77) is borrowed from the Brenet's 1776
painting
"Trait de respect pour la vertu: Honneurs rendus au Conne?
Cult of the Nation in France
128. On the meanings of "race," see Boulle, "In Defense of Slavery," 222.
129. Pagden, "The 'Defence of Civilization'" (see Ch. 1, n. 14), 40-44.
4. National Memory and the Canon
1. Antoine-Le? onard Thomas, Essai sur les e? loges (Paris, 1829), 40-41.
2. Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on (see Intro. , n. 43). My differences with Bon- net's interpretation will become clear in the course of this chapter. In general on the phenomenon, see also Papenheim's important study, Erinnerung und Unsterblichkeit (see Intro. , n. 43), which Bonnet does not cite. Notes to Pages 104-109
3. Andre? Thevet, Les vrais pourtraits et vies des hommes illustres (Paris, 1584; repr. Delmar, NY, 1973). See also, for instance, Jean-Jacques Boissard, Icones uirorvm illvstirvm, doctrina & eruditione praestantium contines (Frankfurt,
1598).
4. Arlette Jouanna, L'ide? e de race en France au XVIe`me sie`cle (1498-1614), 3 vols.
(Paris, 1976), I, 25.
5. Quoted in Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, 2 vols. (New York,
1966), I, 47. See also Martha Waling Howard, The Influence of Plutarch in the
Major European Literatures of the Eighteenth Century (Chapel Hill, 1970).
6. Margaret MacGowan, "Le phe? nome`ne de la galerie des portraits des illustres," in Roland Mousnier and Jean Mesnard, eds. , L'a^ge d'or du me? ce? nat (1598-
1661) (Paris, 1985), 411-22, quote from 412.
7. Gabriel Michel de la Rochemaillet, Pourtraictz de plvsievrs hommes illvstres qvi
ont flory en France depvis l'an 1500 ivsques a` present (Paris, 1600) printed as a broadside (Bibliothe`que Nationale, Cabinet des Estampes, Hennin 1200/ G151576). Reprinted as La vie des graves et illustres personnages qui ont diuersement excellee en ce Royaume, sous les re`gnes de Louys XII, Franc? ois I, Henry II, Franc? ois II, Charles IX, Henry III & Henry IIII heureusement regnant (Rouen, 1609). Rev. ed. : C. Malingre, Histoire chronologique de plusieurs
260
Notes to Pages 109-112
? 9. 10.
Notes to Pages 109-112
11. 12.
13. 14.
15.
8.
grands capitaines, princes, seigneurs, magistrats, officiers de la couronne & autres hommes illustres qui ont paru en France depuis cent soixante & quinze ans iusques a` present (Paris, 1617); Scaevole de Sainte-Marthe, Gallorum doctrina illustrium, qui nostra patrumque memoria floruerunt, elogia (Paris, 1602).
See Dowley, "D'Angiviller's Grands Hommes"; Silvestre de Sacy, Le comte d'Angiviller; Locquin, La peinture d'histoire (see Intro. n. 48), 41-69; Marc Furcy-Raynaud, ed. , "Correspondance de M. d'Angiviller avec Pierre," 2 vols. , Nouvelles archives de l'art franc? ais, 3e se? rie, vols. XXI-XXII (1905-6); Andrew McClellan, Inventing the Louvre: Art, Politics and the Origins of the Modern Museum in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Berkeley, 1994), 82-90; McClellan, "D'Angiviller's 'Great Men'" (see Intro. , n. 48); Thomas Crow, Painters and Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Paris (New Haven, 1985), 191-7. Crow points out that at the end of the 1770s, d'Angiviller started to put renewed emphasis on classical antiquity in his painting program. Still, French history paintings continued to appear, as did the sculpture program.
See especially Brenner, L'histoire nationale (see Ch. 2, n. 61); Boe? s, La lanterne magique (see Intro. , n. 44).
These projects are discussed in Mona Ozouf, "Le Panthe? on: L'e? cole normale des morts," in Nora, ed. , Les lieux de me? moire (see Intro. , n. 33), pt. I, 142-44; Papenheim, Erinnerung, 286-7; Bonnet, Naissance, 130-32; John McMan- ners, Death and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death in Eighteenth- Century France (Oxford, 1985), 330-33; Dominique Poulot, Muse? e, nation, patrimoine, 1789-1815 (Paris, 1997), esp. 53, 122; McClellan, Inventing, 83. On Louis XV's approval, see Papenheim, Erinnerung, 181.
See Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 55-66. In general, on the eulogy, see also Bonnet's pioneering article "Naissance du Panthe? on," Poe? tique 33 (1978). See Daniel Roche, Le sie`cle des lumie`res en province: Acade? mies et acade? miciens provinciaux, 1680-1789, 2 vols. (Paris, 1978), I, 344.
Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 111; Bonnet, "Naissance du Panthe? on," 47. Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 67-82. On Thomas's friendship with d'Angiviller, see McClellan, Inventing, 83-9.
Schama, Citizens (see Ch. 2, n. 60), 32. Schama suggests that the volume "broadened its criteria to include events and figures from civilian life" and soldiers who had risen from the ranks (33). Yet these aspects of the book also had long-standing precedents in the series. In fact, as will be seen below, in most respect the volume represented a step backwards to a noble, chivalric ideal. Schama is unaware that the work, published by Pierre Blin, is by the en- graver Sergent. For attribution, see Colin and Charlotte Franklin, A Catalogue of Early Colour Printing, From Chiaroscuro to Aquatint (Oxford, 1977), 53. Schama does, however, recognize the importance of the printed collective bi-
ography. Bonnet does not mention the volumes; Papenheim, in Erinnerung,
127, alludes to them briefly.
16. On these galleries, see MacGowan, "Le phe? nome`ne de la galerie des portraits
des illustres"; Ge? rard Sabatier, "Politique, histoire et mythologie: La galerie en France et en Italie pendant la premiere moitie? du 17e sie`cle," in Jean Serroy, ed. , La France et l'Italie au temps de Mazarin (Grenoble, 1986), pp. 283-301; and especially Christian Jouhaud, "L'e? nergie du pouvoir: le cas de Richelieu (1631-1642)," in Louis Cullen and Louis Bergeron (eds. ), Culture et pratiques politiques en France et en Irlande, XVIe`-XVIIIe` sie`cle (Paris, 1991), 83-99.
17. See MacGowan, 416, also Griguette, Eloges des hommes illustres.
18. Subsequent references to the works by Griguette, Vulson, Perrault, Morvan, Du Castre d'Auvigny, Gautier Dagoty, Restout, Turpin, Sergent, and Manuel, and to the anonymous works entitled Eloges, Me? moires, Ne? crologe, Tablettes,
and Faits et actions, refer to the books listed in Table 3, page 113.
19. Perrault, Les hommes illustres, unpaginated preface.
20. See Darnton, Literary Underground (see Ch. 2, n. 21), 1-40.
21. On Manuel, see Darnton, Literary Underground, 59-61, and Louis Michaud,
ed. , Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne (Paris, 1852), sv. Manuel; on Aublet de Maubuy, see Robert Darnton "Two Paths through the Social His- tory of Ideas," in Haydn Mason, ed. , The Darnton Debate: Books and Revolu- tion in the Eighteenth Century, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 359 (1998), 262.
22. Locquin, 183.
Notes to Pages 112-117
23. For instance, Dominique-Joseph Garat's prize-winning Eloge de Suger (Paris, 1779) uses only facts found in, and often follows the structure of, the life of Suger in d'Auvigny's Les vies des hommes illustres, I, 1-71.
24. The work in question is Du Castre D'Auvigny, Perau and Turpin, Les vies. See above all Du Castre's fascinating prospectus, Avis pour l'histoire des hommes illustres de la France (Paris, 1741). Turpin's La France illustre and Restout's Gallerie franc? oise were also sold by subscription.
25. Du Castre d'Auvigny, Les vies, I, v.
26. Proce`s-verbaux de l'Acade? mie royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, 1684-1793
(Paris, 1888), VIII, 178; [Manson] (see Intro. , n. 50), 8-9.
27. Maille Dussausoy, Le citoyen de? sinteresse? , ou diverses ide? es patriotiques, con-
cernant quelques e? tablissemens et embellissemens utils a` la ville de Paris, 2 vols.
(Paris, 1767), 141.
28. Charles-Ire? ne? e Castel de Saint-Pierre, Discours sur les diffe? rences du grand
homme et de l'homme illustre, published in Histoire d'Epaminondas pour servir de suite aux hommes illustres de Plutarque (Paris, 1739), 36, quoted in Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 34. See also Ozouf's discussion of the distinciton in "Le Panthe? on," 143-4.
Notes to Pages 112-117 261
? 262
Notes to Pages 117-120
? 29. 30.
31.
32. 33.
34.
Notes to Pages 117-120
35.
Manuel, I, v.
Dacier, ed. , Les vies des hommes illustres de Plutarque, 10 vols. (Paris, 1778), I, 10.
Manuel, I, xv. See also Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's Etudes sur la nature (Paris, 1784), which proposes an "Elyse? e" of great men, for similar remarks; also the discussion in Ozouf, "Le Panthe? on," 144. On court trials, see Maza, Private Lives and Public Affairs (see Ch. 2, n. 18).
Particularly in Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on and Ozouf, "Le Panthe? on. " See, for instance, Turpin, La France illustre; Turpin, Annales pittoresques; [Sergent], Portraits; Faits et actions he? roi? ques des grands hommes.
[Sergent], no. 14 (d'Aguesseau); for nos. 60 (Bayard) and 73 (Jeanne d'Arc), cf. Heince, Bignon and Vulson (1668 edition with red type on title page), 80, 134. Sergent seems to have borrowed most of his engravings from familiar sources, for instance Duguesclin's death (no.
77) is borrowed from the Brenet's 1776 painting "Trait de respect pour la vertu: Honneurs rendus au Conne? table du Guesclin par la ville de Randon," commissioned by d'Angiviller. Louis XVI (no. 1) copies a state portrait by Duplessis.
Much of this material is available in the Bibliothe`que Nationale de France under the co^te Ln20. On eighteenth-century regionalism, see especially Revel, "La re? gion" (see Ch. 2, n. 105); Catherine Bertho, "L'invention de la Bretagne: Gene`se social d'un ste? re? otype," Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 35 (1980), 45-62; Mona Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la perception de l'espace national: fe? de? rations, fe? de? ralisme et ste? re? otypes re? gionaux," in her L'e? cole de la France: Essais sur la Re? volution, l'utopie et l'enseignement (Paris, 1984), 27-54; Michel Vovelle, "La de? couverte en Provence, ou les primitifs de l'ethnographie provenc? ale," in De la cave au grenier: Un itine? raire en Provence au XVIIIe` sie`cle (Que? bec, 1980). On nineteenth-century regionalism, see par- ticularly Anne-Marie Thiesse, Ils apprenaient la France: L'exaltation des re? gions dans le discours patriotique (Paris, 1997); Ste? phane Gerson, "Parisian Litterateurs, Provincial Journeys and the Construction of National Unity in Post-revolutionary France," Past and Present 151 (1996), 141-73.
See Morrissey's excellent discussion in L'empereur a` la barbe fleurie (see Ch. 1, n. 11), 300-303.
Baumier, Homage a` la patrie (Brussels, 1782), 61, 91.
Carl L. Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers (New Haven, 1932), 31. This is in part the approach taken by Bonnet in his initial article "Naissance du Panthe? on," and also by Ozouf in "Le Panthe? on. " The quote is from Bonnet, "Naissance du Panthe? on," 47.
See Ozouf, La fe^te re? volutionnaire (see Intro. , n. 81), esp. 447; and Albert Soboul, "Sentiment religieux et cultes populaires pendant la Re? volution: Saints, patriotes et martyrs de la liberte? ," in Annales historiques de la Re? volution franc? aise, 148 (1957), esp. 198.
36.
37. 38.
39. 40.
41. They are collected in Antoine-Le? onard Thomas, Oeuvres comple`tes (Paris, 1825).
42. See Heince, Bignon, and Vulson, Les portraits, 1668 ed. , 80-94.
43. Aublet de Maubuy, Les vies des femmes illustres, I, 10. See also Gerd Krumeich, Jeanne d'Arc a` travers l'histoire, trans. Josie Me? ly, Marie-He? le`ne Pateau and
Lisette Rosenfeld (Paris, 1989).
44. Jean-Franc? ois de La Harpe, Eloge de Catinat (Paris, 1775). See discussion in
Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 92-4.
45. Restout, Galerie franc? oise, iv.
46. Manuel, L'anne? e franc? oise, I:v.
47. On the reception of Plutarch in Renaissance France, see Jouanna, L'ide? e de
race, I:25.
48. See Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 29-49.
49. Ibid. , 111.
50. Ibid. , 131-2.
51. Quoted in Brenner, L'histoire nationale, 197.
52. Buirette de Belloy, Le sie`ge de Calais (see Ch. 1, n. 104), vi-vii.
53. Lefebvre de Beauvray, Dictionnaire (see Ch. 1, n. 103), 394-5, quoting Saint-
Foix.
54. Turpin, La France illustre, ou le Plutarque franc? ais. See also Howard, 32.
55. Joachim Du Bellay, Deffense et illustration de la langue franc? oise (Paris, 1549).
56. Franc? ois Charpentier, Defense de la langue franc? oise pour l'inscription de l'Arc
de Triomphe, de? die? e au Roy par M. Charpentier, de l'Acade? mie Franc? oise (Paris, 1676). See Brunot et al. , Histoire de la langue franc? aise (see Intro. , n. 30), V, 1- 43; also Marc Fumaroli, "Le ge? nie de la langue franc? aise," in Nora, ed. , Les lieux de me? moire, pt. III, III, 911-73.
57. Quoted in Brunot, VII, 95.
58. Perrault, Les hommes illustres, unpaginated preface. On Perrault, see also Jay
M. Smith, The Culture of Merit: Nobility, Royal Service and the Making of Ab-
solute Monarchy in France, 1600-1789 (Ann Arbor, 1996), 169-71.
59. Antoine-Le? onard Thomas, "Eloge de Duguay-Trouin," in Me? moires de M. Duguay-Trouin, Lieutenant Ge? ne? ral des Arme? es Navales (Rouen, 1785), 299. As for d'Angiviller's "Great Men," see the comments of McClellan, in "D'Angiviller's 'Great Men,'" 177: "But over and above brilliance and virtue, the common denominator linking the majority of the Great Men was loyal
service to the Crown. "
60. See McClellan, Inventing the Louvre, 83-89. The eulogist in question was the
abbe? Re? my. D'Angiviller, incidentally, warmly praised the address.
61. Sergent, Portraits.
62. See Papenheim, Erinnerung, 125-6.
63. Thomas, "Eloge de Duguay-Trouin," 275, 300, 276, 311.
64. See Peter Gay, Voltaire's Politics: The Poet as Realist (New York, 1965), esp.
Notes to Pages 120-124 263
? Notes to Pages 120-124
264
Notes to Pages 125-134
? 65. 66. 67. 68.
69. 70.
71.
Notes to Pages 125-134
72. 73.
74.
75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.
83. 84.
309-33. For Thomas's relations with Voltaire, see Micard (see Ch. 3, n. 42), 23-5, 57.
Thomas, "Eloge," 331.
Manuel, L'anne? e franc? oise, I, 2.
Ibid. , xv; See also Turpin, Annales pittoresques, 1782 edition, 20.
See Franco Venturi, "From Montesquieu to the Revolution," in Utopia and Reform in the French Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1971), 70-94; Johnson Kent Wright, A Classical Republican in Eighteenth-Century France : The Political Thought of Mably (Stanford, 1997); Keith Michael Baker, "Transformations of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century France," The Journal of Mod- ern History LXXIII/I (2001), 32-53. In general on republicanism, see the clas- sic work of Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (see Ch. 1, n. 83). Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (see Intro. , n. 41), 25-7.
See notably Landes, Women and the Public Sphere (see Intro. , n. 72); Hunt, Family Romance (see Intro. , n. 72); Sarah Maza, "Response to Daniel Gordon and David Bell" (see Intro. , n.
