' "
" Having given this promise, and having sworn by Granges, she returned home.
" Having given this promise, and having sworn by Granges, she returned home.
Universal Anthology - v07
Will you now continue beating and bruising me to death ?
—
Superintendent [smelling the ring] It is certain, Jaluca, that this gem has been in the body of a fish. The case requires consideration ; and I will mention it to some of the king's household. —
Both Officers
Come on, cutpurse. [They advance. Superintendent — Stand here, Suchaca, at the great gate of
the city, and wait for me, while I speak to some of the officers
in the palace. — Both Officers
Go, Rajayucta. May the king favor thee. [The Superintendent goes out.
Second Officer — Our master will stay, I fear, a long while.
First Officer — Yes ; access to kings can only be had at their leisure.
Second Officer — The tips Jaluca, to kill this cutpurse.
of my fingers itch, my friend Cumbhilaca — You would put to death an innocent man.
THE LOST RING. 813
First Officer {looking] — Here comes our master. The king has decided quickly. Now, Cumbhilaca, you will either see your companions again, or be the food of shakals and vultures.
The Superintendent reenters.
Superintendent — Let the fisherman immediately — Cumbhilaca [in an agony] — Oh ! I am a dead man.
Superintendent — Be discharged. Hola ! set him at liberty. The king says he knows his innocence ; and his story is true.
Second Officer — As our master commands. The fellow is brought back from the mansion of Yama, to which he was hastening. [Unbinding the fisherman.
Oumbhilaca [bowing] — My lord, I owe my life to your kindness.
Superintendent — Rise, friend, and hear with delight that the king gives thee a sum of money equal to the full value of the ring ; it is a fortune to a man in thy station.
[ Giving him the money. Oumbhilaca [with rapture] — I am transported with joy.
First Officer — This vagabond seems to be taken down from the stake, and set on the back of a state elephant.
Second Officer — The king, I suppose, has a great affection for his gem.
Superintendent — Not for its intrinsic value ; but I guessed the cause of his ecstasy when he saw it.
Both Officers — What could occasion it?
Superintendent — I suspect that it called to his memory some person who has a place in his heart ; for though his mind be naturally firm, yet, from the moment when he beheld the ring, he was for some minutes excessively agitated.
Second Officer — Our master has given the king extreme
pleasure. — First Officer
—
Yes ; and by the means of this fish catcher. [Looking fiercely at him. Be not angry. Half the money shall be
Cumbhilaca
divided between you to purchase wine.
******* Dushmanta — Was it sleep that impaired my memory ? Was it delusion ? Was it an error of my judgment ? Or was
First Officer — Oh ! now thou art our beloved friend. Good wine is the first object of our affection. Let us together to the vinters. [They all go out.
314 THE LOST RING.
it the destined reward of my bad actions ? Whatever it was, I am sensible that, until Sacontala return to these arms, I shall be plunged in the abyss of affliction.
Mddhavya — Do not despair; the fatal ring is itself an example that the lost may be found. Events which were fore doomed by Heaven must not be lamented.
Dushmanta [looking at his ring] —The fate of this ring, now fallen from a station which it will not easily regain, I may at least deplore. O gem, thou art removed from the soft finger, beautiful with ruddy tips, on which a place had been assigned thee; and, minute as thou art, thy bad qualities appear from the similarity of thy punishment to mine.
Misras [aside] — Had it found a way to any other hand, its lot would have been truly deplorable. O Menaca, how wouldst thou be delighted with the conversation which gratifies my ears !
Mddhavya — Let me know, I pray, by what means the ring obtained a place on the finger of Sacontala.
Dushmanta — You shall know, my friend. When I was coming from the holy forest to my capital, my beloved, with tears in her eyes, thus addressed me, " How long will the son of my lord keep me in his remembrance ? "
Mddhavya — Well, what then ?
Dushmanta — Then, fixing this ring on her lovely finger, I thus answered, "Repeat each day one of the three syllables engraved on this gem ; and before thou hast spelled the word Dushmanta, one of my noblest officers shall attend thee, and conduct my darling to her palace. " Yet I forgot, I deserted her in my frenzy. —
Misras [aside] A charming interval of three days was fixed between their separation and their meeting, which the will of Brahma rendered unhappy.
Mddhavya — But how came the ring to enter, like a hook, into the mouth of a carp?
Dushmanta — When my beloved was lifting water to her head in the pool of Sachitirt'ha, the ring must have dropped
fears nothing but injustice, doubted the reality of his mar riage ; but how, I wonder, could his memory be connected with a ring ?
unseen. — Mddhavya
It is very probable.
Misras [aside] — Oh ! it was thence that the king, who
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 315
Dushmanta — I am really angry with this gem.
Mddhavya [laughing] — So am I with this staff.
Dushmanta — Why so, Madhavya?
Mddhavya — Because it presumes to be so straight when I
am so crooked. Impertinent stick ! — Dushmanta [not attending to him]
How, O ring, couldst thou leave that hand adorned with soft long fingers, and fall into a pool decked only with water lilies ? The answer is obvious : thou art irrational. But how could I, who was born
with a reasonable soul, desert my only beloved ? Misras [aside] — He anticipates my remark.
I must wait here during his medi tations, and perish with hunger.
Mddhavya [aside] — So ;
Dushmanta — O, my darling whom I treated with disrespect, and forsook without reason, when will this traitor, whose heart is deeply stung with repentant sorrow, be once more blessed with a sight of thee ?
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
" (A collection of short Hindoo tales, with a framework as excuse, like the Arabian Nights. ")
Translation by 3m R. F. BURTON.
The darkness of the night was frightful, the gloom deep ened till it was hardly possible to walk. The clouds opened their fountains, raining so that you would say they could never rain again. Lightning blazed forth with more than the light of day, and the roar of the thunder caused the earth to shake. Baleful gleams tipped the black cones of the trees, and fitfully scampered like fireflies over the waste. Unclean goblins dogged the travelers and threw themselves upon the ground in their path and obstructed them in a thousand different ways. Huge snakes, whose mouths distilled blood and black venom, kept clinging around their legs in the roughest part of the road till they were persuaded to loose their hold either by the sword or by reciting a spell. In fact, there were so many horrors and such a tumult and noise that even a brave man would have faltered, yet the king kept on his way. At length, having passed over, somehow or other, a very difficult road, the Raja arrived at the smashana, or burning place, pointed out by the
316 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
jogi. Suddenly he sighted the tree where from root to top every branch and leaf was in a blaze of crimson flame. And when he, still dauntless, advanced toward it, a clamor con tinued to be raised, and voices kept crying, "Kill them! kill them ! seize them ! seize them ! take care that they do not get away ! let them scorch themselves to cinders ! let them suffer the pains of Patala ! "
Far from being terrified by this state of things, the valiant Raja increased in boldness, seeing a prospect of an end to his adventure. Approaching the tree, he felt that the fire did not burn him, and so he sat there for a while to observe the body, which hung, head downward, from a branch a little above him.
Its eyes, which were wide open, were of a greenish brown, and never twinkled ; its hair also was brown, and brown was its face — three several shades which, notwithstanding, approached one another in an unpleasant way, as in the overdried cocoanut. Its body was thin and ribbed like a skeleton or a bamboo frame work, and as it held on to a bough, like a flying fox, by the toe- tips, its drawn muscles stood out as if they were rope of coir. Blood it appeared to have none, or there would have been a decided determination of that curious juice to the head ; and as the Raja handled its skin, it felt icy cold and clammy as might a snake. The only sign of life was the whisking of a ragged little tail much resembling a goat's.
Judging from these signs, the brave king at once determined the creature to be a Baital — a Vampire. For a short time he was puzzled to reconcile the appearance with the words of the giant, who informed him that the anchorite had hung the oil man's son to a tree. But soon he explained to himself the difficulty, remembering the exceeding cunning of jogis and other reverend men, and determining that his enemy, the better to deceive him, had doubtless altered the shape and form of the young oilman's body. "
With this idea, Vikram was pleased, saying, My trouble has been productive of fruit. " Remained the task of carrying the Vampire to Shanta-Shil the devotee. Having taken his sword, the Raja fearlessly climbed the tree, and ordering his son to stand away from below, clutched the Vampire's hair with one hand, and with the other struck such a blow of the sword that the bough was cut and the thing fell heavily upon the ground. Immediately on falling it gnashed its teeth and began to utter a loud, wailing cry, like the screams of an infant
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
317
in pain. Vikram, having heard the sound"of its lamentations, was pleased, and began to say to himself, This devil must be alive. " Then nimbly sliding down the trunk, he made a captive of the body, and asked, " Who art thou ? "
Scarcely, however, had the words passed the royal lips, when the Vampire slipped through the fingers like a worm, and utter ing a loud shout of laughter, rose in the air with its legs upper most, and as before suspended itself by its toes to another bough. And there it swung to and fro, moved by the violence of its cachinnation. "
" Decidedly this is the young oilman !
after he had stood for a minute or two with mouth open, gazing upwards and wondering what he should do next. Presently he directed Dharma Dhwaj not to lose an instant in laying hands upon the thing when it next might touch the ground, and then he again swarmed up the tree. Having reached his former position, he once more seized the Baital's hair, and with all the force of his arms — for he was beginning to feel really angry — he tore it from its hold, and dashed it to the ground, saying, " O wretch, tell me who art thou ? "
Then, as before, the Raja slid deftly down the trunk, and hurried to the aid of his son, who, in obedience to orders, had fixed his grasp upon the Vampire's neck. Then, too, as before, the Vampire, laughing aloud, slipped through their fingers and returned to its dangling-place.
To fail twice was too much for Raja Vikram's temper, which was right kingly and somewhat hot. This time he bade his son strike the Baital's head with his sword.
Then, more like a wounded bear of Himalaya than a prince who had established an era, he hurried up the tree, and directed a furious blow with his saber at the Vampire's lean and calfless legs. The violence of the stroke made its toes loose their hold of the bough, and when it touched the ground, Dharma Dhwaj's blade fell heavily upon its matted brown hair. But the blows appeared to have lighted on iron-wood, — to judge, at least, from the behavior of the Baital, who no sooner heard the ques tion, " O wretch, who art thou ? " than it returned in loud glee and merriment to its old position.
Five mortal times did Raja Vikram repeat this profitless labor. But so far from losing heart, he quite entered into the spirit of the adventure. Indeed, he would have continued climbing up that tree and taking that corpse under his arm —
exclaimed the Raja,
318 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
he found his sword useless — and bring it down, and asking it who it was, and seeing it slip through his fingers, six times sixty times, or till the end of the fourth and present age, had such extreme resolution been required. However, it was not neces sary. On the seventh time of falling, the Baital, instead of eluding its capturer's grasp, allowed itself to be seized, merely remarking that "even the gods cannot resist a thoroughly obstinate man. " And seeing that the stranger, for the better protection of his prize, had stripped off his waistcloth and was making it into a bag, the Vampire thought proper to seek the most favorable conditions for himself, and asked his conqueror who he was, and what he was about to do ?
" Vile wretch," replied the breathless hero, " know me to be Vikram the Great, Raja of Ujjayani, and I bear thee to a man who is amusing himself by drumming to devils on a skull. "
" Remember the old saying, mighty Vikram ! " said the Baital, with a sneer, "that many a tongue has cut many a throat. I have yielded to thy resolution and I am about to accompany thee, bound to thy back like a beggar's wallet. But hearken to my words, ere we set out upon the way. I am of a loquacious disposition, and it is well nigh an hour's walk be tween this tree and the place where thy friend sits, favoring his friends with the peculiar music which they love. Therefore, I shall try to distract my thoughts, which otherwise might not be of the most pleasing nature, by means of sprightly tales and profitable reflections. Sages and men of sense spend their days in the delights of light and heavy literature, whereas dolts and fools waste time in sleep and idleness. And I propose to ask thee a number of questions, concerning which we will, if it seems fit to thee, make this covenant : —
" Whenever thou answerest me, either compelled by fate or entrapped by my cunning into so doing, or thereby gratifying thy vanity and conceit, I leave thee and return to my favorite place and position in the siras tree ; but when thou shalt remain silent, confused, and at a loss to reply, either through humility or thereby confessing thine ignorance, and impotence, and want of comprehension, then will I allow thee, of mine own free will, to place me before thine employer. Perhaps I should not say so ; it may sound like bribing thee, but — take my counsel, and modify thy pride, and assumption, and arrogance, and haughti ness as soon as possible. So shalt thou derive from me a benefit which none but myself can bestow. "
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 319
Raja Vikram hearing these rough words, so strange to his royal ear, winced ; then he rejoiced that his heir-apparent was not near ; then he looked round at his son Dharma Dhwaj, to see if he was impertinent enough to be amused by the Baital. But the first glance showed him the young prince busily em ployed in pinching and screwing the monster's legs, so as to make it fit better into the cloth. Vikram then seized the ends of the waistcloth, twisted them into a convenient form for handling, stooped, raised the bundle with a jerk, tossed it over his shoulder, and bidding his son not to lag behind, set off at a round pace toward the western end of the cemetery.
The shower had ceased, and, as they gained ground, the weather greatly improved.
The Vampire asked a few indifferent questions about the wind and the rain and the mud. When he received no answer, he began to feel uncomfortable, and he broke out with these words, " O King Vikram, listen to the true story which I am about to tell thee. "
The Vampire's Fourth Story, of a woman who told the truth.
" Listen, great king ! " again began the Baital. " An unim portant Baniya (trader), Hiranyadatt, had a daughter, whose name was Madansena Sundari, the beautiful army of Cupid. Her face was like the moon ; her hair like the clouds ; her eyes like those of a muskrat; her eyebrows like a bent bow; her nose like a parrot's bill ; her neck like that of a dove ; her teeth like pomegranate grains ; the red color of her lips like that of a gourd ; her waist lithe and bending like the pard's ; her hands and feet like softest blossoms ; her complexion like the jasmine ; in fact, day by day the splendor of her youth increased.
" When she had arrived at maturity, her father and mother began often to resolve in their minds the subject of her mar riage. And the people of all that country side ruled by Birbar, king of Madanpur, bruited it abroad that in the house of Hiran yadatt had been born a daughter by whose beauty gods, men, and munis (sages) were fascinated.
" Thereupon many, causing their portraits to be painted, sent them by messengers to Hiranyadatt the Baniya, who showed them all to his daughter. But she was capricious, as beauties sometimes are, and when her father said, ' Make choice of a
320 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
husband thyself,' she told him that none pleased her, and, more over, she begged of him to find her a husband who possessed good looks, good qualities, and good sense.
" At length, when some days had passed, four suitors came from four different countries. The father told them that he must have from each some indication that he possessed the required qualities; that he was pleased with their looks, but that they must satisfy him about their knowledge.
"'I have,' the first said, 'a perfect acquaintance with the Shastras (or Scriptures) ; in science there is none to rival me. As for my handsome mien, it may plainly be seen by you. '
" The second exclaimed : ' My attainments are unique in the knowledge of archery. I am acquainted with the art of dis charging arrows and killing anything which though not seen is heard, and my fine proportions are plainly visible to you. '
" The third continued : ' I understand the language of land and water animals, of birds and of beasts, and I have no equal in strength. Of my comeliness you yourself may judge. '
" ' I have the knowledge,' quoth the fourth, ' how to make a certain cloth which can be sold for five rubies ; having sold it I give the proceeds of one ruby to a Brahman, of the second I make an offering to a deity, a third I wear on my own person, a fourth I keep for my wife ; and, having sold the fifth, I spend it in giving feasts. This is my knowledge, and none other is acquainted with it. My good looks are apparent. '
" The father hearing these speeches began to reflect : ' It is said that excess in anything is not good. Sita was very lovely, but the demon Ravana carried her away; and Bali, king of Mahabahpur, gave much alms, but at length he became poor. My daughter is too fair to remain a maiden ; to which of these shall I give her ? '
" So saying, Hiranyadatt went to his daughter, explained the qualities of the four suitors, and asked, ' To which shall I give thee ? ' On hearing these words she was abashed ; and hanging down her head, knew not what to reply.
" Then the Baniya, having reflected, said to himself : ' He who is acquainted with the Shastras is a Brahman, he who could shoot an arrow at the sound was a Kshatriya or warrior, and he who made the cloth was a Shudra or servile. But the youth who understands the language of birds is of our own caste. To him, therefore, will I marry her. ' And accordingly he pro ceeded with the betrothal of his daughter.
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 321
"Meanwhile Madansena went one day, during the spring season, into the garden for a stroll. It happened, just before she came out, that Somdatt, the son of the merchant Dharmdatt, had gone for pleasure into the forest, and was returning through the same garden to his home.
" He was fascinated at the sight of the maiden, and said to his friend, ' Brother, if I can obtain her, my life will be prosperous, and if I do not obtain her, my living in the world will be in vain. '
" Having thus spoken, and becoming restless from the fear of separation, he involuntarily drew near to her, and seizing her hand, said : —
" ' If thou wilt not form an affection for me, I will throw away my life on thy account. '
" ' Be pleased not to do this,' she replied ; ' it will be sinful, and it will involve me in the guilt and punishment of shedding blood; hence I shall be miserable in this world and in that to be. '
" ' Thy blandishments,' he replied, ' have pierced my heart, and the consuming thought of parting from thee has burnt up my body, and memory and understanding have been destroyed by this pain ; and from excess of love I have no sense of right or wrong. But if thou wilt make me a promise, I will live again. '
" She replied : ' Truly the Kali Yog (iron age) has commenced, since which time falsehood has increased in the world and truth has diminished; people talk smoothly with their tongues, but nourish deceit in their hearts ; religion is destroyed, crime has increased, and the earth has begun to give little fruit. Kings levy fines, Brahmans have waxed covetous, the son obeys not his sire's commands, brother distrusts brother; friendship has departed from amongst friends ; sincerity has left masters ; serv ants have given up service ; man has abandoned manliness ; and woman has abandoned modesty. Five days hence my marriage is to be ; but if thou slay not thyself, I will visit thee first, and after that I will remain with my husband.
' "
" Having given this promise, and having sworn by Granges, she returned home. The merchant's son also went his way.
" Presently the marriage ceremonies came on, and Hiranya- datt the Baniya expended a lakh of rupees in feasts and pres ents to the bridegroom. The bodies of the twain were anointed with turmeric, the bride was made to hold in her hand the iron
VOL. VII. —21
322 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
box for eye paint, and the youth a pair of betel scissors. During the night before the wedding there was loud and shrill music, the heads and limbs of the young couple were rubbed with an ointment of oil, and the bridegroom's head was duly shaved. The wedding procession was very grand. The streets were a blaze of flambeaux and torches carried in the hand; fireworks by the ton were discharged as the people passed; elephants, camels, and horses, richly caparisoned, were placed in conven ient situations; and before the procession had reached the house of the bride, half a dozen wicked boys and bad young men were killed or wounded. After the marriage formulas were repeated, the Baniya gave a feast or supper, and the food was so excellent that all sat down quietly, no one uttered a complaint, or brought dishonor on the bride's family, or cut with scissors the garments of his neighbor.
" The ceremony thus happily concluded, the husband brought Madansena home to his own house. After some days the wife of her husband's youngest brother and also the wife of his eldest brother led her at night by force to her bridegroom, and seated her on a bed ornamented with flowers.
" As her husband proceeded to take her hand, she jerked it away, and at once openly told him all that she had promised to Somdatt on condition of his not killing himself.
" ' All things,' rejoined the bridegroom, hearing her words, 'have their sense ascertained by speech; in speech they have their basis, and from speech they proceed ; consequently a falsi fier of speech falsifies everything. If truly you are desirous of going to him, go ! '
" Receiving her husband's permission, she arose and went off to the young merchant's house in full dress. Upon the road a thief saw her, and in high good humor came up and asked : —
" ' Whither goest thou at midnight in such darkness, having put on all these fine clothes and ornaments ? ' She replied that she was going to the house of her beloved.
"'And who here,' said the thief, 'is
'Kama Deva,' she replied, 'the beautiful youth who by his fiery arrows wounds with love the hearts of the inhabitants of the three worlds, Ratipati, the husband of Rati, accompanied by the kokila bird, the humming bee, and gentle breezes. ' She then told to the thief the whole story, adding : ' Destroy not
I give thee a promise before I go that on my return thou shalt have all these ornaments. '
my jewels ;
thy protector? '
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 323
" Hearing this the thief thought to himself that it would be useless now to destroy her jewels, when she had promised to give them to him presently of her own good will. He there fore let her go, and sat down and thus soliloquized : —
" ' To me it is astonishing that he who sustained me in my mother's womb should take no care of me now that I have been born and am able to enjoy the good things of this world. I know not whether he is asleep or dead. And I would rather swallow poison than ask man for money or favor. For these six things tend to lower a man : friendship with the perfidi ous ; causeless laughter ; altercation with women ; serving an unworthy master; riding an ass, and speaking any language but Sanskrit. And these five things the deity writes on our fate at the hour of birth : first, age ; secondly, action ; thirdly, wealth; fourthly, science; fifthly, fame. I have now done a good deed, and as long as a man's virtue is in the ascendant, all people becoming his servants obey him. But when virtuous deeds diminish, even his friends become inimical to him. '
" Meanwhile, Madansena had reached the place where Som- datt, the young trader, had fallen asleep.
" She awoke him suddenly, and he, springing up in alarm, quickly asked her : ' Art thou the daughter of a deity ? or of a saint? or of a serpent? ' Tell me truly, who art thou? And whence hast thou come ?
" She replied, ' I am human — Madansena, the daughter of the Baniya Hiranyadatt. Dost thou not remember taking my hand in that grove, and declaring that thou wouldst slay thyself if I did not swear to visit thee first and after that remain with my husband? '
" ' Hast thou,' he inquired, 'told all this to thy husband or not? '
" She rephed, ' I have told him everything ; and he, thoroughly understanding the whole affair, gave me permission. '
" ' This matter,' exclaimed Somdatt in a melancholy voice, ' is like pearls without a suitable dress, or food without clarified butter, or singing without melody ; they are all alike unnatural. In the same way, unclean clothes will mar beauty, bad food will undermine strength, a wicked wife will worry her husband to death, a disreputable son will ruin his family, an enraged demon will kill, and a woman, whether she love or hate, will be a source of pain. For there are few things which a woman will not do. She never brings to her tongue what is in her heart, she never speaks out what is on her tongue, and she never tells what
324 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
she is doing. Truly the Deity has created woman a strange creature in this world. ' He concluded with these words : ' Re turn thou home ; with another man's wife I have no concern. ' Madansena rose and departed. On her way she met the thief, who, hearing her tale, gave her great praise, and let her go unplundered. She then went to her husband, and related the whole matter to him. But he had ceased to love her, and he said, ' Neither a king, nor a minister, nor a wife, nor a person's hair nor his nails, look well out of their places. And the beauty of the kokila is its note, of an ugly man knowledge, of a devotee forgiveness, and of a woman her chastity. ' "
The Vampire having narrated thus far, suddenly asked the king, " Of these three, whose virtue was the greatest ? "
Vikram, who had been greatly edified by the tale, forgot himself, and ejaculated, " The thief's. "
" And pray why ? " asked the Baital.
" Because," the hero explained, " when her husband saw that she loved another man, however purely, he ceased to feel affec tion for her. Somdatt let her go unharmed, for fear of being punished by the king. But there was no reason why the thief should fear the law and dismiss her ; therefore he was the best. " " Hi ! hi ! hi ! " laughed the demon, spitefully. " Here, then, ends my story. "
Upon which, escaping as before from the cloth in which he was slung behind the Raja's back, the Baital disappeared through the darkness of the night, leaving father and son looking at each other in dismay.
" Son Dharma Dhwaj," quoth the great Vikram, " the next time when that villain Vampire asks me a question, I allow thee to take the liberty of pinching my arm even before I have had time to answer his questions. In this way we shall never, of a truth, end our task. "
"Your words be upon my head, sire," replied the young prince. But he expected no good from his father's new plan, as, arrived under the siras tree, he heard the Baital laughing with all his might.
" Surely he is laughing at our beards, sire," said the beardless prince, who hated to be laughed at like a young person.
hated to be laughed at like an elderly person. •••»••*
" Let them laugh that win," fiercely cried Raja Vikram, who
The Vampire lost no time in opening a fresh story.
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD. 325
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD.
[The Talmud is the great collection of Jewish law, exegesis, parable, scrip tural comment, etc. , not comprised in the Old Testament. It has two divisions, the Mishna and thj Gemara : the first a digest, made by Rabbi Juda about x. d. 200, of all previous traditions and rabbinical decisions ; the second a set of commentaries on the first, for several centuries after. There are two Talmuds, the Jerusalem and the Babylonian : the former being the decisions and com ments of the rabbis of Palestine from the second century to the middle of the fifth ; the other, those of the Babylonian rabbis from about a. d. 190 to the seventh century. ]
Blessings in Disguise.
Compelled by violent persecution to quit his native land, Rabbi Akiba wandered over barren wastes and dreary deserts. His whole equipage consisted of a lamp, which he used to light at night, in order to study the Law ; a cock, which served him instead of a watch, to announce to him the rising dawn ; and an ass, on which he rode.
The sun was gradually sinking beneath the horizon, night was fast approaching, and the poor wanderer knew not where to shelter his head, or where to rest his weary limbs. Fatigued, and almost exhausted, he came at last near a village. He was glad to find it inhabited ; thinking where human beings dwelt there dwelt also humanity and compassion ; but he was mistaken. He asked for a night's lodging — it was refused. Not one of the inhospitable inhabitants would accommodate him. He was therefore obliged to seek shelter in a neighboring wood.
" It is hard, very hard," said he, " not to find a hospitable roof to protect me against the inclemency of the weather, — but God is just, and whatever he does is for the best. " He seated himself beneath a tree, lighted his lamp, and began to read the Law. He had scarcely read a chapter, when a violent storm extinguished the light. " What," exclaimed he, " must I not be permitted even to pursue my favorite study ! — But God is just, and whatever he does is for the best. "
He stretched himself on the bare earth, willing if possible to have a few hours' sleep. He had hardly closed his eyes, when a fierce wolf "came and killed the cock. " What " new misfor tune is this ? ejaculated the astonished Akiba. My vigilant companion is gone ! Who then will henceforth awaken me to
326 STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD.
the study of the Law ? But God is just ; he knows best what is good for us poor mortals. "
Scarcely had he finished the sentence, when a terrible"lion came and devoured the ass. " What is to be done now ? ex claimed the lonely wanderer. " My lamp and my cock are gone — my poor ass, too, is gone — all is gone ! But, praised be the Lord, whatever he does is for the best. "
He passed a sleepless night, and early in the morning went to the village, to see whether he could procure a horse, or any other beast of burthen to enable him to pursue his journey. But what was his surprise not to find a single individual alive !
It appears that a band of robbers had entered the village during the night, killed its inhabitants, and plundered their houses. As soon as Akiba had sufficiently recovered from the amazement into which this wonderful occurrence had thrown him, he lifted up his voice, and exclaimed: —
" Thou great God, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, now I know by experience that poor mortal men are short sighted and blind ; often considering as evils what is intended for their preservation ! But thou alone art just, and kind, and merciful ! Had not the hard-hearted people driven me, by their inhospitality, from the village, I should assuredly have shared their fate. Had not the wind extinguished my lamp, the robbers would have been drawn to the spot, and have murdered me. I perceive also that it was thy mercy which deprived me of my two companions, that they might not by their noise give notice to the banditti where I was. Praised, then, be thy name, for ever and ever ! "
Insulting Natural Defects.
Despise not the poor : thou knowest not how soon it may be thine own lot.
Despise not the deformed : their defects are not of their own seeking, and why shouldst thou add insult to misfortune.
Despise no creature : the most insignificant is the work of thy Maker.
Rabbi Eliezer, returning from his master's residence to his native place, was highly elated with the great knowledge he had acquired. On his way he overtook a singularly unshapely and misfeatured person, who was traveling to the same town. The stranger saluted him by saying, "Peace be upon thee,
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD. 327
Rabbi. " Eliezer, proud of his learning, instead of returning the civility, noticed only the traveler's deformity ; and by way of joke, said to him, " Raca, are the inhabitants of thy town all as misshapen as thou art ? " The stranger, astonished at Eliezer 's want of manners, and provoked by the insult, replied, " I do not know ; but thou hadst better make these inquiries of the great Artist that made me. " The Rabbi perceived his error, and alighting from the animal on which he rode, threw himself at the stranger's feet, and entreated him to pardon a fault committed in the wantonness of his heart, and which he most sincerely regretted. " No," said the stranger, " go first to the Artist that made me, and tell him, Great Artist, O ! what an ugly vessel hast thou produced ! "
Eliezer continued his entreaties. The stranger persisted in his refusal. In the meantime they arrived at the Rabbi's native city. The inhabitants being apprised" of his arrival, came in crowds to meet him ; exclaiming, Peace be upon thee, Rabbi ! " Welcome, our Instructor ! " " Whom do ye call Rabbi ? asked the stranger. The people pointed to Eliezer. " And him ye honor with the name of Rabbi," continued the poor man ; "O! may Israel notproduce many like him! " He then related what had happened. " He has done wrong ; he is aware of it," said the people, "do forgive him; for he is a great man, well versed in the Law. " The stranger then forgave him, and intimated that his long refusal had no other object than that of impressing the impropriety on the Rabbi's mind. The learned Eliezer thanked him ; and whilst he held out his own conduct as a warning to the people, he justified that of the stranger by saying, that though a person ought ever to be as flexible as a reed, and not as stubborn as a cedar, yet to insult poverty or natural defect is no venial crime ; and one that we cannot expect to be readily pardoned.
Put Yourselves in Others' Places.
Mar Ukba was one of those chiefs of Israel, who, in addi tion to great learning and wisdom, was blest with great riches, of which no one knew how to make a better use than he. In dependent of his general charity, he made it a rule to give annually to a number of poor men a certain sum, sufficient to maintain them comfortably. Amongst these, there was one to whom he used to give four hundred crowns on the day preced ing the day of Atonement. It happened once that he sent this
328 STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD.
gift by his son, who, on his return, represented to his father that he was bestowing his charity on very unworthy objects. "Why, what is"the matter? " asked Mar Ukba. "I have," replied the son, seen that man, whom you think so poor, and
A Parable against Democracy.
As long, says Rabbi Joshua Ben Levi, as the lower ordera submit to the direction of the higher orders of society, every thing goes on well. The latter decree, and God confirms. The prosperity of the State is the result. But when the higher orders, either from corrupt motives or from want of firmness, submit to or are swayed by the opinions of the lower orders, they are sure to fall together ; and the destruction of the State will be inevitable. To illustrate this important truth, he related the following fable.
The Serpent's Tail and its Head.
who does not blush to live on charity ;
family indulge themselves in great luxuries, drinking the most costly wines. " " Hast thou ? " replied the benevolent chief. " Then I dare say the unfortunate man has seen better days. Accustomed to such good living, I wonder how he can come out with the small allowance we make him. Here, take this purse with money to him ; and, for the future, let his allowance be doubled. "
The serpent's tail had long followed the direction of the head, and all went on well. One day the tail began to be dissatisfied with this natural arrangement ; and thus addressed the head : —
" I have long, with great indignation, observed thy unjust proceedings. In all our journeys it is thou that takest the lead, whereas I, like a menial servant, am obliged to follow behind. Thou appearest everywhere foremost, but I, like a miserable slave, must remain in the background. Is this just? Is it fair? Am I not a member of the same body? Why should not I have its management as well as thou ? "
" Thou ! " exclaimed the head, " thou, silly tail, wilt manage the body ! Thou hast neither eyes to see danger, nor ears to be apprised of it, nor brains to prevent it. Perceivest thou not that it is even for thy advantage that I should direct and lead? " "
" For my advantage, indeed ! rejoined the tail. " This is the language of all and every usurper. They all pretend to
I have seen him and his
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD. 329
rule for the benefit of their slaves ; but I will no longer submit to such a state of things. I insist upon and will take the lead
in my turn. " " " Well, well !
replied the head, "be it so. Lead on. " The tail, rejoiced, accordingly took the lead. Its first ex
ploit was to drag the body into a miry ditch. The situation was not very pleasant. The tail struggled hard, groped along, and by dint of great exertion got out again ; but the body was so thickly covered with dirt and filth, as hardly to be known to belong to the same creature. Its next exploit was to get entangled amongst briars and thorns. The pain was intense ; the whole body was agitated ; the more it struggled the deeper the wounds. Here it would have ended its miserable career, had not the head hastened to its assistance and relieved it from its perilous situation. Not contented, it still persisted in keep ing the lead. It marched on ; and as chance would have it, crept into a fiery furnace. It soon began to feel the dreadful effects of the destructive element. The whole body was convulsed ; all was terror, confusion, and dismay. The head again has tened to afford its friendly aid. Alas !
Superintendent [smelling the ring] It is certain, Jaluca, that this gem has been in the body of a fish. The case requires consideration ; and I will mention it to some of the king's household. —
Both Officers
Come on, cutpurse. [They advance. Superintendent — Stand here, Suchaca, at the great gate of
the city, and wait for me, while I speak to some of the officers
in the palace. — Both Officers
Go, Rajayucta. May the king favor thee. [The Superintendent goes out.
Second Officer — Our master will stay, I fear, a long while.
First Officer — Yes ; access to kings can only be had at their leisure.
Second Officer — The tips Jaluca, to kill this cutpurse.
of my fingers itch, my friend Cumbhilaca — You would put to death an innocent man.
THE LOST RING. 813
First Officer {looking] — Here comes our master. The king has decided quickly. Now, Cumbhilaca, you will either see your companions again, or be the food of shakals and vultures.
The Superintendent reenters.
Superintendent — Let the fisherman immediately — Cumbhilaca [in an agony] — Oh ! I am a dead man.
Superintendent — Be discharged. Hola ! set him at liberty. The king says he knows his innocence ; and his story is true.
Second Officer — As our master commands. The fellow is brought back from the mansion of Yama, to which he was hastening. [Unbinding the fisherman.
Oumbhilaca [bowing] — My lord, I owe my life to your kindness.
Superintendent — Rise, friend, and hear with delight that the king gives thee a sum of money equal to the full value of the ring ; it is a fortune to a man in thy station.
[ Giving him the money. Oumbhilaca [with rapture] — I am transported with joy.
First Officer — This vagabond seems to be taken down from the stake, and set on the back of a state elephant.
Second Officer — The king, I suppose, has a great affection for his gem.
Superintendent — Not for its intrinsic value ; but I guessed the cause of his ecstasy when he saw it.
Both Officers — What could occasion it?
Superintendent — I suspect that it called to his memory some person who has a place in his heart ; for though his mind be naturally firm, yet, from the moment when he beheld the ring, he was for some minutes excessively agitated.
Second Officer — Our master has given the king extreme
pleasure. — First Officer
—
Yes ; and by the means of this fish catcher. [Looking fiercely at him. Be not angry. Half the money shall be
Cumbhilaca
divided between you to purchase wine.
******* Dushmanta — Was it sleep that impaired my memory ? Was it delusion ? Was it an error of my judgment ? Or was
First Officer — Oh ! now thou art our beloved friend. Good wine is the first object of our affection. Let us together to the vinters. [They all go out.
314 THE LOST RING.
it the destined reward of my bad actions ? Whatever it was, I am sensible that, until Sacontala return to these arms, I shall be plunged in the abyss of affliction.
Mddhavya — Do not despair; the fatal ring is itself an example that the lost may be found. Events which were fore doomed by Heaven must not be lamented.
Dushmanta [looking at his ring] —The fate of this ring, now fallen from a station which it will not easily regain, I may at least deplore. O gem, thou art removed from the soft finger, beautiful with ruddy tips, on which a place had been assigned thee; and, minute as thou art, thy bad qualities appear from the similarity of thy punishment to mine.
Misras [aside] — Had it found a way to any other hand, its lot would have been truly deplorable. O Menaca, how wouldst thou be delighted with the conversation which gratifies my ears !
Mddhavya — Let me know, I pray, by what means the ring obtained a place on the finger of Sacontala.
Dushmanta — You shall know, my friend. When I was coming from the holy forest to my capital, my beloved, with tears in her eyes, thus addressed me, " How long will the son of my lord keep me in his remembrance ? "
Mddhavya — Well, what then ?
Dushmanta — Then, fixing this ring on her lovely finger, I thus answered, "Repeat each day one of the three syllables engraved on this gem ; and before thou hast spelled the word Dushmanta, one of my noblest officers shall attend thee, and conduct my darling to her palace. " Yet I forgot, I deserted her in my frenzy. —
Misras [aside] A charming interval of three days was fixed between their separation and their meeting, which the will of Brahma rendered unhappy.
Mddhavya — But how came the ring to enter, like a hook, into the mouth of a carp?
Dushmanta — When my beloved was lifting water to her head in the pool of Sachitirt'ha, the ring must have dropped
fears nothing but injustice, doubted the reality of his mar riage ; but how, I wonder, could his memory be connected with a ring ?
unseen. — Mddhavya
It is very probable.
Misras [aside] — Oh ! it was thence that the king, who
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 315
Dushmanta — I am really angry with this gem.
Mddhavya [laughing] — So am I with this staff.
Dushmanta — Why so, Madhavya?
Mddhavya — Because it presumes to be so straight when I
am so crooked. Impertinent stick ! — Dushmanta [not attending to him]
How, O ring, couldst thou leave that hand adorned with soft long fingers, and fall into a pool decked only with water lilies ? The answer is obvious : thou art irrational. But how could I, who was born
with a reasonable soul, desert my only beloved ? Misras [aside] — He anticipates my remark.
I must wait here during his medi tations, and perish with hunger.
Mddhavya [aside] — So ;
Dushmanta — O, my darling whom I treated with disrespect, and forsook without reason, when will this traitor, whose heart is deeply stung with repentant sorrow, be once more blessed with a sight of thee ?
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
" (A collection of short Hindoo tales, with a framework as excuse, like the Arabian Nights. ")
Translation by 3m R. F. BURTON.
The darkness of the night was frightful, the gloom deep ened till it was hardly possible to walk. The clouds opened their fountains, raining so that you would say they could never rain again. Lightning blazed forth with more than the light of day, and the roar of the thunder caused the earth to shake. Baleful gleams tipped the black cones of the trees, and fitfully scampered like fireflies over the waste. Unclean goblins dogged the travelers and threw themselves upon the ground in their path and obstructed them in a thousand different ways. Huge snakes, whose mouths distilled blood and black venom, kept clinging around their legs in the roughest part of the road till they were persuaded to loose their hold either by the sword or by reciting a spell. In fact, there were so many horrors and such a tumult and noise that even a brave man would have faltered, yet the king kept on his way. At length, having passed over, somehow or other, a very difficult road, the Raja arrived at the smashana, or burning place, pointed out by the
316 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
jogi. Suddenly he sighted the tree where from root to top every branch and leaf was in a blaze of crimson flame. And when he, still dauntless, advanced toward it, a clamor con tinued to be raised, and voices kept crying, "Kill them! kill them ! seize them ! seize them ! take care that they do not get away ! let them scorch themselves to cinders ! let them suffer the pains of Patala ! "
Far from being terrified by this state of things, the valiant Raja increased in boldness, seeing a prospect of an end to his adventure. Approaching the tree, he felt that the fire did not burn him, and so he sat there for a while to observe the body, which hung, head downward, from a branch a little above him.
Its eyes, which were wide open, were of a greenish brown, and never twinkled ; its hair also was brown, and brown was its face — three several shades which, notwithstanding, approached one another in an unpleasant way, as in the overdried cocoanut. Its body was thin and ribbed like a skeleton or a bamboo frame work, and as it held on to a bough, like a flying fox, by the toe- tips, its drawn muscles stood out as if they were rope of coir. Blood it appeared to have none, or there would have been a decided determination of that curious juice to the head ; and as the Raja handled its skin, it felt icy cold and clammy as might a snake. The only sign of life was the whisking of a ragged little tail much resembling a goat's.
Judging from these signs, the brave king at once determined the creature to be a Baital — a Vampire. For a short time he was puzzled to reconcile the appearance with the words of the giant, who informed him that the anchorite had hung the oil man's son to a tree. But soon he explained to himself the difficulty, remembering the exceeding cunning of jogis and other reverend men, and determining that his enemy, the better to deceive him, had doubtless altered the shape and form of the young oilman's body. "
With this idea, Vikram was pleased, saying, My trouble has been productive of fruit. " Remained the task of carrying the Vampire to Shanta-Shil the devotee. Having taken his sword, the Raja fearlessly climbed the tree, and ordering his son to stand away from below, clutched the Vampire's hair with one hand, and with the other struck such a blow of the sword that the bough was cut and the thing fell heavily upon the ground. Immediately on falling it gnashed its teeth and began to utter a loud, wailing cry, like the screams of an infant
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
317
in pain. Vikram, having heard the sound"of its lamentations, was pleased, and began to say to himself, This devil must be alive. " Then nimbly sliding down the trunk, he made a captive of the body, and asked, " Who art thou ? "
Scarcely, however, had the words passed the royal lips, when the Vampire slipped through the fingers like a worm, and utter ing a loud shout of laughter, rose in the air with its legs upper most, and as before suspended itself by its toes to another bough. And there it swung to and fro, moved by the violence of its cachinnation. "
" Decidedly this is the young oilman !
after he had stood for a minute or two with mouth open, gazing upwards and wondering what he should do next. Presently he directed Dharma Dhwaj not to lose an instant in laying hands upon the thing when it next might touch the ground, and then he again swarmed up the tree. Having reached his former position, he once more seized the Baital's hair, and with all the force of his arms — for he was beginning to feel really angry — he tore it from its hold, and dashed it to the ground, saying, " O wretch, tell me who art thou ? "
Then, as before, the Raja slid deftly down the trunk, and hurried to the aid of his son, who, in obedience to orders, had fixed his grasp upon the Vampire's neck. Then, too, as before, the Vampire, laughing aloud, slipped through their fingers and returned to its dangling-place.
To fail twice was too much for Raja Vikram's temper, which was right kingly and somewhat hot. This time he bade his son strike the Baital's head with his sword.
Then, more like a wounded bear of Himalaya than a prince who had established an era, he hurried up the tree, and directed a furious blow with his saber at the Vampire's lean and calfless legs. The violence of the stroke made its toes loose their hold of the bough, and when it touched the ground, Dharma Dhwaj's blade fell heavily upon its matted brown hair. But the blows appeared to have lighted on iron-wood, — to judge, at least, from the behavior of the Baital, who no sooner heard the ques tion, " O wretch, who art thou ? " than it returned in loud glee and merriment to its old position.
Five mortal times did Raja Vikram repeat this profitless labor. But so far from losing heart, he quite entered into the spirit of the adventure. Indeed, he would have continued climbing up that tree and taking that corpse under his arm —
exclaimed the Raja,
318 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
he found his sword useless — and bring it down, and asking it who it was, and seeing it slip through his fingers, six times sixty times, or till the end of the fourth and present age, had such extreme resolution been required. However, it was not neces sary. On the seventh time of falling, the Baital, instead of eluding its capturer's grasp, allowed itself to be seized, merely remarking that "even the gods cannot resist a thoroughly obstinate man. " And seeing that the stranger, for the better protection of his prize, had stripped off his waistcloth and was making it into a bag, the Vampire thought proper to seek the most favorable conditions for himself, and asked his conqueror who he was, and what he was about to do ?
" Vile wretch," replied the breathless hero, " know me to be Vikram the Great, Raja of Ujjayani, and I bear thee to a man who is amusing himself by drumming to devils on a skull. "
" Remember the old saying, mighty Vikram ! " said the Baital, with a sneer, "that many a tongue has cut many a throat. I have yielded to thy resolution and I am about to accompany thee, bound to thy back like a beggar's wallet. But hearken to my words, ere we set out upon the way. I am of a loquacious disposition, and it is well nigh an hour's walk be tween this tree and the place where thy friend sits, favoring his friends with the peculiar music which they love. Therefore, I shall try to distract my thoughts, which otherwise might not be of the most pleasing nature, by means of sprightly tales and profitable reflections. Sages and men of sense spend their days in the delights of light and heavy literature, whereas dolts and fools waste time in sleep and idleness. And I propose to ask thee a number of questions, concerning which we will, if it seems fit to thee, make this covenant : —
" Whenever thou answerest me, either compelled by fate or entrapped by my cunning into so doing, or thereby gratifying thy vanity and conceit, I leave thee and return to my favorite place and position in the siras tree ; but when thou shalt remain silent, confused, and at a loss to reply, either through humility or thereby confessing thine ignorance, and impotence, and want of comprehension, then will I allow thee, of mine own free will, to place me before thine employer. Perhaps I should not say so ; it may sound like bribing thee, but — take my counsel, and modify thy pride, and assumption, and arrogance, and haughti ness as soon as possible. So shalt thou derive from me a benefit which none but myself can bestow. "
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 319
Raja Vikram hearing these rough words, so strange to his royal ear, winced ; then he rejoiced that his heir-apparent was not near ; then he looked round at his son Dharma Dhwaj, to see if he was impertinent enough to be amused by the Baital. But the first glance showed him the young prince busily em ployed in pinching and screwing the monster's legs, so as to make it fit better into the cloth. Vikram then seized the ends of the waistcloth, twisted them into a convenient form for handling, stooped, raised the bundle with a jerk, tossed it over his shoulder, and bidding his son not to lag behind, set off at a round pace toward the western end of the cemetery.
The shower had ceased, and, as they gained ground, the weather greatly improved.
The Vampire asked a few indifferent questions about the wind and the rain and the mud. When he received no answer, he began to feel uncomfortable, and he broke out with these words, " O King Vikram, listen to the true story which I am about to tell thee. "
The Vampire's Fourth Story, of a woman who told the truth.
" Listen, great king ! " again began the Baital. " An unim portant Baniya (trader), Hiranyadatt, had a daughter, whose name was Madansena Sundari, the beautiful army of Cupid. Her face was like the moon ; her hair like the clouds ; her eyes like those of a muskrat; her eyebrows like a bent bow; her nose like a parrot's bill ; her neck like that of a dove ; her teeth like pomegranate grains ; the red color of her lips like that of a gourd ; her waist lithe and bending like the pard's ; her hands and feet like softest blossoms ; her complexion like the jasmine ; in fact, day by day the splendor of her youth increased.
" When she had arrived at maturity, her father and mother began often to resolve in their minds the subject of her mar riage. And the people of all that country side ruled by Birbar, king of Madanpur, bruited it abroad that in the house of Hiran yadatt had been born a daughter by whose beauty gods, men, and munis (sages) were fascinated.
" Thereupon many, causing their portraits to be painted, sent them by messengers to Hiranyadatt the Baniya, who showed them all to his daughter. But she was capricious, as beauties sometimes are, and when her father said, ' Make choice of a
320 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
husband thyself,' she told him that none pleased her, and, more over, she begged of him to find her a husband who possessed good looks, good qualities, and good sense.
" At length, when some days had passed, four suitors came from four different countries. The father told them that he must have from each some indication that he possessed the required qualities; that he was pleased with their looks, but that they must satisfy him about their knowledge.
"'I have,' the first said, 'a perfect acquaintance with the Shastras (or Scriptures) ; in science there is none to rival me. As for my handsome mien, it may plainly be seen by you. '
" The second exclaimed : ' My attainments are unique in the knowledge of archery. I am acquainted with the art of dis charging arrows and killing anything which though not seen is heard, and my fine proportions are plainly visible to you. '
" The third continued : ' I understand the language of land and water animals, of birds and of beasts, and I have no equal in strength. Of my comeliness you yourself may judge. '
" ' I have the knowledge,' quoth the fourth, ' how to make a certain cloth which can be sold for five rubies ; having sold it I give the proceeds of one ruby to a Brahman, of the second I make an offering to a deity, a third I wear on my own person, a fourth I keep for my wife ; and, having sold the fifth, I spend it in giving feasts. This is my knowledge, and none other is acquainted with it. My good looks are apparent. '
" The father hearing these speeches began to reflect : ' It is said that excess in anything is not good. Sita was very lovely, but the demon Ravana carried her away; and Bali, king of Mahabahpur, gave much alms, but at length he became poor. My daughter is too fair to remain a maiden ; to which of these shall I give her ? '
" So saying, Hiranyadatt went to his daughter, explained the qualities of the four suitors, and asked, ' To which shall I give thee ? ' On hearing these words she was abashed ; and hanging down her head, knew not what to reply.
" Then the Baniya, having reflected, said to himself : ' He who is acquainted with the Shastras is a Brahman, he who could shoot an arrow at the sound was a Kshatriya or warrior, and he who made the cloth was a Shudra or servile. But the youth who understands the language of birds is of our own caste. To him, therefore, will I marry her. ' And accordingly he pro ceeded with the betrothal of his daughter.
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 321
"Meanwhile Madansena went one day, during the spring season, into the garden for a stroll. It happened, just before she came out, that Somdatt, the son of the merchant Dharmdatt, had gone for pleasure into the forest, and was returning through the same garden to his home.
" He was fascinated at the sight of the maiden, and said to his friend, ' Brother, if I can obtain her, my life will be prosperous, and if I do not obtain her, my living in the world will be in vain. '
" Having thus spoken, and becoming restless from the fear of separation, he involuntarily drew near to her, and seizing her hand, said : —
" ' If thou wilt not form an affection for me, I will throw away my life on thy account. '
" ' Be pleased not to do this,' she replied ; ' it will be sinful, and it will involve me in the guilt and punishment of shedding blood; hence I shall be miserable in this world and in that to be. '
" ' Thy blandishments,' he replied, ' have pierced my heart, and the consuming thought of parting from thee has burnt up my body, and memory and understanding have been destroyed by this pain ; and from excess of love I have no sense of right or wrong. But if thou wilt make me a promise, I will live again. '
" She replied : ' Truly the Kali Yog (iron age) has commenced, since which time falsehood has increased in the world and truth has diminished; people talk smoothly with their tongues, but nourish deceit in their hearts ; religion is destroyed, crime has increased, and the earth has begun to give little fruit. Kings levy fines, Brahmans have waxed covetous, the son obeys not his sire's commands, brother distrusts brother; friendship has departed from amongst friends ; sincerity has left masters ; serv ants have given up service ; man has abandoned manliness ; and woman has abandoned modesty. Five days hence my marriage is to be ; but if thou slay not thyself, I will visit thee first, and after that I will remain with my husband.
' "
" Having given this promise, and having sworn by Granges, she returned home. The merchant's son also went his way.
" Presently the marriage ceremonies came on, and Hiranya- datt the Baniya expended a lakh of rupees in feasts and pres ents to the bridegroom. The bodies of the twain were anointed with turmeric, the bride was made to hold in her hand the iron
VOL. VII. —21
322 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
box for eye paint, and the youth a pair of betel scissors. During the night before the wedding there was loud and shrill music, the heads and limbs of the young couple were rubbed with an ointment of oil, and the bridegroom's head was duly shaved. The wedding procession was very grand. The streets were a blaze of flambeaux and torches carried in the hand; fireworks by the ton were discharged as the people passed; elephants, camels, and horses, richly caparisoned, were placed in conven ient situations; and before the procession had reached the house of the bride, half a dozen wicked boys and bad young men were killed or wounded. After the marriage formulas were repeated, the Baniya gave a feast or supper, and the food was so excellent that all sat down quietly, no one uttered a complaint, or brought dishonor on the bride's family, or cut with scissors the garments of his neighbor.
" The ceremony thus happily concluded, the husband brought Madansena home to his own house. After some days the wife of her husband's youngest brother and also the wife of his eldest brother led her at night by force to her bridegroom, and seated her on a bed ornamented with flowers.
" As her husband proceeded to take her hand, she jerked it away, and at once openly told him all that she had promised to Somdatt on condition of his not killing himself.
" ' All things,' rejoined the bridegroom, hearing her words, 'have their sense ascertained by speech; in speech they have their basis, and from speech they proceed ; consequently a falsi fier of speech falsifies everything. If truly you are desirous of going to him, go ! '
" Receiving her husband's permission, she arose and went off to the young merchant's house in full dress. Upon the road a thief saw her, and in high good humor came up and asked : —
" ' Whither goest thou at midnight in such darkness, having put on all these fine clothes and ornaments ? ' She replied that she was going to the house of her beloved.
"'And who here,' said the thief, 'is
'Kama Deva,' she replied, 'the beautiful youth who by his fiery arrows wounds with love the hearts of the inhabitants of the three worlds, Ratipati, the husband of Rati, accompanied by the kokila bird, the humming bee, and gentle breezes. ' She then told to the thief the whole story, adding : ' Destroy not
I give thee a promise before I go that on my return thou shalt have all these ornaments. '
my jewels ;
thy protector? '
VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE. 323
" Hearing this the thief thought to himself that it would be useless now to destroy her jewels, when she had promised to give them to him presently of her own good will. He there fore let her go, and sat down and thus soliloquized : —
" ' To me it is astonishing that he who sustained me in my mother's womb should take no care of me now that I have been born and am able to enjoy the good things of this world. I know not whether he is asleep or dead. And I would rather swallow poison than ask man for money or favor. For these six things tend to lower a man : friendship with the perfidi ous ; causeless laughter ; altercation with women ; serving an unworthy master; riding an ass, and speaking any language but Sanskrit. And these five things the deity writes on our fate at the hour of birth : first, age ; secondly, action ; thirdly, wealth; fourthly, science; fifthly, fame. I have now done a good deed, and as long as a man's virtue is in the ascendant, all people becoming his servants obey him. But when virtuous deeds diminish, even his friends become inimical to him. '
" Meanwhile, Madansena had reached the place where Som- datt, the young trader, had fallen asleep.
" She awoke him suddenly, and he, springing up in alarm, quickly asked her : ' Art thou the daughter of a deity ? or of a saint? or of a serpent? ' Tell me truly, who art thou? And whence hast thou come ?
" She replied, ' I am human — Madansena, the daughter of the Baniya Hiranyadatt. Dost thou not remember taking my hand in that grove, and declaring that thou wouldst slay thyself if I did not swear to visit thee first and after that remain with my husband? '
" ' Hast thou,' he inquired, 'told all this to thy husband or not? '
" She rephed, ' I have told him everything ; and he, thoroughly understanding the whole affair, gave me permission. '
" ' This matter,' exclaimed Somdatt in a melancholy voice, ' is like pearls without a suitable dress, or food without clarified butter, or singing without melody ; they are all alike unnatural. In the same way, unclean clothes will mar beauty, bad food will undermine strength, a wicked wife will worry her husband to death, a disreputable son will ruin his family, an enraged demon will kill, and a woman, whether she love or hate, will be a source of pain. For there are few things which a woman will not do. She never brings to her tongue what is in her heart, she never speaks out what is on her tongue, and she never tells what
324 VIKRAM AND THE VAMPIRE.
she is doing. Truly the Deity has created woman a strange creature in this world. ' He concluded with these words : ' Re turn thou home ; with another man's wife I have no concern. ' Madansena rose and departed. On her way she met the thief, who, hearing her tale, gave her great praise, and let her go unplundered. She then went to her husband, and related the whole matter to him. But he had ceased to love her, and he said, ' Neither a king, nor a minister, nor a wife, nor a person's hair nor his nails, look well out of their places. And the beauty of the kokila is its note, of an ugly man knowledge, of a devotee forgiveness, and of a woman her chastity. ' "
The Vampire having narrated thus far, suddenly asked the king, " Of these three, whose virtue was the greatest ? "
Vikram, who had been greatly edified by the tale, forgot himself, and ejaculated, " The thief's. "
" And pray why ? " asked the Baital.
" Because," the hero explained, " when her husband saw that she loved another man, however purely, he ceased to feel affec tion for her. Somdatt let her go unharmed, for fear of being punished by the king. But there was no reason why the thief should fear the law and dismiss her ; therefore he was the best. " " Hi ! hi ! hi ! " laughed the demon, spitefully. " Here, then, ends my story. "
Upon which, escaping as before from the cloth in which he was slung behind the Raja's back, the Baital disappeared through the darkness of the night, leaving father and son looking at each other in dismay.
" Son Dharma Dhwaj," quoth the great Vikram, " the next time when that villain Vampire asks me a question, I allow thee to take the liberty of pinching my arm even before I have had time to answer his questions. In this way we shall never, of a truth, end our task. "
"Your words be upon my head, sire," replied the young prince. But he expected no good from his father's new plan, as, arrived under the siras tree, he heard the Baital laughing with all his might.
" Surely he is laughing at our beards, sire," said the beardless prince, who hated to be laughed at like a young person.
hated to be laughed at like an elderly person. •••»••*
" Let them laugh that win," fiercely cried Raja Vikram, who
The Vampire lost no time in opening a fresh story.
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD. 325
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD.
[The Talmud is the great collection of Jewish law, exegesis, parable, scrip tural comment, etc. , not comprised in the Old Testament. It has two divisions, the Mishna and thj Gemara : the first a digest, made by Rabbi Juda about x. d. 200, of all previous traditions and rabbinical decisions ; the second a set of commentaries on the first, for several centuries after. There are two Talmuds, the Jerusalem and the Babylonian : the former being the decisions and com ments of the rabbis of Palestine from the second century to the middle of the fifth ; the other, those of the Babylonian rabbis from about a. d. 190 to the seventh century. ]
Blessings in Disguise.
Compelled by violent persecution to quit his native land, Rabbi Akiba wandered over barren wastes and dreary deserts. His whole equipage consisted of a lamp, which he used to light at night, in order to study the Law ; a cock, which served him instead of a watch, to announce to him the rising dawn ; and an ass, on which he rode.
The sun was gradually sinking beneath the horizon, night was fast approaching, and the poor wanderer knew not where to shelter his head, or where to rest his weary limbs. Fatigued, and almost exhausted, he came at last near a village. He was glad to find it inhabited ; thinking where human beings dwelt there dwelt also humanity and compassion ; but he was mistaken. He asked for a night's lodging — it was refused. Not one of the inhospitable inhabitants would accommodate him. He was therefore obliged to seek shelter in a neighboring wood.
" It is hard, very hard," said he, " not to find a hospitable roof to protect me against the inclemency of the weather, — but God is just, and whatever he does is for the best. " He seated himself beneath a tree, lighted his lamp, and began to read the Law. He had scarcely read a chapter, when a violent storm extinguished the light. " What," exclaimed he, " must I not be permitted even to pursue my favorite study ! — But God is just, and whatever he does is for the best. "
He stretched himself on the bare earth, willing if possible to have a few hours' sleep. He had hardly closed his eyes, when a fierce wolf "came and killed the cock. " What " new misfor tune is this ? ejaculated the astonished Akiba. My vigilant companion is gone ! Who then will henceforth awaken me to
326 STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD.
the study of the Law ? But God is just ; he knows best what is good for us poor mortals. "
Scarcely had he finished the sentence, when a terrible"lion came and devoured the ass. " What is to be done now ? ex claimed the lonely wanderer. " My lamp and my cock are gone — my poor ass, too, is gone — all is gone ! But, praised be the Lord, whatever he does is for the best. "
He passed a sleepless night, and early in the morning went to the village, to see whether he could procure a horse, or any other beast of burthen to enable him to pursue his journey. But what was his surprise not to find a single individual alive !
It appears that a band of robbers had entered the village during the night, killed its inhabitants, and plundered their houses. As soon as Akiba had sufficiently recovered from the amazement into which this wonderful occurrence had thrown him, he lifted up his voice, and exclaimed: —
" Thou great God, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, now I know by experience that poor mortal men are short sighted and blind ; often considering as evils what is intended for their preservation ! But thou alone art just, and kind, and merciful ! Had not the hard-hearted people driven me, by their inhospitality, from the village, I should assuredly have shared their fate. Had not the wind extinguished my lamp, the robbers would have been drawn to the spot, and have murdered me. I perceive also that it was thy mercy which deprived me of my two companions, that they might not by their noise give notice to the banditti where I was. Praised, then, be thy name, for ever and ever ! "
Insulting Natural Defects.
Despise not the poor : thou knowest not how soon it may be thine own lot.
Despise not the deformed : their defects are not of their own seeking, and why shouldst thou add insult to misfortune.
Despise no creature : the most insignificant is the work of thy Maker.
Rabbi Eliezer, returning from his master's residence to his native place, was highly elated with the great knowledge he had acquired. On his way he overtook a singularly unshapely and misfeatured person, who was traveling to the same town. The stranger saluted him by saying, "Peace be upon thee,
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD. 327
Rabbi. " Eliezer, proud of his learning, instead of returning the civility, noticed only the traveler's deformity ; and by way of joke, said to him, " Raca, are the inhabitants of thy town all as misshapen as thou art ? " The stranger, astonished at Eliezer 's want of manners, and provoked by the insult, replied, " I do not know ; but thou hadst better make these inquiries of the great Artist that made me. " The Rabbi perceived his error, and alighting from the animal on which he rode, threw himself at the stranger's feet, and entreated him to pardon a fault committed in the wantonness of his heart, and which he most sincerely regretted. " No," said the stranger, " go first to the Artist that made me, and tell him, Great Artist, O ! what an ugly vessel hast thou produced ! "
Eliezer continued his entreaties. The stranger persisted in his refusal. In the meantime they arrived at the Rabbi's native city. The inhabitants being apprised" of his arrival, came in crowds to meet him ; exclaiming, Peace be upon thee, Rabbi ! " Welcome, our Instructor ! " " Whom do ye call Rabbi ? asked the stranger. The people pointed to Eliezer. " And him ye honor with the name of Rabbi," continued the poor man ; "O! may Israel notproduce many like him! " He then related what had happened. " He has done wrong ; he is aware of it," said the people, "do forgive him; for he is a great man, well versed in the Law. " The stranger then forgave him, and intimated that his long refusal had no other object than that of impressing the impropriety on the Rabbi's mind. The learned Eliezer thanked him ; and whilst he held out his own conduct as a warning to the people, he justified that of the stranger by saying, that though a person ought ever to be as flexible as a reed, and not as stubborn as a cedar, yet to insult poverty or natural defect is no venial crime ; and one that we cannot expect to be readily pardoned.
Put Yourselves in Others' Places.
Mar Ukba was one of those chiefs of Israel, who, in addi tion to great learning and wisdom, was blest with great riches, of which no one knew how to make a better use than he. In dependent of his general charity, he made it a rule to give annually to a number of poor men a certain sum, sufficient to maintain them comfortably. Amongst these, there was one to whom he used to give four hundred crowns on the day preced ing the day of Atonement. It happened once that he sent this
328 STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD.
gift by his son, who, on his return, represented to his father that he was bestowing his charity on very unworthy objects. "Why, what is"the matter? " asked Mar Ukba. "I have," replied the son, seen that man, whom you think so poor, and
A Parable against Democracy.
As long, says Rabbi Joshua Ben Levi, as the lower ordera submit to the direction of the higher orders of society, every thing goes on well. The latter decree, and God confirms. The prosperity of the State is the result. But when the higher orders, either from corrupt motives or from want of firmness, submit to or are swayed by the opinions of the lower orders, they are sure to fall together ; and the destruction of the State will be inevitable. To illustrate this important truth, he related the following fable.
The Serpent's Tail and its Head.
who does not blush to live on charity ;
family indulge themselves in great luxuries, drinking the most costly wines. " " Hast thou ? " replied the benevolent chief. " Then I dare say the unfortunate man has seen better days. Accustomed to such good living, I wonder how he can come out with the small allowance we make him. Here, take this purse with money to him ; and, for the future, let his allowance be doubled. "
The serpent's tail had long followed the direction of the head, and all went on well. One day the tail began to be dissatisfied with this natural arrangement ; and thus addressed the head : —
" I have long, with great indignation, observed thy unjust proceedings. In all our journeys it is thou that takest the lead, whereas I, like a menial servant, am obliged to follow behind. Thou appearest everywhere foremost, but I, like a miserable slave, must remain in the background. Is this just? Is it fair? Am I not a member of the same body? Why should not I have its management as well as thou ? "
" Thou ! " exclaimed the head, " thou, silly tail, wilt manage the body ! Thou hast neither eyes to see danger, nor ears to be apprised of it, nor brains to prevent it. Perceivest thou not that it is even for thy advantage that I should direct and lead? " "
" For my advantage, indeed ! rejoined the tail. " This is the language of all and every usurper. They all pretend to
I have seen him and his
STORIES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE TALMUD. 329
rule for the benefit of their slaves ; but I will no longer submit to such a state of things. I insist upon and will take the lead
in my turn. " " " Well, well !
replied the head, "be it so. Lead on. " The tail, rejoiced, accordingly took the lead. Its first ex
ploit was to drag the body into a miry ditch. The situation was not very pleasant. The tail struggled hard, groped along, and by dint of great exertion got out again ; but the body was so thickly covered with dirt and filth, as hardly to be known to belong to the same creature. Its next exploit was to get entangled amongst briars and thorns. The pain was intense ; the whole body was agitated ; the more it struggled the deeper the wounds. Here it would have ended its miserable career, had not the head hastened to its assistance and relieved it from its perilous situation. Not contented, it still persisted in keep ing the lead. It marched on ; and as chance would have it, crept into a fiery furnace. It soon began to feel the dreadful effects of the destructive element. The whole body was convulsed ; all was terror, confusion, and dismay. The head again has tened to afford its friendly aid. Alas !
