Akbar frees himself from harem
influence
(p.
Cambridge History of India - v4 - Mugul Period
Allahabad, 1901.
VOGEL, J. PH. Tile-mosaics of the Lahore Fort (Archaeological Survey of India,
vol. XLI). New Imperial Series. Calcutta, 1920.
BIJAPUR
COUSENS, H. Bijapur and its Architectural Remains (Archaeological Survey of
India, vol. XXXVII, Imperial Series). Bombay, 1916.
Guide to Bijapur. Poona, 1905.
FERGUSSON, J.
(a) Architectural Splendour of Bijapur.
(b) The Great Dome of Sultan Mahammad.
(Transactions, Royal Institute of British Architects, 1st Series, vol. 1. )
1854-5.
FERGUSSON, J. and HART, P. D. Architectural Illustration of the Principal
Mahomedan Buildings of Beejapore. London, 1859.
MEADOWS TAYLOR and FERGUSSON, J. Architecture of Bijapur.
SIND
COUSENS, H. Antiquities of Sind (Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. XLVI,
Imperial Series). Calcutta, 1929.
Portfolio of Illustrations of Sind Tiles. London, 1906.
5. GARDENS
VILLIERS-STUART, C. M. Gardens of the Great Mughuls. London, 1913.
## p. 602 (#642) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
INDIA
A. D.
1483 Birth of Babur (p. 3).
1489 (or earlier)1 Birth of Farid Khan (Sher Shah) (p. 45).
1494 Babur succeeds his father in Farghana (p. 4).
1497 Babur captures Samarqand (p. 4).
1504 Babur occupies Kabul (p. 5).
1505, 1507 Babur raids into India (pp. 5, 6, 10).
1508 Birth of Humayun (p. 5).
1511 Babur seizes Samarqand again (p. 7).
1512 Babur abandons attempts on trans-Oxiana (p. 8).
1516 'Askari born.
1919 Babus takes Bajaur (p. 10). Birth of Abu-'n-Nasir Hindal.
1520 Humayun appointed governor of Badakhshan (p. 43).
1525 Babur leaves Kabul for India (p. 12).
1526 Humayun takes Hissar Firuza (p. 12).
Battle of Panipat (p. 13).
1527 Battle of Khanua (p. 17).
1528 Chanderi taken (p. 17).
1529 Battle of the Gogra (p. 17).
1530 Death of Babur and succession of Humayun (p. 18).
1531 Battle of Daunrua (pp. 21 and 49).
1533 Rebellion of the Mirzas (p. 22).
1534 Humayun moves to Gwalior (p. 22).
1535 Bahadur Shah of Gujarat defeated and fies to Mandu (p. 23).
Capture of Champaner (p. 25).
1536 'Askari leaves Gujarat (p. 26).
Malwa abandoned (p. 27).
1537 Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (p. 28).
Capture of Chunar (p. 29).
1538 Sher Khan defeats Mahmud Shah of Bengal (p. 29).
Humayun enters Gaur (p. 30).
1539 Sher Khan defeats Humayun at Chausa and assumes sovereignty (pp.
53, 51).
1540 Humayun again defeated near Kanauj (p. 34).
Humayun retreats towards Sind (p. 36).
1541 Humayun marries Hamida Begam (p. 38).
1542 Birth of Akbar (p. 39). Death of Mahmud Lodi (p. 49). Sher Shah invades.
Malwa (p. 52).
1543 Sher Shah takes Raisen (p. 53) and invades Rajputana (p. 54).
Humayun, defeated by Shah Mirza Husain, leaves Sind (p. 40).
1544 Humayun arrives in Persia (p. 40).
1545 Death of Sher Shah (p. 55). Succession of Islam Shah (p. 58).
Humayun takes Qandahar (p. 40) and Kabul (p. 41).
1 Possibly as early as 1472. Vide Journal Bihar and Orissa Research Society,
1934, p. 113.
## p. 603 (#643) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
603
A. D.
1546 Kamran recovers Kabul (p. 41).
Khavass Khan murdered (p. 59).
1547 Humayun re-takes Kabul (p. 41).
Shuja'at Khan rebels in Malwa (p. 60).
1548 Kamran submits to Humayun (p. 42).
Death of Shaikh 'Alai (p. 63).
1549 Humayun's campaign against the Uzbegs (p. 42).
1550 Kamran rebels and occupies Kabul but is ejected (p. 42).
1551 Death of Hindal in battle (p. 42).
1552 Kamran visits Islam Shah (p. 43).
1553 Kamran surrenders to Humayun and is blinded (p. 43).
1554 Death of Islam Shah (p. 61). Succession of Muhammad 'Adil Shah (p. 64).
Humayun arrives at Peshawar (p. 67).
1555 Ibrahim Shah assumes royal title (p. 65), and is defeated by Ahmaci
Khan who styles himself Sikandar Shah (p. 66).
Humayun defeats Sikandar Shah's army (p. 67) and enters Delhi (p. 68).
1556 Death of Humayun and proclamation of Akbar (p. 69).
Second battle of Panipat (p. 72).
1557 Death of Kamran (p. 43).
Sikandar Shah surrenders (p. 73).
1558 Death of 'Askari (p. 42, n. 1).
Akbar moves to Agra (p. 75).
1559 Capture of Gwalior (p. 77).
1560 Akbar breaks with Bairam Khan (p. 77), who is assassinated (p. 78).
1561 Invasion of Malwa (p. 79).
Revolt in eastern provinces crushed and Chunar captured (p. 81).
1562 Akbar visits Ajmer and marries daughter of Raja Bihari Mal of Amber
(p. 81).
Merta surrendered (p. 82). Reverses in Malwa (p. 82).
Atga Khan and Adham Khan murdered (p. 83).
Akbar frees himself from harem influence (p. 84).
Revolt in Kabul (p. 84).
1563 Expedition against Gakkhars (p. 86).
1564 Attempt on Akbar's life (p. 87).
Execution of Shah Abu-'l-Maʻali (p. 86).
Muzaffar Khan appointed revenue minister (p. 87).
jizya abolished (p. 87).
Gond kingdom annexed (p. 88).
Rebellion in Malwa crushed (p. 89).
Campaign in Bihar (p. 90).
1565 Revolt of Uzbegs in India quelled (p. 91).
1566 Akbar visits Jaunpur, Chunar and Benares (p. 93).
Muhammad Hakim invades the Punjab (p. 94).
Valuation of assignments (p. 461).
1567 Revolt of Mirzas in Rohilkhand (p. 94). .
Final suppression of Uzbegs (p. 96).
Akbar attacks the Rana and besieges Chitor (p. 97).
1568 Capture of Chitor (p. 98).
## p. 604 (#644) ############################################
604
CHRONOLOGY
A. D.
1568 Sulaiman of Bengal recognizes Akbar's supremacy (p. 99).
The Mirzas invade Malwa and Gujarat (p. 99).
“The foster-father cohort" dispersed (p. 100).
1569 Capture of Ranthambhor and Kalinjar (p. 101).
Birth of prince Salim (Jahangir) (p. 102).
1570 Birth of prince Murad (p. 102).
1571 Foundation of Fathpur Sikri (p. 103).
1572 Invasion of Gujarat (p. 103).
Operations against the Mirzas (p. 104).
Birth of prince Daniyal (p. 102).
Death of Sulaiman of Bengal (p. 110).
1573 Surat surrenders to Akbar (p. 105).
Understanding with Portuguese (p. 105).
Cash salaries introduced (p. 461).
Akbar doubts sufficiency of Islam (p. 107).
Revolt in Gujarat (p. 108).
Daud, king of Bengal, invades Bihar (p. 111).
1574 Akbar takes Bihar and orders invasion of Bengal (p. 112).
1575 Famine in Gujarat (p. 112).
Mirza Sulaiman expelled from Badakhshan (p. 115).
Daud surrenders Bengal (p. 113), but rebels (p. 115).
1576 Campaign against the Rana (p. 115).
Daud slain and Bengal subdued (p. 116).
1577 Khandesh taken (p. 117).
Rebellion in Gujarat (p. 118).
1578 Portuguese mission arrives at Agra (p. 121).
1579 Muzaffar Khan appointed viceroy of Bengal (p. 121).
Akbar's infallibility decree prepared (p. 122).
Assignmenis restored (p. 462).
1580 Yusuf Shah recovers Kashmir (p. 124).
First Jesuit mission arrives at Agra (p. 124).
Muslim plot to replace Akbar by Muhammad Hakim (p. 125).
Rebellion in Bihar and Bengal (p. 125).
1581 Akbar marches against Muhammad Hakim (p. 127).
Execution of Shah Mansur (p. 127).
Reconciliation with Muhammad Hakim (p. 128).
1582 Abortive attack on Portuguese in Daman (p. 128).
1582 Jesuit mission recalled from Agra (p. 129).
"Divine Faith” promulgated (p. 129).
1583 Muzaffar III unsuccessfully rebels in Gujarat (p. 133).
Administrative reforms (p. 133).
Foundation of fort at Allahabad (p. 134).
1584 "Divine era" introduced (p. 134).
1585 Death of Muhammad Hakim (p. 134).
Newbery, Fitch and Leeds arrive at Agra (p. 135).
Expeditions against Kashmir and the Yusufzais (p. 135).
1586 Kashmir annexed (p. 136).
The Raushanais defeated (p. 136).
## p. 605 (#645) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
605
A. D.
1586 Unsuccessful raids into Berar and Sind (p. 137).
1587 Man Singh recalled from Kabul (p. 137).
1589 Akbar visits Kashmir (p. 138).
Burhan Nizam Shah II becomes king of Ahmadnagar (p. 138).
Death of Todar Mal and Bhagwan Das (p. 138).
1590 Rebels in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa finally crushed (p. 139).
1591 Second Jesuit mission to Agra (p. 139).
Envoys sent to courts in the Deccan (p. 139).
1592 Rebellion in Kashmir which Akbar visits again (p. 140).
Orissa finally subdued (p. 140).
1595 Qandahar surrendered to Mughuls (p. 141).
Third Jesuit mission to Lahore (p. 141).
1596 Berar ceded to Akbar (p. 143).
1597 Mughul victory over troops of Deccan (p. 143).
1598 Surrender of Gawilgarh and Narnala (p. 143).
Death of 'Abdullah Shaibani (p. 144).
1599 Death of prince Murad (p. 144).
Akbar sets out for Deccan (p. 145).
Rebellion in Bengal (p. 146).
Prince Salim revolts (p. 147).
1600 Ahmadnagar stormed (p. 147).
1601 Asirgarh surrendered and Khandesh annexed (p. 148).
Prince Daniyal appointed viceroy of the Deccan (p. 148).
1602 Murder of Shaikh Abu-'l-Fazl (p. 149).
1603 Salim reconciled with Akbar (p. 150).
John Mildenhall arrives in Agra (p. 151).
1604 (or 1605) Death of prince Daniyal (p. 151).
1605 Death of Akbar (p. 153) and succession of Salim as Jahangir (p. 156).
1606 Khusrav's revolt (p. 156).
Parviz and Asaf Khan sent to invade Mewar (p. 158).
VOGEL, J. PH. Tile-mosaics of the Lahore Fort (Archaeological Survey of India,
vol. XLI). New Imperial Series. Calcutta, 1920.
BIJAPUR
COUSENS, H. Bijapur and its Architectural Remains (Archaeological Survey of
India, vol. XXXVII, Imperial Series). Bombay, 1916.
Guide to Bijapur. Poona, 1905.
FERGUSSON, J.
(a) Architectural Splendour of Bijapur.
(b) The Great Dome of Sultan Mahammad.
(Transactions, Royal Institute of British Architects, 1st Series, vol. 1. )
1854-5.
FERGUSSON, J. and HART, P. D. Architectural Illustration of the Principal
Mahomedan Buildings of Beejapore. London, 1859.
MEADOWS TAYLOR and FERGUSSON, J. Architecture of Bijapur.
SIND
COUSENS, H. Antiquities of Sind (Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. XLVI,
Imperial Series). Calcutta, 1929.
Portfolio of Illustrations of Sind Tiles. London, 1906.
5. GARDENS
VILLIERS-STUART, C. M. Gardens of the Great Mughuls. London, 1913.
## p. 602 (#642) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
INDIA
A. D.
1483 Birth of Babur (p. 3).
1489 (or earlier)1 Birth of Farid Khan (Sher Shah) (p. 45).
1494 Babur succeeds his father in Farghana (p. 4).
1497 Babur captures Samarqand (p. 4).
1504 Babur occupies Kabul (p. 5).
1505, 1507 Babur raids into India (pp. 5, 6, 10).
1508 Birth of Humayun (p. 5).
1511 Babur seizes Samarqand again (p. 7).
1512 Babur abandons attempts on trans-Oxiana (p. 8).
1516 'Askari born.
1919 Babus takes Bajaur (p. 10). Birth of Abu-'n-Nasir Hindal.
1520 Humayun appointed governor of Badakhshan (p. 43).
1525 Babur leaves Kabul for India (p. 12).
1526 Humayun takes Hissar Firuza (p. 12).
Battle of Panipat (p. 13).
1527 Battle of Khanua (p. 17).
1528 Chanderi taken (p. 17).
1529 Battle of the Gogra (p. 17).
1530 Death of Babur and succession of Humayun (p. 18).
1531 Battle of Daunrua (pp. 21 and 49).
1533 Rebellion of the Mirzas (p. 22).
1534 Humayun moves to Gwalior (p. 22).
1535 Bahadur Shah of Gujarat defeated and fies to Mandu (p. 23).
Capture of Champaner (p. 25).
1536 'Askari leaves Gujarat (p. 26).
Malwa abandoned (p. 27).
1537 Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (p. 28).
Capture of Chunar (p. 29).
1538 Sher Khan defeats Mahmud Shah of Bengal (p. 29).
Humayun enters Gaur (p. 30).
1539 Sher Khan defeats Humayun at Chausa and assumes sovereignty (pp.
53, 51).
1540 Humayun again defeated near Kanauj (p. 34).
Humayun retreats towards Sind (p. 36).
1541 Humayun marries Hamida Begam (p. 38).
1542 Birth of Akbar (p. 39). Death of Mahmud Lodi (p. 49). Sher Shah invades.
Malwa (p. 52).
1543 Sher Shah takes Raisen (p. 53) and invades Rajputana (p. 54).
Humayun, defeated by Shah Mirza Husain, leaves Sind (p. 40).
1544 Humayun arrives in Persia (p. 40).
1545 Death of Sher Shah (p. 55). Succession of Islam Shah (p. 58).
Humayun takes Qandahar (p. 40) and Kabul (p. 41).
1 Possibly as early as 1472. Vide Journal Bihar and Orissa Research Society,
1934, p. 113.
## p. 603 (#643) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
603
A. D.
1546 Kamran recovers Kabul (p. 41).
Khavass Khan murdered (p. 59).
1547 Humayun re-takes Kabul (p. 41).
Shuja'at Khan rebels in Malwa (p. 60).
1548 Kamran submits to Humayun (p. 42).
Death of Shaikh 'Alai (p. 63).
1549 Humayun's campaign against the Uzbegs (p. 42).
1550 Kamran rebels and occupies Kabul but is ejected (p. 42).
1551 Death of Hindal in battle (p. 42).
1552 Kamran visits Islam Shah (p. 43).
1553 Kamran surrenders to Humayun and is blinded (p. 43).
1554 Death of Islam Shah (p. 61). Succession of Muhammad 'Adil Shah (p. 64).
Humayun arrives at Peshawar (p. 67).
1555 Ibrahim Shah assumes royal title (p. 65), and is defeated by Ahmaci
Khan who styles himself Sikandar Shah (p. 66).
Humayun defeats Sikandar Shah's army (p. 67) and enters Delhi (p. 68).
1556 Death of Humayun and proclamation of Akbar (p. 69).
Second battle of Panipat (p. 72).
1557 Death of Kamran (p. 43).
Sikandar Shah surrenders (p. 73).
1558 Death of 'Askari (p. 42, n. 1).
Akbar moves to Agra (p. 75).
1559 Capture of Gwalior (p. 77).
1560 Akbar breaks with Bairam Khan (p. 77), who is assassinated (p. 78).
1561 Invasion of Malwa (p. 79).
Revolt in eastern provinces crushed and Chunar captured (p. 81).
1562 Akbar visits Ajmer and marries daughter of Raja Bihari Mal of Amber
(p. 81).
Merta surrendered (p. 82). Reverses in Malwa (p. 82).
Atga Khan and Adham Khan murdered (p. 83).
Akbar frees himself from harem influence (p. 84).
Revolt in Kabul (p. 84).
1563 Expedition against Gakkhars (p. 86).
1564 Attempt on Akbar's life (p. 87).
Execution of Shah Abu-'l-Maʻali (p. 86).
Muzaffar Khan appointed revenue minister (p. 87).
jizya abolished (p. 87).
Gond kingdom annexed (p. 88).
Rebellion in Malwa crushed (p. 89).
Campaign in Bihar (p. 90).
1565 Revolt of Uzbegs in India quelled (p. 91).
1566 Akbar visits Jaunpur, Chunar and Benares (p. 93).
Muhammad Hakim invades the Punjab (p. 94).
Valuation of assignments (p. 461).
1567 Revolt of Mirzas in Rohilkhand (p. 94). .
Final suppression of Uzbegs (p. 96).
Akbar attacks the Rana and besieges Chitor (p. 97).
1568 Capture of Chitor (p. 98).
## p. 604 (#644) ############################################
604
CHRONOLOGY
A. D.
1568 Sulaiman of Bengal recognizes Akbar's supremacy (p. 99).
The Mirzas invade Malwa and Gujarat (p. 99).
“The foster-father cohort" dispersed (p. 100).
1569 Capture of Ranthambhor and Kalinjar (p. 101).
Birth of prince Salim (Jahangir) (p. 102).
1570 Birth of prince Murad (p. 102).
1571 Foundation of Fathpur Sikri (p. 103).
1572 Invasion of Gujarat (p. 103).
Operations against the Mirzas (p. 104).
Birth of prince Daniyal (p. 102).
Death of Sulaiman of Bengal (p. 110).
1573 Surat surrenders to Akbar (p. 105).
Understanding with Portuguese (p. 105).
Cash salaries introduced (p. 461).
Akbar doubts sufficiency of Islam (p. 107).
Revolt in Gujarat (p. 108).
Daud, king of Bengal, invades Bihar (p. 111).
1574 Akbar takes Bihar and orders invasion of Bengal (p. 112).
1575 Famine in Gujarat (p. 112).
Mirza Sulaiman expelled from Badakhshan (p. 115).
Daud surrenders Bengal (p. 113), but rebels (p. 115).
1576 Campaign against the Rana (p. 115).
Daud slain and Bengal subdued (p. 116).
1577 Khandesh taken (p. 117).
Rebellion in Gujarat (p. 118).
1578 Portuguese mission arrives at Agra (p. 121).
1579 Muzaffar Khan appointed viceroy of Bengal (p. 121).
Akbar's infallibility decree prepared (p. 122).
Assignmenis restored (p. 462).
1580 Yusuf Shah recovers Kashmir (p. 124).
First Jesuit mission arrives at Agra (p. 124).
Muslim plot to replace Akbar by Muhammad Hakim (p. 125).
Rebellion in Bihar and Bengal (p. 125).
1581 Akbar marches against Muhammad Hakim (p. 127).
Execution of Shah Mansur (p. 127).
Reconciliation with Muhammad Hakim (p. 128).
1582 Abortive attack on Portuguese in Daman (p. 128).
1582 Jesuit mission recalled from Agra (p. 129).
"Divine Faith” promulgated (p. 129).
1583 Muzaffar III unsuccessfully rebels in Gujarat (p. 133).
Administrative reforms (p. 133).
Foundation of fort at Allahabad (p. 134).
1584 "Divine era" introduced (p. 134).
1585 Death of Muhammad Hakim (p. 134).
Newbery, Fitch and Leeds arrive at Agra (p. 135).
Expeditions against Kashmir and the Yusufzais (p. 135).
1586 Kashmir annexed (p. 136).
The Raushanais defeated (p. 136).
## p. 605 (#645) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
605
A. D.
1586 Unsuccessful raids into Berar and Sind (p. 137).
1587 Man Singh recalled from Kabul (p. 137).
1589 Akbar visits Kashmir (p. 138).
Burhan Nizam Shah II becomes king of Ahmadnagar (p. 138).
Death of Todar Mal and Bhagwan Das (p. 138).
1590 Rebels in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa finally crushed (p. 139).
1591 Second Jesuit mission to Agra (p. 139).
Envoys sent to courts in the Deccan (p. 139).
1592 Rebellion in Kashmir which Akbar visits again (p. 140).
Orissa finally subdued (p. 140).
1595 Qandahar surrendered to Mughuls (p. 141).
Third Jesuit mission to Lahore (p. 141).
1596 Berar ceded to Akbar (p. 143).
1597 Mughul victory over troops of Deccan (p. 143).
1598 Surrender of Gawilgarh and Narnala (p. 143).
Death of 'Abdullah Shaibani (p. 144).
1599 Death of prince Murad (p. 144).
Akbar sets out for Deccan (p. 145).
Rebellion in Bengal (p. 146).
Prince Salim revolts (p. 147).
1600 Ahmadnagar stormed (p. 147).
1601 Asirgarh surrendered and Khandesh annexed (p. 148).
Prince Daniyal appointed viceroy of the Deccan (p. 148).
1602 Murder of Shaikh Abu-'l-Fazl (p. 149).
1603 Salim reconciled with Akbar (p. 150).
John Mildenhall arrives in Agra (p. 151).
1604 (or 1605) Death of prince Daniyal (p. 151).
1605 Death of Akbar (p. 153) and succession of Salim as Jahangir (p. 156).
1606 Khusrav's revolt (p. 156).
Parviz and Asaf Khan sent to invade Mewar (p. 158).
