No More Learning

' Its main defect is that in it, even
more than usual, ‘Browning has presumed too much upon his
reader's insight' and taken no pains to 'obviate confusions he
would have held to be impossible had they occurred to his mind. '
His experience of his critics— the inability of the human goose
to do other than either cackle or hiss'-led him to banter them in
Pacchiarotto and how he worked in Distemper (1876), which tells
the whimsical tale of the artist who tried to reform his fellows. The
poem is genial and boisterous and, in its rime, brilliant and absurd;
an instance of another of the poet's ways of Aristophanic wantoning.
In At the 'Mermaid' and House and other poems in the same
volume, the aloofness of the inner life, the deepest and real, is
brought before us; and how, in the last resort, the world of men,
6


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111]
Later Poems
83
mingle with them as he might, was nothing but 'world without'-
as wood, brick, stone, this ring
of the rueful neighbours.
He lived and he sang, and he was for 'one' only; for the rest of
men, there was but his self's surface and the garb, and what it
pleased him to dole.
The fact that, unmistakably, he speaks of himself, mingles
and involves himself in his creations, shows that Browning's
dramatic power was beginning to decline. The plea that the
‘utterances' are those of 'imaginary characters' becomes less and
less valid; for the imagined characters are unsubstantial, the
shadows thrown by the poet himself. But there is one theme
which, change as life's seasons may, remains for him a peren-
nial source of perfect song. In St Martin's Summer, where much
that is green had turned sere, and the heart had lost its enter-
prise, in Numpholeptos and in other poems in this volume, love,
which is now a memory of what was, and a wistful longing for what
must yet be, retains all its mystic power and breaks into lyric
poetry of unabated beauty.
In 1877, Browning visited the Savoy alps; and there his com-
panion, Miss Egerton Smith, died suddenly, as she was making
ready for a mountain expedition with him.
In the following year, La Saisiaz was published, a com-
memorative poem which states and tests the arguments for and
against the immortality of the soul, and pronounces judgment.
But the pronouncement, though affirmative, is not untinged with
doubt, and it has the fatal weakness of being, at best, valid or con-
clusive only for the poet. Here, as elsewhere, there is a sophistic
touch in Browning's philosophy; and it was not in the intelligence,
but in the potency of love that he trusted. In the same volume as
La Saisiaz there appeared The Two Poets of Croisic, in which,
once more, the poet gambols, mocking, this time, at fame.
In the autumn of 1878, for the first time after the death of his
wife, Browning went to Italy; and he repeated his visits every year
until the close of his life. On his first journey, he stayed for some
weeks at a hotel near the summit of the Splügen pass. Ivàn
Ivànovitch and Ned Bratts were written here, and the volume
entitled Dramatic Idyls (1879) contains these and Martin Relph,
and Pheidippides, both magnificently told stories, the latter
carrying the reader back to the tale How they brought the Good
News from Ghent to Aix. The second series of Dramatic Idyls
contained the dramatic stories of the foolishness,' which is love, of
6
>
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84
Robert and Elizabeth Browning [CH. III
Muléykeh’s Arab owner, and Clive's confession to fear, with its
startling turn. Jocoseria, published in 1883, contains two great
poems, namely, Ixion and the lyric Never the Time and the Place-
where longing love finds once more its perfect utterance. Then came
Ferishtah's Fancies (1884) and Parleyings with Certain People of
Importance in their Day (1887) and, finally, A solando (1890).
The garb of Ferishtah is eastern: he is a Persian sage; and
the allegories and parables have, also, an eastern flavour. But
Ferishtah is only a name, and the sage who speaks the wisdom of
commonsense through his lips, illustrating his convictions regarding
moral matters, pain, prayer, asceticism, punishment, by reference to
common objects—the sun, a melon-seller, cherries, two camels, plot-
culture-is Browning himself. The poems are simple, direct and
pleasing; they contain a practical faith touched with theoretical
doubt. The conclusions are all tentative and insecure, so long as
the heart does not lead to them, and love is silent. The lyrics that
intervene between the dialogues are exquisite.
Browning was seventy-five years old when he published Parley-
ings; and the ‘importance' of the people with whom he parleys
comes from the fact that they carried him back to his boyhood's
industrious happiness in his father's library. There he learnt
of 'Artistry's Ideal' from 'the prodigious book' of Gerard de
Lairesse; and he remembered his mother playing Avison's grand
march. The poems are vigorous, the learning displayed in them is
immense and they abound in intellectual vitality ; but the per-
sonages are as shadowy as they are voluble, and the poetic glory
has left the grey.
Browning's health was becoming more uncertain, but he con-
tinued both his social life in London and his journeys south
to the mountains and to Italy. In 1887, his son married, and
bought the Rezzonico palace, Venice, and thither, for two summers
more, the poet returned. He also went back (after forty years) to
Asolo, and lived in a house there on the old town-wall; and the
place which he had loved from the days of Pippa renewed its
charm for him. He died at Venice, on 12 December 1889, and
was buried in the poet's corner of Westminster abbey on the last
day of the year.
He had not expected death, but, to the last, was full of projects,
his courage unabated and his enterprise not weary; and his last
words, the great Epilogue with which, in Asolando, he closed the
collected gleanings of his genius, fitly express the faith which made
his life heroic.


## p. 85 (#101) #############################################

CHAPTER IV
MATTHEW ARNOLD, ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH,
JAMES THOMSON
EMINENT alike as poet and critic, Matthew Arnold holds a
place of singular distinction among the representative writers of
the Victorian age. His poetical work is much smaller in volume
and less varied in interest and range than that of his two more
popular contemporaries, Tennyson and Browning, but it reflects,
along certain lines, even more faithfully than the poetry of either,
some peculiarly significant tendencies of nineteenth-century thought.
Arnold himself, at any rate, was convinced-and few poets have
been surer critics of their own work than he-that he need not
fear comparison with either Browning or Tennyson as an interpreter
of even the 'main movement of mind”' in the England of his time.
In his intellectual sympathies and interests, he was much nearer
akin to Browning than to Tennyson. Like Browning, Arnold was
largely a man of the world, though, unlike him, he studiously kept
this side of his character out of his poetry. It is in his critical
prose writings, and in his letters, disappointing though the latter
may be from a purely literary point of view, that we discover the
real Arnold—both the self-searching poet, with his
hidden ground
Of thought and of austerity within,
and the shrewd observer of men and movements, curiously sensitive
to all 'play of the mind,' wherever and in whomsoever he found it.
When, at a comparatively early period in his literary career,
he virtually abandoned poetry for prose, he at once came into
touch with a much wider public, and his letters frankly express the
delight which he felt in having, at last, found an 'audience. His
poetry was the fruit of calm contemplation and majestic pains,'
rather than of urgent and imperative impulse. There is a sense
i See letter to his mother, June 1869. Letters, vol. II, p. 9.
a
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86
[CH.
Matthew Arnold
of freedom, and even of gaiety, about his prose which suggests a
liberated spirit moving easily and happily in its proper element.
And it was not only a delight, but a source of serious satisfaction,
to Arnold to feel that, through his prose writings, he was able to
exert a real influence upon the life and thought of his own genera-
tion. He was an ineffective public speaker; but his written
excursions into regions where the popular speaker holds the field
attracted as much attention and made as powerful an impression
as the most sounding platform utterances of the day. His manner
of preaching his new-found gospel had little in it of the fervour of
the social crusader, and offered a marked contrast to the strident
rhetoric with which Carlyle, for example, sought to impress his
contemporaries. He himself defined his method as 'sinuous, easy,
unpolemical’; but he employed it with deadly effect in undermining
the ‘forts of folly. His banter and his irony often gave offence,
and many of his readers found it difficult to put up with the
Olympian air of superiority affected by a critic who took the whole
conduct of life for his province. But there was no escaping the
literary charm of prose discourses cast in a delightfully fresh and
individual style, which, with all its mannerisms, retained the pellucid
clearness and distinction of his poetry. Moreover, his later prose
writings confirmed the opinion which his poetry, and a few early
essays, had gone far to establish, that Matthew Arnold was the
most brilliant literary critic of his time. Much of his social,
political and religious criticism is, perhaps because of its ephe-
meral subjects, doomed, ultimately, to oblivion, although a good
part of it can never lose its point or practical value while the
temper and habits of the English people remain substantially what
they are. His literary criticisms, however, will live as long as the
best of their kind; and, in the combination of remarkable poetic
achievement with illuminating discourse on the art of poetry and on
'the best that is known and thought in the world,' Dryden and
Coleridge alone, among English writers, share his pre-eminence.
Matthew Arnold, the eldest son of Thomas Arnold, headmaster
of Rugby, was born at Laleham on Christmas eve, 1822. His
mother, who survived her husband more than thirty years, was
a woman of great force of character, who had so much intellectual
sympathy with her son as to make his letters to her the most
intimate personal records of him that we possess. Matthew
owed much to his distinguished father-his high sense of duty,
his intellectual honesty, his austere moral ideals were abiding
paternal inheritances; but, as his life and writings tended more


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IV]
Arnold at Oxford
87
and more to show, he was in some ways, and particularly in
temperament, curiously unlike him. Matthew Arnold entered
Rugby in 1837, where he remained until he won a Balliol scholar-
ship at Oxford in 1841. Oxford, at that time, was agitated by the
tractarian movement, and Newman was at the height of his extra-
ordinary influence in the university. That influence does not
seem to have had much, if any, intellectual or spiritual effect
upon Matthew Arnold; but, like others of more or less note in
the Oxford of his day, he fell under the spell of Newman's personal
charm, of which he gives a vivid description in one of the latest
of his public utterances? . Arnold, by temperament, was too anti-
clerical, and, probably, shared too strongly his father's pronounced
hostility to the neo-catholic movement, to have any deep sympathy
with Newman's teaching. In 1843, he won the Newdigate prize
with a poem entitled Cromwell, but he disappointed his friends
and tutors, a year later, by obtaining only a second class in Literae
Humaniores. Like his friend Clough, however, who had met with
a similar fate before him, he was consoled for his ill-success in the
schools by the award of a fellowship at Oriel. Passionately though
Matthew Arnold loved the 'sweet city with her dreaming spires,'
even the attainment of this coveted academic dignity could not keep
him at Oxford. Probably, as some of his admirers have suggested,
the line of life that would have suited him best was that of a
diplomatist? A diplomatic career seemed to lie in his way when,
in 1847, he was appointed private secretary to lord Lansdowne.
The best thing, however, in the way of advancement which lord
Lansdowne, then president of the council, could do for him was
to appoint him to an inspectorship of schools. Though I am a
schoolmaster's son,' Arnold long afterwards frankly told a meeting
of teachers, 'I confess that school-teaching or school-inspecting is
not the line of life I should naturally have chosen. I adopted it in
order to marry. ' That was in 1851, when he married Frances Lucy
Wightman. The conditions of his official work were anything but
favourable to the production of poetry; but nearly all Arnold's
best poetry was written during the busiest years of his school
inspectorate. As the years went on, he came to discover that even
the drab task-work of school inspection had its compensations.
He loved children, and he took a genuine interest in the welfare of
teachers; moreover, in his journeys from school to school, he
acquired that manysided knowledge of English life and character
i Discourses in America.
2 G. W. E. Russell, Matthew Arnold, 1894, p. 49.
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88
[ch.
Matthew Arnold
6
of which he made effective use in his social criticisms. He dwelt
with the Philistines' in their tents, was constantly going in and
out among the populace' and, on occasions, broke bread with the
barbarians. '
In 1859, Matthew Arnold was appointed foreign assistant
commissioner on education, and sent on a mission to enquire into
the systems of primary education prevailing in France, Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland and Piedmont. The immediate result of this
continental visit was the issue, in 1861, of his Popular Education
of France, of which the most permanently valuable part, the in-
troductory essay, was subsequently republished under the title
' Democracy' in Mixed Essays (1879). In 1864 appeared a by-
product of the same foreign mission entitled (not, perhaps, very
appropriately) A French Eton, being an account of the general
economy of a lycée at Toulouse. In 1865, he went abroad on a
second educational mission, of which the published record appeared,
in 1868, under the title Schools and Universities on the Continent.
These volumes, and the Reports on Elementary Schools, edited
after his death by Sir Francis Sandford, make up the sum of Arnold's
official educational writings, and they all belong to the period of
his poetical activity, which practically ended with the year 1867.
To the same period, also, belong two other prose works which
stand somewhat apart from the series of writings, beginning with
Culture and Anarchy, which won for him his contemporary renown
as a social and political critic. They are the delightful critical
discourses On Translating Homer (1861) and The Study of Celtic
Literature (1867), in which we find the essence of his prelections
from the chair of poetry at Oxford, a post to which he was elected
in 1857 and which he held for ten years. After 1867, Arnold wrote
little poetry, and entered upon a career as publicist on social,
religious and political subjects which led him somewhat far afield
from the high road of literature. He soon became a controversialist
whom the newspapers and magazines of the hour found it profitable
to notice and to attack; his fame spread across the Atlantic, and,
in 1883, led to the inevitable American lecturing tour which has
been the not always happy lot of many popular English authors.
Arnold's American experiences seem, on the whole, to have been
fairly fortunate, and he himself set such store by his lectures in the
United States as to tell one of his friends that Discourses in
America was the book by which, of all his prose writings, he
most desired to be remembered. ' In 1886, he resigned his school
1 G. W. E. Russell; see his Matthew Arnold, p. 12.
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## p. 89 (#105) #############################################

89
a
IV]
Arnold's Early Poems
inspectorship, and was awarded a state pension. He died suddenly
at Liverpool on 15 April 1888. His life, in spite of uncongenial
tasks and some sore domestic trials, was a peculiarly happy one,
and the secret of its happiness was his serene temper and an
inexhaustible interest in mundane things, evident throughout
his letters to his friends and his family.
Arnold's first volume of poems was printed in 1849 under the
title The Strayed Reveller, and other Poems, by A. This modest
budget of verse, though it contained a few short poems not inferior
in quality to the best of his subsequent work, attracted little public
attention, and was withdrawn from circulation after only a few
copies had been sold. The same fate befell his second published
volume, Empedocles on Etna, and other poems, by A. , which
appeared in October 1852. Dissatisfaction with the title-poem
was the reason given by Arnold himself for the withdrawal of this
second volume; but, fifteen years afterwards, at the instance of
Robert Browning, he republished the poem. The sacrifice of
Empedocles, however, seems to have been a kind of strategic
retreat which enabled the poet, in the following year, to publish
boldly, under his own name, a new volume, with a preface defining
his views upon some of the prime objects and functions of poetry.
This volume (1853) included many of the poems already printed in
its two predecessors, together with others which are shining
examples of his more elaborate and considered work, such as
Sohrab and Rustum and The Scholar-Gipsy. In 1855 appeared
Poems by Matthew Arnold, Second Series, a volume with only
two new poems, Balder Dead and Separation, but containing a
further instalment of republications, including some fragments of
Empedocles, from the earlier volumes. In 1858, Merope, a Tragedy,
composed as a sort of 'poetical diploma-piece' on his election to
the Oxford professorship, was published. After an interval of nine
years, his next, and his last, separate volume of poems—as dis-
tinguished from editions of his collected works—appeared under
the title New Poems. In this volume, Empedocles made its re-
appearance in the company of such notable poems as Thyrsis,
Rugby Chapel, Heine's Grave, A Southern Night, Dover Beach
and Obermann Once More. During the last twenty years of his
life, with the exception of a few occasional pieces of the quality
of Westminster Abbey and Geist's Grave, Arnold produced nothing
which added materially to his poetical reputation.
A survey of Arnold's poems in their chronological order brings
into prominence two outstanding facts-the early maturity of


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90
[CH.
Matthew Arnold
his genius, and his steadfast adherence throughout to certain
very definite ideals of poetic art and to a singularly melancholy
philosophy of life. We note, at once, in the first small volume of
1849, the predominantly Greek inspiration of its contents, both in
matter and in style. As the poet himself avows in a famous sonnet,
the three Greek masters who, most of all, 'propped, in those bad
days, his mind' were Homer, Epictetus and, especially, Sophocles
—the latter a poet fulfilling Arnold's ideal as one whom
Business could not make dull, nor passion wild;
Who saw life steadily, and saw it whole.
The title-poem, The Strayed Reveller, is itself Greek in both
subject and form, its rimeless and irregular metre being an
attempt to reproduce the effect of the choric odes of Attic tragedy.
The Fragment of an 'Antigone'—another experiment in unrimed
lyric-Mycerinus, The New Sirens, The Sick King in Bokhara
are all Greek either in subject, or in source, or in manner of treat-
ment. Writing in 1867 of the Greek strain in Arnold's poetry
generally, Swinburne said,
Even after his master, this disciple of Sophocles holds his high place; he
has matched against the Attic of the gods this Hyperborean dialect of ours,
and has not earned the doom of Marsyas.
6
In his endeavours to attune our ‘Hyperborean dialect' to Attic
music, Arnold was plainly influenced by the example of Goethe
-another of his life-long masters, alike in art and in his 'wide and
luminous view of life, who, for him, was 'the greatest modern
poet, the greatest critic of all time? ' Goethe's presence is felt in
The Strayed Reveller volume, as, also, is that of the English
master who
laid us as we lay at birth
On the cool flowery lap of earth.
The Greeks, Goethe, Wordsworth-these are the prime literary
sources of Matthew Arnold's poetical inspiration ; and we are in
as close touch with them all in the poems of 1849 as we are in
those of 1867. The Wordsworthian ‘note,' as the poet himself
might say, is clearly heard in Resignation, To a Gipsy Child and
Mycerinus. Distinct echoes of Laodamia are caught in Mycerinus,
while the grave movement of To a Gipsy Child is quite after
Wordsworth's manner. But the influence of Wordsworth is most
.
apparent in Resignation—at once a poem of nature and a cry
i Preface to the 1853 volume of poems.


## p. 91 (#107) #############################################

Iv]
Arnold's “Theory of Poetry'
91
6
from the depth of the poet's own soul. No poem, however,
illustrates better than this last the essential difference between
Arnold's feeling for nature and that of Wordsworth. There is a
wide distance between the poet to whom, if he might lend their
life a voice,' hills, streams, rocks, the sky, ‘seemed to bear rather
than rejoice,' and the seer who felt it was nature’s ‘privilege to lead
from joy to joy and who held the faith that “every flower enjoys
the air it breathes. ' Perhaps the most original poem in the 1849
volume is The Forsaken Merman, which is remarkable alike for
its pathos and its metrical skill, and was singled out by Clough in
a review published in 18531. Clough found The Sick King in
Bokhara rather strained. ' Other critics have found it dull,
whereas one whose literary judgment was never far at fault-
R. H. Hutton-held that Arnold 'never achieved anything so truly
dramatic. '
With the volume of poems published under his own name in
1853, Arnold, as already stated, issued a preface expounding some
of the main principles of his 'theory of poetry. ' This preface,
now easily accessible, deserves careful reading, as it is Arnold's
first published 'essay in criticism,' remarkable alike for its ease
and grace of style, which bears little trace of the marked
mannerisms of his later prose, and for its clear exposition of a
poetical creed to which its author, in the main, adhered, both in
precept and practice, throughout his life. We find him de-
finitely ranging himself as the apostle of a classical ideal of poetry,
in opposition to the vagaries and excesses of the romantic school,
of which England seemed to him then to be the stronghold? '
And, more particularly, he denounces views like those of the
critic whom he quotes as maintaining that
the poet who would really fix the public attention must leave the exhausted
past, and draw his subjects from matters of present import, and therefore
both of interest and of novelty.
Here is sounded the first note of that war-cry against the
Philistines which he was destined, in later years, to send ringing
through many grooves of the national life. When we examine the
preface in the light of Arnold's own poetical practice, it may be
urged that he failed in his attempts to exemplify, on any large
scale, one of its main theses. Empedocles and Merope are his
.
two most ambitious efforts to represent situations' after the
1 The North American Review, July 1853. Republished in Prose Remains of Arthur
Hugh Clough, edited by his wife, 1888.
? See preface to Merope, 1858.


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92
[CH.
Matthew Arnold
6
6
6
>
manner of the ancients—the first, on his own confession, an un-
satisfying achievement, the latter, in the opinion of the majority of
even his admirers, a graceful, but somewhat ineffectual, academic
exercise.
Of the contents of the volume of 1853, the poem which comes
nearest to a practical illustration of the theories of the preface is
Sohrab and Rustum, the most finished and successful of his
narrative poems. The subject appeals, like the themes of classical
tragedy, to the great primary human affections, and is treated
with a clearness and sustained elevation of style as closely
approximating the Greek manner, 'the grand style,' as anything
else to be found in later English poetry. The blank verse is
handled throughout with subtle skill, and, in many passages, is
reminiscent of Milton-particularly in the artistic use of the long
simile and of recurrent parades of sonorous proper names. Arnold's
similes, here, are, like Milton's, all after the Greek epic type, and
the whole poem is thoroughly Homeric in manner and substance.
The human interest of the 'episode '--for so the author describes
his poem-centres in the tragic fate of the brave and gentle
Sohrab, slain by the father who does not know him; and in the
delineation of no other character in his poetry does Matthew
Arnold show a surer and more sympathetic touch. The well-
known description of the Oxus at the close of the poem is no
mere pictorial afterthought, due to Arnold's alleged penchant for
'effective endings, but is as artistically right as it is intrinsically
beautiful.
With Sohrab and Rustum much the most notable new contri-
bution to the 1853 volume is The Scholar-Gipsy, perhaps the most
charming, as it is one of the happiest in conception and execution,
of all Arnold's poems. Its charm lies partly in the subject,
naturally congenial to the poet, and partly in the scene, which
stimulates one of Oxford's poetic children to lavish all his powers
of description upon the landscape which he dearly loved. He was
to return to the same natural scenery in Thyrsis, but, although,
in the later poem, there may be one descriptive passage which
surpasses anything to be found in the earlier, Thyrsis fails to give
the impression of eager freshness and ease which are felt through-
out The Scholar-Gipsy. The two poems are pastoral in form, but
there is much less concession to artificial conventions in The
Scholar-Gipsy than in its more consciously elegiac successor.
What, however, gives their abiding charm to both is the vividness
and the beauty of their pictures of nature, and the magic spell


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Iv]
Arnold's Later Poems
93
6
6
cast by their haunting lines over Oxford and its adjacent fields
and hills. In The Scholar-Gipsy, the subtle glamour of all that
Oxford and its neighbourhood suggest to the eye and to the
memory is felt in glimpses of
The line of festal light in Christ-Church hall,
of the Oxford riders blithe'
Crossing the stripling Thames at Bab-lock-hithe,
of 'the warm, green-muffled Cumner hills,' 'the Fyfield elm in
May,' the 'distant Wychwood bowers, Godstow bridge, Bagley
wood and the forest-ground called Thessaly. In the latter part
of the poem, Arnold finds a natural opening for his characteristic
pensive moralisings upon
this strange disease of modern life,
With its sick hurry, its divided aims,
when men are but 'half-believers' in their 'casual creeds'-as con-
trasted with days when 'life ran gaily as the sparkling Thames,'
and when it was still possible for an 'Oxford scholar poor' to
pass through them nursing the unconquerable hope' and 'clutch-
ing the inviolable shade. '
Several poems from the withdrawn volume of 1852 were re-
printed in 1853; but only two or three of the more important ones
can be noticed here. The most elaborate, and the finest, of these
is Tristram and Iseult, a poem which seems to reveal the author
in a peculiar mood of hesitation. He is here exploring the shores
of old romance as if afraid of making a firm landing and of boldly
occupying the fair country that opens out before him. The very
frequency of his changes of metre in the poem produces an im-
pression of uncertainty and of a shrinking from the full challenge
which his subject gave him. Stanzas in Memory of the Author
of 'Obermann' is one of those personal and reflective poems
which are characteristic of Matthew Arnold's work, and which
give us the most intimate revelations of his soul. It is strange to
find a comparatively obscure writer like Sénancour classified with
Goethe and Wordsworth as one of the three puissant spirits who, in
the hopeless tangle of our age,' alone seemed to the poet to
“have attain'd to see their way? ' But it was a somewhat morbid
interest, after all, that the poet felt in Sénancour-
A fever in these pages burns'
Beneath the calm they feign;
A wounded human spirit turns,
Here, on its bed of pain.
i See Arnold's note, appended to the poem.


## p. 94 (#110) #############################################

94
[ch.
Matthew Arnold
a
What, however, in this first Obermann poem is of most import are
the brief passages which speak of Goethe and Wordsworth. Its
sequel, Obermann Once More—written many years afterwards—is,
as a whole, a more thought-compelling poem, not so much because
of what is said about Sénancour as of what is revealed of Arnold's
own attitude towards the religious thought of his time. In
Memorial Verses—another poem included in the 1853 volume-
we have the poet's elegiac tribute to his greatest English master,
Wordsworth, and, incidentally, memorable summaries of the gifts
of Byron and Goethe. Whether the critical estimate of Words-
worth embodied in these verses is complete or just at all points
may be a matter of dispute; but no one can refuse to join in their
felicitous parting note,
Keep fresh the grass upon his grave,
O Rotha, with thy living wave!
Sing him thy best! for few or none
Hears thy voice right, now he is gone.
A Summer Night gives us as moving and as artistically perfect
an expression of Arnold's philosophy of life as anything to be
found in his poetry. None of his poems opens in a finer imaginative
strain, and in no other is the transition from the human interest
suggested by the moon-blanch'd street,' and its opposite vision of
the headlands and the sea lit by 'the same bright, calm moon,' to
the central meditative passages more skilfully and yet naturally
contrived. After comparing, in one of these passages, those who
escape from this world's prison with its ‘unmeaning task-work'
to the tempest-tossed helmsman who clings to his ‘spar-strewn
deck,'
Still bent to make some port he knows not where,
Still standing for some false, impossible shore,
he ends up with a magnificent affirmation of the power and stead-
fastness of nature, as
A world above man's head, to let him see
How boundless might his soul's horizons be 1.
The so-called 'second series' of poems, which Arnold published
in 1855, included only one considerable new poem-Balder Dead,
a work which the poet thought would 'consolidate the peculiar
sort of reputation he got by Sohrab and Rustum? ' This poem,
slightly longer than Sohrab, is cast in the same Homeric vein, and
6
1 Cf. with this closing passage the entire poem called Self-Dependence, first
published in 1852.
2 Letters, vol. I, p. 47.


## p.
95 (#111) #############################################

IV] Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse 95
6
written in equally excellent blank verse. But the subject fails,
somehow, to grip the reader as powerfully as does that of the
earlier poem? To the year 1855 also belongs his next important
poem, Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse, which was published
in the April number of Fraser's Magazine. These verses, in
which Obermann again appears, are among the most pathetic of
Arnold's personal confessions' in verse. Nowhere else does he
'
give us a clearer, or a more poignant, articulation of his feelings
as a solitary, and all but forlorn, wanderer from all familiar folds
of faith than in the lines where, of the Carthusian 'brotherhood
austere,'
Not as their friend, or child, I speak!
But as, on some far northern strand,
Thinking of his own Gods, a Greek
In pity and mournful awe might stand
Before some fallen Runic stone-
For both were faiths, and both are gone.
Wandering between two worlds, one dead,
The other powerless to be born,
With nowhere yet to rest my head,
Like these, on earth I wait forlorn.
Their faith, my tears, the world deride-
I come to shed them at their side.
In 1858, a year after his election to the Oxford chair of poetry,
Arnold published Merope, a Tragedy—with an elaborate preface,
of which the most permanently interesting part is an exposition,
admirably clear and concise, of some of the cardinal principles
of Greek tragic art. Merope was not reprinted and included
in his own authorised canon of his poetical works until 1885.
As a drama, it lacks life; as poetry, it is certainly inferior
to Empedocles. The rimeless choruses, upon which Arnold
bestowed much pains, may, as he tells us, have produced on
his own feeling a similar impression to that produced on it by
the rhythms of Greek choric poetry’; but they fall flat on an
uninstructed ear and, despite their effort after correctness of
structure, give a much less vivid impression of the general effect
of Greek choric measures than does the relaxed form' which
Arnold wishes Milton had not adopted in Samson Agonistes.
The New Poems of 1867 included several by which Matthew
Arnold is now best remembered, but none which can be said to
excel the best of his previous work. They are, nearly all, of an
elegiac or meditative character, and repeat the old familiar
It is significant that the author, while including Sohrab and Rustum, left this
poem out of his own Golden Treasury selection of his poems published in 1878.
6


## p. 96 (#112) #############################################

96
[CH.
Matthew Arnold
melancholy strain. Like The Scholar-Gipsy, Thyrsis is both an
idyll of the Oxford country and a plaintive protest against the
discordant spectacle
Of men contention-tost, of men who groan.
The landscape is pictured, once more, in lines as exquisite as those
of the earlier poem, while no passage in all Arnold's poetry sur-
passes in beauty the two stanzas which contrast the 'tempestuous
morn in early June,' with the high Midsummer pomps' under
dreaming garden-trees,
And the full moon, and the white evening-star.
Rugby Chapel, again, is another professedly elegiac poem, which
is as much concerned with the cloud of human destiny' as with
the memory of the poet's father. Though Rugby Chapel is
charged with intense feeling, its rimeless verse has about it some-
thing hard and rhetorical, which is felt still more in Heine's
Grave. As a purely elegiac poem, A Southern Night, in which
Arnold laments the death of his brother, surpasses all the others
in tenderness and depth of feeling, and is not inferior to them in
poetical expression. Westminster Abbey-a noble elegy on his
father's biographer and his own life-long friend, dean Stanley—and
three other poems were the only efforts in verse Arnold attempted
after 1867. Of these last three, the poem on his dead dachshund
'Geist' is one of the most beautiful things of its kind in the language.
"The criticism of Dryden,' says Johnson, ‘was the criticism
of a poet'; with even greater justice it may be said that Matthew
Arnold's poetry was the poetry of a critic. Although it is the
fashion to call him the best of our elegiac poets, and although
his verse consists mainly of short poems, we do not instinctively
think of him as primarily, or pre-eminently, a lyric poet. There
is scarcely one poem by him which is felt to be an outburst of
unpremeditated, careless lyric rapture. There is, doubtless, an
"emotion of the intellect,' which finds as glowing utterance in
lyric poetry as the emotion of the heart; but it does not touch
us in quite the same way. And it is just because of our con-
sciousness of the predominance of the intellect over the heart,
even in his simpler and more moving poems, that we miss the
thrill which all really passionate lyric poetry forces us to feel.
Requiescat, the Switzerland poems, Dover Beach—to name a few
of his best known shorter pieces—are all either too 'lucidly sad'
or too palpably meditative to be classed as pure lyrics. His
second thoughts, running always on the riddle of this painful
earth, cloud his vision and stay his utterance. When he turned to
6
<


## p. 97 (#113) #############################################

IV]
The Qualities of Arnold's Poetry
97
6
poetry, Arnold-capable though he was of being gay and light-
hearted enough in his prose—seemed to surrender himself to a
melancholy apparently so bred in the bone as only to be explained
as something constitutional. This it was that, most of all, froze the
genial current of his poetic soul. His limitations, however, to
whatever cause they may have been due, have not been altogether
to his disadvantage, for few poets, at any time, have produced
so much which is so uniformly excellent in style. Lucidity was
what he aimed at, above all things—classical beauty and truth
of phrase and image, suggesting always, in his own words, “the
pure lines of an Ionian horizon, the liquid clearness of an Ionian
sky. ' This studied effort after perfection of form accounts largely,
though not altogether, for 'the quality of adhesiveness' which
Sir Leslie Stephen found in Arnold's poetry. It is poetry which,
as the same critic adds, 'learns itself by heart' in many places.
But it could not do this, had it not, over and above this formal
excellence, qualities that touch the heart and stir the feelings.
Lovers of poetry less reticent and restrained than Arnold's
in the expression of emotion, less concerned with spiritual doubts
and discords, and more abandoned in its indulgence in the more
facile forms of sentiment, may find his poems cold, unsym-
pathetic, even repellent. But those who look for the more abiding
elements of poetical charm and power can never remain insensible
to the intensity of feeling, 'the sense of tears in mortal things,'
the heroically austere temper and, above all, the feeling for nature
and her chastening influences, which they will discover in all his
best poems. In his view of nature, Matthew Arnold is not, as we
have seen, quite Wordsworth’s disciple. For Arnold, nature's
'secret was not joy, but peace. ' He loved her in her quieter and
more subdued moods; he preferred her silences to her many voices,
moonlight to sunlight, the sea retreating from the 'moon-blanch'd
land' with its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,' to the sea in
tumult and storm. The sea—the unplumb'd, salt, estranging
sea'—was, for him, the one element in which he discovered the
deepest reflection of his own melancholy and sense of isolation.
But, above everything, what he worshipped in nature was her
steadfastness and calm, ever teaching the lesson of Self-Dependence.
And with joy the stars perform their shining,
And the sea its long moon-silver'd roll;
For self-poised they live, nor pine with noting
All the fever of some differing soul.
By a strange irony, it was the lot of a poet who found these
7
E. L. XIII.
CH, Y.


## p. 98 (#114) #############################################

98
[CH.
Matthew Arnold
mighty consolations in the life of nature to 'pine with noting' the
fever of his own soul to such an extent as to mark him out among
the poets of the Victorian age as the one who articulates more
distinctly than any other the cry of the maladie de siècle—the
'doubts, disputes, distractions, fears of an 'iron time. He has no
certain spiritual anodynes to prescribe for those who suffer from
this sickness beyond a stoical recognition of the paramount claims
of duty, and an effort to live ‘self-poised,' like the powers of nature,
until we feel our souls becoming vast like them. But, in spite
of these counsels of fortitude, we find the poet himself often
possessed by a wistful yearning to 'make for some impossible
shore'—agitated,' as he says of Marcus Aurelius, and ‘stretching
out his hands for something beyond—tendentemque manus ripae
ulterioris amore. '
Matthew Arnold's prose writings, mainly, were the work of his
middle and later years! They deal with, practically, the entire
fabric of English civilisation and culture in his day; and they are
all directed by one clear and consistent critical purpose. That
purpose was to 'cure the great vice of our intellect, manifesting
itself in our incredible vagaries in literature, in art, in religion, in
morals; namely, that it is fantastic, and wants sanity? '
The main body of his purely literary criticism, with the excep-
tion of a few scattered essays, is to be found in the lectures
On Translating Homer (1861), and The Study of Celtic Literature
(1867), and in the two volumes entitled Essays in Criticism (1865,
1889). The most notable of these books, as illustrating Arnold's
literary ideals and preferences--his critical method may be equally
well studied in the others—is, undoubtedly, the first series of
Essays in Criticism. Its appearance, in 1865, was something of
a literary sensation, by reason of its style, the novelty and con-
fidence of its opinions and the wide and curious range of its
subjects. No volume of critical essays had before appeared, in
England at least, on a collection of subjects and authors so diverse
as the literary influence of academies, pagan and medieval religious
sentiment, a Persian passion-play, the Du Guérins, Joubert, Heine,
Spinoza, Marcus Aurelius. And the first two essays, in particular,
1 It is a pity that no complete edition of Arnold's prose works has yet been
published. In a selection of his essays issued by the Oxford university press in
1914, “five essays hitherto uncollected' were included, the most interesting of which
are, perhaps, a review, reprinted from Macmillan's Magazine for February 1863, of
Stanley's Lectures on the Jewish Church and a short article entitled Obermann, written
in 1869.
? Preface to second edition of Poems, 1854.


## p. 99 (#115) #############################################

6
>
IV]
Essays in Criticism
99
struck a note of challenge to all the popular critics of the day.
They proclaimed the appearance of a paladin bent, above everything,
upon piercing the armour of self-sufficiency and ‘provinciality,' in
which the average English "authority in matters of taste' had been
accustomed to strut with much confidence. Here, for the first time,
we come across verbal weapons to be repeatedly used with devas-
tating effect in a lifelong campaign against the hosts of Philistia.
The famous nickname ‘Philistine,' borrowed from Heine, makes its
first appearance in this book-to denote the strong, dogged, un-
enlightened opponent of the chosen people, of the children of light. '
We now first hear, also, of the provincial spirit,' the best that is
known and thought in the world, the free play of the mind,'
'flexibility of intelligence'-afterwards to be identified with Plato's
EvTpaTrelía – prose of the centre,' the modern spirit,''criticism
?
of life’ and other phrases destined, by reiterated use, to become
familiar. Although the author's weapons were mainly of his own
making, his way of using them, his adroit and dexterous methods
of attack, had been learnt from France. French prose, for
Matthew Arnold, was the 'prose of the centre,' the nearest modern
equivalent to 'Attic prose,' and the two contemporary critics he
admired most were Sainte-Beuve and Renan. In purely literary
criticism, Sainte-Beuve is his chief model; but his methods in
other critical fields were largely the results of his reading of
Renan. As early as 1859, he speaks of Renan as one 'between
whose line of endeavour and my own I imagine there is con-
siderable resemblance? The two resembled each other not least
in the adoption of a style, lenis, minimeque pertinax—ʻsinuous,
easy, unpolemical’-very unlike the 'highly-charged, heavy-shotted
articles' of English newspaper critics'.
Arnold's knowledge and appreciation of French prose were
wide and peculiarly sensitive, and stand in curious contrast to his
lack of enthusiasm for, if not indifference to, French poetry.
France, 'famed in all great arts, in none supreme,' appeared to him
to have achieved her most signal triumphs in prose, but his
partiality to French prose led him to some strange vagaries of
judgment in his estimates of individual writers. Sainte-Beuve and
Renan, no doubt, deserved the flattery he paid both by imitating
them, but he has given an exaggerated importance to such writers
as the Du Guérins, Joubert and Amiel.
1 In “A speech at Eton,' Mixed Essays.
? Letters, vol. 1, p. 111.
3 See his essay . Numbers' in Discourses in America.
909684A
7-2


## p. 100 (#116) ############################################

Іоо
[CH.
Matthew Arnold
a
When we turn from these eccentric preferences to the main
principles of his literary criticism, we find, in his definitions of them,
at any rate, much that is incontrovertible and a little that is open to
question. 'Disinterestedness,' detachment, he tells us, is the first
requisite in a literary critic-'a disinterested endeavour to learn
and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world. '
With this goes ‘knowledge'; and no English critic is adequately
equipped who does not possess one great literature, at least,
besides his own. Criticism in England was altogether too pro-
vincial. Nothing quite like this had been stated in English before,
and no critic, in his practice, made so sedulous an effort as Arnold
to convince his countrymen of their insularity, and to persuade
them to acquire an European outlook in literature and art. When
he becomes a little more particular in his definitions and says
that 'the end and aim of all literature' is 'a criticism of life,
and, again, that 'poetry is, at bottom, a criticism of life, he
provokes a debate which, at one time, was pursued with con-
siderable spirit and some acerbity-especially, as Sir Leslie
Stephen has put it, by critics who were unable to distinguish
between an epigram and a philosophical dogma. '
While little fault can be found with his standards and ideals,
as a critic of poetry, some of his methods lie open to easy and
serious objection. Their defects are inherent in the very qualities
that give charm and individuality to the best of his literary
criticisms. None of his works exhibits so well both the strength and
the weakness of his methods as The Study of Celtic Literature-
one of the most delightful of his books, consisting of a number of
Oxford lectures directly inspired by an essay by Renan? . In his
excursions into the Celtic wonderland, Arnold lacked one of the
chief qualifications which he desiderates in a critic——knowledge.
At least, he had no knowledge of a single Celtic tongue; and,
though he wanders into by-paths of ethnology and philology, be
has to rely upon the learning of others for evidence in support of
his brilliant generalisations. But, even those who do know some-
thing of the Celtic tongues are among the first to recognise these
lectures as a triumph of the intuitional method in their instinctive
seizure of the things that really matter in Celtic literature, and in
their picturesque diagnosis of the Celtic genius. The intuitional'
process, however, has its dangers, and the passages in which
1
6
Essays in Criticism, vol. I, • Joubert. '
See, especially, Introduction to T. H. Ward's English Poets.
3 The Poetry of the Celtic Races. '
6


## p. 101 (#117) ############################################

1v]
Culture and Anarchy
IOI
>
>
1
1
Arnold traces the Celtic 'note' in Shakespeare, Byron, Keats,
Macpherson and the rest are about as adventurous an example of
skating on the thin ice of criticism as anything to be found in
our literature.
The first two of Essays in Criticism, semi-polemical as they
were in their motive, and creating, as they did, a considerable stir
among the Philistines, seem to have opened Arnold's eyes to his
opportunities as a social critic. He became conscious, by degrees,
of having something like a 'mission' to his countrymen, who soon
came to speak of him as, pre-eminently, the 'apostle of culture'
in the England of his day. It was the effect of Essays in
Criticism that led to the composition by instalments, between
1867 and 1869, of the book ultimately called Culture and Anarchy,
which may be termed his central work in criticism other than
literary, containing, as it does, the quintessence of what he had
already written, and of much that he was again to write, upon
English life and character. Memorable phrases which he had
already used are here effectively repeated and expanded; and
new phrases and catch-words, with the same quality of 'adhe-
siveness' as the old, are paraded with the same imperturbable
iteration. Some of these phrases, such as 'sweetness and light
and 'the Dissidence of Dissent,' are borrowed from wellknown
sources, while other things, like the description of English public
life as a 'Thyestean banquet of claptrap,' and the definition of
'the two points of influence' between which our world moves as
'Hebraism and Hellenism,' are the author's own. Culture and
Anarchy is, if not a great, an undoubtedly stimulating, book,
still capable of exerting a strong influence on young minds. In
1871, Arnold published another series of essays in social criticism
under the title Friendship’s Garland, perhaps the most mis-
chievously amusing of his books.
It was, undoubtedly, the impression made in certain quarters
by Culture and Anarchy that led Arnold into the somewhat
perilous field of theological and religious criticism-in which
his chief works are St Paul and Protestantism (1870), Literature
and Dogma (1873), God and the Bible (1875) and Last Essays
on Church and Religion (1877). Little need be said of these
works here, constituting as they do, as a whole, the least valuable
and enduring group of his prose writings. The most popular of
them in its day was Literature and Dogma, a work bearing obvious
marks of the influence of Renan, and an elaborate disquisition
upon a text enunciated in Culture and Anarchy—No man, who


## p. 102 (#118) ############################################

IO2
[CH.
Matthew Arnold
a
knows nothing else, knows even his own Bible. ' The frequent
flippancy, not to say levity, of tone which characterises his treat-
ment of sacred subjects in this and other books, together with his
too exclusively literary and 'intuitional critical methods in dealing
with problems of theological scholarship, aroused a good deal of
resentment. No careful and dispassionate reader of his religious
writings can, however, have any question about the sincerity and
the seriousness of Arnold's motives. Some of his catch-phrases
obtained a wide currency, and are, perhaps, destined to live among
the most famous things of their kind coined by him. The defini-
tion of God as 'a stream of tendency, not ourselves, which makes
for righteousness,' of religion as ‘morality touched by emotion,'
of emriel kela as the sweet reasonableness' of Jesus-these and
other phrases have an epigrammatic quality which will prevent
their being soon forgotten.
Sufficient has been incidentally said about the characteristics
of Matthew Arnold's prose style to make it unnecessary to
attempt here any elaborate estimate of its qualities as a whole.
"The needful qualities of a fit prose,' he himself has said, in a
familiar sentence, ‘are regularity, uniformity, precision, balance. '
All these things, it may be said, Arnold's own prose has as
markedly as that of any other modern English writer. The one
pre-eminent virtue of his prose, as of his verse, style is its lucidity
—we never miss, or doubt, his meaning. But the qualities which
he enumerates-and clearness--may be found in prose styles
which have little or no distinction; and distinction, in the strict
sense of the word, Matthew Arnold's has. It is an unmistakably
individual style, and, in spite of its obvious mannerisms and
occasional affectations, is extremely difficult of imitation. It is
a style which is not free from some caprices that 'prose of the
centre' would avoid, but which, at its best, is about as near
a fulfilment as is humanly possible of his own ideals of order
and lucidity, with the added graces of ease, elegance and a grave
rhythmical movement, the effect of which, like that of the best
music, can be felt but never adequately described.
6
Their common connection with Rugby and Oxford, and the
imperishable commemoration of their Oxford friendship in
Thyrsis, inseparably link with the name of Matthew Arnold
that of Arthur Hugh Clough. Clough was Arnold's senior by
some four years, and their friendship was founded on a deep
mutual respect for each other's character and intellectual powers.


## p. 103 (#119) ############################################

IV]
Arthur Hugh Clough
103
6
>
‘You and Clough,' Arnold writes to his sister Fanny in 18591,'are,
I believe, the two people I in my heart care most to please by
what I write'; and, at the time of Clough's death, he speaks to
his mother of his loss as one 'which I shall feel more and more
as time goes on, for he is one of the few people who ever made
a deep impression upon me? ' The most elaborate tribute paid
to him in Last Words on Translating Homer is well known:
the 'admirable Homeric qualities' of The Bothie are there duly
noted ; 'but that in him of which I think oftenest is the Homeric
simplicity of his literary life. ' The impression which Clough made
on Arnold was largely due to the fact that they were both in the
same 'movement of mind' in the England of their day. In any
comparison, however, between Arnold and Clough, it should be
remembered that, probably, the former has given us all the poetry
that was in him, while Clough died young.
Arthur Hugh Clough was born in Liverpool on 1 January
1819. In 1828, he was put to school at Chester, whence he
shortly afterwards went to Rugby. At Rugby, Clough became
Thomas Arnold's ideal pupil, and he left the school, in 1837, with
a great reputation and a Balliol scholarship. Like Matthew
Arnold after him, he only took a second class in the Oxford
schools, but so much was thought of him that he was soon made
a fellow and tutor of Oriel. He resigned both fellowship and
tutorship in 1848 because of his inability to subscribe any longer
to the faith of the church of England. Few of the remarkable
group of Oxford men who found themselves "contention-tost'
in the welter of the tractarian agitation were so dominated by
a single-minded endeavour after truth as Clough. Most of his
poetry is the record of the spiritual and intellectual struggles into
which he was plunged by the religious unrest of the time. In
1854, he married Blanche Smith, who was a first cousin of Florence
Nightingale; and, in the work of the latter during and after the
Crimean war, Clough took the liveliest interest. His health, never
at any time very strong, began to give way in 1859. After
long and weary wanderings on the continent, he died at Florence
on 13 November 1861.
The record of Clough's literary activity is mainly concerned with
poetry; he wrote but little prose of permanent value and interest,
and that only in the form of scattered articles, which his wife
collected and reprinted long after his death. His first poem to
appear in print was the ‘long-vacation pastoral' in hexameters,
1 Letters, vol. 1, p. 102.
? Letters, vol. I, p. 152.


## p. 104 (#120) ############################################

104
Arthur Hugh Clough [CH.
6
The Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich? , composed immediately after
he left Oxford—the liberation song of an emancipated soul.
He had already written short poems, and these were, soon after-
wards, published (1849), first in a volume called Ambarvalia, the
joint production of Clough and his friend Thomas Burbridge, and,
subsequently, in a separate form. These poems include several
,
of the best of his shorter lyrics, such as Qua Cursum Ventus
(recording the break of his friendship with W. G. Ward), Qui
Laborat Orat, The New Sinai, The Questioning Spirit, Sic Itur,
Duty, The Higher Courage-all poems which bear the marks of
the spiritual conflict of his Oxford days.
During a visit to Rome in 1849, Clough composed his second
hexameter poem, Amours de Voyage, and, in the following year,
at Venice, he began Dipsychus. This latter poem, like Mari
Magno—a series of modern’tales introduced and told in a manner
reminiscent of Chaucer—'was not published,' as we are told in
the collected edition of the poet's works, 'during the author's
lifetime, and should not be regarded as having received his
finishing touches. ' The works recorded here, together with a
number of other lyrics of which the group entitled Songs in
Absence are the most notable and a few satirical and reflective
pieces, constitute the sum of Clough's poetical productions.
Of few poets can it be said more positively than of Clough
that his appeal is, and always must be, to a select and limited
audience. His poetry can never be popular, not only because
much of it is too introspective, but because the form of two of
his most elaborate poems will remain a stumbling-block to the
average English reader of poetry. 'Carmen Hexametrum,' says
Ascham in The Scholemaster, ‘doth rather trotte and hoble than
runne smoothly in our English tong,' and his words are still true
in spite of nineteenth-century efforts to establish that measure
in our common prosody. Neither Matthew Arnold's advocacy of
it as the fit medium of Homeric translation, nor Bagehot's
description of it, in discussing Clough’s hexameters, as ‘perhaps
the most flexible of English metres, disposes of the hard fact that,
to quote again from Bagehot, no 'consummate poem of great
length and sustained dignity' has ever yet been written in it in
English. To say, as one of his admirers does, that Clough's
hexameters are unlike those of any other writer in any language
and better than those of any other English author,' and that
1 The more familiar title The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich was given to it after-
wards.


## p. 105 (#121) ############################################

Iv]
Clough's Later Poems
105
he had in his mind a very subtle and consistent conception of
the harmonies of the measure, is but to emphasise the charge
that the poet was remote and required a specially instructed class
of readers to appreciate him. But it will not do to dismiss him,
as Swinburne, markedly appreciative of Arnold's Attic grace,
did, as being no poet at all. In actual achievement, he is, indeed,
but one of the inheritors of unfulfilled renown. ' Time conquered
him before he attained to full clearness of poetic utterance.
When we have proved, each on his course alone,
The wider world, and learnt what's now unknown,
Have made life clear, and worked out each a way,
We'll meet again,-we shall have much to say,
he sings in one of his most touching lyrics. But the future day,'
. '
on which he was to fulfil this covenant with readers of his poetry,
never dawned for him. His later poems, however-particularly
.
Mari Magno-show that he was gradually feeling after a mel-
lower and a richer note. His brief married life was beginning to
.
enlarge and to deepen his experience, and, had he lived to write
more, his poetry would have embodied a more profound criticism
of life. ' It would certainly have become less self-centred and less
preoccupied with the questionings and doubts of the solitary
spirit.
These doubts and questionings form the substance of what was
probably his most ambitious work, Dipsychus—a poem consisting
of a series of dialogues between the poet himself and an attendant
spirit, who is an obvious, though distant, relative of Goethe's
Mephistopheles. Clough, like Arnold, was largely a disciple of
Goethe; and the influence of Hermann und Dorothea is to be
clearly seen both in the form and in the thought of The Bothie. But,
both The Bothie and Dipsychus reflect far more of the intellectual
atmosphere of Oxford and of the free open-air life of England than
they do of either the art or the philosophy of Goethe. The best
expression of Clough's own character and genius is, undoubtedly,
to be found in the 'long-vacation pastoral. ' The poet's humour
tempers the hexameter with mercy, and gives it, in places, a semi-
burlesque effect which is not without suggestion of the best uses to
which the measure may be turned in English. The poem, however,
is thoroughly serious in its main drift and purpose, dealing, as it
does, with social problems which were then being eagerly discussed
by the more thoughtful minds of the time, and, particularly, with
the ideal of true womanhood. That ideal Clough himself finds in
Meanest utilities seized as occasions to grace and embellish;


## p. 106 (#122) ############################################

106
Arthur Hugh Clough [CH.
and the whole poem is a protest against the conception of
feminine grace and embellishment as consisting of vulgar decora-
tion and intellectual insipidity. But the most charming features
of The Bothie are its delightful pictures of nature, which show
how fresh was Clough's enjoyment of natural scenery, and how
deep and intimate was his communion with the very soul of
the Highlands. Many discerning readers express a preference
for some of Clough's shorter lyrics to everything else he wrote,
and they are probably right. He wrote nothing so likely to
keep his name and memory alive as the best of Songs in Absence.