--Asconius, _Commentary on the
Orations
of
Cicero, “In Toga Candida,”_ pp.
Cicero, “In Toga Candida,”_ pp.
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - a
” (Sallust, _Fragments_, II.
176.
)
[846] “At last, when Pompey, haranguing the people for the first time at
the gates of the city, in his capacity of consul-designate, came to
treat of the matter which seemed to have been most ardently expected,
and let it be understood that he would re-establish the power of the
tribunes, he was received with applause, and a slight murmur of assent;
but when he added that the provinces were devastated and oppressed, the
tribunals disgraced, the judges without shame, and that he wished to be
watchful of these abuses, and to restore good order, then it was not by
a simple murmur, but by unanimous acclamations, that the people
testified their desires. ” (Cicero, _First Prosecution of Verres_, 15. )
[847] Catulus, when asked his opinion on the re-establishment of the
tribunary power, began in these authoritative words:--“The conscript
fathers administer justice evilly and scandalously; and if, in the
tribunals, they had but answered the expectations of the Roman people,
the power of the tribunes would not have been so warmly regretted. ”
(Cicero, _First Prosecution of Verres_, 15. )
[848] “His enemies had nothing else to reproach him with than the
preference which he gave to the people over the Senate. ” (Plutarch,
_Pompey_, 20. )
[849] “He seconded with all his might those who wished to restore the
power of the tribunes. ” (Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 5. )
[850] 7,100 talents. (Plutarch, _Crassus_, 1. )
[851] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 2. --Cicero, _On Duties_, I. 8.
[852] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 7.
[853] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 8.
[854] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 8.
[855] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 1, 16.
[856] “Cotta judicandi munus, quod C. Gracchus ereptum Senatui, ad
equites, Sylla ab illis ad Senatum transtulerat, æqualiter inter
utrumque ordinem partitus est. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 32. )
[857] “Equidem mihi videor pro nostra necessitate, non labore, non
opera, non industria defuisse. ” (Certainly, I believe I have displayed
all the zeal, all the endeavour, all the ability which our kinship
demands. ) Cæsar, quoted by Aulus Gellius, XIII. 3. --Nonius Marcellus,
“_On the different significations of words_,” under the word
_Necessitas_.
[858] Sallust, _Fragments_, I. 68.
[859] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 21.
[860] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 6.
[861] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5.
[862] The images of Æneas, of Romulus, and of the Kings of Alba Longa
also figured in the funeral canopy of the Julia family. (Tacitus,
_Annales_, IV. 9. )
[863] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 43.
[864] Cicero, _Oration on the Manilian Law_, 12; _For Fonteius_, 2.
[865] Cæsar, _Civil War_, I. 37.
[866] “Sextus Pompeius Cordubam tenebat, quod ejus provinciæ caput esse
existimabatur. ” (Cæsar, _The War in Spain_, III. --Plutarch, _Cæsar_,
17. )
[867] Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, II. 13. --Paulus Diaconus,
under the word _Conventus_. --Müller, p. 41.
[868] Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, II. 20, 24, 30; IV.
29. --_Familiar Letters_, XV. iv.
[869] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. i. , and IV. xxxv. The three
_conventus_ of Lusitania were held at Emerita, Pax Julia (_Béja_), and
at Scalabis: the four of Bætica were, Gades, Corduba, Astijo, Hispalis
(_Cadiz_, _Cordova_, _Ecija_, and _Seville_).
[870] Dio Cassius, XLIV. 39, 41.
[871] “From the beginning of my questorship, I have shown a special
affection for the province. ” (Speech of Cæsar to the Spaniards, at
Hispalis, _Commentaries, The War in Spain_, 43. )
[872] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5.
[873] Titus Livius, XXI. 21. --Florus, II. 17.
[874] Plutarch, _Parallel between Alexander and Cæsar_, 6. --Suetonius,
_Cæsar_, 7.
[875] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 8.
[876] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 8.
[877] Velleius Paterculus, II. 31.
[878] Daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus, and Fausta, daughter of Sylla.
(Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 6. )
[879] The ships of the corsairs amounted to more than a thousand, and
the towns which they took to four hundred. (Plutarch, _Pompey_, 23. )
[880] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 24.
[881] Cicero, _Speech on the Manilian Law_, 12.
[882] “Aulus Gabinius was a very bad citizen, in no wise inspired by
love of the public good. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 6. )
[883] Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 7.
[884] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 26.
[885] Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 20. --Appian, _War of Mithridates_, 94.
[886] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 27. --“The very day on which you placed your
naval armies under his orders, the price of corn, until then excessive,
fell at once so low that the richest harvest, in the midst of a long
peace, would have scarcely produced so happy an abundance. ” (Cicero,
_Oration for the Manilian Law_, 15. )
[887] Florus and Appian do not quite agree on the division of these
commands. (Appian, _War of Mithridates_, 95. --Florus, III. 6. )
[888] Velleius Paterculus, II. 32. --Plutarch, _Pompey_, 29.
[889] Dio Cassius, XXXV. 14 and 15.
[890] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 31.
[891] Cicero, _Oration for the Manilian Law_, 16.
[892] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 31.
[893] Cicero, _Oration for the Manilian Law_, 23.
[894] Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 26. --Plutarch, _Lucullus_, 50, 52.
[895] “The tribune Manilius, a venal soul, and the debased instrument of
the ambition of others. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 33. )
[896] “As to the Valerians, informed that the magistrates at Rome had
given them their discharge, they immediately abandoned their flags. ”
(Dio Cassius, XXXV. 15. )
[897] “They called _Valerians_ the soldiers of Valerius Flaccus, who,
having passed into the command of Fimbria, had left their general in
Asia to join themselves to Sylla. ” “These same soldiers, under the
orders of Pompey (for he enrolled the Valerians anew), did not dream
even of revolt, so much does one man carry it over another. ” (Dio
Cassius, XXXV. 16. )
[898] “There was no shame,” he said, “in submitting to him whom fortune
raised above all the others. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 37. )
[899] Dio Cassius, XXXV. 16.
[900] This is taken from a passage of Cicero compared with another of
Sallust. In fact, Cicero, in his _Oration for Murena_ (23), thus
expresses himself _Confusionem suffragiorum_ flagitasti, prorogationem
legis Maniliæ, æquationem gratiæ, dignitatis, suffragiorum. ” It is clear
that Cicero could not allude to the Manilian law on the freedmen, but to
that of Caius Gracchus, since Sallust employs nearly the same words
concerning this law, saying: “Sed de magistratibus creandis haud mihi
quidem absurde placet lex, quam C. Gracchus in tribunatu promulgaverat:
ut _ex confusis quinque classibus_ sorte centuriæ vocarentur. Ita
_coæquali dignitate_ pecunia, virtute anteire alius alium properabit. ”
(Sallust, _Letters to Cæsar_, vii. )
[901] Dio Cassius, III. 36, 40.
[902] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5.
[903] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 10. --Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 10.
[904] Titus Livius, IX. 40.
[905] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 8.
[906] “The gladiators whom you have bought are a very fine acquisition.
It is said that they are well trained, and if you had wished to let them
out on the last occasion, you would have regained what they have cost
you. ” (Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, IV. 4. )
[907] Servius, _Commentary on Book III. verse 67 of the
Æneid_. --Tertullian, _On the Shows_, V. --Titus Livius, XXIII. 30; XXIX.
46. --Valerius Maximus, II. iv. § 7.
[908] “When Cæsar, afterwards dictator, but then ædile, gave funeral
games in honour of his father, all that was used in the arena was of
silver; silver lances glittered in the hands of the criminals and
pierced the wild beasts, an example which even simple municipal towns
imitate. ” (Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXIII. 3. )
[909] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 10.
[910] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11.
[911] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 6.
[912] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 6.
[913] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 6.
[914] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11. --Cicero, _First Oration on the Agrarian
Law_, i. 16.
[915] Justin, xxix. 5, Scholiast of Bobbio, _On the Oration of Cicero,
“De Rege Alexandrino,”_ p. 350, edit. Orelli.
[916] Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, xvi.
[917] “Augustus made it one, among other state maxims, to sequester
Egypt, forbidding the Roman knights and senators of the first rank ever
to go there without his permission. He feared that Italy might be
famished by the first ambitious person who should seize the province,
where, holding the keys of both land and sea, he might defend himself
with very few soldiers against great armies. ” (Tacitus, _Annals_, II.
59. )
[918] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11.
[919] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 9.
[920] “You name me a foreigner because I have come from a municipal
town. If you regard us as foreigners, although our name and rank were
formerly well established at Rome, and in public opinion, how much then
must these competitors be foreigners in your eyes, this _élite_ of
Italy, who come from all parts to dispute with you magistrateships and
honours? ” (Cicero, _Oration for Sylla_, 8. )
[921] See Drumann, _Julii_, 147.
[922] J. Paul, _Sentences_, V. iv. , p. 417, edit. Huschke. --Justinian,
_Institutes_, IV. xviii. § 5. --Appian, _On the Office of the Proconsul_,
vii.
[923] “Then, in the instructions directed against the _sicarii_, and the
exceptions proposed by the Cornelian law, he ranked among these
malefactors those who, during the proscription, had received money from
the public treasury for having brought to Sylla the heads of Roman
citizens. ” (Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11. )
[924] Plutarch, _Cato_, 21. --Dio Cassius, XLVII. 6.
[925] Cicero, _Third Speech on the Agrarian Law_, 4.
[926] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 10.
--Asconius, _Commentary on the Orations of
Cicero, “In Toga Candida,”_ pp. 91, 92, edit Orelli.
[927] Asconius, _In Toga Candida_, p. 91.
[928] Sallust, _Catiline_, 19.
[929] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 15.
[930] “I am preparing at this moment to defend Catiline, my competitor.
I hope, if I obtain his acquittal, to find him disposed to come to an
understanding with me on our next steps. If he is against this, I will
[I shall know what to do (? )] take my way. ” (Cicero, _Letters to
Atticus_, I. ii. )
[931] Cicero, _Oration for Sylla_, 29.
[932] Plutarch, _Cato_, 3.
[933] Asconius, _Cicero’s Oration_, “_In Toga Candida_,” p. 82, edit.
Orelli.
[934] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 3.
[935] They called new men those who amongst their ancestors counted none
that had held a high magistracy. (Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 2. )--Cicero
also confirms this fact: “I am the first new man that, for a great
number of years, is remembered to have been appointed consul; and this
eminent post, in which the nobility were in a manner entrenched, and to
which they had closed all the avenues, you have, to place me at your
head, forced the barriers; you have desired that merit henceforth find
them open. ” (Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 1. )
[936] Sallust, _Catiline_, 23.
[937] “Cicero favoured sometimes the one, sometimes the other, to be
sought after by both parties. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 26. )
[938] _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 25.
[939] The territories conceded by a treaty being excepted, which freed
from this obligation the African territory, which had become, since
Scipio, the property of the Republic, and given by Pompey to Hiempsal.
In Campania every colonist was obliged to have ten _jugera_, and, on the
territory of Stella, twelve.
[940] Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 26.
[941] Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, II. 1. --Plutarch, _Cicero_,
17. --“When young Romans, full of merit and honour, have found themselves
in such a position that their admissibility to magistracies has effected
the overthrow of the State, I have dared to brave their enmity, to
interdict their access to the comitia and to honours. ” (Cicero, _Oration
against L. Piso_. )
[942] “They wish to deprive the Republic of all refuge, of every
guarantee of safety in difficult conjunctures. ” (Cicero, _Oration for
Rabirius_, 2. )
[943] “This supreme power which, according to the institutions of Rome,
the Senate confers upon the magistrates, consists in raising troops, in
making war, in keeping to their duties, by every means, the allies and
citizens; in exercising supremely, equally at Rome or abroad, both civil
and military authority. In all other cases, without the express order of
the people, none of these prerogatives are conferred upon the consuls. ”
(Sallust, _Catiline_, 29. )
[944] Cicero, _Oration for Rabirius_, 9.
[945] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 12.
[946] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 26, 27.
[947] Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, I. 16. --Priscian, vi. , p. 710, edit.
Putsch. --Macrobius (_l. c. _) quotes the 16th book of the treatise of
Cæsar on the Auspices. --Dio Cassius (xxxvii. ) expresses himself thus:
“Above all, because he had supported Labienus against Rabirius, and had
not voted for the death of Lentulus. ” But the Greek author errs: the
nomination of Cæsar to the high pontificate took place before the
conspiracy of Catiline. (See Velleius Paterculus, II. 43. )
[948] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 1, 8, 14.
[949] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 7.
[950] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 7.
[951] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 13.
[952] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 46.
[953] “On the 23rd of August, the day of inauguration of Lentulus,
flamen of Mars, the house was decorated, and couches of ivory were set
up in the triclinia. In the two first halls were the pontiffs Q.
Catulus, M. Æmilius Lepidus, D. Silanus, C. Cæsar, king of the
sacrifices, and . . . L. Julius Cæsar, augur. The third received the
vestals. The repast was thus composed:--For the first course:
sea-urchins, raw oysters in any quantity, pelorides (a kind of oyster of
extraordinary size), spondyli (shell-fish of the oyster kind), thrushes,
asparagus; and, lower down, a fat hen, a vol-au-vent of large oysters,
and sea-acorns black and white (sea and river shell-fish according to
Pliny). Then more spondyli, glycomarides (another shell-fish mentioned
by Pliny), sea-nettles, beccaficos, filets of venison and wild boar,
fatted fowls powdered with flour, beccaficos, murices and purple fish
(shell-fish bristling with points, which yielded the purple of the
ancients). Second course: sows’ udders, wild boar’s head, fish-pie,
sows’ udder-pie, ducks, boiled teal, hares, roast fowls, starch (flour
that is obtained in the same manner as starch, without grinding--many
sorts of creams, _amylaria_, were made of it), loaves from Picenum. ”
(Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, III. 9. )
[954] “It was at the very point when it required no more to upset the
weakly government than a slight impulse from the first bold man who
presented himself. ” (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 15. )
[955] Cicero, _Oration for M. Cælius_, 5. This oration was delivered in
the year 698.
[956] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 19.
[957] Sallust, _Catiline_, 27, 28.
[958] This is deduced from what Florus (III. 6) says of the command of
the fleet which L. Gellius had, and from a passage in Cicero. (_First
Oration after his Return_, 7. )--L. Gellius expresses himself clearly
upon the danger the Republic had run, and proposed the awarding of a
civic crown to Cicero. (Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, XII. 21; _Oration
against Piso_, 3. --Aulus Gellius, V. 6. )
[959] Cicero, _First Catiline Oration_, 1; _Second Catiline Oration_, 1.
[960] Sallust, _Catiline_, 32.
[961] Sallust, _Catiline_, 30, 31. --Plutarch, _Cicero_, 17.
[962] Sallust, _Catiline_, 47.
[963] Sallust, _Catiline_, 51. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 6.
[964] Cicero, _Fourth Catiline Oration_, 1.
[965] Cicero, _Fourth Catiline Oration_, 2.
[966] _Second Catiline Oration_, 4.
[967] _First Oration against Catiline_, 2.
[968] _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 5.
[969] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 14.
[970] Cicero, _Fourth Oration against Catiline_, 5.
[971] Sallust, _Catiline_, 52.
[972] Plutarch, _Cato_, 28. --See the _Comparison of Alexander and
Cæsar_, 7.
[973] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 53.
[974] Sallust, _Catiline_, 52.
[975] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 28.
[976] Sallust, _Catiline_, 49.
[977] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 8.
[978] Sallust, _Catiline_, 49.
[979] “They feared his power and the great number of friends by whom he
was supported, for everybody was persuaded that the criminals would be
involved in the absolution of Cæsar, much more than Cæsar in their
punishment. ” (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 27. )
[980] “And I have myself since heard Crassus say openly that this cruel
affront had been caused him by Cicero. ” (Sallust, _Catiline_, 48. )
[981] We may read in the historians of the time the recital of fables
invented at will to ruin the conspirators. Thus Catiline, seeking to
bind by an oath accomplices in his crime, is represented as causing cups
filled with human blood and wine to be passed round. (Sallust,
_Catiline_, 22. )--According to Plutarch, they slaughtered a man, and all
ate of his flesh. (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 14. --Florus, IV. 1. )
[982] Cicero himself acknowledged that these accusations were
commonplaces for the necessity of the cause. In a letter to Atticus, he
describes a scene which passed in the Senate a short time after the
return of Pompey to Rome. He tells us that this general satisfied
himself with approving all the acts of the Senate, without imputing
anything personal to him (Cicero); “but Crassus,” he continues, “rose
and spoke with much eloquence. . . . Brief, he attacked _all the
commonplace of sword and flame_, which I have been accustomed to treat,
you know in how many ways, in my orations, of which you are the
sovereign critic. ” (Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, I. 14. )
[983] “The populace, who at first, through the love of novelty, had been
only too much inclined for this war, changes its sentiments, curses the
enterprise of Catiline, and exalts Cicero to the skies. ” (Sallust,
_Catiline_, 48. )
[984] Sallust, _Catiline_, 39. --Dio Cassius, XXVII. 36.
[985] “Many young estimable noblemen were attached to this wicked and
corrupt man. ” (Cicero, _Oration for M. Cælius_, 4. )--“He had drawn
around him men perverse and audacious, at the same time that he had
attached to himself numbers of virtuous and steady citizens, by the
false semblances of an affected virtue. ” (Cicero, _ibid. _ 6. )
[986] Sallust, _Catiline_, 17.
[987] “And this silver eagle, to which he had consecrated in his house
an altar. ” (Cicero, _Second Oration against Catiline_, 6. )
[988] Sallust, _Catiline_, 20.
[989] Sallust, _Catiline_, 33. Speech of the envoys sent by Mallius to
Marcius Rex.
[990] Sallust, _Catiline_, 30.
[991] Sallust, _Catiline_, 36.
[992] “Meanwhile, he kept refusing slaves, who, from the beginning, had
never ceased joining him in large bands. Full of confidence in the
resources of the conspiracy, he regarded any appearance of confounding
the cause of the citizens with that of the slaves as contrary to his
policy. ” (Sallust, _Catiline_, 56. )
[993] Sallust, _Catiline_, 44.
[994] “People who will fall at our feet, if I show them, I do not say
the points of our swords, but the edict of the prætor. ” (Cicero, _Second
Oration against Catiline_, 3. )
[995] Sallust, _Catiline_, 61.
[996] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 10.
[997] The Emperor Napoleon, in the _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_, also
treats as a fable this opinion of the historians that Catiline desired
to burn Rome, and give it up to pillage, in order afterwards to govern a
ruined city. The Emperor thought, said M. de Las Cases, that it was
rather some new faction, after the manner of Marius and Sylla, which,
having been unsuccessful, had seen all the unfounded accusations that
are brought in such cases heaped upon its leader.
[998] Cicero, _Oration for Flaccus_, 38.
[999] “He excited public cavil, not by evil actions, but by his habit of
self-glorification. He never went to the Senate, to the assemblies of
the people, to the courts of law, without having on his lips the names
of Catiline and Lentulus. ” (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 31. )
[1000] Cicero, _Familiar Letters_, v. 7.
[1001] See Cæsar’s speech, quoted above.
[1002] It may be interesting to reproduce here, from the letters of
Cicero, the list of the discourses which he delivered during the year of
his consulship. “I wished, I also, after the manner of Demosthenes, to
have my political speeches, which may be named _consulars_. The first
and second are on the Agrarian Law; the former before the Senate on the
calends of January; the second before the people; the third, about Otho;
the fourth, for Rabirius; the fifth, on the children of the proscribed;
the sixth, on my relinquishing my province; the seventh is that which
put Catiline to flight; the eighth was delivered before the people the
day after his flight; the ninth, from the tribune, the day when the
Allobroges came to give their evidence; the tenth, before the Senate, on
the 5th of December. There are two more, not so long, which may be
described as supplementary to the two first on the Agrarian Law. ”
(Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, II. 1. )
[1003] Velleius Paterculus, II. 40. --Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 21.
[1004] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 46.
[1005] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 44; XLIII. 14.
[1006] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 16.
[1007] Dio Cassius, XXXVIII. 43. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 16. --Cicero,
_Oration for Sestius_, 29.
[1008] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 16.
[846] “At last, when Pompey, haranguing the people for the first time at
the gates of the city, in his capacity of consul-designate, came to
treat of the matter which seemed to have been most ardently expected,
and let it be understood that he would re-establish the power of the
tribunes, he was received with applause, and a slight murmur of assent;
but when he added that the provinces were devastated and oppressed, the
tribunals disgraced, the judges without shame, and that he wished to be
watchful of these abuses, and to restore good order, then it was not by
a simple murmur, but by unanimous acclamations, that the people
testified their desires. ” (Cicero, _First Prosecution of Verres_, 15. )
[847] Catulus, when asked his opinion on the re-establishment of the
tribunary power, began in these authoritative words:--“The conscript
fathers administer justice evilly and scandalously; and if, in the
tribunals, they had but answered the expectations of the Roman people,
the power of the tribunes would not have been so warmly regretted. ”
(Cicero, _First Prosecution of Verres_, 15. )
[848] “His enemies had nothing else to reproach him with than the
preference which he gave to the people over the Senate. ” (Plutarch,
_Pompey_, 20. )
[849] “He seconded with all his might those who wished to restore the
power of the tribunes. ” (Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 5. )
[850] 7,100 talents. (Plutarch, _Crassus_, 1. )
[851] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 2. --Cicero, _On Duties_, I. 8.
[852] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 7.
[853] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 8.
[854] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 8.
[855] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 1, 16.
[856] “Cotta judicandi munus, quod C. Gracchus ereptum Senatui, ad
equites, Sylla ab illis ad Senatum transtulerat, æqualiter inter
utrumque ordinem partitus est. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 32. )
[857] “Equidem mihi videor pro nostra necessitate, non labore, non
opera, non industria defuisse. ” (Certainly, I believe I have displayed
all the zeal, all the endeavour, all the ability which our kinship
demands. ) Cæsar, quoted by Aulus Gellius, XIII. 3. --Nonius Marcellus,
“_On the different significations of words_,” under the word
_Necessitas_.
[858] Sallust, _Fragments_, I. 68.
[859] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 21.
[860] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 6.
[861] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5.
[862] The images of Æneas, of Romulus, and of the Kings of Alba Longa
also figured in the funeral canopy of the Julia family. (Tacitus,
_Annales_, IV. 9. )
[863] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 43.
[864] Cicero, _Oration on the Manilian Law_, 12; _For Fonteius_, 2.
[865] Cæsar, _Civil War_, I. 37.
[866] “Sextus Pompeius Cordubam tenebat, quod ejus provinciæ caput esse
existimabatur. ” (Cæsar, _The War in Spain_, III. --Plutarch, _Cæsar_,
17. )
[867] Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, II. 13. --Paulus Diaconus,
under the word _Conventus_. --Müller, p. 41.
[868] Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, II. 20, 24, 30; IV.
29. --_Familiar Letters_, XV. iv.
[869] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. i. , and IV. xxxv. The three
_conventus_ of Lusitania were held at Emerita, Pax Julia (_Béja_), and
at Scalabis: the four of Bætica were, Gades, Corduba, Astijo, Hispalis
(_Cadiz_, _Cordova_, _Ecija_, and _Seville_).
[870] Dio Cassius, XLIV. 39, 41.
[871] “From the beginning of my questorship, I have shown a special
affection for the province. ” (Speech of Cæsar to the Spaniards, at
Hispalis, _Commentaries, The War in Spain_, 43. )
[872] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5.
[873] Titus Livius, XXI. 21. --Florus, II. 17.
[874] Plutarch, _Parallel between Alexander and Cæsar_, 6. --Suetonius,
_Cæsar_, 7.
[875] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 8.
[876] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 8.
[877] Velleius Paterculus, II. 31.
[878] Daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus, and Fausta, daughter of Sylla.
(Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 6. )
[879] The ships of the corsairs amounted to more than a thousand, and
the towns which they took to four hundred. (Plutarch, _Pompey_, 23. )
[880] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 24.
[881] Cicero, _Speech on the Manilian Law_, 12.
[882] “Aulus Gabinius was a very bad citizen, in no wise inspired by
love of the public good. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 6. )
[883] Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 7.
[884] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 26.
[885] Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 20. --Appian, _War of Mithridates_, 94.
[886] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 27. --“The very day on which you placed your
naval armies under his orders, the price of corn, until then excessive,
fell at once so low that the richest harvest, in the midst of a long
peace, would have scarcely produced so happy an abundance. ” (Cicero,
_Oration for the Manilian Law_, 15. )
[887] Florus and Appian do not quite agree on the division of these
commands. (Appian, _War of Mithridates_, 95. --Florus, III. 6. )
[888] Velleius Paterculus, II. 32. --Plutarch, _Pompey_, 29.
[889] Dio Cassius, XXXV. 14 and 15.
[890] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 31.
[891] Cicero, _Oration for the Manilian Law_, 16.
[892] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 31.
[893] Cicero, _Oration for the Manilian Law_, 23.
[894] Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 26. --Plutarch, _Lucullus_, 50, 52.
[895] “The tribune Manilius, a venal soul, and the debased instrument of
the ambition of others. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 33. )
[896] “As to the Valerians, informed that the magistrates at Rome had
given them their discharge, they immediately abandoned their flags. ”
(Dio Cassius, XXXV. 15. )
[897] “They called _Valerians_ the soldiers of Valerius Flaccus, who,
having passed into the command of Fimbria, had left their general in
Asia to join themselves to Sylla. ” “These same soldiers, under the
orders of Pompey (for he enrolled the Valerians anew), did not dream
even of revolt, so much does one man carry it over another. ” (Dio
Cassius, XXXV. 16. )
[898] “There was no shame,” he said, “in submitting to him whom fortune
raised above all the others. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 37. )
[899] Dio Cassius, XXXV. 16.
[900] This is taken from a passage of Cicero compared with another of
Sallust. In fact, Cicero, in his _Oration for Murena_ (23), thus
expresses himself _Confusionem suffragiorum_ flagitasti, prorogationem
legis Maniliæ, æquationem gratiæ, dignitatis, suffragiorum. ” It is clear
that Cicero could not allude to the Manilian law on the freedmen, but to
that of Caius Gracchus, since Sallust employs nearly the same words
concerning this law, saying: “Sed de magistratibus creandis haud mihi
quidem absurde placet lex, quam C. Gracchus in tribunatu promulgaverat:
ut _ex confusis quinque classibus_ sorte centuriæ vocarentur. Ita
_coæquali dignitate_ pecunia, virtute anteire alius alium properabit. ”
(Sallust, _Letters to Cæsar_, vii. )
[901] Dio Cassius, III. 36, 40.
[902] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 5.
[903] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 10. --Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 10.
[904] Titus Livius, IX. 40.
[905] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 8.
[906] “The gladiators whom you have bought are a very fine acquisition.
It is said that they are well trained, and if you had wished to let them
out on the last occasion, you would have regained what they have cost
you. ” (Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, IV. 4. )
[907] Servius, _Commentary on Book III. verse 67 of the
Æneid_. --Tertullian, _On the Shows_, V. --Titus Livius, XXIII. 30; XXIX.
46. --Valerius Maximus, II. iv. § 7.
[908] “When Cæsar, afterwards dictator, but then ædile, gave funeral
games in honour of his father, all that was used in the arena was of
silver; silver lances glittered in the hands of the criminals and
pierced the wild beasts, an example which even simple municipal towns
imitate. ” (Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXIII. 3. )
[909] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 10.
[910] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11.
[911] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 6.
[912] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 6.
[913] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 6.
[914] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11. --Cicero, _First Oration on the Agrarian
Law_, i. 16.
[915] Justin, xxix. 5, Scholiast of Bobbio, _On the Oration of Cicero,
“De Rege Alexandrino,”_ p. 350, edit. Orelli.
[916] Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, xvi.
[917] “Augustus made it one, among other state maxims, to sequester
Egypt, forbidding the Roman knights and senators of the first rank ever
to go there without his permission. He feared that Italy might be
famished by the first ambitious person who should seize the province,
where, holding the keys of both land and sea, he might defend himself
with very few soldiers against great armies. ” (Tacitus, _Annals_, II.
59. )
[918] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11.
[919] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 9.
[920] “You name me a foreigner because I have come from a municipal
town. If you regard us as foreigners, although our name and rank were
formerly well established at Rome, and in public opinion, how much then
must these competitors be foreigners in your eyes, this _élite_ of
Italy, who come from all parts to dispute with you magistrateships and
honours? ” (Cicero, _Oration for Sylla_, 8. )
[921] See Drumann, _Julii_, 147.
[922] J. Paul, _Sentences_, V. iv. , p. 417, edit. Huschke. --Justinian,
_Institutes_, IV. xviii. § 5. --Appian, _On the Office of the Proconsul_,
vii.
[923] “Then, in the instructions directed against the _sicarii_, and the
exceptions proposed by the Cornelian law, he ranked among these
malefactors those who, during the proscription, had received money from
the public treasury for having brought to Sylla the heads of Roman
citizens. ” (Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 11. )
[924] Plutarch, _Cato_, 21. --Dio Cassius, XLVII. 6.
[925] Cicero, _Third Speech on the Agrarian Law_, 4.
[926] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 10.
--Asconius, _Commentary on the Orations of
Cicero, “In Toga Candida,”_ pp. 91, 92, edit Orelli.
[927] Asconius, _In Toga Candida_, p. 91.
[928] Sallust, _Catiline_, 19.
[929] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 15.
[930] “I am preparing at this moment to defend Catiline, my competitor.
I hope, if I obtain his acquittal, to find him disposed to come to an
understanding with me on our next steps. If he is against this, I will
[I shall know what to do (? )] take my way. ” (Cicero, _Letters to
Atticus_, I. ii. )
[931] Cicero, _Oration for Sylla_, 29.
[932] Plutarch, _Cato_, 3.
[933] Asconius, _Cicero’s Oration_, “_In Toga Candida_,” p. 82, edit.
Orelli.
[934] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 3.
[935] They called new men those who amongst their ancestors counted none
that had held a high magistracy. (Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 2. )--Cicero
also confirms this fact: “I am the first new man that, for a great
number of years, is remembered to have been appointed consul; and this
eminent post, in which the nobility were in a manner entrenched, and to
which they had closed all the avenues, you have, to place me at your
head, forced the barriers; you have desired that merit henceforth find
them open. ” (Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 1. )
[936] Sallust, _Catiline_, 23.
[937] “Cicero favoured sometimes the one, sometimes the other, to be
sought after by both parties. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 26. )
[938] _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 25.
[939] The territories conceded by a treaty being excepted, which freed
from this obligation the African territory, which had become, since
Scipio, the property of the Republic, and given by Pompey to Hiempsal.
In Campania every colonist was obliged to have ten _jugera_, and, on the
territory of Stella, twelve.
[940] Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 26.
[941] Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, II. 1. --Plutarch, _Cicero_,
17. --“When young Romans, full of merit and honour, have found themselves
in such a position that their admissibility to magistracies has effected
the overthrow of the State, I have dared to brave their enmity, to
interdict their access to the comitia and to honours. ” (Cicero, _Oration
against L. Piso_. )
[942] “They wish to deprive the Republic of all refuge, of every
guarantee of safety in difficult conjunctures. ” (Cicero, _Oration for
Rabirius_, 2. )
[943] “This supreme power which, according to the institutions of Rome,
the Senate confers upon the magistrates, consists in raising troops, in
making war, in keeping to their duties, by every means, the allies and
citizens; in exercising supremely, equally at Rome or abroad, both civil
and military authority. In all other cases, without the express order of
the people, none of these prerogatives are conferred upon the consuls. ”
(Sallust, _Catiline_, 29. )
[944] Cicero, _Oration for Rabirius_, 9.
[945] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 12.
[946] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 26, 27.
[947] Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, I. 16. --Priscian, vi. , p. 710, edit.
Putsch. --Macrobius (_l. c. _) quotes the 16th book of the treatise of
Cæsar on the Auspices. --Dio Cassius (xxxvii. ) expresses himself thus:
“Above all, because he had supported Labienus against Rabirius, and had
not voted for the death of Lentulus. ” But the Greek author errs: the
nomination of Cæsar to the high pontificate took place before the
conspiracy of Catiline. (See Velleius Paterculus, II. 43. )
[948] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 1, 8, 14.
[949] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 7.
[950] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 7.
[951] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 13.
[952] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 46.
[953] “On the 23rd of August, the day of inauguration of Lentulus,
flamen of Mars, the house was decorated, and couches of ivory were set
up in the triclinia. In the two first halls were the pontiffs Q.
Catulus, M. Æmilius Lepidus, D. Silanus, C. Cæsar, king of the
sacrifices, and . . . L. Julius Cæsar, augur. The third received the
vestals. The repast was thus composed:--For the first course:
sea-urchins, raw oysters in any quantity, pelorides (a kind of oyster of
extraordinary size), spondyli (shell-fish of the oyster kind), thrushes,
asparagus; and, lower down, a fat hen, a vol-au-vent of large oysters,
and sea-acorns black and white (sea and river shell-fish according to
Pliny). Then more spondyli, glycomarides (another shell-fish mentioned
by Pliny), sea-nettles, beccaficos, filets of venison and wild boar,
fatted fowls powdered with flour, beccaficos, murices and purple fish
(shell-fish bristling with points, which yielded the purple of the
ancients). Second course: sows’ udders, wild boar’s head, fish-pie,
sows’ udder-pie, ducks, boiled teal, hares, roast fowls, starch (flour
that is obtained in the same manner as starch, without grinding--many
sorts of creams, _amylaria_, were made of it), loaves from Picenum. ”
(Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, III. 9. )
[954] “It was at the very point when it required no more to upset the
weakly government than a slight impulse from the first bold man who
presented himself. ” (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 15. )
[955] Cicero, _Oration for M. Cælius_, 5. This oration was delivered in
the year 698.
[956] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 19.
[957] Sallust, _Catiline_, 27, 28.
[958] This is deduced from what Florus (III. 6) says of the command of
the fleet which L. Gellius had, and from a passage in Cicero. (_First
Oration after his Return_, 7. )--L. Gellius expresses himself clearly
upon the danger the Republic had run, and proposed the awarding of a
civic crown to Cicero. (Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, XII. 21; _Oration
against Piso_, 3. --Aulus Gellius, V. 6. )
[959] Cicero, _First Catiline Oration_, 1; _Second Catiline Oration_, 1.
[960] Sallust, _Catiline_, 32.
[961] Sallust, _Catiline_, 30, 31. --Plutarch, _Cicero_, 17.
[962] Sallust, _Catiline_, 47.
[963] Sallust, _Catiline_, 51. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 6.
[964] Cicero, _Fourth Catiline Oration_, 1.
[965] Cicero, _Fourth Catiline Oration_, 2.
[966] _Second Catiline Oration_, 4.
[967] _First Oration against Catiline_, 2.
[968] _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 5.
[969] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 14.
[970] Cicero, _Fourth Oration against Catiline_, 5.
[971] Sallust, _Catiline_, 52.
[972] Plutarch, _Cato_, 28. --See the _Comparison of Alexander and
Cæsar_, 7.
[973] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 53.
[974] Sallust, _Catiline_, 52.
[975] Plutarch, _Cicero_, 28.
[976] Sallust, _Catiline_, 49.
[977] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 8.
[978] Sallust, _Catiline_, 49.
[979] “They feared his power and the great number of friends by whom he
was supported, for everybody was persuaded that the criminals would be
involved in the absolution of Cæsar, much more than Cæsar in their
punishment. ” (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 27. )
[980] “And I have myself since heard Crassus say openly that this cruel
affront had been caused him by Cicero. ” (Sallust, _Catiline_, 48. )
[981] We may read in the historians of the time the recital of fables
invented at will to ruin the conspirators. Thus Catiline, seeking to
bind by an oath accomplices in his crime, is represented as causing cups
filled with human blood and wine to be passed round. (Sallust,
_Catiline_, 22. )--According to Plutarch, they slaughtered a man, and all
ate of his flesh. (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 14. --Florus, IV. 1. )
[982] Cicero himself acknowledged that these accusations were
commonplaces for the necessity of the cause. In a letter to Atticus, he
describes a scene which passed in the Senate a short time after the
return of Pompey to Rome. He tells us that this general satisfied
himself with approving all the acts of the Senate, without imputing
anything personal to him (Cicero); “but Crassus,” he continues, “rose
and spoke with much eloquence. . . . Brief, he attacked _all the
commonplace of sword and flame_, which I have been accustomed to treat,
you know in how many ways, in my orations, of which you are the
sovereign critic. ” (Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, I. 14. )
[983] “The populace, who at first, through the love of novelty, had been
only too much inclined for this war, changes its sentiments, curses the
enterprise of Catiline, and exalts Cicero to the skies. ” (Sallust,
_Catiline_, 48. )
[984] Sallust, _Catiline_, 39. --Dio Cassius, XXVII. 36.
[985] “Many young estimable noblemen were attached to this wicked and
corrupt man. ” (Cicero, _Oration for M. Cælius_, 4. )--“He had drawn
around him men perverse and audacious, at the same time that he had
attached to himself numbers of virtuous and steady citizens, by the
false semblances of an affected virtue. ” (Cicero, _ibid. _ 6. )
[986] Sallust, _Catiline_, 17.
[987] “And this silver eagle, to which he had consecrated in his house
an altar. ” (Cicero, _Second Oration against Catiline_, 6. )
[988] Sallust, _Catiline_, 20.
[989] Sallust, _Catiline_, 33. Speech of the envoys sent by Mallius to
Marcius Rex.
[990] Sallust, _Catiline_, 30.
[991] Sallust, _Catiline_, 36.
[992] “Meanwhile, he kept refusing slaves, who, from the beginning, had
never ceased joining him in large bands. Full of confidence in the
resources of the conspiracy, he regarded any appearance of confounding
the cause of the citizens with that of the slaves as contrary to his
policy. ” (Sallust, _Catiline_, 56. )
[993] Sallust, _Catiline_, 44.
[994] “People who will fall at our feet, if I show them, I do not say
the points of our swords, but the edict of the prætor. ” (Cicero, _Second
Oration against Catiline_, 3. )
[995] Sallust, _Catiline_, 61.
[996] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 10.
[997] The Emperor Napoleon, in the _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_, also
treats as a fable this opinion of the historians that Catiline desired
to burn Rome, and give it up to pillage, in order afterwards to govern a
ruined city. The Emperor thought, said M. de Las Cases, that it was
rather some new faction, after the manner of Marius and Sylla, which,
having been unsuccessful, had seen all the unfounded accusations that
are brought in such cases heaped upon its leader.
[998] Cicero, _Oration for Flaccus_, 38.
[999] “He excited public cavil, not by evil actions, but by his habit of
self-glorification. He never went to the Senate, to the assemblies of
the people, to the courts of law, without having on his lips the names
of Catiline and Lentulus. ” (Plutarch, _Cicero_, 31. )
[1000] Cicero, _Familiar Letters_, v. 7.
[1001] See Cæsar’s speech, quoted above.
[1002] It may be interesting to reproduce here, from the letters of
Cicero, the list of the discourses which he delivered during the year of
his consulship. “I wished, I also, after the manner of Demosthenes, to
have my political speeches, which may be named _consulars_. The first
and second are on the Agrarian Law; the former before the Senate on the
calends of January; the second before the people; the third, about Otho;
the fourth, for Rabirius; the fifth, on the children of the proscribed;
the sixth, on my relinquishing my province; the seventh is that which
put Catiline to flight; the eighth was delivered before the people the
day after his flight; the ninth, from the tribune, the day when the
Allobroges came to give their evidence; the tenth, before the Senate, on
the 5th of December. There are two more, not so long, which may be
described as supplementary to the two first on the Agrarian Law. ”
(Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, II. 1. )
[1003] Velleius Paterculus, II. 40. --Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 21.
[1004] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 46.
[1005] Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 44; XLIII. 14.
[1006] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 16.
[1007] Dio Cassius, XXXVIII. 43. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 16. --Cicero,
_Oration for Sestius_, 29.
[1008] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 16.
