The New Times was
combined
with The
Day, a Paper that seems to have lingered on for many years, until both were merged into The Morning
186 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Day, a Paper that seems to have lingered on for many years, until both were merged into The Morning
186 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Hunt - Fourth Estate - History of Newspapers and Liberty of Press - v2
On the very eve of success he was doomed to bitter disappoint ment.
He had exhausted his own funds in the attempt, and his father, who had hitherto assisted him, became disheartened, and refused him any further aid.
The"project was therefore for the time abandoned.
Mr. Walter, however, was not the man to be de terred from what he had once resolved to do. He gave his mind incessantly to the subject, and courted aid from all quarters, with his usual munificence. In the year 1814 he was induced by a clerical friend, in whose judgment he confided, to make a fresh experi ment ; and accordingly the machinery of the amiable and ingenious Kcenig, assisted by his young friend
Bauer, was introduced —not, indeed, at first into The Times office, but into the adjoining premises, such caution being thought necessary from the threatened violence of the pressmen. Here the work advanced, under the frequent inspection and advice of the friend alluded to. At one period these two able mechanics suspended their anxious toil, and left the premises in disgust. After the lapse, however, of about three days, the same gentleman discovered their retreat,
172 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
induced them to return, showed them to their surprise
their difficulty conquered, and the work still in pro
The night on which this curious machine was first brought into use in its new abode was one of great anxiety, and even alarm. The suspicious pressmen had threatened destruction to any one whose inven tions might suspend their employment —' destruction to him and his traps. ' They were directed to wait for expected News from the Continent. It was about six o'clock in the morning when Mr. Walter went into the press-room, and astonished its occupants by telling them that ' The Times was already printed by steam ! That if they attempted violence, there was a force ready to suppress it ; but that if they were peaceable, their wages should be continued to every one of them till similar employment could be pro cured ;' — a promise which was, no doubt, faithfully performed ; and having so said, he distributed several copies among them. Thus was this most hazardous enterprise undertaken and successfully car ried through, and printing by steam, on an almost
gress.
scale, given to the world. On that memor able day, the 29th of November, 1814, the following announcement appeared in The Times: —
Our journal of this day presents to the public the practical result of the greatest improvement connected with printing, since the discovery of the art itself. The reader of this para graph now holds in his hand one of the many thousand impres sions of The Times Newspaper, which were taken off last night by a mechanical apparatus. A system of machinery, almost or ganic, has been devised and arranged, which, while it relieves the human frame of its most laborious efforts in printing, far exceeds all human powers in rapidity and despatch. That the magnitude
gigantic
THE TIMES AND THE STEAM-PRESS. 173
of the invention may be justly appreciated by its effects, we shall inform the public, that, after the letters are placed by the compositors, and enclosed in what is called the form, little more remains for man to do, than to attend upon and watch this un conscious agent in its operations. The machine is then merely supplied with paper—itself places the form, inks it, adjusts the paper to the form newly inked, stamps the sheet, and gives it forth to the hands of the attendant, at the same time withdraw ing the form for a fresh coat of ink, which itself again distributes, to meet the ensuing sheet, now advancing for impression ; and the whole of these complicated acts is performed with such a velocity and simultaneousness of movement, that no less than
1,100 sheets are impressed in one hour.
That the completion of an invention of this kind, not the
effect of chance, but the result of mechanical combinations, me thodically arranged in the mind of the artist, should be attended with many obstructions, and much delay, may be readily ad mitted. Our share in the event has, indeed, only been the application of the discovery, under an agreement with the pa tentees, to our own particular business ; yet few can conceive, even with this limited interest, the various disappointments and deep anxiety to which we have, for a long course of time, been subjected.
From that day to the end of his life, Mr. Walter never ceased to improve on the original plan ; and his successor following in his footsteps, a machine was ultimately perfected, which produces 8,000 copies in an hour—the machine with which The Times is now printed.
Whilst Walter was perfecting a steam-press to produce a rapid supply of Papers, he was equally energetic and successful in securing literary talent, without which his Journal could never have required such means for satisfying the public demand. In the early days of the Paper, he threw his columns open to
174 THE FOCETH ESTATE.
contributions, and encouraged a supply of " Letters to the Editor. " By these means he now and then found a writer of more than average excellence, and when he did so he sought the name of his correspondent, and
secured his help to supply a few articles on the sub ject he was best acquainted with. The copy thus obtained, was subjected to very careful and judicious
editing ; and to the talent and tact with which this was done, may be ascribed one element of the success ulti mately secured. His plan seems to have been not so much to secure a writing- editor, as an editor who could write when called upon, but whose chief duty was a sagacious selection of contributors, and a prompt and laborious editing of the articles they supplied.
Dr. Stoddart, whose name will long live in the satirical verses of Moore, and others, as Dr. Slop, was an editor of The Times, but differed from Walter so completely in his opinions on the subject of Napoleon and his character, that an explanation became requisite between them. Dr. Stoddart seems to have laboured under a perfect mania as"regarded Bonaparte, who, to his mind, was the real Corsican fiend. " In spite of all suggestions, Stoddart continued to pour out his ultra opinions, and for a while the articles were
Still, however, on, on, he went with a re lentless force, which no suggestions, no remonstrances, no proprietorial directions, could check, and the arti cles were put aside unpublished. A crisis ensued, and Walter, with the liberality which is described as one of the marked features of his character and another element of his success, proposed that Stoddart should cease to be connected with the Paper, receiving
printed.
THE TIMES MR. BARNES. 175
a handsome retiring compensation. The sum was left to be settled by two mutual friends, and they pro ceeded to deliberate on the matter. Their decision had not been arrived at, when, one day, Stoddart wrote to them and to Walter, to say that the affair need not trouble them any further, as, on the follow ing Monday, No. 1 of The New Times would appear.
The successor to Stoddart was Thomas Barnes, who remained for many years at the head of The Times' literary corps. We are informed by a member of that body that Barnes had been a Blue Coat Boy, and from Christ's Hospital went to Cambridge, where he was the college contemporary and rival of the present Bishop of London, Dr. Blomfield. The latter suc ceeded in carrying off the honours of three years, Mr. Barnes holding the second place, though the on dit of the members of the University at the time was, that though Blomfield surpassed as a Greek scholar, Barnes was unrivalled in his general acquirements. After graduating, Barnes entered as a student at
the Temple, intending to prepare himself for the Bar. While thus engaged as a law student, he ac
quired the friendship of the late Hon. George Lamb (brother of the late Lord Melbourne), then also a student occupying chambers in the same building as those held by Barnes. As a relief from the mono tonous routine of Coke and Littleton, and the other solid works which should form the basis of a law stu dent's reading, Barnes wrote a series of letters after the manner of Junius, on the leading political cha racters and events of the day. These letters were addressed to and published in the columns of The
176 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Times. Attracting some attention, the author of the articles was sought and found by Walter, and an en gagement was concluded between them, which first introduced Barnes as a reporter into the Parlia mentary galleries, and subsequently placed him in the editorial chair of a powerful daily Paper.
It was during his editorship, and Walter's manage ment, that the Paper gained its great circulation. Many eminent men became contributors, but their names never appeared. When they wrote for the Paper their voices became its voice, and their talents swelled the fame of The Times. Perhaps a dozen well paid men were at one time in the receipt of hand some stipends on the Journal, and when any one was " written out," he made way for another. Printing
House Square has " used up many a crack writer;" but it is said that none of them ever complained of want of liberality on the part of the man in whose aid they had lent a pen. One of these was a Captain Stirling, who was considered the author of many of the clever, reckless, torrent-like leaders that gained the Paper its
of The Thunderer. He seemed to write
cognomen
exactly to the temper of the English public of his day. He lived at Brompton ; had a stipend, it is stated, of nearly £2,000 a-year ; and when he did visit the office, which was seldom, it is said great secrecy was observed ; and it seems that Walter was fond of pre
serving a degree of mystery as to the authorship of what appeared in thePaper. Stirling is declared to have been a man rather deficient in information of most kinds. When he was to write, it was necessary to cram him with the facts and points, but when he had
BARNES AND LORD BROUGHAM. 177
once got them, he clothed his case so admirably in its garment of words, that all the world—except those he hit at—were charmed. Barnes is said to have written very few leaders, but of course this is a point not known; certain it is he had the credit of very many, and now and then was threatened by wrathful politicians who had felt the weight of a severe leader. It is said that more than one minister had sought to fix a personal quarrel upon him ; but, unlike some of his brother journalists, we have no record of any hostile meeting. Lord Brougham, who has figured in so many characters, had also the credit of an occa sional leader. A Newspaper tradition says, that Barnes went one day to Brougham, then Chancellor, and, wait
ing for him in his private room at the court, took up The Morning Chronicle, in which there was that morning a denunciation of an article Brougham had the day before written in The Times. Barnes sus pected the authorship from the style, and when the legal dignitary left the judgment-seat to speak"to the editor, the latter saluted the Chancellor with Well, this is almost too bad to demolish yourself in this way ! " Brougham was taken aback. Barnes saw at once that the random guess was a hit, pursued his advantage, followed up the attack, and Brougham admitted that he was the writer of the reply to his own onslaught.
Though Barnes wrote very few leaders* he had the
* Barnes wrote other things besides political " leaders. " A con tributor to the New Monthly Magazine says :—" While I was part proprietor of The Champion weekly Newspaper, Barnes was engaged to write a series of critical essays on our leading poets and novelists, which he did under the appropriate signature of ' Strada,' with whose ' Prolusiones' the scholastic reader will not be unfamiliar. The series
VOL. II. M
178 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
power to shape the contributions of others, so as to avoid the strong contradictions that sometimes after his death appeared in the columns of The Times. Probably his successor had not the power to touch the copy of certain writers. Hence much disrepute.
A life of incessant labour was unhappily closed by a death of pain. After long suffering from an attack of stone, Barnes resolved to submit to an operation ; which, though performed most skilfully by Liston,
embraced most of the eminent bards, living and dead, from Campbell and Rogers, back to Milton, Shakspeare, and Spenser ; but of the novelists the list was scanty, beginning and ending, if I mistake not, with Mrs. Opie and Miss Edgeworth. These Papers displayed great acumen, as well as a delicate taste ; and though the writer, entertain ing a very decided opinion as to the merits of the different authors, expressed them with a correspondent frankness, his unfavourable verdicts were free from the rude dogmatism and scurrility that dis graced his angry ebullitions when he became 'the thunderer. ' As these papers excited a great deal of attention, and were deemed highly advantageous to the Paper, it became a matter of importance to secure their regular appearance, an object not easily attained with a writer whose habits were rarely temperate, and never methodical. After several complaints of his irregularity, he himself suggested a scheme by which he might be guaranteed against future disappointment ; and it proved successful, though it did not, at first, present a very promis ing appearance. Writing materials were placed upon a table by his bed-side, together with some volumes of the author whom he was to review, for the purpose of quotations, for he was already fully imbued
with the characteristics, and conversant with the works of all our great writers. At his customary hour he retired to rest, sober or not, as the case might be, leaving orders to be called at four o'clock in the morning, whon ho aroso with a bright, clear, and vigorous intellect, and, imme diately applying himself to his task, achieved it with a completeness and rapidity that few could equal, and which none, perhaps, could have surpassed. Be it recorded, to his infinite praise, that in later life he must have totally conquered all the bad habits to which I have alluded, for perhaps there is no human occupation which requires more incessant industry and rigorous temperance than that of theeditorof The Times. "
THE FIRST PARLIAMENTARY " SUMMARY. " 179
gave a shock to his system, worn down by mental work and bodily pain, which it never recovered. His death occurred on the 7th of May, 1841, in his 56th year, and his remains rest in the cemetery at Kensall Green.
We have spoken only of Mr. Walter the journalist, of Mr. Walter the Member of Parliament, we have, in this volume, little to say. The fact, however, must not pass unnamed that he sat in the House of Com mons for many years, and that his last appearance there was in the session of 1843. He had earned distinction and wealth, and closed a long and active life on the 28th of July, 1 847*
When the reports of the Parliamentary debates in the daily Papers had swelled to such unwieldy length, that few found leisure to read them through, an ingenious plan was adopted. A summary was written by a gentleman who sat through the whole debate ; and this, being printed in large type as the first leading article, gave those who had no relish or time to read long columns of debates, a complete
* The following paragraph " went the round" of the Newspapers :— " The will of the late John Walter, Esq. , of Bearwood Hall, Berks,
and Printing-house Square, London, was executed by him on the 19th of Feb. , 1847, and he died on the 28th of July. He has devised to his son, John Walter, Esq. , M. P. for Nottingham, the entire freehold premises and warehouses belonging to the establishment of The Times, in Printing-house Square, and leaves him all his interest in the business. The freehold and copyhold estates which he possessed in the counties of Berks and Wilts, together with the right of presentation to St. Catharine's Church, Bearwood, he leaves to the trustees under the terms of the settlement on the marriage of his said son. The residue of his real and personal estate to his wife, Mrs. Mary Walter, for her own absolute use, and has appointed her sole executrix. The personality was valued for probate duty at £90,000. "
M2
180 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
idea of all the points that had arisen during the previous night's discussion, with the names of the chief speakers and the positions they took up. The first person who wrote these articles for The Times was Horace Twiss, afterwards the biographer of Lord
Eldon. Twiss was a clever barrister, who, towards the close of the rotten borough system, joined the
Tory camp, and spoke and wrote, cleverly and most diligently, in favour of the cause he had espoused. Had he lived thirty years earlier he might have reached the House of Lords, through one of the many avenues open to legal talent. The ultra party whom he had joined, were, however, left behind by the advancing tide of public opinion, and Twiss zealously and honourably worked on in an equally useful, if less
He satin the House of Commons for some years before the Reform Bill passed; but, after that measure had become law, he was only once more
elected, though he stood several contests. Out of Par liament, as a member, he took his seat as a representa
tive of the press, and certainly instructed and gratified the public much more by his summaries in The Times than he could have done had he sat for all the boroughs heevercontested. * Twissdied on the 25th ofApril, 1848.
* A biographic sketch, which appeared in The Morning Chronicle immediately after his death, states that Twiss was the son of " a highly accomplished and learned person. His mother was a sister of John Philip Kemble and Mrs. Siddons, and was every way qualified to do honour to her gifted family. Mr. Twiss, after receiving an excellent education, was placed for two or three years in an attorney's office, and then became a member of the Inner Temple, and in due time was called to the bar. He travelled the Oxford circuit for some years, and became one of its most distinguished leaders; but during
distinguished sphere.
THE GREAT CONTINENTAL FRAUD. 181
With one other incident in the history of The Times, we may close this notice of that Journal. It is now about ten years ago that the then Paris cor respondent of the Paper, Mr. O'Eeilly, received secret information of an enormous fraud that was said to be in course of perpetration on the Continent. The
the latter period of his professional career, he attached himself ex clusively to the Equity Courts. No one can doubt that his legal abilities and knowledge very far exceeded those of many of his competitors, who have obtained forensic, or even judicial eminence. But his chances of success were materially lessened by his social, literary, and political celebrity ; for the world are slow to believe that any man can be first-rate in more than one walk at a time. Mr, Twiss's Vers de Societe, and other light compositions, were sufficiently popular in their day to earn their author a place among the wits. But his chosen field of ambition was the House of Commons. At the conclusion of his first speech on Catholic Emancipation, the Duke of Norfolk, who had been seated under the gallery, requested to be introduced to him, and thanked him in the warmest and most flattering terms for his advocacy ; and the late Lord Londonderry, an excellent judge, shook him cordially by the hand, and said, ' Tou may speak as often as you like now, for the House are sure to listen to you. ' His speech on the bill for allow ing counsel to address the jury for the defence in cases of felony was another highly successful effort ; and a speech in the Court of Chancery is generally understood to have led, by the powers of arrangement and reasoning displayed in to his appointment as Under-Secretary for the Colonies, on the formation of the Duke of Wellington's administration in 1828. But Mr. Twiss's Parliamentary career was interrupted by the Reform Bill. Wootton Basset, the borough which he had repre sented for many years, was placed in Schedule and although he subsequently succeeded in getting returned for Bridport during one Parliament, he found impossible to establish durable hold on the constituency. Nor was he more fortunate at Nottingham, Bury, and two or three other places at which he subsequently became candidate. His energies, however, were inexhaustible. Aide toi et Dim aidera, was his motto. His fortune was limited he had large family to provide for and finding his forensic gains inadequate, he devoted his talents to the press. He hit upon the plan, now generally adopted, of giving summary of the speeches in the Houses of Parliament in
a
;
;
a
a
;A
a f
it
it,
182 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
author of the plot was described to be an old officer who had been a personal favourite of Napoleon, and who, by the aid of talent, great knowledge of the con tinental world, and a most polished exterior, had put in operation a mode by which the European bankers were to be robbed of a million, and which had, when
addition to the reports, and for many years he ably supplied the House of Commons' summary for our contemporary, The Times. He was also an occasional contributor of leading articles to the same Journal. He continued to employ himself in this manner until he received (on the nomination, we believe, of the late Lord Granville Somerset) the appointment of Vice-Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. But the literary effort which does his name most honour, is undoubtedly his ' Life of Lord Eldon' —one of the best specimens ofbiography which we possess. It silenced at once and for ever the doubts and cavils of those who, misled by the varied and somewhat desultory nature of Mr. Twiss's career, had judged him incapable of producing a sterling work, involving a great number of important topics, which, for lucidity of style, fulness of information, and comprehensiveness of view, should stand the severest test of criticism. Had life and health been spared to him, he might have earned still higher distinctions, literary and professional. But we are, at all events, justified in commemorating him as a kind-hearted, honourable, and estimable man, of undoubted ability, who has left a host of friends to lament his loss, and not a single ill-wisher to dispute his claim to the esteem and admiration of his contemporaries. "
" Twiss died very suddenly. The Times, in noticing the event, says : — He left home on Friday morning at about ten o'clock, and having spent the intervening hours in the transaction of other business, at
tended at two o'clock a meeting of the Bock Assurance Society, at Badley's Hotel, Bridge Street. The discussion had begun, and he had risen to address the meeting, when, after speaking for some minutes with his usual clearness and force, he suddenly sank backinto his chair, as if in a fainting fit. He was immediately carried by the friends about him into an adjoining room, and several medical gentlemen were instantly in attendance. Cordials were promptly administered, and every other means which science could suggest were taken to restore the action of the heart, but it had ceased to beat, and, after one or two convulsive sobs, Mr. Twiss had ceased to exist. "
BOGLE VERSUS LAWSON. 183
O'Reilly was informed of fleeced them of £10,700. The position of the accused parties, the great skill and secrecy with which the plot had been contrived, rendered hazardous experiment for private indi viduals to attempt the crushing of such formidable conspiracy. But neither correspondent abroad nor editor at home hesitated in their duty. The whole plan was exposed but to throw the swindlers on the wrong scent, the expose" was dated Brussels, instead of Paris. This believed to have saved O'Reilly from assassination, for the French swindling genius who presided over this gigantic fraud, had, was said, seen enough of blood not to let single life stand be tween himself and the realization of his plans. The Times exposed the robbery, and saved the bankers from farther loss, but were not allowed to pass scot free. An action was brought by Mr. Bogle, who declared himself injured by the statements in The Times; and on the 16th of Aug. , 1841, the case Bogle v. Lawson, came on for trial at Croydon. Then the whole story came out; the great exertions made, and the heavy expenses incurred by the Paper, in unravelling the schemes of the conspirators, and exposing their enormous system of intended robbery, came to light. * A verdict for the defendant followed, and the public voice again declared unanimously, that public ser vice had been done by the press. subscription was proposed and commenced for the purpose of paying the expenses incurred by The Times in this trans action, but the proprietors of the Journal declining such assistance, on the high plea that they did not
* Report of the action Bogle v. Lawson, tried at Croydon, Aug. 16, 1841 edited by W. Hughes Hughes, Esq.
;
A
a
a
a
it,
a
it
is
;
it a
184 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
wish to be paid for doing what they regarded as their duty, a public meeting was called to decide upon a mode of testifying the public approbation of the Paper. No less than £2,625 had been subscribed by the mercan tile men of London, and the question was — how it could be best expended in perpetuating the memory of a great service done to the commercial world by a daily Newspaper. The Lord Mayor presided over the discussion of the knotty point, and, eventu ally (Feb. 9, 1842), the following resolutions were
adopted :—
1. " That with permission of the Gresham Com
mittee, a Tablet, not exceeding one hundred guineas in value, with suitable inscription, be placed in the new Royal Exchange, and that a similar Tablet, not exceeding fifty guineas in value, be placed in some conspicuous part of The Times printing establish ment. "
2. That the surplus of the fund raised be in vested in Government securities, in the names of the following trustees : — the Lord Mayor of London, the Lord Bishop of London, the Governor of the Bank of England, and the Chamberlain of London, all for the time being ; the dividends to be applied to the support of two scholarships, to be called The Times' Scholarships.
3. " That The Times' Scholarships be established in connexion with Christ's Hospital, and the City of London School, for the benefit of pupils proceeding
from those institutions respectively to the universities
of Oxford or Cambridge.
4. " That Christ's Hospital, and the City of Lon
don School be required to place in their respective
THE NEW TIMES. 185
institutions a tablet commemorative of the establish ment of such scholarships. "
These resolutions were carried into effect, as those who like to visit Christ's Hospital or the City School in Milk Street may learn, and many a youthful scholar's heart has since beat high as he entered on the competition for the Times' Scholarship.
Between 1788, when The Times was founded, and 1846, when the first number of The Daily News ap
peared — a space of fifty-eight years — several attempts were made to establish daily Papers, the only success ful effort being that already alluded to, by which the publicans set up The Morning Advertiser, as an organ of their body, a representative at once of the interests and the charities of the licensed victuallers. Appear ing with so large a body of proprietorial supporters — for every publican who subscribes to the Paper re ceives back a portion of the profits realized by the concern —The Morning Advertiser became successful. Until The Daily News appeared, however, it was the only successful attempt since the days of the first Walter. Dr. Stoddart started The New Times with great expectations, but the " leaders" in his first num ber gave a character to the new Journal which it never survived. " Dr. Slop" became almost the only name by which he was ever spoken of. It is said, that £20,000 were lost upon the project, and then Stod dart left Journalism for the law, and became a judge at Malta.
The New Times was combined with The
Day, a Paper that seems to have lingered on for many years, until both were merged into The Morning
186 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Journal, which, in its turn, disappeared. A passage from the memoir of Mr. Eugenius Roche,* will help to show how these Papers struggled on.
In the year 1827, Mr. Roche was selected to be the editor of The New Times, formerly The Day, and subsequently meta morphosed into The Morning Journal. It is rather a strange circumstance in the history of the press, that after twenty years Mr. R. should have returned to the editorship of that Paper on account of which he had so severely suffered. Itwas made a condition of his appointment to The New Times that he should purchase shares in the property, upon the plea, that the interest he would thus acquire in the Paper, would be to his co-proprietors the best guarantee for the assiduous application of his talents in the management of it. Here again he suffered through his unsuspicious nature. He found too late that by indiscreetly purchasing what were termed shares, he had, in fact, rendered himself liable for the debts of a losing concern; and that instead of possessing himself, as he confidently imagined, of that which would yield provision for his children in case of his death, he had mortgaged their inheritancef in exchange for a purchase, which not only swallowed up the amount of his editorial stipend, but also subjected him to a heavy claim. It needs not to be told that he was unconscious of the embarrassments he was about to bring upon himself, in taking the step in question. It was part of the understanding between him and those with whom he dealt upon the occasion,
that in case of a vacancy upon The Courier, which was then contemplated, he should be elected the editor of that print. When he became fully sensible of the loss he was sustaining by his connexion with The New Times, he felt anxious to have
* See memoir attached to " London in a Thousand Years, with Other Poems ; by the late Eugeniua Roche, Esq. , Editor of The Courier, &c. " London : 1830.
t He actually mortgaged the freehold house in which he lived, to raise funds for the purchase of two twenty-fourth shares, as the stipu lated condition of his appointment as editor, at a salary which did not
cover the quarterly demands upon him as a share of the losses.
THE REPRESENTATIVE. 187
his services transferred to a concern which he considered would at least afford to pay the stipends of its conductors, without first drawing the amount out of their own pockets. By often and strenuously representing to his co-proprietors the hardship of his situation, observing, that however their ample means (for they were all wealthy individuals) might enable them to bear the burden, it was neither possible for him to pay, nor just that he, who had never shared the profits, should be taxed to sus tain the losses, he was at length allowed to escape from the
toils in which he had become entangled. It was arranged that he should give his services for the benefit of The Courier, in which his co-proprietors of The New Times were also embarked. It was still thought necessary to attach the new editor more closely to the interests of the Paper, by inducing him to become the holder of a share in it. Accordingly an influential pro
prietor agreed to transfer a twenty-fourth share to Mr. Roche ; and a contract was actually signed and sealed for the purchase at the price of five thousand guineas.
It is fit, however, to state that he expected to obtain the editorship of The Courier from thus connecting himself with that Journal ; and to this he eventually succeeded, though not to all the emoluments enjoyed by his predecessors. Had his life been spared, he might have been able to fulfil all his en gagements, and to have provided for his family. Unhappily, the distressing embarrassments consequent on the losses he had previously sustained, and on his becoming bail for " a public
character" who fled to America, threw him into greater dif ficulties. His efforts to extricate himself from these, com mitted him with other parties ; and trembling for the ruin which impended over his family, and expecting each day to be consigned to the grasp of the myrmidons of the law, his con stitution sunk beneath the struggle, and his poor broken heart found relief and repose in death.
Another attempt to establish a Morning Journal was made by the late John Murray, the publisher, who, having succeeded so well with books, and being surrounded by some of the most eminent writers of the day, thought
188 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
he could make a Newspaper succeed. After a great flourish, The Representative made its appearance, B. D'Israeli being, it is said, one of the shareholders. It displayed no lack of talent, and no scarcity of money ; but the public soon found out it was not what they wanted — in fact, that it was not a good Newspaper; and the end of the experiment was, that Mr. Murray lost a very large sum of money to gain experience of the fact that successful authors of books are not always the people able to answer the incessant de mand on the mental fund required to keep up a
Newspaper.
About fourteen years ago, a speculation was set
a-foot under the title of the Metropolitan Newspaper Company, and from this scheme emerged The Con stitutional, an Ultra-Liberal Daily Paper. The pro moters of this new project had purchased from Mr. J. L. Stevens his interest as lessee of The Public Ledger, and, incorporating that old Paper on their new plan, the sanguine politicians thought fortune was in their hands. Their literary staff included Laman Blanchard as editor, Thornton Hunt as sub. , Douglas Jerrold as dramatic critic, and Thackeray, who became the Paris correspondent, and afterwards foreign editor. Great liberality of sentiment, great zeal, and much talent were displayed; but the funds were wanting, and after six or seven thousand pounds had been lost, The Constitutional stopped, and The Public Ledger, emerg ing from the unfortunate partnership, jogged on alone in its former quiet way.
The Daily News is the youngest, and certainly most vigorous, member of the Newspaper family that
THE DAILY NEWS. 189
has appeared since The Times came into the field. It started with the prestige of a highly popular literary name, and with a staff of writers such as no previous Paper had ever mustered to prepare a first number. The name of Charles Dickens was, in itself, a host ; and not only in England, but on the Continent and in America, both literary and political readers were on the qui vive to welcome the new adventurer in the honourable but dangerous field. Mistakes were no doubt made, and great expenses incurred ; but the errors were corrected, and the losses most gallantly borne. To give a greater impetus to the sale, the price was afterwards lowered to the minimum point, and a Daily Paper, complete at all points, with a full corps of writers at home, and of correspondents abroad, offered an admirably prepared broad-sheet to the public, first at %\d. and afterwards at 3d. This experiment was continued with great courage and a sale secured, at one time, of 23,000 a-day ; but the tax on the paper, and the tax on the advertisements, and the red penny stamp in the corner, were found to press too heavily to render a continuance of low charges advisable, and The Daily News again took the same price as its com petitors. Through abundant difficulties and perilous experiments, by force of talent, of capital, of strong
will and high purpose, it has fought its way to an elevated and honourable position amongst the daily Journals, not of England alone but of Europe.
CHAPTEE IX.
THE MECHANISM OF A MORNING PAPER.
"Her officers march along with armies, and her envoys walk into statesmen'? cabinets. They are ubiquitous. Yonder Journal has an agent at this minute giving bribes at Madrid ; and another inspecting the price of potatoes in Covcnt- Garden. —Pendennis.
The growth of Newspaper arrangements and expenses. —The accounts of The Public Advertiser and of The Morning Chronicle. — Increased Expenses caused by growing Competition. —Staff of a Daily Paper in 1850. —Editors. — Reporters. — Foreign and Home Correspondents. — Printers. — Overland Mail. —Waghorn. —Arrival ofa Mail. — Twenty- four hours in a Newspaper Office.
WHAT Thackeray says of daily Papers, though true enough now, would not have applied in Dan Stuart's days. Their growth in importance and power,
until dingy printing-offices are fed with copy from li terary ambassadors at foreign courts, and literary fol lowers of invading armies, has been a very gradual affair; and before speaking of the staff of a Daily Paper in 1850, it will be well to see what the arrange ments of such establishments were in former times. Mr. H. G. Woodfall having kindly lent the ledgers of The Public Advertiser for the years 1772-6 for quota tion, we shall be able to see how strong the contrast
is between Newspaper mechanism, in past and pre sent days.
EXPENSES OF THE PUBLIC ADVERTISER. 191
Here is a transcript of the statement of the expen
ses (omitting paper, printing, and stamps, the amount forwhich varies, of course, with the number produced, and is returned in like proportion) of The Public Advertiser for 1773—the after Junius had ceased
to write for the paper :— year
. . . . Plantation, Irish, Scotch, and Country Papers
£ s. d. 100 0 0 14 0 0 31 4 0 12 0 o
282 4 111 010 6 50 0 0 850 330 0 0 0 0 0 0 1080 110 50 0 0 62 8 0 30 0 0 31 10 0
Paid translating Foreign News, &c. .
. . . . . . . .
Foreign Newspapers
Foy, at 2s. per Day
Lloyd's Coffee-house
Home News, &c. , as per Receipts, and Incidents
. . . . . . . . . .
for Post News
List of Sheriffs
Portsmouth Letter
Stocks
Sessions News amongst News-collectors Incidents included amongst Home News Porterage to Stamp Office
Recorder's Clerk
Sir John Fielding
Delivering Papers 52 Weeks, at £1 4s. per Week Clerk, and to collect Debts
Setting up extra Advertisements
A person to go daily to fetch in Advertisements,
get Evening Papers, &c, &c. Morning and Evening Papers
Postage to and from Correspondents Price of Hay and Straw, Whitechapel Mr. Green for Port Entries
Law Charges, Mr. Holloway . BadDebts
15
26 8
. . . .
. . . .
£796 16 0 The total expenses are thus under £800 a-year, exclusive of the before-mentioned charges. No Parlia
.
10
16 0
15 0
n 10 0
31 10 0 6 7 5 18 3 6 0 0 10
192 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
mentary or law-court reporters, no paid foreign corres pondents, are to be found in these Newspaper charges for a successful daily Paper in 1 773. Sir John Fielding's name appears for several years ; but whether he wrote letters, or reported cases, or edited the Paper for his £50 a-year, is not clear. * The penny-a-liner of those days was evidently known as a " News-collector. "*
At this period the Paper was receiving, on an average, about a £100 a- week for advertisements, about half of which went to pay the duty (then 2s. on each advertisement), leaving about £50 a-week towards the expenses and profits. The sale at the same period averaged 3,000 a-day. The profits varied. In 1774, they were £87 on each twentieth share, or £1,740 in the whole. The list of proprietors includes, Thomas Longman, as owner of one-twentieth ; JohnRivington, two-twentieths ; H. S. Woodfall, two-twentieths ; Tho mas Cadell, one-twentieth ; William Strahan, one-twen tieth; James Dodsley, two-twentieths. Garrick, as we have already said, had a share in the Paper, but his name does not appear in the list of those who signed the book of accounts — nor, indeed, do the names of many other shareholders.
In other portions of these accounts we find entries which do not at all explain themselves. They appear amongst the payments, and simply run thus — " Play houses, £100;" " Drury Lane advertisements, £64 8s. 6d. ;" " Covent Garden ditto, £66 lis. " Did the
* In the accounts for other years we find the expenses greatly in creased "by law costs in defending actions for libel. Thus, in 1774 we have, Expenses, King's Bench Prison, and fine, £200 14s. 9rf. ;" " Law Expenses attending Alexander Kennet, £3 7s. ; Compter, £52 10«. "
NEWSPAPER EXPENSES. 193
theatres in those grand days for the drama sell early
and exclusive copies of their play-bills to the News
papers? If so, things have greatly changed since then. The cost of the paper for the Public Advertiser averaged about 25s. a ream; there were charges for waste; and they issued some copies on sale or re turn: thus, in Feb. , 1773, the returned Papers were 1,400, and in March of that year 1,600, or 400 a-week.
Half a century after these days of Junius the daily Papers still continued to be far more humble in cha racter, and far behind what we find them now in size ; and they were consequently less expensive than at
At that time (I am now repeating what was told me by a Journalist who flourished at the time he speaks of), the Newspaper sheet was much smaller in the vacation than during the Parliamentary session— in the one case, four columns, in the other, five, to the page ; and the length of the sheet was far shorter than at present.
Daniel Stuart, in the Gentleman's Magazine, for July, 1833, stated that The Morning Post's " circula tion and character raised it above all its competitors ;" and what that"circulation was we learn from the same gentleman : — The Morning Post never sold more than 4,500 ; that was in August, 1803, when I sold it; and then no other daily morning Paper sold so much as 3,000. "
From the accounts of The Morning Chronicle, it appears that in March, 1797 (its best season), the sale was 1,148 a-day. In March of the following
* Gentleman's Magazine, May, 1838.
VOL. II. N
present.
194 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
year, the sale was 1,537 a-day. At that time Liberal principles were at a very low ebb. Mr. Perry filled for some time, during the Whig Administration of 1806-7, the office of Secretary to the Stamp Office, which acted injuriously on the sale of the Paper. The sale was highest (say 3,500) about the time of the Manchester massacre, as it was called (1819). It fell greatly during the excitement about Queen Caro line, when that Journal took neither one side nor another, and exemplified the old adage of two stools. OnMr. Perry's death, in 1821, the sale was about 2,800. And yet, with these low sales, the net profit of a morning Paper greatly exceeded what it sometimes now is. Perry's private banking-book for 1820 showed his income from the Paper was nearly £12,000. This difference of profits between past and present, doubt less arises from the enormous expenditure of a morn ing Paper in the present day. The monopoly is nearly complete; but whatever the income, the expendi ture of all Papers is nearly alike. Mr. Thwaites had much to do with raising the expenditure, by sending correspondents to all quarters for The Herald. The Times and Herald ran a most expensive race for some years. The Herald sent a correspondent to Spain, followed George the Fourth to Hanover, and took other equally spirited but expensive steps. Thwaites's object was, by devoting all the receipts to expenditure, not merely to raise the sale, but to compel Glassing- ton, a Newsman, who held a share, to sell out from want of income.
The following copy of a printer's account for The Morning Chronicle, just before the great revolution
NEWSPAPER EXPENSES. 195 of printing by steam, will show how low the expendi
ture was in that
Compositors .
Extra to ditto
department : — October 13, 1821.
£ s. d. 20 5 0
0 14 1H 8 1 0
Supernumeraries
Extra to ditto
Pressmen
Threeboys
Oneboy 100 Oil, &c.
Readers Printer
£68 9 9
Every other branch was proportionately low. The Chronicle had, in 1810, five House of Commons' report ers, one of whom attended the King's Bench besides ; one House of Lords' reporter, who digested the Police reports as well. The reports of the other courts were seldom given. The leading articles were in general very brief. But there was much more light and satirical writing in proportion than at present.
The Paper was obliged to keep accounts with
advertising
n 2 o 0
10 11
17 2 0
0 2 0 3 3 0 5 5 0
customers then as well as now, and as the advertisement duty was then high, much money was invested, which only came back after a considerable period. Had it not been for the duty on advertise ments, the morning Papers would have had little out
lay that was not covered by the daily receipts. The salaries of reporters rose gradually during the war from two guineas a-week to five guineas. There was
an understanding among the proprietors not to give n2
196 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
beyond that sum, and the understanding was nomi nally adhered to ; but Walter, of The Times, made presents to some of his best hands, which amounted, in fact, to an additional salary. There was a con tinual jealousy among the proprietors on that subject.
Perry was the first proprietor who gave annual engagements to reporters, which was good policy, as a poor man was, during the vacation, compelled to seek out some less precarious occupation, and thus a Paper was crippled at the opening of the session. The Chronicle at that time depended greatly on its Parliamentary reports, and was looked up to as the best authority. The expenditure of morning Papers, coupled with the heavy burthen of treble taxation — tax on paper, tax on advertisements, and tax on the perfect Journal itself — has had the effect of reducing the number.
STAFF, AND NEWSPAPER EXPENSES, OF A DAILY PAPER IN 1850;
Editorial— Chief Editor
Sub-Editor
Second Sub-Editor .
£ s. d. 18 18 0 12 12 0 10 10 0
8 8 0 25 4 0
86 7 0
Foreign Sub-Editor .
. . .
Mr. Walter, however, was not the man to be de terred from what he had once resolved to do. He gave his mind incessantly to the subject, and courted aid from all quarters, with his usual munificence. In the year 1814 he was induced by a clerical friend, in whose judgment he confided, to make a fresh experi ment ; and accordingly the machinery of the amiable and ingenious Kcenig, assisted by his young friend
Bauer, was introduced —not, indeed, at first into The Times office, but into the adjoining premises, such caution being thought necessary from the threatened violence of the pressmen. Here the work advanced, under the frequent inspection and advice of the friend alluded to. At one period these two able mechanics suspended their anxious toil, and left the premises in disgust. After the lapse, however, of about three days, the same gentleman discovered their retreat,
172 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
induced them to return, showed them to their surprise
their difficulty conquered, and the work still in pro
The night on which this curious machine was first brought into use in its new abode was one of great anxiety, and even alarm. The suspicious pressmen had threatened destruction to any one whose inven tions might suspend their employment —' destruction to him and his traps. ' They were directed to wait for expected News from the Continent. It was about six o'clock in the morning when Mr. Walter went into the press-room, and astonished its occupants by telling them that ' The Times was already printed by steam ! That if they attempted violence, there was a force ready to suppress it ; but that if they were peaceable, their wages should be continued to every one of them till similar employment could be pro cured ;' — a promise which was, no doubt, faithfully performed ; and having so said, he distributed several copies among them. Thus was this most hazardous enterprise undertaken and successfully car ried through, and printing by steam, on an almost
gress.
scale, given to the world. On that memor able day, the 29th of November, 1814, the following announcement appeared in The Times: —
Our journal of this day presents to the public the practical result of the greatest improvement connected with printing, since the discovery of the art itself. The reader of this para graph now holds in his hand one of the many thousand impres sions of The Times Newspaper, which were taken off last night by a mechanical apparatus. A system of machinery, almost or ganic, has been devised and arranged, which, while it relieves the human frame of its most laborious efforts in printing, far exceeds all human powers in rapidity and despatch. That the magnitude
gigantic
THE TIMES AND THE STEAM-PRESS. 173
of the invention may be justly appreciated by its effects, we shall inform the public, that, after the letters are placed by the compositors, and enclosed in what is called the form, little more remains for man to do, than to attend upon and watch this un conscious agent in its operations. The machine is then merely supplied with paper—itself places the form, inks it, adjusts the paper to the form newly inked, stamps the sheet, and gives it forth to the hands of the attendant, at the same time withdraw ing the form for a fresh coat of ink, which itself again distributes, to meet the ensuing sheet, now advancing for impression ; and the whole of these complicated acts is performed with such a velocity and simultaneousness of movement, that no less than
1,100 sheets are impressed in one hour.
That the completion of an invention of this kind, not the
effect of chance, but the result of mechanical combinations, me thodically arranged in the mind of the artist, should be attended with many obstructions, and much delay, may be readily ad mitted. Our share in the event has, indeed, only been the application of the discovery, under an agreement with the pa tentees, to our own particular business ; yet few can conceive, even with this limited interest, the various disappointments and deep anxiety to which we have, for a long course of time, been subjected.
From that day to the end of his life, Mr. Walter never ceased to improve on the original plan ; and his successor following in his footsteps, a machine was ultimately perfected, which produces 8,000 copies in an hour—the machine with which The Times is now printed.
Whilst Walter was perfecting a steam-press to produce a rapid supply of Papers, he was equally energetic and successful in securing literary talent, without which his Journal could never have required such means for satisfying the public demand. In the early days of the Paper, he threw his columns open to
174 THE FOCETH ESTATE.
contributions, and encouraged a supply of " Letters to the Editor. " By these means he now and then found a writer of more than average excellence, and when he did so he sought the name of his correspondent, and
secured his help to supply a few articles on the sub ject he was best acquainted with. The copy thus obtained, was subjected to very careful and judicious
editing ; and to the talent and tact with which this was done, may be ascribed one element of the success ulti mately secured. His plan seems to have been not so much to secure a writing- editor, as an editor who could write when called upon, but whose chief duty was a sagacious selection of contributors, and a prompt and laborious editing of the articles they supplied.
Dr. Stoddart, whose name will long live in the satirical verses of Moore, and others, as Dr. Slop, was an editor of The Times, but differed from Walter so completely in his opinions on the subject of Napoleon and his character, that an explanation became requisite between them. Dr. Stoddart seems to have laboured under a perfect mania as"regarded Bonaparte, who, to his mind, was the real Corsican fiend. " In spite of all suggestions, Stoddart continued to pour out his ultra opinions, and for a while the articles were
Still, however, on, on, he went with a re lentless force, which no suggestions, no remonstrances, no proprietorial directions, could check, and the arti cles were put aside unpublished. A crisis ensued, and Walter, with the liberality which is described as one of the marked features of his character and another element of his success, proposed that Stoddart should cease to be connected with the Paper, receiving
printed.
THE TIMES MR. BARNES. 175
a handsome retiring compensation. The sum was left to be settled by two mutual friends, and they pro ceeded to deliberate on the matter. Their decision had not been arrived at, when, one day, Stoddart wrote to them and to Walter, to say that the affair need not trouble them any further, as, on the follow ing Monday, No. 1 of The New Times would appear.
The successor to Stoddart was Thomas Barnes, who remained for many years at the head of The Times' literary corps. We are informed by a member of that body that Barnes had been a Blue Coat Boy, and from Christ's Hospital went to Cambridge, where he was the college contemporary and rival of the present Bishop of London, Dr. Blomfield. The latter suc ceeded in carrying off the honours of three years, Mr. Barnes holding the second place, though the on dit of the members of the University at the time was, that though Blomfield surpassed as a Greek scholar, Barnes was unrivalled in his general acquirements. After graduating, Barnes entered as a student at
the Temple, intending to prepare himself for the Bar. While thus engaged as a law student, he ac
quired the friendship of the late Hon. George Lamb (brother of the late Lord Melbourne), then also a student occupying chambers in the same building as those held by Barnes. As a relief from the mono tonous routine of Coke and Littleton, and the other solid works which should form the basis of a law stu dent's reading, Barnes wrote a series of letters after the manner of Junius, on the leading political cha racters and events of the day. These letters were addressed to and published in the columns of The
176 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Times. Attracting some attention, the author of the articles was sought and found by Walter, and an en gagement was concluded between them, which first introduced Barnes as a reporter into the Parlia mentary galleries, and subsequently placed him in the editorial chair of a powerful daily Paper.
It was during his editorship, and Walter's manage ment, that the Paper gained its great circulation. Many eminent men became contributors, but their names never appeared. When they wrote for the Paper their voices became its voice, and their talents swelled the fame of The Times. Perhaps a dozen well paid men were at one time in the receipt of hand some stipends on the Journal, and when any one was " written out," he made way for another. Printing
House Square has " used up many a crack writer;" but it is said that none of them ever complained of want of liberality on the part of the man in whose aid they had lent a pen. One of these was a Captain Stirling, who was considered the author of many of the clever, reckless, torrent-like leaders that gained the Paper its
of The Thunderer. He seemed to write
cognomen
exactly to the temper of the English public of his day. He lived at Brompton ; had a stipend, it is stated, of nearly £2,000 a-year ; and when he did visit the office, which was seldom, it is said great secrecy was observed ; and it seems that Walter was fond of pre
serving a degree of mystery as to the authorship of what appeared in thePaper. Stirling is declared to have been a man rather deficient in information of most kinds. When he was to write, it was necessary to cram him with the facts and points, but when he had
BARNES AND LORD BROUGHAM. 177
once got them, he clothed his case so admirably in its garment of words, that all the world—except those he hit at—were charmed. Barnes is said to have written very few leaders, but of course this is a point not known; certain it is he had the credit of very many, and now and then was threatened by wrathful politicians who had felt the weight of a severe leader. It is said that more than one minister had sought to fix a personal quarrel upon him ; but, unlike some of his brother journalists, we have no record of any hostile meeting. Lord Brougham, who has figured in so many characters, had also the credit of an occa sional leader. A Newspaper tradition says, that Barnes went one day to Brougham, then Chancellor, and, wait
ing for him in his private room at the court, took up The Morning Chronicle, in which there was that morning a denunciation of an article Brougham had the day before written in The Times. Barnes sus pected the authorship from the style, and when the legal dignitary left the judgment-seat to speak"to the editor, the latter saluted the Chancellor with Well, this is almost too bad to demolish yourself in this way ! " Brougham was taken aback. Barnes saw at once that the random guess was a hit, pursued his advantage, followed up the attack, and Brougham admitted that he was the writer of the reply to his own onslaught.
Though Barnes wrote very few leaders* he had the
* Barnes wrote other things besides political " leaders. " A con tributor to the New Monthly Magazine says :—" While I was part proprietor of The Champion weekly Newspaper, Barnes was engaged to write a series of critical essays on our leading poets and novelists, which he did under the appropriate signature of ' Strada,' with whose ' Prolusiones' the scholastic reader will not be unfamiliar. The series
VOL. II. M
178 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
power to shape the contributions of others, so as to avoid the strong contradictions that sometimes after his death appeared in the columns of The Times. Probably his successor had not the power to touch the copy of certain writers. Hence much disrepute.
A life of incessant labour was unhappily closed by a death of pain. After long suffering from an attack of stone, Barnes resolved to submit to an operation ; which, though performed most skilfully by Liston,
embraced most of the eminent bards, living and dead, from Campbell and Rogers, back to Milton, Shakspeare, and Spenser ; but of the novelists the list was scanty, beginning and ending, if I mistake not, with Mrs. Opie and Miss Edgeworth. These Papers displayed great acumen, as well as a delicate taste ; and though the writer, entertain ing a very decided opinion as to the merits of the different authors, expressed them with a correspondent frankness, his unfavourable verdicts were free from the rude dogmatism and scurrility that dis graced his angry ebullitions when he became 'the thunderer. ' As these papers excited a great deal of attention, and were deemed highly advantageous to the Paper, it became a matter of importance to secure their regular appearance, an object not easily attained with a writer whose habits were rarely temperate, and never methodical. After several complaints of his irregularity, he himself suggested a scheme by which he might be guaranteed against future disappointment ; and it proved successful, though it did not, at first, present a very promis ing appearance. Writing materials were placed upon a table by his bed-side, together with some volumes of the author whom he was to review, for the purpose of quotations, for he was already fully imbued
with the characteristics, and conversant with the works of all our great writers. At his customary hour he retired to rest, sober or not, as the case might be, leaving orders to be called at four o'clock in the morning, whon ho aroso with a bright, clear, and vigorous intellect, and, imme diately applying himself to his task, achieved it with a completeness and rapidity that few could equal, and which none, perhaps, could have surpassed. Be it recorded, to his infinite praise, that in later life he must have totally conquered all the bad habits to which I have alluded, for perhaps there is no human occupation which requires more incessant industry and rigorous temperance than that of theeditorof The Times. "
THE FIRST PARLIAMENTARY " SUMMARY. " 179
gave a shock to his system, worn down by mental work and bodily pain, which it never recovered. His death occurred on the 7th of May, 1841, in his 56th year, and his remains rest in the cemetery at Kensall Green.
We have spoken only of Mr. Walter the journalist, of Mr. Walter the Member of Parliament, we have, in this volume, little to say. The fact, however, must not pass unnamed that he sat in the House of Com mons for many years, and that his last appearance there was in the session of 1843. He had earned distinction and wealth, and closed a long and active life on the 28th of July, 1 847*
When the reports of the Parliamentary debates in the daily Papers had swelled to such unwieldy length, that few found leisure to read them through, an ingenious plan was adopted. A summary was written by a gentleman who sat through the whole debate ; and this, being printed in large type as the first leading article, gave those who had no relish or time to read long columns of debates, a complete
* The following paragraph " went the round" of the Newspapers :— " The will of the late John Walter, Esq. , of Bearwood Hall, Berks,
and Printing-house Square, London, was executed by him on the 19th of Feb. , 1847, and he died on the 28th of July. He has devised to his son, John Walter, Esq. , M. P. for Nottingham, the entire freehold premises and warehouses belonging to the establishment of The Times, in Printing-house Square, and leaves him all his interest in the business. The freehold and copyhold estates which he possessed in the counties of Berks and Wilts, together with the right of presentation to St. Catharine's Church, Bearwood, he leaves to the trustees under the terms of the settlement on the marriage of his said son. The residue of his real and personal estate to his wife, Mrs. Mary Walter, for her own absolute use, and has appointed her sole executrix. The personality was valued for probate duty at £90,000. "
M2
180 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
idea of all the points that had arisen during the previous night's discussion, with the names of the chief speakers and the positions they took up. The first person who wrote these articles for The Times was Horace Twiss, afterwards the biographer of Lord
Eldon. Twiss was a clever barrister, who, towards the close of the rotten borough system, joined the
Tory camp, and spoke and wrote, cleverly and most diligently, in favour of the cause he had espoused. Had he lived thirty years earlier he might have reached the House of Lords, through one of the many avenues open to legal talent. The ultra party whom he had joined, were, however, left behind by the advancing tide of public opinion, and Twiss zealously and honourably worked on in an equally useful, if less
He satin the House of Commons for some years before the Reform Bill passed; but, after that measure had become law, he was only once more
elected, though he stood several contests. Out of Par liament, as a member, he took his seat as a representa
tive of the press, and certainly instructed and gratified the public much more by his summaries in The Times than he could have done had he sat for all the boroughs heevercontested. * Twissdied on the 25th ofApril, 1848.
* A biographic sketch, which appeared in The Morning Chronicle immediately after his death, states that Twiss was the son of " a highly accomplished and learned person. His mother was a sister of John Philip Kemble and Mrs. Siddons, and was every way qualified to do honour to her gifted family. Mr. Twiss, after receiving an excellent education, was placed for two or three years in an attorney's office, and then became a member of the Inner Temple, and in due time was called to the bar. He travelled the Oxford circuit for some years, and became one of its most distinguished leaders; but during
distinguished sphere.
THE GREAT CONTINENTAL FRAUD. 181
With one other incident in the history of The Times, we may close this notice of that Journal. It is now about ten years ago that the then Paris cor respondent of the Paper, Mr. O'Eeilly, received secret information of an enormous fraud that was said to be in course of perpetration on the Continent. The
the latter period of his professional career, he attached himself ex clusively to the Equity Courts. No one can doubt that his legal abilities and knowledge very far exceeded those of many of his competitors, who have obtained forensic, or even judicial eminence. But his chances of success were materially lessened by his social, literary, and political celebrity ; for the world are slow to believe that any man can be first-rate in more than one walk at a time. Mr, Twiss's Vers de Societe, and other light compositions, were sufficiently popular in their day to earn their author a place among the wits. But his chosen field of ambition was the House of Commons. At the conclusion of his first speech on Catholic Emancipation, the Duke of Norfolk, who had been seated under the gallery, requested to be introduced to him, and thanked him in the warmest and most flattering terms for his advocacy ; and the late Lord Londonderry, an excellent judge, shook him cordially by the hand, and said, ' Tou may speak as often as you like now, for the House are sure to listen to you. ' His speech on the bill for allow ing counsel to address the jury for the defence in cases of felony was another highly successful effort ; and a speech in the Court of Chancery is generally understood to have led, by the powers of arrangement and reasoning displayed in to his appointment as Under-Secretary for the Colonies, on the formation of the Duke of Wellington's administration in 1828. But Mr. Twiss's Parliamentary career was interrupted by the Reform Bill. Wootton Basset, the borough which he had repre sented for many years, was placed in Schedule and although he subsequently succeeded in getting returned for Bridport during one Parliament, he found impossible to establish durable hold on the constituency. Nor was he more fortunate at Nottingham, Bury, and two or three other places at which he subsequently became candidate. His energies, however, were inexhaustible. Aide toi et Dim aidera, was his motto. His fortune was limited he had large family to provide for and finding his forensic gains inadequate, he devoted his talents to the press. He hit upon the plan, now generally adopted, of giving summary of the speeches in the Houses of Parliament in
a
;
;
a
a
;A
a f
it
it,
182 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
author of the plot was described to be an old officer who had been a personal favourite of Napoleon, and who, by the aid of talent, great knowledge of the con tinental world, and a most polished exterior, had put in operation a mode by which the European bankers were to be robbed of a million, and which had, when
addition to the reports, and for many years he ably supplied the House of Commons' summary for our contemporary, The Times. He was also an occasional contributor of leading articles to the same Journal. He continued to employ himself in this manner until he received (on the nomination, we believe, of the late Lord Granville Somerset) the appointment of Vice-Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. But the literary effort which does his name most honour, is undoubtedly his ' Life of Lord Eldon' —one of the best specimens ofbiography which we possess. It silenced at once and for ever the doubts and cavils of those who, misled by the varied and somewhat desultory nature of Mr. Twiss's career, had judged him incapable of producing a sterling work, involving a great number of important topics, which, for lucidity of style, fulness of information, and comprehensiveness of view, should stand the severest test of criticism. Had life and health been spared to him, he might have earned still higher distinctions, literary and professional. But we are, at all events, justified in commemorating him as a kind-hearted, honourable, and estimable man, of undoubted ability, who has left a host of friends to lament his loss, and not a single ill-wisher to dispute his claim to the esteem and admiration of his contemporaries. "
" Twiss died very suddenly. The Times, in noticing the event, says : — He left home on Friday morning at about ten o'clock, and having spent the intervening hours in the transaction of other business, at
tended at two o'clock a meeting of the Bock Assurance Society, at Badley's Hotel, Bridge Street. The discussion had begun, and he had risen to address the meeting, when, after speaking for some minutes with his usual clearness and force, he suddenly sank backinto his chair, as if in a fainting fit. He was immediately carried by the friends about him into an adjoining room, and several medical gentlemen were instantly in attendance. Cordials were promptly administered, and every other means which science could suggest were taken to restore the action of the heart, but it had ceased to beat, and, after one or two convulsive sobs, Mr. Twiss had ceased to exist. "
BOGLE VERSUS LAWSON. 183
O'Reilly was informed of fleeced them of £10,700. The position of the accused parties, the great skill and secrecy with which the plot had been contrived, rendered hazardous experiment for private indi viduals to attempt the crushing of such formidable conspiracy. But neither correspondent abroad nor editor at home hesitated in their duty. The whole plan was exposed but to throw the swindlers on the wrong scent, the expose" was dated Brussels, instead of Paris. This believed to have saved O'Reilly from assassination, for the French swindling genius who presided over this gigantic fraud, had, was said, seen enough of blood not to let single life stand be tween himself and the realization of his plans. The Times exposed the robbery, and saved the bankers from farther loss, but were not allowed to pass scot free. An action was brought by Mr. Bogle, who declared himself injured by the statements in The Times; and on the 16th of Aug. , 1841, the case Bogle v. Lawson, came on for trial at Croydon. Then the whole story came out; the great exertions made, and the heavy expenses incurred by the Paper, in unravelling the schemes of the conspirators, and exposing their enormous system of intended robbery, came to light. * A verdict for the defendant followed, and the public voice again declared unanimously, that public ser vice had been done by the press. subscription was proposed and commenced for the purpose of paying the expenses incurred by The Times in this trans action, but the proprietors of the Journal declining such assistance, on the high plea that they did not
* Report of the action Bogle v. Lawson, tried at Croydon, Aug. 16, 1841 edited by W. Hughes Hughes, Esq.
;
A
a
a
a
it,
a
it
is
;
it a
184 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
wish to be paid for doing what they regarded as their duty, a public meeting was called to decide upon a mode of testifying the public approbation of the Paper. No less than £2,625 had been subscribed by the mercan tile men of London, and the question was — how it could be best expended in perpetuating the memory of a great service done to the commercial world by a daily Newspaper. The Lord Mayor presided over the discussion of the knotty point, and, eventu ally (Feb. 9, 1842), the following resolutions were
adopted :—
1. " That with permission of the Gresham Com
mittee, a Tablet, not exceeding one hundred guineas in value, with suitable inscription, be placed in the new Royal Exchange, and that a similar Tablet, not exceeding fifty guineas in value, be placed in some conspicuous part of The Times printing establish ment. "
2. That the surplus of the fund raised be in vested in Government securities, in the names of the following trustees : — the Lord Mayor of London, the Lord Bishop of London, the Governor of the Bank of England, and the Chamberlain of London, all for the time being ; the dividends to be applied to the support of two scholarships, to be called The Times' Scholarships.
3. " That The Times' Scholarships be established in connexion with Christ's Hospital, and the City of London School, for the benefit of pupils proceeding
from those institutions respectively to the universities
of Oxford or Cambridge.
4. " That Christ's Hospital, and the City of Lon
don School be required to place in their respective
THE NEW TIMES. 185
institutions a tablet commemorative of the establish ment of such scholarships. "
These resolutions were carried into effect, as those who like to visit Christ's Hospital or the City School in Milk Street may learn, and many a youthful scholar's heart has since beat high as he entered on the competition for the Times' Scholarship.
Between 1788, when The Times was founded, and 1846, when the first number of The Daily News ap
peared — a space of fifty-eight years — several attempts were made to establish daily Papers, the only success ful effort being that already alluded to, by which the publicans set up The Morning Advertiser, as an organ of their body, a representative at once of the interests and the charities of the licensed victuallers. Appear ing with so large a body of proprietorial supporters — for every publican who subscribes to the Paper re ceives back a portion of the profits realized by the concern —The Morning Advertiser became successful. Until The Daily News appeared, however, it was the only successful attempt since the days of the first Walter. Dr. Stoddart started The New Times with great expectations, but the " leaders" in his first num ber gave a character to the new Journal which it never survived. " Dr. Slop" became almost the only name by which he was ever spoken of. It is said, that £20,000 were lost upon the project, and then Stod dart left Journalism for the law, and became a judge at Malta.
The New Times was combined with The
Day, a Paper that seems to have lingered on for many years, until both were merged into The Morning
186 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Journal, which, in its turn, disappeared. A passage from the memoir of Mr. Eugenius Roche,* will help to show how these Papers struggled on.
In the year 1827, Mr. Roche was selected to be the editor of The New Times, formerly The Day, and subsequently meta morphosed into The Morning Journal. It is rather a strange circumstance in the history of the press, that after twenty years Mr. R. should have returned to the editorship of that Paper on account of which he had so severely suffered. Itwas made a condition of his appointment to The New Times that he should purchase shares in the property, upon the plea, that the interest he would thus acquire in the Paper, would be to his co-proprietors the best guarantee for the assiduous application of his talents in the management of it. Here again he suffered through his unsuspicious nature. He found too late that by indiscreetly purchasing what were termed shares, he had, in fact, rendered himself liable for the debts of a losing concern; and that instead of possessing himself, as he confidently imagined, of that which would yield provision for his children in case of his death, he had mortgaged their inheritancef in exchange for a purchase, which not only swallowed up the amount of his editorial stipend, but also subjected him to a heavy claim. It needs not to be told that he was unconscious of the embarrassments he was about to bring upon himself, in taking the step in question. It was part of the understanding between him and those with whom he dealt upon the occasion,
that in case of a vacancy upon The Courier, which was then contemplated, he should be elected the editor of that print. When he became fully sensible of the loss he was sustaining by his connexion with The New Times, he felt anxious to have
* See memoir attached to " London in a Thousand Years, with Other Poems ; by the late Eugeniua Roche, Esq. , Editor of The Courier, &c. " London : 1830.
t He actually mortgaged the freehold house in which he lived, to raise funds for the purchase of two twenty-fourth shares, as the stipu lated condition of his appointment as editor, at a salary which did not
cover the quarterly demands upon him as a share of the losses.
THE REPRESENTATIVE. 187
his services transferred to a concern which he considered would at least afford to pay the stipends of its conductors, without first drawing the amount out of their own pockets. By often and strenuously representing to his co-proprietors the hardship of his situation, observing, that however their ample means (for they were all wealthy individuals) might enable them to bear the burden, it was neither possible for him to pay, nor just that he, who had never shared the profits, should be taxed to sus tain the losses, he was at length allowed to escape from the
toils in which he had become entangled. It was arranged that he should give his services for the benefit of The Courier, in which his co-proprietors of The New Times were also embarked. It was still thought necessary to attach the new editor more closely to the interests of the Paper, by inducing him to become the holder of a share in it. Accordingly an influential pro
prietor agreed to transfer a twenty-fourth share to Mr. Roche ; and a contract was actually signed and sealed for the purchase at the price of five thousand guineas.
It is fit, however, to state that he expected to obtain the editorship of The Courier from thus connecting himself with that Journal ; and to this he eventually succeeded, though not to all the emoluments enjoyed by his predecessors. Had his life been spared, he might have been able to fulfil all his en gagements, and to have provided for his family. Unhappily, the distressing embarrassments consequent on the losses he had previously sustained, and on his becoming bail for " a public
character" who fled to America, threw him into greater dif ficulties. His efforts to extricate himself from these, com mitted him with other parties ; and trembling for the ruin which impended over his family, and expecting each day to be consigned to the grasp of the myrmidons of the law, his con stitution sunk beneath the struggle, and his poor broken heart found relief and repose in death.
Another attempt to establish a Morning Journal was made by the late John Murray, the publisher, who, having succeeded so well with books, and being surrounded by some of the most eminent writers of the day, thought
188 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
he could make a Newspaper succeed. After a great flourish, The Representative made its appearance, B. D'Israeli being, it is said, one of the shareholders. It displayed no lack of talent, and no scarcity of money ; but the public soon found out it was not what they wanted — in fact, that it was not a good Newspaper; and the end of the experiment was, that Mr. Murray lost a very large sum of money to gain experience of the fact that successful authors of books are not always the people able to answer the incessant de mand on the mental fund required to keep up a
Newspaper.
About fourteen years ago, a speculation was set
a-foot under the title of the Metropolitan Newspaper Company, and from this scheme emerged The Con stitutional, an Ultra-Liberal Daily Paper. The pro moters of this new project had purchased from Mr. J. L. Stevens his interest as lessee of The Public Ledger, and, incorporating that old Paper on their new plan, the sanguine politicians thought fortune was in their hands. Their literary staff included Laman Blanchard as editor, Thornton Hunt as sub. , Douglas Jerrold as dramatic critic, and Thackeray, who became the Paris correspondent, and afterwards foreign editor. Great liberality of sentiment, great zeal, and much talent were displayed; but the funds were wanting, and after six or seven thousand pounds had been lost, The Constitutional stopped, and The Public Ledger, emerg ing from the unfortunate partnership, jogged on alone in its former quiet way.
The Daily News is the youngest, and certainly most vigorous, member of the Newspaper family that
THE DAILY NEWS. 189
has appeared since The Times came into the field. It started with the prestige of a highly popular literary name, and with a staff of writers such as no previous Paper had ever mustered to prepare a first number. The name of Charles Dickens was, in itself, a host ; and not only in England, but on the Continent and in America, both literary and political readers were on the qui vive to welcome the new adventurer in the honourable but dangerous field. Mistakes were no doubt made, and great expenses incurred ; but the errors were corrected, and the losses most gallantly borne. To give a greater impetus to the sale, the price was afterwards lowered to the minimum point, and a Daily Paper, complete at all points, with a full corps of writers at home, and of correspondents abroad, offered an admirably prepared broad-sheet to the public, first at %\d. and afterwards at 3d. This experiment was continued with great courage and a sale secured, at one time, of 23,000 a-day ; but the tax on the paper, and the tax on the advertisements, and the red penny stamp in the corner, were found to press too heavily to render a continuance of low charges advisable, and The Daily News again took the same price as its com petitors. Through abundant difficulties and perilous experiments, by force of talent, of capital, of strong
will and high purpose, it has fought its way to an elevated and honourable position amongst the daily Journals, not of England alone but of Europe.
CHAPTEE IX.
THE MECHANISM OF A MORNING PAPER.
"Her officers march along with armies, and her envoys walk into statesmen'? cabinets. They are ubiquitous. Yonder Journal has an agent at this minute giving bribes at Madrid ; and another inspecting the price of potatoes in Covcnt- Garden. —Pendennis.
The growth of Newspaper arrangements and expenses. —The accounts of The Public Advertiser and of The Morning Chronicle. — Increased Expenses caused by growing Competition. —Staff of a Daily Paper in 1850. —Editors. — Reporters. — Foreign and Home Correspondents. — Printers. — Overland Mail. —Waghorn. —Arrival ofa Mail. — Twenty- four hours in a Newspaper Office.
WHAT Thackeray says of daily Papers, though true enough now, would not have applied in Dan Stuart's days. Their growth in importance and power,
until dingy printing-offices are fed with copy from li terary ambassadors at foreign courts, and literary fol lowers of invading armies, has been a very gradual affair; and before speaking of the staff of a Daily Paper in 1850, it will be well to see what the arrange ments of such establishments were in former times. Mr. H. G. Woodfall having kindly lent the ledgers of The Public Advertiser for the years 1772-6 for quota tion, we shall be able to see how strong the contrast
is between Newspaper mechanism, in past and pre sent days.
EXPENSES OF THE PUBLIC ADVERTISER. 191
Here is a transcript of the statement of the expen
ses (omitting paper, printing, and stamps, the amount forwhich varies, of course, with the number produced, and is returned in like proportion) of The Public Advertiser for 1773—the after Junius had ceased
to write for the paper :— year
. . . . Plantation, Irish, Scotch, and Country Papers
£ s. d. 100 0 0 14 0 0 31 4 0 12 0 o
282 4 111 010 6 50 0 0 850 330 0 0 0 0 0 0 1080 110 50 0 0 62 8 0 30 0 0 31 10 0
Paid translating Foreign News, &c. .
. . . . . . . .
Foreign Newspapers
Foy, at 2s. per Day
Lloyd's Coffee-house
Home News, &c. , as per Receipts, and Incidents
. . . . . . . . . .
for Post News
List of Sheriffs
Portsmouth Letter
Stocks
Sessions News amongst News-collectors Incidents included amongst Home News Porterage to Stamp Office
Recorder's Clerk
Sir John Fielding
Delivering Papers 52 Weeks, at £1 4s. per Week Clerk, and to collect Debts
Setting up extra Advertisements
A person to go daily to fetch in Advertisements,
get Evening Papers, &c, &c. Morning and Evening Papers
Postage to and from Correspondents Price of Hay and Straw, Whitechapel Mr. Green for Port Entries
Law Charges, Mr. Holloway . BadDebts
15
26 8
. . . .
. . . .
£796 16 0 The total expenses are thus under £800 a-year, exclusive of the before-mentioned charges. No Parlia
.
10
16 0
15 0
n 10 0
31 10 0 6 7 5 18 3 6 0 0 10
192 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
mentary or law-court reporters, no paid foreign corres pondents, are to be found in these Newspaper charges for a successful daily Paper in 1 773. Sir John Fielding's name appears for several years ; but whether he wrote letters, or reported cases, or edited the Paper for his £50 a-year, is not clear. * The penny-a-liner of those days was evidently known as a " News-collector. "*
At this period the Paper was receiving, on an average, about a £100 a- week for advertisements, about half of which went to pay the duty (then 2s. on each advertisement), leaving about £50 a-week towards the expenses and profits. The sale at the same period averaged 3,000 a-day. The profits varied. In 1774, they were £87 on each twentieth share, or £1,740 in the whole. The list of proprietors includes, Thomas Longman, as owner of one-twentieth ; JohnRivington, two-twentieths ; H. S. Woodfall, two-twentieths ; Tho mas Cadell, one-twentieth ; William Strahan, one-twen tieth; James Dodsley, two-twentieths. Garrick, as we have already said, had a share in the Paper, but his name does not appear in the list of those who signed the book of accounts — nor, indeed, do the names of many other shareholders.
In other portions of these accounts we find entries which do not at all explain themselves. They appear amongst the payments, and simply run thus — " Play houses, £100;" " Drury Lane advertisements, £64 8s. 6d. ;" " Covent Garden ditto, £66 lis. " Did the
* In the accounts for other years we find the expenses greatly in creased "by law costs in defending actions for libel. Thus, in 1774 we have, Expenses, King's Bench Prison, and fine, £200 14s. 9rf. ;" " Law Expenses attending Alexander Kennet, £3 7s. ; Compter, £52 10«. "
NEWSPAPER EXPENSES. 193
theatres in those grand days for the drama sell early
and exclusive copies of their play-bills to the News
papers? If so, things have greatly changed since then. The cost of the paper for the Public Advertiser averaged about 25s. a ream; there were charges for waste; and they issued some copies on sale or re turn: thus, in Feb. , 1773, the returned Papers were 1,400, and in March of that year 1,600, or 400 a-week.
Half a century after these days of Junius the daily Papers still continued to be far more humble in cha racter, and far behind what we find them now in size ; and they were consequently less expensive than at
At that time (I am now repeating what was told me by a Journalist who flourished at the time he speaks of), the Newspaper sheet was much smaller in the vacation than during the Parliamentary session— in the one case, four columns, in the other, five, to the page ; and the length of the sheet was far shorter than at present.
Daniel Stuart, in the Gentleman's Magazine, for July, 1833, stated that The Morning Post's " circula tion and character raised it above all its competitors ;" and what that"circulation was we learn from the same gentleman : — The Morning Post never sold more than 4,500 ; that was in August, 1803, when I sold it; and then no other daily morning Paper sold so much as 3,000. "
From the accounts of The Morning Chronicle, it appears that in March, 1797 (its best season), the sale was 1,148 a-day. In March of the following
* Gentleman's Magazine, May, 1838.
VOL. II. N
present.
194 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
year, the sale was 1,537 a-day. At that time Liberal principles were at a very low ebb. Mr. Perry filled for some time, during the Whig Administration of 1806-7, the office of Secretary to the Stamp Office, which acted injuriously on the sale of the Paper. The sale was highest (say 3,500) about the time of the Manchester massacre, as it was called (1819). It fell greatly during the excitement about Queen Caro line, when that Journal took neither one side nor another, and exemplified the old adage of two stools. OnMr. Perry's death, in 1821, the sale was about 2,800. And yet, with these low sales, the net profit of a morning Paper greatly exceeded what it sometimes now is. Perry's private banking-book for 1820 showed his income from the Paper was nearly £12,000. This difference of profits between past and present, doubt less arises from the enormous expenditure of a morn ing Paper in the present day. The monopoly is nearly complete; but whatever the income, the expendi ture of all Papers is nearly alike. Mr. Thwaites had much to do with raising the expenditure, by sending correspondents to all quarters for The Herald. The Times and Herald ran a most expensive race for some years. The Herald sent a correspondent to Spain, followed George the Fourth to Hanover, and took other equally spirited but expensive steps. Thwaites's object was, by devoting all the receipts to expenditure, not merely to raise the sale, but to compel Glassing- ton, a Newsman, who held a share, to sell out from want of income.
The following copy of a printer's account for The Morning Chronicle, just before the great revolution
NEWSPAPER EXPENSES. 195 of printing by steam, will show how low the expendi
ture was in that
Compositors .
Extra to ditto
department : — October 13, 1821.
£ s. d. 20 5 0
0 14 1H 8 1 0
Supernumeraries
Extra to ditto
Pressmen
Threeboys
Oneboy 100 Oil, &c.
Readers Printer
£68 9 9
Every other branch was proportionately low. The Chronicle had, in 1810, five House of Commons' report ers, one of whom attended the King's Bench besides ; one House of Lords' reporter, who digested the Police reports as well. The reports of the other courts were seldom given. The leading articles were in general very brief. But there was much more light and satirical writing in proportion than at present.
The Paper was obliged to keep accounts with
advertising
n 2 o 0
10 11
17 2 0
0 2 0 3 3 0 5 5 0
customers then as well as now, and as the advertisement duty was then high, much money was invested, which only came back after a considerable period. Had it not been for the duty on advertise ments, the morning Papers would have had little out
lay that was not covered by the daily receipts. The salaries of reporters rose gradually during the war from two guineas a-week to five guineas. There was
an understanding among the proprietors not to give n2
196 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
beyond that sum, and the understanding was nomi nally adhered to ; but Walter, of The Times, made presents to some of his best hands, which amounted, in fact, to an additional salary. There was a con tinual jealousy among the proprietors on that subject.
Perry was the first proprietor who gave annual engagements to reporters, which was good policy, as a poor man was, during the vacation, compelled to seek out some less precarious occupation, and thus a Paper was crippled at the opening of the session. The Chronicle at that time depended greatly on its Parliamentary reports, and was looked up to as the best authority. The expenditure of morning Papers, coupled with the heavy burthen of treble taxation — tax on paper, tax on advertisements, and tax on the perfect Journal itself — has had the effect of reducing the number.
STAFF, AND NEWSPAPER EXPENSES, OF A DAILY PAPER IN 1850;
Editorial— Chief Editor
Sub-Editor
Second Sub-Editor .
£ s. d. 18 18 0 12 12 0 10 10 0
8 8 0 25 4 0
86 7 0
Foreign Sub-Editor .
. . .
