from the people of Acre, after their ambassadors had appeared before him time after time, in Syria and Egypt, asking for peace. He forbade them to travel overland, inviting them to come by sea only, whenever they should desire an audience of him. This they did. The agreement reached was that they should submit themselves to the will of the Sultan, although before this, at the the
1 We do not possess a copy of the truce with Baibars referred to here.
194 Arab Historians of the Crusades
expiration of the truce (of al-Malik az-Zahir1), they had put forward exorbitant claims. In safar of this year/May 1283 delegates and notabilities came from Acre and signed the truce. The Sultan took the oath in the presence of the Frankish ambassadors, who were: two Brethren of the Order of the Temple, two of the Order of the Hospital, two royal knights, the governor-general William and the vizier Fahd. The text was as follows:
A truce is declared between our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r (Qalawu? n) and his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Dunya wa'd-Din 'Ali--God make their power eternal--and the authorities of the Commune of Acre, Sidon, 'Athli? th and the dependent territories, over which the truce extends. These are: the Seneschal Odo, bailli of Acre,2 the Grand Master fre`re William of Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Order of the Temple, the Grand Master fre`re Nicholas Lorgne, Grand Master of the Order of the Hospital, and the Marshal fre`re Conrad, representative of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Hospital. The truce is to last ten whole years, ten months, ten days and ten hours, beginning on Friday 5 rabi? ' I 682 of the hijra of the Prophet, which corresponds to 3 hazira? n 1594 of the era of Alexander son of Philip the Greek/3 June 1283. The truce is to be effective throughout all the states of our Lord al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Dunya wa'd-Din 'Ali: forts, castles, territories, provinces, cities, villages, farmed and unfarmed land. This includes:1
The kingdom of Egypt with all its regions and Muslim forts and castles, the district of Damietta, the district of Alexandria, Nastarawa, Santariyya and every port and coast and town connected with them; the district of Fuwwa and of Rosetta: the country of the Hija? z; the well-guarded district of Gaza with all its harbours and territories; the province of Karak, Shaubak and its territory, as-Salt and its territory, Bustra and its territory; the province of the Friend of God (Hebron)--on which be God's blessing! --the province of Jerusalem the noble and its territories, of the Jordan, of Bethlehem and its territory, with all the towns included in it and taken into account; Bait Gibri? l; the province of Nablus and its territory; the province of Alatru? n and its territory; Ascalon and its territory, harbours and coasts; the province of Jaffa and Ramla, its port and territory; Arsu? f, its port and territory; Caesarea, its port and coastline and territory; the fort of Qaqu? n and its territory; Lydda and its territory; the al-'Auja? zone and the salt works therein; the zone of the blessed conquest, with its territory and its farmland; Baisa? n and territory, at-Tur and territory, al-Laju? n and territory, Jubni? n and territory. 'Ain Jalu? t and territory, al-Qaimu? n and territory with all regions dependent on it; Tiberias with its lake and territory; the province of Safad and its dependencies; Tibni? n and Huni? n with all their towns and territories; ash-Shaqi? f, known as Shaqi? f Arnu? n, with its territory and dependencies; the town of al-Qarn and its dependencies, apart from those
The truce of 1272 with Baibars.
Odo Poilechien, Charles of Anjou's representative.
The long, monotonous list that follows, enumerating the dominions of the Mamlu? k Sultan of Egypt from south to north, has the eloquence of fact when one compares it with the brief description, a little further on, of the territories belonging to the other party to the treaty. The 'kingdom of Jerusalem' was in effect reduced to a narrow coastal strip extending from a short distance north of Acre as far as Carmel. Apart from this, Tyre and Sidon, Beiru? t and Tripoli and a few forts in Syria still held by the Templars and Hospitallers were all that remained of the Crusaders' achievements. The list of Qalawu? n's possessions, beginning with the Holy City, is in fact a list of all the territories that the Crusaders had lost during the last century, or had attacked in vain.
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specified in this treaty; half of the city of Alexandretta and of the suburb of Maru? n with their villages and vineyards and gardens and fields--and the rest of the above-mentioned Alexandretta shall all, including all its confines and lands, be subject to our Lord the Sultan and to his son--while the other half shall go to the kingdom of Acre; al-Biqa? ' al-'Azizi2 and its territory, Mashghar and territory, Shaqi? f Tiru? n and its territory; all the caves, Zalaya and the rest; Baniya? s and its territory; the fort of as-Subaiba with its lakes and territory; Kaukab and its territory; the fort of 'Ajlu? n and its territory; Damascus and its province with its forts and towns and districts and territories; the fortress of Baalbek and its territory; the province of Hims with its territory and confines; the province of Hama? t with its city and fort and lands and confines; Bala? tunus and its territory; Sahyu? n and its territory; Barzayya and its territory; the conquests of Hisn al-Akra? d and its territory; Safitha? and its territory; Mai'a? r and its territory; al-'Uraima and territory; Maraqiyya and its territory; Halaba? and its territory; the fort of 'Akka? r and its territory and lands; al-Qulai'a and its territory; the fort of Shaizar and its territory, Apamea and its territory; Ja? bala and its territory, Abu Qubais and its territory; the province of Aleppo, with all the forts, cities, towns and castles connected with it; Antioch and its territory, with everything that made up that blessed conquest;1 Baghra? s and its territory, Darbsa? k and its territory, Rawanda? n and its territory, Hari? m and its territory, 'Ainta? b and its territory, Tizi? n and its territory, Saih al-Hadi? d and its territory; the fort of Najm and its territory, Shaqi? f Dair Kush and its territory; ash-Shughr and its territory, Baka? s and its territory, as-Suwaida and its territory; al-Bab and Buza'a and their territories; al-Bira and its territory, ar-Rahba and its territory, Salamiyya and its territory, Shumaimi? s and its territory, Tadmur and its territory; and everything connected with these places, whether specified or not.
(The safety of all these places is guaranteed) by the authorities of the kingdom of Acre, i. e. the bailli of the Kingdom, the Grand Master of the Templars fre`re William of Beaujeu, the Grand Master of the Hospitallers, fre`re Nicholas Lorgne and the Marshal fre`re Conrad, representative of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Hospitallers; as well as all the Franks, Brethren and knights obedient to them and members of their State of Palestine; and by all the Franks without distinction who inhabit Acre and the coastal regions included in the treaty, and anyone of them to arrive there by land or sea, whatever his race or condition.
The territories of our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son the Sultan al-Malik as-Salih, their castles, forts, towns, villages and armies, Arab, Turcoman and Kurdish, and their subjects of every race, with all their possessions, flocks, goods, crops and everything else, shall have to fear no harm, injury or encroachment, attack or assault. This shall apply to all conquests of our Lord the Sultan al-Malik al-Mansu? r and of his son al-Malik as-Salih, by their own hand or by means of their armies and their commanders of castles and forts and provinces, by land and by sea, in the plains or in the mountains.
In the same way all the coastal lands of the Franks to which this treaty applies (shall be guaranteed their safety); to wit: the city of Acre, with the gardens, terrain, mills and
Al-Biqa? ' is the region of Syria east of Mount Lebanon; the epithet al-'Azizi (singular because the originally plural meaning of the word--the districts--has been forgotten) refers to al-Malik al-'Aziz, Saladin's son.
Baibars' fairly recent conquests. It is not clear what is meant by the 'zone of the blessed conquest' mentioned a few lines earlier.
2
1
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vineyards dependent upon it, including the taxes received from its administrative area, and the regions agreed under this treaty, numbering seventy-three districts with their fields; all without dispute in possession of the Franks. In the same way Kaifa and its vineyards and gardens, with seven dependent districts. In the same way Marina and the region known by that name shall belong to the Franks. In the same way they shall hold the monastery of Saya? j(? ) and that of Mar Elias. Of the area of Carmel our Lord the Sultan shall take for himself 'Afa? and al-Mansura, while the rest, consisting of thirteen districts, shall belong to the Franks. Of 'Athli? th the fort and the city and the gardens that have been harvested, the vineyards and the cultivated land and terrains shall go to the Franks, with sixteen districts; our Lord the Sultan shall take the village of al-Harami? s herein mentioned, with its taxes and farmlands; the rest of the territory of Athli? th shall be divided in half, apart from that which is in our Lord the Sultan's private possession: eight districts. The Hospitallers' estates in the province of Caesarea shall be Frankish property with everything that they contain. A half of the city of Alexandretta and the suburb of Maru? n with all its contents shall belong to the Franks, and the rest to our Lord the Sultan; all the taxes and crops of Alexandretta and the suburb of Maru? n shall be divided between them. In the case of Sidon, the fort and the city, the vineyards and the administrative area with all that it involves shall belong to the Franks; they shall take possession of fifteen districts with all their rivers, waters, springs, gardens, mills, canals flowing streams and dikes, by which the land is watered according to ancient usage; the rest of the entire mountain region shall be in the sole possession of our Lord the Sultan and his son. All these territories belonging to Acre, and those specified in the treaty, shall be given guarantees of safety by our Lord the Sultan and his son on behalf of their armies and troops, whether the region is partly or wholly in Frankish hands; the guarantee shall apply to property and inhabitants.
Outside Acre, 'Athli? th and Sidon and the walls of these three places the Franks may not rebuild walls, forts, fortifications or castles, whether old or new.
The galleys of our Lord the Sultan and his son that have been fitted out and sent to sea are forbidden to cause any harm to the coastal territories under treaty. When the above- mentioned galleys are bound for a country other than those whose ruler is linked by treaty with the authorities of the Commune of Acre the galleys may not drop anchor or take on provisions in countries affected by this treaty; if however the ruler of the country for which they are bound is not linked by treaty with the authorities of the Commune of Acre the galleys may drop anchor and take on provisions in the afore-mentioned countries. If ever, which God forbid, one of these galleys should be wrecked on a harbour or on a coast affected by the treaty, if making for an ally of the Commune of Acre and its ruler, the bailli of the kingdom of Acre and the Grand Masters of the Orders must take it into custody, enable the crew to take on provisions and to repair the damage to the ship, and send it back to Muslim territory. The original objective of the ship that has been wrecked and cast up on the shore shall be cancelled. If however the country for which the ship was bound is not linked by treaty with the Commune of Acre, the wrecked ship may take on provisions and crew in countries affected by the treaty and may proceed toward the original objective. This clause shall obtain equally in the case of Frankish ships cast up on Muslim territory.
Whenever one of the Kings of the Franks or of Outremer shall leave his land and invade the territory of our Lord the Sultan or of his son, where that territory is under treaty, the bailli of the Commune and the Grand Masters of Acre shall undertake to give notice of
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their movements to our Lord the Sultan two months before their arrival; in the event of their arrival after the two months have elapsed the bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Master shall be exempt from any obligations in the matter.
In the case of attack by the Mongols or other enemies whichever of the two signatories is the first to receive news of it shall inform the other. If an enemy force, which God forbid, whether Mongol or from some other hostile power, should attack Syria by the overland route and drive the (Sultan's) armies before it as far as the coastal territories affected by this treaty and invade these lands, the bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Masters shall have the right to make provision by means of treaties for the defence of their persons, their subjects and their territories, to the best of their ability.
If, God forbid, sudden panic should cause Muslims to flee from their own lands into the coastal territories affected by the treaty, the bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Masters shall give protection and defence to these fugitives, and defend them from their pursuers, so that they and their possessions may be safe and secure. The bailli of the Commune of Acre and the Grand Masters shall instruct all the other coastal territories under treaty not to permit pirates to take on food or water in their ports, to hold them if they capture them, and in the case of a pirate ship coming to sell its booty they shall detain the brigands until the rightful owner shall come to take back his property. The same conditions shall apply to the Sultan.
The church at Nazareth and four houses close to it shall be reserved for the use of Christian pilgrims, great and small, of whatsoever race and station, coming from Acre and the coastal lands affected by the treaty. In the church priests and friars shall perform their offices, and the houses shall be reserved for the use of visitors to the church of Nazareth, who shall have complete freedom of movement within the area under treaty. Concerning the stones of the church, those that are picked up (having fallen from their place) shall be cast away, and stone shall not be set upon stone to rebuild the church; nor shall unlawful gifts be solicited by priests and friars for this purpose.
